Astra Space, Inc. [ASTR] Filings

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023

OR

For the transition period from _____________ to _____________

Commission File Number: 001-39426

ASTRA SPACE, INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (866) 278-7217

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of the last business day of the most recently completed second fiscal quarter, which was June 30, 2023, the aggregate market value of Class A Common Stock of the Registrant held by non-affiliates was approximately $68.7 million based on the closing sale price of $5.53 as reported on the Nasdaq Capital Market.

As of April 10, 2024, the registrant had 19,008,421 shares of Class A Common Stock, $0.0001 par value per share, outstanding and 3,702,613 shares of Class B Common Stock, $0.0001 par value per share, outstanding.

Table of Contents

FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K (the “Annual Report”) contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws and particularly in the following sections of this Annual Report: Item 1. Business, Item 1A. Risk Factors, Item 3. Legal Proceedings and Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. These statements are indicated by words or phrases such as “anticipate,” “expect,” “estimate,” “seek,” “plan,” “project,” “aim,” “believe,” “could,” “should,” “intend,” “will,” and similar words or phrases. These forward-looking statements may include expectations with respect to the consummation of the Merger (as described below); our liquidity and other cash needs; projections of financial information; statements about historical results that may suggest trends for our business; statements of the plans, strategies, and objectives of management for future operations; statements of expectation or belief regarding future events, technology developments, our products, product sales, expenses, liquidity, cash flow and growth rates. Such statements are based on current expectations, estimates, forecasts and projections of our performance, our industry’s performance and macroeconomic conditions, based on management’s judgment, beliefs, current trends and market conditions, and involve risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in the forward-looking statements. We derive most of our forward-looking statements from our operating budgets and forecasts, which are based upon many detailed assumptions. While we believe that our assumptions are reasonable, we caution that it is very difficult to predict the impact of known factors, and it is impossible for us to anticipate all factors that could affect our actual results and undertake no obligation to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements, whether because of new information, future events, or otherwise. Accordingly, we caution readers not to place undue reliance on these statements. Material factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from our expectations are summarized and disclosed under Part I. Item 1A. Risk Factors in this Annual Report.

Unless the context otherwise requires, all references in this Annual Report to “Astra,” “the Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to the business of Astra Space, Inc. and its subsidiaries.

PART I

ITEM 1. BUSINESS.

On March 7, 2024, we, or the "Company", entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”) and the transactions contemplated thereby (the “Merger”) with Apogee Parent, Inc. (“Parent”) and Apogee Merger Sub, Inc. (“Merger Sub”). Upon the terms and subject to the conditions provided in the Merger Agreement, and in accordance with the Delaware General Corporation Law, at the effective time of the Merger (the “Effective Time”), Merger Sub will merge with and into the Company, with the Company continuing as the Surviving Corporation. As a result of the Merger, we will cease to be a publicly traded company. Unless otherwise set out in the Merger Agreement, because the Merger Consideration will be paid in cash, no holder of shares of our Class A Common Stock, par value $0.0001 (“Class A Common Stock”) will receive any equity interest in Parent in consideration for its shares of Class A Common Stock, and after the Effective Time, no such holder will own any shares of our Class A Common Stock.

The Merger Consideration is $0.50 per share of Class A Common Stock. The consummation of the Merger is subject to a number of closing conditions, risks and uncertainties. Please read carefully the following sections of this annual report on Form 10-K (this “Annual Report”): Item 1. Business — Merger Agreement, Item 1A. Risk Factors and the text of the Merger Agreement, which is incorporated by reference as Exhibit 2.1 to this Annual Report.

Company Overview

Astra’s mission is to Improve Life On Earth From Space® by launching a new generation of space products and services. These products and services are enabled by new constellations of small satellites in Low Earth Orbit (“LEO”), which have rapidly become smaller, cheaper, and many times more numerous than traditional satellites. We believe that frequent, reliable, dedicated launches and space products enabled by scaled manufacturing are the keys to accelerating the growth of the space economy. Currently, our business consists of two segments, a mobile orbital launch system (“Launch Services”) and a space products business that produces the Astra Spacecraft Engine® products (“Space Products”).

Launch Services

Astra aims to develop and operate a mass-producible dedicated mobile orbital launch system. Our system consists of a small launch vehicle that can be transported inside standard shipping containers and mobile ground launch infrastructure that we designed to be rapidly deployed anywhere in the world we are licensed to operate and where our spaceports are located. This system is designed by Astra and manufactured in Astra’s vertically-integrated rocket factory in Alameda, California, which we have designed to manufacture and integrate the majority of the components. Our launch system requires a launch site with little more than a concrete pad and only six Astra employees on-site. Our system is designed to meet the needs of modern LEO satellite constellations, allowing precise and rapid placement of individual satellites into their required orbits. We believe this makes Astra’s system more responsive and affordable than other launch alternatives for the thousands of LEO satellites which commercial companies and governments plan to launch in the coming decade.

We have made significant progress in the development of the system to date. On November 20, 2021, we successfully launched launch vehicle LV0007 into orbit at an inclination of 86.0 degrees, an altitude of 500 km and velocity of 7.61 kilometers per second, making Astra one of the fastest U.S. companies to have successfully demonstrated the orbital placement of a test payload. We commenced paid commercial launch services in 2022. To date, we have had three commercial launches and have delivered 23 satellites into low earth orbit. We have conducted launch operations from Pacific Spaceport Complex in Kodiak, Alaska and Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Cape Canaveral, Florida.

During the third quarter of 2022, we decided to focus on the development and production of the next version of our launch system, which we announced at our inaugural Spacetech Day on May 12, 2022. As a result, we have discontinued the production of launch vehicles supported by our previous launch system, Launch System 1, and commenced development of our new launch system, Launch System 2. On April 25, 2023, Astra hosted its second annual Spacetech Day at both our Alameda Skyhawk factory and Sunnyvale Oakmead facilities where we unveiled Rocket 4, which is part of our Launch System 2.

As of December 31, 2023, we have signed contracts for Launch Services. Our customers primarily include satellite operators, satellite manufacturers and government agencies. As part of the development cycle for Rocket 4, we expect to conduct one or more test launches of this new launch system. The timing of test launches is driven by our development progress, which has been delayed by resource allocations and prioritizations away from launch systems development in favor of our Space Products business, primarily focused on the Astra Spacecraft Engine®. As a result, we have incurred delays in the timing of the initial test launch or launches using this new launch system. Our schedule and ability to conduct paid commercial launches will depend on the ultimate timing and success of the initial test launches which will in turn depend on the resources that we are able to devote to launch systems development in the coming quarters. Our new launch system is intended to serve a market focused on delivering LEO satellites directly to their desired orbits, and as such is applicable to deployment and replenishment of both small and large constellations, as well as single-satellite or rapid response missions. We have designed the new version of our launch system to support more payload capacity, greater reliability, and a more frequent launch cadence, which we believe will allow us to offer our customers more variable and dependable services, and increases the addressable market that we can serve with our Launch Services business.

Space Products

Our Space Products business offers high quality space products to operators of LEO satellite constellations. Currently, through a newly established subsidiary, we offer an industry leading spacecraft engine platform consisting of two in-space electric propulsion systems. Our typical offering consists of the design and delivery of a fully integrated propulsion module comprised of a thruster, a power processing unit, a tank and a feed system, called the Astra Spacecraft Engine®. The Astra Spacecraft Engine® can be configured with multiple thrusters and power processing units to handle a wide range of missions, from the smallest earth observation satellites up to large communications satellites with multiple kilowatts of solar power and is designed to use either Xenon or Krypton as a propellant. In 2022, we began delivery of our Astra Spacecraft Engines® to our customers and in 2023, we commenced operation of our spacecraft engine production facility in Sunnyvale, California.

We began fulfilling orders for customers of our Astra Spacecraft Engine® in 2022. By the end of 2023, we had begun delivery or fully delivered on seven programs.

We have recently added the Astra Spacecraft Propulsion Kit to our space products offering. The Astra Spacecraft Propulsion Kit disaggregates the four subsystems of the Astra Spacecraft Engine® module, enabling satellite builders to take advantage of shorter lead times to access key components of their propulsion system that they can customize and integrate into their spacecraft for their unique missions.

2023 Highlights and Developments

On March 1, 2023, the FAA certified the mishap investigation into the LV0010 flight closed, and we released a summary of our findings. In particular, we found that the anomalous fuel consumption during the upper stage flight was due to a combustion chamber wall burn-through that occurred 18 seconds into upper stage flight. Flight data showed that the burn-through was precipitated by a substantial blockage of the fuel injector. The mechanics of combustion and regenerative cooling are complex and this failure did not have an immediately apparent root cause, so extensive testing and analysis was required to recreate the failure mode and to understand both how the injector blockage was created and how it led to a burn-through.

On April 21, 2023, Space Force awarded Astra a new launch order for our Rocket 4, with a total contract value of $11.45 million for a launch of an ESPA-class space vehicle and additional cubesats through the Orbital Services Program (OSP-4) contract.

On April 25, 2023, Astra hosted its second annual Spacetech Day at both our Alameda Skyhawk factory and Sunnyvale Oakmead facility where we unveiled Rocket 4, which is part of our Launch System 2 Astra also announced that it entered into a contract with Apex Technologies, Inc. to provide 5 Spacecraft Propulsion Kits, a new product offering under our Space Products business.

On May 15, 2023, we announced the completion of our dedicated 60,000 square foot Astra Spacecraft Engine® manufacturing facility which took place in late-March 2023. Astra also announced that eight Astra Spacecraft Engines®, which were delivered in Q4 2022, operated nominally in space during the first quarter, further demonstrating flight heritage.

On May 16, 2023, the Defense Innovation Unit of the US Defense Department added a first test flight of Rocket 4 to their existing launch contract.

On August 14, 2023, we announced the first four shipments of Astra Spacecraft Engines® from our Sunnyvale spacecraft engine manufacturing facility.

Also, on August 14, 2023, we entered into a settlement agreement and general release pursuant to which we agreed to pay the former stockholders of Apollo Fusion, Inc. (“Apollo Fusion”) either a cash payment in the amount of $2.0 million plus $8.0 million in shares of our Class A Common Stock, par value $0.0001 (the “Class A Common Stock”), or a cash payment of $7.0 million. On September 29, 2023, we made a $2.0 million cash payment to former stockholders of Apollo Fusion. On October 2, 2023, we issued 3,708,520 shares of our Class A Common Stock to the former stockholders of Apollo Fusion and also entered into an amendment that allowed us a period of sixty (60) days to obtain stockholder approval to the issuance of the remaining 810,565 shares of Class A Common Stock owed to the former stockholders of Apollo Fusion, which ensured we remained in compliance with Nasdaq Rule 5635(d). On November 29, 2023, we entered into another amendment with the representative of the former stockholders of Apollo Fusion to pay an aggregate cash amount of $0.6 million, in full and complete satisfaction of all of our outstanding obligations under the Settlement Agreement, which included a release of our obligations to make payments of the contingent consideration that could become due under the Agreement and Plan of Merger between the Company and Apollo Fusion dated July 1, 2021.

On September 13, 2023, and in order to satisfy the deficiency in Nasdaq’s listing requirements, we amended our restated certificate of incorporation to effect a 1-for-15 reverse stock split of the shares of our Class A Common Stock and Class B common stock, par value $0.0001 (the “Class B Common Stock” and together with the Class A Common Stock, the “Common Stock”) on September 13, 2023 (the “Reverse Stock Split”). The stockholders of the Company, at the 2023 annual meeting held on June 8, 2023, had previously approved the Reverse Stock Split at a ratio in the range of 1-for-5 to 1-for-15, with the final decision of whether to proceed with the reverse stock split and the exact ratio and timing of the reverse stock split to be determined by the Board, in its discretion, no later than June 8, 2024. The Board authorized the Reverse Stock Split on July 6, 2023.

Financing and Strategic Activities

As of June 30, 2023, our cash and cash equivalents, together with marketable securities, totaled approximately $26.3 million. During the second half of 2023, we spent significant effort on fundraising activities. To improve our financial condition, we also sought opportunities to reduce our expenses. We (directly and through a Special Committee of the Board of Directors comprised of independent directors since October 2023 (“Special Committee”)) retained advisors to assist with capital raising activities and to seek potential strategic transactions.

Effective as of July 1, 2023 and until October 17, 2023, we retained PJT Partners (“PJT”) as the Company's financial advisor to solicit indications of interest in a strategic transaction with the Company. During its engagement, PJT reached out to approximately 30 parties, which included a combination of financial buyers and strategic parties, who were ultimately most interested in the Space Products business. Of those parties, 14 parties executed a confidentiality agreement with us and only seven parties actively engaged in due diligence. PJT’s process only resulted in one non-binding term sheet that we did not believe was actionable. On October 17, 2023, PJT resigned from its engagement with the Company as its financial advisor, citing concerns that it may be conflicted moving forward, given its prior involvement with the party that submitted the non-binding term sheet and certain members of our management team in connection with prior transactions and the increasing likelihood that the interested party and certain members of Company management would be participating in a potential transaction.

We entered into a Sales Agent Agreement (the "Sales Agreement") with Roth Capital Partners LLC to sell up to $65 million in shares of Class A Common Stock in at-market transactions on July 10, 2023 (the “Roth ATM”). Given the depressed stock price, which was $0.43 per share of Class A Common Stock on December 30, 2022 (or $6.51 as adjusted for the Reverse Stock Split), $0.42 per share of Class A Common Stock on March 31, 2023 (or $6.37 as adjusted for the Reverse Stock Split), $0.37 per share of Class A Common Stock on June 30, 2023 (or $5.53 as adjusted for the Reverse Stock Split), and continued to be less than $1.00 per share of Class A Common Stock until the Reverse Stock Split was effective on September 13, 2023, we found it difficult to leverage the Roth ATM to infuse us with significant and much needed capital without incurring excessive dilution and putting significant downward pressure on the already low stock price. From July 10, 2023 to November 30, 2023, 449,863 shares of our Class A common stock were sold under the Sales Agreement resulting in proceeds of $1.2 million, net of broker commissions, fees and third-party issuance costs of $0.1 million. The average price per share sold under the Sales Agreement during the period was $2.63 per share. We incurred $0.3 million of third-party issuance costs related to legal, accounting and registration costs which are recorded as deferred issuance costs on the consolidated financial statements and were allocated on a per share basis and charged to additional paid-in capital along with broker commissions per shares sold under the Sales Agreement. We have since paused sales under our Sales Agreement, resulting in a $0.2 million write-off of the deferred issuance costs.

We also found it difficult to find asset backed, equipment based or other lending sources interested in financing its business.

On August 4, 2023, we consummated the sale of $12.5 million aggregate principal amount of Senior Secured Note due 2024 (the “Original Notes”) and warrants to purchase up to 22.5 million shares of Class A Common Stock (or 1.5 million shares of Class A Common Stock, as adjusted for the Reverse Stock Split) (the “Original Warrants”) to an institutional investor (the “Original Investor”) (the “Original Secured Facility”). The Original Secured Facility was a limited injection of new capital into our business operations. The Original Notes bore interest at 9.0% per annum, had a maturity date of November 1, 2024 and were secured by a first priority security interest in all of the assets of the Company and its subsidiaries. Among other covenants, the Original Secured Facility required that the Company meet a minimum threshold of $15.0 million in cash and cash equivalents (the “Minimum Cash Threshold”). See Item 7 — Management’s Discussion and Analysis – Liquidity and Capital Resources for more information about the Original Secured Facility and our sale and issuance of the Original Notes and Original Warrants.

In conjunction with its capital raising activities, during 2023, we engaged in a number of cost-reduction initiatives to preserve cash and streamline our business operations, including a strategic restructuring announced on August 4, 2023, which resulted in (x) the reallocation of approximately 50 engineering and manufacturing personnel from the Launch Services business to the Space Products business, and (y) the layoff of approximately 70 employees, reducing our overall workforce by approximately 25% from July 1, 2023 through August 4, 2023. Effective on September 16, 2023, Mr. Kemp and Dr. London voluntarily agreed to reduce their salaries to the California minimum wage through December 31, 2023. At the time Mr. Kemp and Dr. London were earning annual base salaries of $600,000 and $500,000, respectively.

On October 11, 2023, we failed to maintain the Minimum Cash Threshold as required under the Original Secured Facility and, effective October 11, 2023, the Original Investor waived this event of default through October 31, 2023, provided that we maintained $10.5 million in cash and cash equivalents (the “Revised Minimum Cash Threshold”) and also made a payment to the Original Investor in the amount of approximately $2.1 million, approximately $2.0 million of which was applied as a principal reduction on the Original Notes that were part of the Original Secured Facility.

On October 19, 2023, at the Special Committee’s direction, we executed a non-binding term sheet (the “Financing Term Sheet”) with an investor for the potential issuance of senior secured convertible notes in a potential principal amount of up to $25.0 million (the “Proposed Financing”).

Following PJT’s resignation on October 17, 2023, the Special Committee retained Houlihan Lokey Capital, Inc. (“Houlihan Lokey”) as its exclusive financial advisor to provide financial advisory and investment banking services in connection with the Special Committee’s consideration of the Proposed Financing or other Potential Strategic Options.

On October 30, 2023, we failed to meet the Revised Minimum Cash Threshold of $10.5 million and were in default under the Original Secured Facility.

On November 6, 2023, we entered into an initial financing transaction for a total investment amount of approximately $13.4 million (the “Initial Financing”). The investors in the Initial Financing (“Initial Investors”) included SherpaVentures Fund II, LP (“ACME II”), an affiliate of Scott Stanford, a member of Astra's Board of Directors. The Initial Financing was agreed to pursuant to a Reaffirmation Agreement and Omnibus Amendment Agreement dated November 6, 2023 (the “Initial Financing Agreement”), and included (i) a purchase by the Initial Investors of the remaining $8.0 million aggregate principal amount of Original Notes and Original Warrants to purchase up to 1.5 million post-Reverse Stock Split shares of Class A Common Stock from the Original Investor, under which we were in default as of October 30, 2023, (ii) a loan by the Initial Investors to us and our subsidiaries in the aggregate amount of approximately $3.05 million evidenced by senior secured bridge notes (the “Bridge Notes”) that matured on November 17, 2023, and (iii) a sale to the Initial Investors of warrants (the “Bridge Warrants”) to purchase up to 5,314,201 shares of Class A Common Stock at a purchase price of $0.125 per Bridge Warrant for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $664,275 that were immediately exercisable at an exercise price of $0.808 per Class A Share, subject to certain adjustments and with an expiration date of November 6, 2028. In connection with the Initial Financing, the Initial Investors also agreed to waive all existing events of defaults under the Original Secured Facility through November 17, 2023.

On November 8, 2023, we announced that Mr. Stanford resigned as the lead independent director of the Board in connection with the participation of ACME II in the Initial Financing and that the Board appointed Michael Lehman to serve as the lead independent director.

On November 16, 2023, as a further cost reduction measure, all employees having a title of vice president and senior vice president received a 20% temporary pay reduction and the Company’s chief financial officer, chief business officer, general counsel and chief people officer all received a 25% temporary pay reduction. These pay reductions were initially intended to last until the end of the first quarter of 2024, although the Compensation Committee reserved the right to further extend them.

On November 17, 2023, we were in default under the terms of the Original Notes and the Bridge Notes.

On November 21, 2023, we closed a subsequent financing (the “Subsequent Financing”) with the Initial Investors, Mr. Kemp as trustee of the Chris Kemp Living Trust dated February 10, 2021 (the “Kemp Trust”), and Dr. London (together with the Kemp Trust, the “Additional Investors” and collectively with the Initial Investors, the “Investors”), pursuant to the Securities Purchase Agreement dated as of August 4, 2023 (as amended by the Initial Financing Agreement, the Limited Waiver and Consent and Omnibus Amendment No. 2 Agreement dated as of November 17, 2023 and the Omnibus Amendment No. 3 Agreement dated as of November 21, 2023) (as amended, the “Subsequent Financing Agreement”). The effect of the Subsequent Financing was to conform the economic terms of the secured notes purchased from the Original Investor, as well as the bridge notes acquired in the Initial Financing to the terms contemplated by the term sheet received by the Company on October 19, 2023 and as disclosed in the Company’s Form 8-K on October 23, 2023. Pursuant to the Subsequent Financing Agreement, (i) the Company, the Company’s subsidiaries and the Initial Investors agreed to amend and modify the terms of the Original Notes and the Bridge Notes in their entirety in accordance with the form of the a Secured Convertible Note due 2025 (the “Convertible Notes”) in exchange for the Company’s reimbursement of a premium (including accrued interest thereon from November 6, 2023), of approximately $1.2 million paid by the Initial Investors in connection with their purchase of the Original Notes and Original Warrants from the Original Investor, which amount was capitalized and added to the outstanding principal amount of the Convertible Notes; (ii) the Additional Investors agreed to purchase (x) an additional $3.0 million aggregate principal amount of Convertible Notes at 100% of the aggregate principal amount of such Convertible Notes and (y) Company Warrants to purchase up to 1,299,505 shares of Class A Common Stock at a purchase price of $0.125 per Company Warrant for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $0.162 million that were immediately exercisable at an exercise price of $0.808 per Class A Share, subject to certain adjustments, and with an expiration of November 21, 2028; (iii) the Bridge Warrants issued to JMCM Holdings, LLC (“JMCM”), one of the Initial Investors, on November 13, 2023, were exchanged for Company Warrants to purchase up to 1,082,921 Class A Shares in exchange for the payment by the holder to the Company of $0.027 million as additional consideration for the Company Warrants that are immediately exercisable at an exercise price of $0.808 per share of Class A Common Stock, subject to certain adjustments, and with an expiration of November 13, 2028; and (iv) the Bridge Warrants were exchanged for Company Warrants for no additional consideration and were immediately exercisable at an exercise price of $0.808 per share of Class A Common Stock, subject to certain adjustments, and with an expiration of November 6, 2028. The Original Warrants that JMCM purchased from the Original Investor were unaffected. Upon closing of the Subsequent Financing, the Company had outstanding approximately $17.8 million aggregate principal amount of the Convertible Notes and Company Warrants to purchase up to 7,696,627 shares of Class A Common Stock, at an exercise price of $0.808, subject to certain adjustments. The Original Warrant for the purchase of up to 1,500,000 shares of Class A Common Stock was not affected by the Subsequent Financing Agreement. See Note 7 — Long-Term Debt and Warrants in the consolidated financial statements located in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data to this Annual Report for information about the fair value of the Convertible Notes and Company Warrants as of December 31, 2023.

Since November 21, 2023, the Company has closed on subsequent financings under the Subsequent Financing Agreement (as further amended or modified on January 19, 2024, January 31, 2024, February 26, 2024, March 7, 2024 and April 10, 2024) on January 19, 2024, February 26, 2024, March 5, 2024, March 7, 2024, March 8, 2024, and March 15, 2024. As of April 10, 2024, the aggregate principal amount of all outstanding Convertible Notes (including any paid-in-kind interest) was approximately $31.8 million and there were Company Warrants and Original Warrants outstanding to purchase 14,823,917 shares of Class A Common Stock at an exercise price of $0.808, subject to certain adjustments, and that expire on dates ranging from August 4, 2028 to March 15, 2029.

On January 1, 2024, Mr. Kemp and Dr. London’s pay reductions were adjusted to the new California minimum wage and voluntarily extended through January 31, 2024. Effective as of February 1, 2024, Mr. Kemp and Dr. London requested their salaries be reinstated (adjusted to reflect the 25% pay reduction applicable to certain senior management that had been implemented on November 16, 2023). This reinstatement was approved by the Compensation Committee of the Board. Subsequently, the Compensation Committee of the Board extended the temporary pay reductions for certain members of the senior management team for whom temporary pay reductions were implemented (including Mr. Kemp and Dr. London) to expire on the earlier of the consummation of the Merger or June 30, 2024.

In February 2024, facing a dire cash shortage, the Company adjusted certain payment milestones with its customers to provide approximately $3.78 million in contractual prepayments from certain customers. In some cases, the Company granted springing business continuity licenses in connection with such prepayments. On March 6, 2024, the Company entered into a royalty-bearing license agreement with AST & Science, LLC to manufacture a specified number of Astra Spacecraft Engines® (the “Manufacturing License”). See Note 15 — Subsequent Events to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data to this Annual Report for information about the Manufacturing License.

On March 7, 2024, we entered into the Merger Agreement with Parent and Merger Sub, pursuant to which Merger Sub will merge with and into the Company, with the Company continuing as the surviving corporation (the “Surviving Corporation”) of the Merger and a wholly owned subsidiary of Parent. Parent and Merger Sub were formed by the Company’s founders, Chris C. Kemp, the Company’s chief executive officer, chairman and a director, and Dr. Adam P. London, the Company’s chief technology officer and a director (collectively, including their immediate family members and certain trusts or other entities in which either Mr. Kemp or Dr. London or their immediate family members hold voting, proprietary, equity or other financial interests, the “Specified Stockholders” and collectively with Parent and Merger Sub the “Parent Entities”).

At various points during the second half of 2023 and thus far in 2024, the Company has considered and even begun preparations to file for voluntary relief under either Chapter 11 or Chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code because the Company faced an inability to fund its ongoing operations. The Company entered into the Merger Agreement as the only actionable alternative to the filing of a petition for voluntary relief under Chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code, in which case all of the assets of the Company would have been liquidated and the stockholders would have received no value for their shares of Class A Common Stock. See Merger Agreement in this Item 1. Business immediately below, Item 1A. Risk Factors — Risks related to the Merger Agreement and Item 7. Management Discussion and Analysis — Liquidity and Cash Resources.

Merger Agreement

As introduced above, on March 7, 2024, we entered into the Merger Agreement with Parent and Merger Sub. Upon the terms and subject to the conditions provided in the Merger Agreement, and in accordance with the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”), at the effective time of the Merger (the “Effective Time”), Merger Sub will merge with and into us, with us continuing as the surviving corporation. As a result of the Merger, we will cease to be a publicly traded company.

Effect of the Merger

At the Effective Time, by virtue of the occurrence of the Merger, the following will occur:

Segregated Account

Following the execution of the Merger Agreement, and pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement, the Company (i) deposited into a segregated bank account of Astra Space Operations LLC (the “Segregated Account”) an amount in cash equal to $3.5 million (the “Segregated Funds”), and (ii) is working as promptly as reasonably practicable to (x) withdraw all funds held in the Segregated Account other than the Segregated Funds and (y) suspend any automatic withdrawal arrangements applicable to the Segregated Account. The Segregated Account is not permitted to contain any funds other than the Segregated Funds, and the Segregated Funds will be managed by the Company at the reasonable direction of the Special Committee of the Board of Directors acting in accordance with its fiduciary duties. The Segregated Funds will be held in the Segregated Account free and clear of any liens of the collateral agent of the holders of the Convertible Notes (as defined below). Pursuant to its agreement with the holders of the Convertible Notes, the Company may only use funds in the Segregated Account for certain enumerated purposes as the Special Committee may direct the Company, which include, among other things, payroll expenses, employee health and benefit expenses, rent and utilities, directors’ and officers’ liability insurance and bankruptcy work (such purposes, the “Permitted Purposes”). The Limited Waiver and Consent to Senior Secured Convertible Notes and Common Stock Purchase Warrant and Reaffirmation of Transaction Documents, dated as of March 7, 2024 (the “Limited Waiver and Consent”), among the Company, each of the subsidiaries of the Company and the Investors party thereto further limits when the Special Committee may use the Segregated Funds for bankruptcy work. The Special Committee has since directed the Company to purchase an extended discovery period policy for Directors and Officers insurance. Following that purchase, the amount in the Segregated Account is approximately $2.56 million.

Effect on Convertible Notes, the Original Warrants, Company Warrants and Shareintel Warrants

All outstanding Convertible Notes will, immediately after the Merger becomes effective, be converted into shares of Series A preferred stock, par value $0.0001 per share, of Parent (the “Parent Series A Preferred Stock”) in accordance with a noteholder conversion agreement, by and among Parent, Merger Sub, and each holder of Convertible Notes (the “Noteholder Conversion Agreement”).

The Original Warrants and Company Warrants will, immediately after the Merger becomes effective, be exchanged for warrants to purchase Parent Series A Preferred Stock in accordance with a warrant exchange agreement, by and among Parent, Merger Sub, and each holder of Company Warrants (the “Warrant Exchange Agreement”).

Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, holders of the Convertible Notes have, as applicable, and among other things, on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth therein, (i) consented to the execution of the Merger Agreement and the consummation of the Merger in accordance with the terms of the Merger Agreement; (ii) agreed that the filing with the SEC by one or more of the holders of the Convertible Notes and the Company Warrants, as applicable, together with one or more other persons indicating that a “group” (within the meaning of Section 13(d)(3) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”) has been formed which is the direct or indirect “beneficial owner” of more than 50% of the Company’s then-outstanding Common Shares in connection with the Merger will not trigger a fundamental change or fundamental transaction under the Convertible Notes or the Company Warrants; and (iii) agreed that neither the Segregated Account nor the funds credited therein will constitute collateral that secures the Convertible Notes, and permitted the Company to fund and maintain the Segregated Funds in the Segregated Account and that funds in the Segregated Account could not, subject to a limited exception, exceed $3.5 million (such amount, as it may be reduced from time to time on a dollar for dollar basis by any amounts withdrawn from the Segregated Account at the direction of the Special Committee in accordance with the terms

of the Merger Agreement, the “Minimum Cash Amount”) to be used exclusively for the Permitted Purposes. As of the date hereof, the Minimum Cash Amount is approximately $2.56 million.

All outstanding warrants to purchase Class A Shares, dated February 3, 2023 (the “Shareintel Warrants”), will automatically be canceled and converted into the right to receive an amount in cash equal to the product of (i) the number of Class A Shares issuable upon exercise of the Shareintel Warrants immediately prior to the Effective Time by (ii) the amount, if any, by which the Merger Consideration exceeds the per share exercise price of the Shareintel Warrants.

Effect on Stock Options and Restricted Stock Units

Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, at the Effective Time, each outstanding option to purchase Class A Shares (each, a “Company Option”) other than a Company Option with an exercise price equal to or greater than the Merger Consideration (an “Underwater Option”), that is outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time, whether vested or unvested, will be assumed by Parent and converted into an option (the “Converted Options”) to purchase shares of class A common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, of Parent (the “Parent Class A Shares”). The Converted Options will continue to be subject to substantially the same terms and conditions as were applicable to such Company Options immediately prior to the Effective Time, except that (i) each Converted Option will be exercisable for that number of Parent Class A Shares equal to the number of Class A Shares subject to such option immediately prior to the Effective Time and (ii) the per share exercise price for each Parent Class A Share issuable upon exercise of a Converted Option will be equal to the exercise price per share of Class A Shares of such option immediately before the Effective Time. Each Underwater Option will be canceled for no consideration at the Effective Time. As of April 10, 2024, all Company Options were Underwater Options.

In addition, at the Effective Time, each outstanding restricted stock unit with respect to Class A Shares (a “Company RSU Award” and collectively with the Company Options, the “Company Equity Awards”) held by any of our directors who is not an employee of the Company (a “Director RSU Award”) will be accelerated in full. At the Effective Time, each Company RSU Award that has vested in accordance with its terms, or so accelerated in the case of Director RSU Awards (except for Rollover Shares that are issued upon acceleration of Director RSU Awards) will be canceled and will only entitle the holder of such Company RSU Award to receive (without interest) an amount in cash equal to (i) the number of Class A Shares subject to such Company RSU Award immediately prior to the Effective Time multiplied by (ii) the Merger Consideration. At the Effective Time, each Company RSU Award that has not vested in accordance with its terms or so accelerated will be canceled for no consideration.

Approval of the Merger Agreement

The execution and delivery of the Merger Agreement, subject to the requisite stockholder approval, was recommended by the Special Committee to the Board on March 5, 2024. On March 5, 2024, the Board, with Mr. Kemp, Dr. London and Mr. Stanford abstaining, approved the execution and delivery of the Merger Agreement and recommended the adoption of the Merger Agreement and the Merger to the stockholders of the Company. On March 7, 2024, following the execution of the Merger Agreement, Mr. Kemp and Dr. London, who on such date beneficially owned Common Shares representing approximately 66.3% of the total voting power of the outstanding Common Shares, executed and delivered to the Company a written consent adopting the Merger Agreement and approving the Merger (the “Written Consent”). No further action by any other Company stockholder is required under applicable law or the Merger Agreement (or otherwise) in connection with the adoption of the Merger Agreement.

Closing Conditions

The respective obligations of the Company, Parent and Merger Sub to effect the Merger are subject to the satisfaction (or written waiver by the Company and Parent, if permissible under applicable law) at or prior to the closing, of the certain closing conditions, and there can be no certainty that those conditions will be satisfied. See Item 1A. Risk Factors — Risks related to the Merger Agreement for more information.

Termination Rights

The Merger Agreement contains certain termination rights for the Company and Parent, including (i) the right of either party to terminate the Merger Agreement if the Merger is not consummated on or before September 6, 2024 (the “Initial Outside Date”); provided, that Parent shall have the right to extend the Initial Outside Date by one week for each $1.5 million of cash that Parent or Merger Sub provide, or cause to be provided, to the Company (on such terms and conditions as the parties may agree upon in good faith) prior to the termination of the Merger Agreement; and (ii) the right of the Company (upon approval of the Special Committee) if, at any time, the Company’s Cash on Hand (as defined in the Merger Agreement) (including any amounts held pursuant to escrow arrangements or in the Segregated Account) shall be less than $3.5 million; provided that any amounts withdrawn from the Segregated Account at the direction of the Special Committee in accordance with the terms of the Merger Agreement (other than during the Cure Period (as defined below)) shall be deemed to reduce this minimum threshold amount on a dollar for dollar basis (such amount as it may be reduced from time to time, the “Minimum Cash Amount”), which Minimum Cash Amount is, as of the date hereof, approximately $2.56 million; provided further that the Company shall not be able to terminate the Merger Agreement in accordance with this clause (ii) unless (A) the Company delivers to Parent a written notice advising Parent that the Company Board (acting on the recommendation of the Special Committee) or the Special Committee has determined in good faith, after consultation with, and taking into account the advice of, its financial advisor and outside legal counsel, that (1) a Cash Shortfall (as defined in the Merger Agreement) is expected to occur within

three business days and (2) absent a cure of such Cash Shortfall, the failure to initiate proceedings for seeking relief under the United States Bankruptcy Code would be inconsistent with the directors’ fiduciary duties under applicable laws, (B) such Cash Shortfall shall not have been cured within three business days of receipt of such notice (it being understood that (1) curing such Cash Shortfall shall require the replenishment of any Segregated Funds drawn upon during such three business day period for ordinary course business expenses incurred during such period (which, for the avoidance of doubt, shall not include amounts incurred for any Bankruptcy Preparatory Work (as defined in the Merger Agreement)) with funds that are free and clear of any liens to the same extent as contemplated by Section 2.08 of the Merger Agreement with respect to the original Segregated Funds and (2) for purposes of calculating such three business day period, the first business day will be the first business day after the date of delivery of such notice (the “Cure Period”) or Parent shall have advised the Company in writing that it will not seek to cure such Cash Shortfall and (C) upon such termination, the Company authorizes the initiation of proceedings for seeking relief under the United States Bankruptcy Code. The Merger Agreement also provided that the Company would be required to pay Parent a termination fee of $250,000 under certain specified circumstances prior to delivery of the Stockholder Consent. The Stockholder Consent was delivered to the Company within 24 hours following the execution of the Merger Agreement, and as a result, the termination fee is no longer applicable. The Merger Agreement also provides a termination right for (i) Parent if, prior to the delivery of the Written Consent, an adverse recommendation change occurred, and (ii) the Company (A) if the duly executed Written Consent is not received by the Company within 24 hours of signing the Merger Agreement or (B) prior to the delivery of the Written Consent, in connection with entering into an agreement relating to any alternative acquisition proposal, if prior to or concurrently with such termination, the Company pays or causes to be paid a termination fee. These termination rights are no longer exercisable because the Written Consent was delivered to the Company following the execution of the Merger Agreement.

Equity and Debt Commitment Letters

Pursuant to equity commitment letters with Parent and Merger Sub, dated March 7, 2024 (collectively, the “Equity Commitment Letters”), Mr. Kemp, Dr. London, ACME II, Astera Institute (“Astera”), Eagle Creek Capital, LLC (“Eagle Creek”), JW 16 LLC (“JW 16”), and RBH Ventures Astra SPV, LLC (“RBH” and, collectively with Mr. Kemp, Dr. London, ACME II, Astera, Eagle Creek, and JW 16, the “Equity Commitment Parties” and each an “Equity Commitment Party”) have severally agreed to provide equity financing to Parent in the amounts specified in their respective Equity Commitment Letters, for a total aggregate value of approximately $28.8 million, on the terms and subject to the conditions contained in the Equity Commitment Letter. The Equity Commitment Parties’ commitments may be satisfied, in each of their sole discretion, by (i) a cash contribution to Parent, (ii) a contribution to Parent of Class A Shares held by such Equity Commitment Party, or (iii) a combination of the foregoing. For purposes of determining the value of an Equity Commitment Party’s contribution pursuant to the foregoing clauses (ii) and (iii), each Class A Share contributed by an Equity Commitment Party will be ascribed a value equal to the Merger Consideration.

In addition, RBH has also agreed in its Equity Commitment Letter to provide interim debt financing to the Company in the amount of $1,500,000, and MH Orbit, LLC (“MH Orbit”) may, pursuant to a debt commitment letter, dated March 7, 2024, provide debt financing to the Company in the amount of $1.0 million, in each case, by no later than April 15, 2024, for the purposes of financing cash shortfalls at the Company during the period between the signing of the Merger Agreement and the consummation of the Merger. Any interim debt financing is expected to be effected by the Company’s issuance of Convertible Notes and Company Warrants, provided however that any offer and sale of any notes and warrants pursuant to the Purchase Agreement after March 7, 2024, requires the consent of holders of a majority in interest of the Convertible Notes or Warrants, as applicable, then outstanding. The amount of any interim debt financing provided to the Company by RBH or MH Orbit will reduce the value of the equity commitments provided for in the Equity Commitment Letters of RBH and JW, respectively. Further, in addition to RBH and MH Orbit, any other Equity Commitment Party may provide interim financing to the Company to finance cash shortfalls at the Company during the period between the signing of the Merger Agreement and the consummation of the Merger. Any such interim financing provided by an Equity Commitment Party will also reduce the value of the equity commitments provided for in such party’s Equity Commitment Letter.

In addition to the Equity Commitment Letters, pursuant to a debt commitment letter with Parent, dated March 6, 2024 (the “AST Debt Commitment Letter”), AST & Science, LLC (“AST”) has agreed to purchase from Parent one or more notes in an aggregate principal amount of $2.5 million for a purchase price of 100% of the principal amount thereof, on the terms and subject to the conditions contained in the AST Debt Commitment Letter (including that the Merger shall have closed substantially concurrent with such purchase).

The Merger Agreement and the above description of the Merger Agreement have been included to provide investors with information regarding the terms of the Merger Agreement. It is not intended to provide any other factual information about the Company, Parent or their respective subsidiaries or affiliates or any party who has entered into an Equity Commitment Letter or agreed to provide interim debt financing. The representations, warranties and covenants contained in the Merger Agreement were made only for purposes of the Merger Agreement and as of specific dates, were solely for the benefit of the parties to the Merger Agreement and may be subject to limitations agreed upon by the parties in connection with negotiating the terms of the Merger Agreement, including being qualified by confidential disclosures made by each party for the purposes of allocating contractual risk between the parties. In addition, certain representations and warranties may be subject to a contractual standard of materiality different from those generally applicable to investors and may have been used for the purpose of allocating risk between the parties rather than establishing matters as facts. Information concerning the subject matter of the representations, warranties and covenants may change after the date of the Merger Agreement, which subsequent information may or may not be fully reflected in public disclosures by the Company. The Merger

Agreement should not be read alone, but should instead be read in conjunction with the other information regarding the parties that is or will be contained in, or incorporated by reference into, the preliminary Information Statement filed on April 8, 2024, the definitive Information Statement to be filed by the Company in connection with the Merger, the transaction statement on Schedule 13E-3 filed by the Company on April 8, 2023, Parent and certain other persons in connection with the Merger, this Annual Report, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, and Current Reports on Form 8-K and other documents that the parties will file with the SEC. Investors should not rely on the representations, warranties and covenants or any description thereof as characterizations of the actual state of facts or condition of the Company, Parent or any of their respective subsidiaries, affiliates or businesses. The foregoing description of the Merger Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby does not purport to be complete and is subject to, and qualified in its entirety by, the full text of the Merger Agreement, a copy of which is incorporated by reference in this Annual Report as Exhibit 2.1.

Strategy Overview

Since our inception, we have taken a long-term view on the growth of the commercial space industry. In 2023, we saw global launch rate increase by almost 20%, the number of satellites launched increased by 23%, and the overall space economy was expected to be valued at $518 billion. This long-term focus has guided our strategy, product roadmaps and investments. Our strategy to be the leading provider of Launch Services and Space Products required long-term investments in our rocket and space products production facilities in 2022 and 2023, which guided our decision to raise capital through our business combination in 2021. In 2023, we began qualification of Rocket 4 subassemblies and production of Astra Spacecraft Engines® on the new production lines built out between 2022 and 2023. On August 4, 2023 we reallocated 50 employees from our launch services division to our space products division to focus additional resources on serving contractual commitments in our Space Products business in the near term and leverage the growth opportunities in Space Products given customer interest in Astra Spacecraft Engine®, while we continue to develop our Launch System 2.

Customers

As of December 31, 2023, we have signed contracts for both our Launch Services and Space Products businesses. Our customers primarily include satellite operators, satellite manufacturers and government agencies. We expect a portion of our pipeline to continue to convert into new contracts for Launch Services and Space Products; provided that a portion of this pipeline may not convert if we do not achieve certain milestones or if we are unable to manage the demand for our products and services from a production and delivery perspective. See Risk Factors – “We are currently only delivering one Space Product, the Astra Spacecraft Engine® propulsion system, and have only conducted two launches that successfully reached orbit. Any setbacks occurring in the performance of our Astra Spacecraft Engines® or launch systems could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operations, could harm our reputation and could affect current and future business opportunities” for more information about these risks.

Sales and Marketing

We plan to grow our customer base for both Launch Services and Space Products. Additionally, as we execute on Space Product deliveries and the first launch of Rocket 4, we expect existing customers to expand their contracts with us for Launch Services and Space Products.

Unit Economics of Our Business Models

Research and Development

Research and development (“R&D”) is and will continue to be an important part of our business as we invest in improving our existing products and services, as well as potentially in developing new products or services. We make choices on where to invest resources into R&D based on our view of the market and how it will evolve, and by identifying those opportunities for new or improved products and services where we believe Astra is well positioned to be successful. We apply an iterative approach to product development, emphasizing testing and learning as quickly as possible through rapid iteration, co-located design, build, and test facilities, and frequent launches, which we believe is unique.

Currently, our Launch Services business is investing in the R&D activities necessary to complete the design, build, and qualification of Launch System 2, which we expect will bring significantly more capability to the market as compared to the prior version of our Launch System.

Our Space Products business is more focused on scaling up of our new production facility, though some R&D activities may continue, to further improve the current products, develop and potentially introduce other versions of the Astra Spacecraft Engine®.

General and Administrative

We manufacture and assemble nearly all of our products in house, and as a result rely on a number of supplier partnerships for components and raw materials for the launch system and spacecraft engines. We obtain these components in accordance with internal quality and traceability policies to ensure that our products can meet our and our customers' rigorous reliability requirements. Our design team goes to great effort to ensure that our components and assemblies are designed with simple, short lead time and commodity-based supply chains whenever possible. We enter into long-term supplier contracts for those components that are critical to function or have a limited supply base in order to protect our ability to scale production. We have two manufacturing facilities and two test facilities, totaling over 300,000 square feet where engineering and manufacturing are co-located with their respective products. Each facility is maintained under a long-term lease and is designed with scaled operations in mind. Please refer to Item 2. Properties below for more details.

Our headquarters is located in Alameda, CA and is where we conduct rocket and launcher assembly and tests, as well as machining and metal forming operations for all products. We have a second facility in Sunnyvale, CA focused on the development and manufacturing of our Space Products business. Additionally, in the past we utilized two primary spaceports with access to a third to support Launch missions.

Human Capital

Our employees are the cornerstone to our success. As of December 31, 2023, we had 193 full-time employees. Our workforce is primarily based in the San Francisco Bay Area. Before joining our company, many of our employees had experience working for a wide variety of highly reputed commercial aviation, aerospace, high-technology and world-recognized organizations.

Our human capital management strategy includes identifying, recruiting, retaining, incentivizing, and integrating our existing and new employees, advisors and consultants. The principal purposes of our cash and equity incentive plans are to attract, retain and reward personnel through the granting of cash-based and stock-based compensation awards, in order to increase stockholder value and the success of our company by motivating such individuals to perform to the best of their abilities and achieve our objectives.

Our management team is comprised of our chief executive officer and eight direct reports who, collectively, have management responsibility for our business. Our management team places significant focus and attention on matters concerning our human capital assets, particularly our diversity, capability development and succession planning. Accordingly, we regularly review employee development and succession plans for each of our functions to identify and develop our pipeline of talent. Across our broader population, approximately 18% of full-time employees are women and 23% belong to historically underrepresented groups. We are also investing in the infrastructure needed for continuous professional development, feedback, performance management, and other aspects of a healthy, growth-oriented and high-performing work culture and to support our current staffing model.

Regulatory

Federal Aviation Administration (“FAA”)

In order to conduct a launch, we must obtain a commercial space transportation license from the FAA. On August 18, 2021, the FAA granted a commercial space transportation license to us, allowing us to conduct flights of our launch vehicle (Rocket v3.0) from Pacific Spaceport Complex in Kodiak, Alaska to deliver customer payloads to LEO. This license is effective for launches on Rocket v3.0 through March 9, 2026. In addition, on February 4, 2022, the FAA granted us what we believe is the first commercial space transportation license under Part 450, allowing for flights of our launch vehicle (Rocket v3.3) from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Cape Canaveral, Florida, to deliver customer payloads into LEO. We plan to seek similar licenses prior to the launch of Rocket 4.

If there is a mishap during a launch, the FAA will require us to open an investigation into the mishap and we will not be able to launch until the investigation is closed, or the FAA has made a favorable public safety determination. For example, the FAA concluded its mishap investigation into our LV0010 flight.

Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”)

The regulations, policies, and guidance issued by the FCC apply to the radio frequencies utilized during operation of our launch vehicles. When we communicate with our launch vehicles using any part of the electromagnetic spectrum, we are operating a space station to which FCC regulations apply. Operators of regulated space stations are required to hold and maintain compliance with proper licenses throughout the duration of any given mission.

The FCC recently enacted a new set of licensing guidelines for small satellites and related systems that may apply to future Astra launch vehicles or satellites manufactured by Astra. As a result, we may face a transition in license types from Special Temporary Authorization (“STA”) to the small satellite licensing guidelines. Additionally, the FCC is currently considering additional rules which could change the operational, technical and financial requirements for commercial space operators subject to U.S. jurisdiction. If these proposed rules become final, they could change system design, and we may incur additional financial costs in order to comply with or secure new Astra spectrum licensure.

As a U.S. licensee, the regulations, policies, and guidance issued by the FCC apply to the operation of Astra’s future satellite constellation and satellite services. Radio frequency communications between Astra satellites, gateways and user terminals for operations within the U.S. market are regulated by the FCC, including both space stations (satellites) and earth stations (gateways and user terminals). Operators of regulated space stations and earth stations are required to hold and maintain compliance with proper licenses throughout the duration of operations. Additionally, the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) defines international radio regulations, recommendations, and technical standards which all apply to Astra’s constellation and satellite services globally.

International Traffic in Arms Regulations (“ITAR”) and Export Controls

Our business is subject to, and we must comply with, stringent U.S. import and export control laws, including the ITAR and Export Administration Regulations (“EAR”) of the Bureau of Industry and Security of the U.S. Department of Commerce. The ITAR generally restricts the export of hardware, software, technical data, and services that have defense or strategic applications. The EAR similarly regulates the export of hardware, software, and technology that has commercial or “dual-use” applications (i.e., for both military and commercial applications) or that have less sensitive military or space-related applications that are not subject to the ITAR. The regulations exist to advance the national security and foreign policy interests of the U.S.

The U.S. government agencies responsible for administering the ITAR and the EAR have significant discretion in the interpretation and enforcement of these regulations. The agencies also have significant discretion in approving, denying, or conditioning authorizations to engage in controlled activities. Such decisions are influenced by the U.S. government’s commitments to multilateral export control regimes, particularly the Missile Technology Control Regime concerning the spaceflight business.

Many different types of internal controls and measures are required to ensure compliance with such export control rules. In particular, we are required to maintain registration under the ITAR; determine the proper licensing jurisdiction and classification of products, software, and technology; and obtain licenses or other forms of U.S. government authorizations to engage in activities, including the performance by foreign persons, related to and who support our spaceflight business. Under the ITAR, we must receive permission from the Directorate of Defense Trade Controls to release controlled technology to foreign person employees and other foreign persons. Please see Item 1A. Risk Factors — We are subject to stringent U.S. export and import control laws and regulations.

The inability to secure and maintain other necessary export authorizations could negatively impact our ability to compete successfully or to operate our spaceflight business as planned. For example, if we were unable to obtain or maintain our licenses to export certain spacecraft hardware, we would be effectively prohibited from launching our vehicles from certain non-U.S. locations, which would limit the number of launch providers we could use. In addition, if we were unable to obtain a Department of State Technical Assistance Agreement to export certain launch provider related services, we would experience difficulties or even be unable to perform integration activities necessary to safely our transfer vehicles to non-U.S. launch vehicles. In both cases, these restrictions could lead to higher launch costs which may have a material adverse impact on our results of operations. Similarly, if we were unable to secure effective export licensure to authorize the full scope of activity with a foreign partner or supplier, we may need to implement design changes to our spacecraft or updates to our supplier chain, which may increase costs or result in delays in vehicle launch schedules.

Failure to comply with export control laws and regulations could expose us to civil or criminal penalties, fines, investigations, more onerous compliance requirements, loss of export privileges, debarment from government contracts, or limitations on our ability to enter into contracts with the U.S. government. In addition, any changes in export control regulations or U.S. government licensing policy, such as that necessary to implement U.S. government commitments to multilateral control regimes, may restrict our operations.

Environmental Law Compliance

We are subject to federal, state, local, and foreign laws, regulations and ordinances relating to the protection of the environment, including those relating to emissions to the air, discharges to surface and subsurface waters, safe drinking water, greenhouse gases and the management of hazardous substances, oils and waste materials. Federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to the protection of the environment may require a current or previous owner or operator of real estate to investigate and remediate hazardous or toxic substances or petroleum product releases at or from the property which could result in operational disruptions. Under federal law, generators of waste materials, and current and former owners or operators of facilities, can be subject to liability for investigation and remediation costs at locations that have been identified as requiring response actions.

Available Information

Our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act and our preliminary information statement on Schedule 14C filed pursuant to Section 14(c) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 are available free of charge through the website of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), www.sec.gov, and through our website, https://www.astra.com, as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. We also routinely post press releases, presentations, webcasts, sustainability reports and other information regarding the Company on its website. The information posted on our website is not a part of this report.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS.

Our business, operations and financial results are subject to various risks and uncertainties, including those described below, that could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, and the trading price of our Class A Common Stock. Many of the following risks and uncertainties are affected by instability in the banking industry, the geographical conflict in the Ukraine with Russia and in Israel, and any worsening of the global business and economic environment as a result. The following material factors, among others, could cause our actual results to differ materially from historical results and those expressed in forward-looking statements made by us or on our behalf in filings with the SEC, press releases, communications with investors and oral statements. These risk factors are not exhaustive, and investors are encouraged to perform their own investigation with respect to the business, financial condition and prospects of the Company. Readers should carefully consider the following risk factors in addition to the other information included in this filing and our other filings with the SEC. We may face additional risks and uncertainties that are not presently known to us, or that we currently deem immaterial, which may also impair our business or financial condition. The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and notes to our consolidated financial statements in this Annual Report.

Summary of Risk Factors

A summary of the material risks affecting our business, operations and financial results include the following:

Risk Factors Relating to Our Operations and Business

Risk Factors Relating to Our Debt and Other Financing Activities

Risk Factors Relating to the Merger

The summary above is qualified in its entirety by the full risk factors below, and readers are encouraged to read and review each of them carefully to gain a full understanding of the risks and uncertainties that may affect our financial performance and ability to achieve our business and strategic goals, including our ability to receive sufficient capital to continue our business operations and consummate the Merger.

Detailed Description of Risk Factors

Risk Factors Relating to Our Operations and Business

Our losses from operations and liquidity condition raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. As a result, there is significant risk in the investment in shares of our Class A Common Stock and you may lose all or part of your investment.

As of December 31, 2023, we had cash and cash equivalents of $3.9 million and have not generated sufficient revenues to enable us to finance our business operations internally. We have incurred significant losses since our inception and had an accumulated deficit of $2.0 billion as of December 31, 2023, and we expect to continue to incur net losses into the future. These conditions raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern during the next twelve months. Our ability to continue as a going concern is dependent on our ability to generate cash flows from operations and find additional sources of funding through either equity offerings, debt financings, or a combination of any such transactions.

We continue to pursue financing and expense reduction opportunities, and will explore other plans to mitigate an expected shortfall of capital to support future operations including raising additional funds and managing our working capital. We have obtained funds by accepting prepayments from our customers under our existing contracts, which will have the effect of reducing cash receipts in future periods. We have also received license fees in exchange for selling licenses to manufacture our Astra Spacecraft Engines® to our customers. However, there is no assurance that savings we expect as a result of our headcount reductions will be realized or additional financing will be available when needed or that we will be able to obtain financing on terms acceptable to us or whether or when we will become profitable and generate positive operating cash flow.

The Merger Agreement and Convertible Notes restrict our ability to incur additional indebtedness other than through the sale and issuance of Convertible Notes and Company Warrants, and even in that case, without the consent of a majority-in-interest of the holders of the Convertible Notes.

If we are unable to raise substantial additional capital, our operations and production plans may be scaled back or curtailed. If we are unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, there is substantial doubt that we will be able to continue as a going concern. If the foregoing plans are unsuccessful and we are unable to continue as a going concern, you could lose all or part of your investment in us.

We have incurred significant losses since inception and we may not be able to achieve or maintain profitability. Our current financial condition is precarious and we are at risk of insolvency.

We have incurred significant losses since our inception. We incurred net losses of $178.4 million and $411.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. While we have generated limited income to date, we paused our commercial launch activities and are still scaling production of our space products in 2024, and it is difficult for us to predict our future operating results. As a result, our losses may be larger than anticipated, and we may not achieve profitability when expected, or at all, and even if we do, we may not be able to maintain or increase profitability.

We expect our operating expenses to increase over the next several years as we continue delivery of our Astra Spacecraft Engines®, look to restart commercial launch activities in the future, continue to refine and streamline our design and manufacturing processes for our launch vehicles, increase the payload of our rockets, make technical improvements, increase our flight cadence, hire additional employees and continue research and development efforts relating to new products and technologies, including our space services. These efforts may be more costly than we expect and may not result in increased revenue or growth in our business. Any failure to increase our revenue sufficiently to keep pace with our investments and other expenses could prevent us from achieving or maintaining profitability or positive cash flow. Furthermore, if our future growth and operating performance fail to meet investor or analyst expectations, or if we have future negative cash flow or losses resulting from our investment in acquiring customers or expanding our operations, this could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may require substantial additional funding to finance our operations, but adequate additional financing may not be available when we need it, on acceptable terms or at all and we may use these proceeds from future financing transactions in ways with which you may not agree.

Since our inception, we have financed our operations and capital expenditures primarily through raising venture equity, public and private financing. In the future, we could be required to raise capital through public or private financing or other arrangements. Such financing may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all, and our failure to raise capital when needed could harm our business. We may sell equity securities or debt securities in one or more transactions at prices and in a manner as we may determine from time to time. If we sell any such securities in subsequent transactions, our current investors may be materially diluted. Any debt financing, if available, may involve restrictive covenants, could have pre-payment penalties and could reduce our operational flexibility or profitability. We may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our development activities or future commercialization efforts. If we are unable to generate such additional funding, or if we are unable to do so on favorable terms, we may not be able to meet our liquidity needs and ultimately generate positive cash flows on our anticipated timeline or at all. We would anticipate using any proceeds from such financing transactions for general corporate purposes; however, we would have considerable discretion in the application of any future proceeds. Our stockholders will not have the opportunity, as part of their investment decision, to assess whether the proceeds we may receive from financing transactions in the future are being used by us in a manner agreeable to them. Our stockholders must rely on management’s judgment regarding the application of any such proceeds. The proceeds may be used for corporate purposes that do not immediately improve our profitability or increase the price of our stock.

Further our ability to receive additional capital by incurring debt or selling our equity is very limited under the terms of the Merger Agreement, which requires that we can only raise capital through the sale and issuance of our Convertible Notes and Company Warrants and, in that case, only with the consent of a majority-in-interest of the holders of the Convertible Notes. The interests of the holders of the Convertible Notes may conflict with ours and it may be difficult for us to obtain sufficient financing.

We currently fail to satisfy certain continued listing requirements of the National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations (“Nasdaq”) Global Select Market, have failed to satisfy certain of these requirements in the past and could fail to satisfy those requirements again in the future, which could result in the delisting of our Class A common stock.

Currently, our Class A common stock trades on the Nasdaq Global Select Market. We are not in compliance with Rule 5450(a)(1) of the listing requirements (the “Minimum Bid Price Requirement”) because as of the date of this Annual Report, our per share closing bid price has been below $1.00 for thirty consecutive trading days. On April 17, 2024, we received a deficiency notice from Nasdaq regarding our failure to meet the Minimum Bid Price Requirement. If we are unable to regain compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Requirement or otherwise maintain compliance with the other listing standards for Nasdaq, it could result in the delisting of our Class A Common Stock from Nasdaq. Such a delisting would likely have a negative effect on the price of our Class A Common Stock and would impair your ability to sell or purchase our Class A Common Stock when you wish to do so.

While we anticipate delisting following the closing of the Merger, there is no guarantee that the Merger will close. In that case, we will remain a public company with obligations to meet the Nasdaq listing standards and there is no guarantee that we will regain compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Requirement or that we will maintain compliance with other Nasdaq listing standards. We have previously failed to comply with listing standards as a result of our late filing of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 and in connection with a deficiency notice we received from Nasdaq on October 6, 2022, that we were not in compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Requirement, and there can be no assurance that we will not violate these or other Nasdaq listing standards in the future.

We are currently only delivering two Space Products, the Astra Spacecraft Engine® propulsion system and the Astra Spacecraft Propulsion Kit, and have only conducted two launches that successfully reached low earth orbit. Any setbacks occurring in the performance of our Astra Spacecraft Engines® or launch systems could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operations, could harm our reputation and could affect current and future business opportunities.

The success of our Space Products business will require us to deliver Astra Spacecraft Engines® and Astra Spacecraft Propulsion Kits to our customers and have those Astra Spacecraft Engines® work nominally when deployed. As of March 31, 2024, we have delivered 34 Astra Spacecraft Engines® to 8 customers, and we believe that 10 of those engines are currently in orbit. Also, as of March 31, 2024, we have delivered one Astra Spacecraft Propulsion Kit to a customer. We continue to attempt to scale production of our Astra Spacecraft Engines® but have incurred program delays and resource constraints.

The success of our launch business will depend on our ability to successfully and regularly deliver customer satellites into orbit. In November 2021, we successfully launched launch vehicle LV0007 to an inclination of 86.0 degrees at an altitude of 500 km and demonstrated orbital placement of test payload. Our data from this launch suggest that we achieve sufficient orbital velocity to successfully inject a satellite into orbit and served as an opportunity to learn from the experience and to make further refinements to the design and manufacturing processes used to construct our launch vehicles and rockets. On February 10, 2022, we launched launch vehicle LV0008. After a nominal first stage flight, the payload fairing did not fully deploy prior to the upper stage ignition due to an electrical issue which, together with a software issue, resulted in the upper stage not reaching orbit and the end of the mission. On March 15, 2022, we successfully launched launch vehicle LV0009 and confirmed our first delivery of 22 customer satellite payloads into Earth orbit. On June 12, 2022, we had a nominal first stage flight of LV0010, however our upper stage shut down early and we did not deliver the payloads into low Earth orbit. At this time, we have limited data and history with which to test our launch vehicles for the successful deployment of a LEO satellite.

Our Astra Spacecraft Engines® continue to undergo customer qualification and ongoing testing, and each customer receives a unique configuration of our product. There is no guarantee that all or any of our Astra Spacecraft Engines® will perform nominally in orbit. Similarly, when we use our new launch system to launch our new rocket design, there is no guarantee that any future launches will be successful, or will successfully deploy customer payloads into orbit. While we have built operational processes to ensure that the design, manufacture, performance and servicing of our engines, launch vehicles and rockets meet rigorous quality and performance goals, there can be no assurance that we will not experience operational, process or quality failures. Any such failures or setbacks could harm our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, any such failures or setbacks could cause customers to cancel existing contracts, or may cause current and potential customers to not award future business opportunities to us, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We have previously experienced, and may experience in the future, delays or other complications in the design, manufacture, launch, production, delivery and servicing ramp of new launch systems, rockets, space products and related technology. If delays like this arise or recur, if our remediation measures and process changes are not successful or if we experience other issues with design, production or quality failures, there could be a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we are unable to adapt to and satisfy customer demands in a timely and cost-effective manner, or if we are unable to manufacture our launch vehicles or space products at a quantity and quality that our customers demand, our ability to grow our business may suffer.

The success of our business depends in part on effectively managing and maintaining our commercial Launch Services, Space Products, manufacturing additional launch vehicles and space products, conducting a sufficient number of launches to meet customer demand and providing customers with an experience that meets or exceeds their expectations. Even if we succeed in developing launch vehicles or producing space products consistent with our targeted timelines and customers' expectations, we could thereafter fail to develop the ability to produce these vehicles or products at quantity with a quality management system that ensures that each unit performs as required. Any delay in our ability to produce launch vehicles or space products at the rate our customers require and with a reliable quality management system could have a material adverse effect on our business.

If our current or future Launch Services or Space Products do not meet expected performance or quality standards, including with respect to customer safety and satisfaction, this could cause operational delays. Further, launch operations within restricted airspace requires advance scheduling and coordination with government agencies and range owners and other users, and any high priority national defense assets will have priority in the use of these resources, which may impact our cadence of our launch operations or could result in cancellations, launch facility transfers, additional costs or rescheduling. Any operational or manufacturing delays or other unplanned changes to our ability to conduct our launches or manufacture our products could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The success of our business will be highly dependent on our ability to convert contracted revenues and our pipeline of potential contracts into actual revenues and we may fail to do so. Our financial condition has impeded our ability to meet our contractual obligations and our customers have a variety of remedies under our contracts, including the right to terminate for convenience and seek refunds or other damages. Our prospects and operations may be adversely affected by changes in demand for space products or launch services.

We expect that our success will be highly dependent, especially in the foreseeable future, on our ability to effectively produce and deliver Astra Spacecraft Engines®, and to conduct a successful launch of our new launch system. We also expect that our success will be highly dependent on our ability to convert contracted revenues and our pipeline of potential contracts into actual revenues, for both the Space Products and Launch Services businesses. Our contracted revenues and our estimated pipeline may not fully convert into actual revenues because certain of our customers have the right to terminate their contracts if we do not achieve certain milestones and some have the right to terminate for convenience. We have had difficulty, and in the future may have difficulty, meeting these milestones, including delayed deliveries to many of our Space Products customers. Our launch operations have been paused and we do not know when we will be able to resume future commercial launch operations. For these reasons, it is possible that the future value of our contracted revenues may be significantly lower than our current estimates.

Our financial condition and lack of resources has further impeded our ability to meet our contractual obligations and has eroded customer trust in our ability to deliver and has hindered our ability to win new business and secure additional orders from new or existing customers. If any of our significant customer contracts are terminated and not replaced, our results of operations may differ materially and adversely from those anticipated. As a result, we may not receive revenue from these orders, and any contracted revenue we report may not be indicative of our future actual revenue.

In addition, we are subject to a variety of contract-related risks. Some of our existing customer contracts, including those with the government, include provisions allowing the customers to terminate their contracts for convenience, with a termination penalty for at least the amounts already paid, or to terminate the contracts for cause (for example, if we do not achieve certain milestones on a timely basis). Customers that terminate such contracts may also be entitled to a pro rata refund of the amount of the customer’s deposit. Our contracts with government customers often contain provisions with additional rights and remedies favorable to such customers that are

not typically found in commercial contracts. In addition, some of our customers are pre-revenue startups or otherwise not fully established companies, which exposes us to a degree of counterparty credit risk.

Because our offerings are currently concentrated on commercial launch services and space products, we are vulnerable to changes in consumer preferences or other market changes. The global economy has in the past, and will in the future, experience recessionary periods and periods of economic instability. During such periods, our potential customers may choose not to expend the amounts that we anticipate based on our expectations with respect to the addressable market for launch services and space products. There could be a number of other effects from adverse general business and economic conditions on our business, including insolvency of any of our third-party suppliers or contractors, decreased consumer confidence, decreased discretionary spending and reduced customer or governmental demand or funding for space products and services generally, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The market for commercial Launch Services for small LEO satellites is still emerging, the market is shifting, and the market may not achieve the growth potential we expect. Our own growth relies on our ability to add new launch sites, which could be delayed by business or regulatory challenges.

The market for in-space infrastructure services, in particular, commercial Launch Services for small LEO satellites, has not been well established and is still emerging and shifting, with many players acting as customers, prime contractors, or acquirers, or target of acquisitions. Our estimates for the total addressable launch market and satellite market are based on a number of internal and third-party estimates, including our contracted revenue, the number of potential customers who have expressed interest in our Launch Services, assumed prices and production costs for our launch vehicles, assumed flight cadence, our ability to leverage our current manufacturing and operational processes and general market conditions. While we believe our assumptions and the data underlying our estimates are reasonable at this date and time, these assumptions and estimates may not be correct and the conditions supporting our assumptions or estimates may change at any time, thereby reducing the predictive accuracy of these underlying factors. As a result, our estimates of the potential customers, annual total addressable market for our services, as well as the expected growth rate for the total addressable market for our services, may prove to be incorrect. Further should any of our customers be acquired by one of our competitors that could impact our future revenue and prospects as those customers may decide not to continue to purchase our Launch Services.

In addition, part of our strategy involves increasing our launch capability at some point in the future. Our ability to achieve frequent launch capability will depend on our ability to add new launch sites. We have operated or currently operate launch sites at the Pacific Spaceport Complex in Kodiak, Alaska, and Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Cape Canaveral, Florida, and we expect, after successful flights of our Launch System 2, to enter into a variety of arrangements to secure additional launch sites in the United States and outside the United States. We have in the past and may in the future experience delays in our efforts to secure additional launch sites around the globe. Regulatory challenges or our inability to timely secure the necessary permissions to establish these launch sites could delay our ability to achieve our target launch cadence and could adversely affect our business.

We have been focused on developing launch capabilities and services since 2017 and space products since 2021, and we have paused our commercial launch activities while we develop a new launch system. This limited operating history makes it difficult to evaluate Astra’s future prospects and the risks and challenges it may encounter.

Because we have limited historical financial data and operate in a rapidly evolving market, any predictions about its future revenue and expenses may not be as accurate as they would be if we had a longer operating history or operated in a more developed market. We have encountered in the past, and will encounter in the future, risks and uncertainties frequently experienced by growing companies with limited operating histories in rapidly changing industries. If our assumptions regarding these risks and uncertainties, which we use to plan and operate our business, are incorrect or change, or if we do not address these risks successfully, our results of operations could differ materially from our expectations and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

We have currently paused our commercial launch activity while we develop Launch System 2, which is intended to increase the maximum payload capacity of our launch vehicle to meet customer needs and demands and make us a more compelling alternative for LEO constellation deployment and satellite replenishment. We may not be successful in our efforts to make improvements to our rocket or launch system. If we fail to successfully inject payloads into orbit with our new rocket and launch system, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely impacted.

The markets for launch services and space products have not been well established as the commercialization of space is a relatively new development and is rapidly evolving. Our estimates for the total addressable markets for launch and space services are based on a number of internal and third-party estimates, including our contracted revenue and sales pipeline, assumed prices at which we can offer services, assumed frequency of service, our ability to leverage our current manufacturing and operational processes and general market conditions. As a result, our estimates of the annual total addressable markets for in-space infrastructure services, as well as the expected growth rate for the total addressable market for that experience, may prove to be incorrect.

We expect to face intense competition in the commercial space market and other industries in which we may operate.

We face intense competition in the commercial space market and amongst our competitors. Currently, our primary competitors to our Astra Spacecraft Engine® product are Busek, Exoterra, and Orbion, among others. Our primary competitors in the commercial launch

market are SpaceX, RocketLab, United Launch Alliance, Firefly and Arianespace. In addition, we are aware of a significant number of entities actively engaged in developing commercial launch capabilities for small and medium sized payloads. Such US-based entities include Relativity, ABL Space Systems, and Stoke Space, among others, and there are numerous internationally based entities engaged in similar development efforts as well.

Many of our current and potential competitors are larger and have substantially greater financial or other resources than we currently have or expect to have in the future, and thus may be better positioned to exploit the market need for spacecraft propulsion systems and launch services for small payloads with targeted orbital delivery, which is the current focus of our launch business. They may also be able to devote greater resources to the development of their current and future technologies, which could overlap with our technologies, or the promotion and sale of their products and services. Our competitors could offer products and services at lower prices, which could undercut our business strategy and potential competitive edge. Our current and potential competitors may also establish cooperative or strategic relationships amongst themselves or with third parties that may further enhance their resources and offerings relative to ours, and may reduce the size of our addressable market. Further, it is possible that domestic or foreign companies or governments, some with greater experience in the aerospace industry or greater financial resources than we possess, will seek to provide products or services that compete directly or indirectly with ours in the future. Any such foreign competitor, for example, could benefit from subsidies from, or other protective measures by, its home country.

We believe our ability to compete successfully as a commercial provider of launch services and space products does and will depend on number of factors, which may change in the future due to increased competition, including the price of our products and services, consumer satisfaction for the experiences we offer, and the frequency and availability of our products and services. If we encounter difficulties in scaling our production capabilities, if we fail to develop and successfully commercialize our launch systems, rockets, space products and related technologies, if we fail to develop such technologies before our competitors, or if such technologies fail to perform as expected, are inferior to those of our competitors or are perceived as less safe than those of our competitors, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely impacted.

Our ability to grow our business depends on the successful development of our launch systems, space products and related technology, which is subject to many uncertainties, some of which are beyond our control.

Our current primary research and development objectives focus on the development of our existing and future space products, and the development of our new launch system, along with related technology. If we do not complete this development in our anticipated timeframe, or at all, our ability to grow, operate and finance our business will be adversely affected. The successful development of our launch system, space products and related technology involves many uncertainties, some of which are beyond our control.

Future geopolitical, economic, environmental, social or health crises, have had and in the future may have significant impacts on us, our customers, suppliers, the commercial space industry and the global economy. Examples of these disruptions, past and present, include the COVID-19 pandemic, ongoing military action by Russia in Ukraine, the conflict in Israel and the failure of Silicon Valley Bank. Potential future crises might include instability in the global financial markets or banking industry, heightened unrest in the Middle East, escalating tensions in the South China Sea, or domestic political instability, for example. Disruptions might also be localized to areas in which we operate or their impact could be narrowly focused on our products, services, customers, suppliers or industry.

We are highly dependent on our senior management team and other highly skilled personnel, and if we are not successful in attracting, developing and retaining highly qualified personnel or are unable to attract and retain qualified new hires, our business and operations will be adversely affected.

Our success depends, in significant part, on the continued services of our senior management team and on our ability to attract, develop and retain a sufficient number of other highly skilled personnel, including engineers, manufacturing and quality assurance, design, finance, marketing, sales and support and finance and accounting personnel. Our senior management team has extensive experience in the aerospace industry, and we believe that their depth of experience is instrumental to our continued success. The loss of any one or more members of our senior management team, for any reason, including resignation or retirement, could impair our ability to execute our business strategy and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Competition for qualified highly skilled personnel can be strong, and we can provide no assurance that we will be successful in attracting or retaining such personnel now or in the future. We have experienced significant attrition and turnover in key functional areas due to a variety of factors, particularly the uncertainty surrounding our financial condition. This uncertainty has also hindered our ability to hire replacement personnel. Any inability to attract, develop and retain qualified employees may result in high employee turnover and may force us to pay significantly higher wages. The loss of any key employee or our inability to attract, develop and retain these individuals as needed, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Adverse publicity stemming from any incident involving us, our competitors, or our customers could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are at risk of adverse publicity stemming from any public incident involving our company, our people, or our brand, or our competitors or customers. If our launch vehicles or space products, those of one of our competitors, or satellites of our customers were to be involved in a public incident, accident, or catastrophe, this could create an adverse public perception of launch or manufacturing

activities and result in decreased customer demand for launch and space products, which could cause a material adverse effect on our business, financial conditions, and results of operations. Further, if our launch vehicles or rockets were to be involved in a public incident, accident, or catastrophe, we could be exposed to significant reputational harm or potential legal liability. Any reputational harm to our business or industry could cause customers with existing contracts with us to cancel their contracts and could significantly impact our ability to make future sales. The insurance we carry may be inapplicable or inadequate to cover any such incident, accident or catastrophe. In the event that our insurance is inapplicable or not adequate, we may be forced to bear substantial losses from such incident, adverse media, or accident.

We rely on a limited number of suppliers for certain raw materials and supplied components. We may not be able to obtain sufficient raw materials or supplied components to meet our manufacturing and operating needs, and the failure of third-party suppliers could adversely affect our business. Our financial condition has affected our ability to obtain certain raw materials and supplied components.

Our ability to manufacture our space products and launch systems is dependent upon sufficient availability of raw materials and supplied components, which we secure from a limited number of suppliers. Our reliance on suppliers to secure these raw materials and supplied components exposes us to volatility in the prices and availability of these materials. We may not be able to obtain sufficient supply of raw materials or supplied components, on favorable terms or at all, which could result in delays or increased costs. Our financial condition has resulted in delays in payment to key suppliers that have affected the terms and availability of raw materials or supplied components, and our limited financial resources have required us to make difficult prioritizations when it comes to purchasing long lead-time items.

In addition, we have in the past and may in the future experience delays in manufacture or operation as we go through the requalification process with any replacement third-party supplier, as well as the limitations imposed by ITAR and other restrictions on transfer of sensitive technologies. Additionally, the imposition of tariffs on such raw materials or supplied components could have a material adverse effect on our operations. Prolonged disruptions or delays in the supply of any of our key raw materials or components, difficulty qualifying new sources of supply, implementing use of replacement materials or new sources of supply or any volatility in prices could have a material adverse effect on our ability to operate in a cost-efficient, timely manner and could cause us to experience cancellations or delays of scheduled launches, customer cancellations or reductions in our prices and margins, any of which could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Should we experience delivery delays, non-performance, payment disputes, quality issues or other failures with any of the raw materials or supplied components that we source, it could affect the quality or performance of our own products or services, and could delay or cancel our manufacturing, deliveries or launches. We have in the past experienced, and may in the future experience, operational complications with our contractors and suppliers, including those resulting from our contractors and suppliers’ financial difficulties or for reasons beyond their control The failure of any contractors and suppliers to perform to our expectations could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Certain future operational facilities will require significant expenditures in capital improvements and operating expenses to develop and foster basic levels of service required by our launch and space services, and the ongoing need to maintain existing operational facilities requires us to expend capital.

We operate out of our headquarters in Alameda, California, which consists of approximately 179,070 square feet leased from the City of Alameda. The campus includes two primary buildings. This includes the Skyhawk Development and Production Facility, with a fully built out machine shop, production facilities, and offices for administrative responsibilities as well as research and development, and the Orion Engine Testing Facility for rocket engine testing, research, and development that was originally constructed by the U.S. Navy for jet engine testing. As part of our growth strategy, we anticipate finishing out additional space in the Skyhawk Development and Production Facility to support the Launch Services offerings, as well as the build out of facilities for our space services offerings. We entered into a long-term lease for the Skyhawk Development and Production Facility that commenced on January 7, 2023 and will continue for a term of approximately five years.

The building out of our Alameda campus and our Sunnyvale facility (where we manufacture our Astra Space Engines®) and the construction of additional launch sites have required significant capital expenditures to develop, and in the future we may be required to make similar expenditures to expand, improve or construct adequate facilities for our Launch Services business. We may also decide to consolidate or relocate certain facilities, as business or financial circumstances may warrant. Over time, our business will require capital expenditures for the maintenance, renovation and improvement of such locations to remain competitive. This creates an ongoing need for capital, and, to the extent we cannot fund capital expenditures from cash flows from operations, we will need to borrow or otherwise obtain funds. If we cannot access the capital we need, we may not be able to execute on our growth strategy, take advantage of future opportunities or respond to competitive or financial pressures. If the costs of funding new or consolidated locations or renovations or enhancements at existing locations exceed budgeted amounts or the time takes longer than anticipated, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

We may in the future invest significant resources in developing new service offerings and exploring the application of our proprietary technologies for other uses and those opportunities may never materialize.

While our primary focus for the foreseeable future will be on scaling production of Astra Spacecraft Engines® and completing development of our new launch system so that we can re-commence commercial launch activities, we may also invest significant resources in developing new technologies, services, products and offerings including space services offerings. However, we may not realize the expected benefits of these investments. These anticipated technologies are unproven and these products or technologies may never materialize or be commercialized in a way that would allow us to generate ancillary revenue streams. Relatedly, if such technologies become viable offerings in the future, we may be subject to competition from our competitors within the commercial launch and satellite industries, some of which may have substantially greater monetary and knowledge resources than we have and expect to have in the future to devote to the development of these technologies, which could impact our market share. Even if we were to be successful in developing new products, services, offerings or technologies, regulatory authorities may subject us to new rules or restrictions in response to our innovations that may increase our expenses or prevent us from successfully commercializing new products, services, offerings or technologies.

We routinely conduct hazardous operations in manufacturing, test, and launch of our launch systems, Space Products and various subsystems, which could result in damage to property or persons. Unsatisfactory performance or failure of our manufacturing process, launch systems, Space Products, and related technology could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We manufacture, test and operate highly sophisticated launch systems and Space Products and we conduct launch activities that depend on complex technology. Although there have been and will continue to be technological advances in spaceflight, our operations remain an inherently hazardous and risky activity. Launch failures, explosions and other accidents during manufacturing or test, on launch or during flight have occurred and will likely occur in the future.

While we have built operational processes to ensure that the design, manufacture, performance and servicing of our launch vehicles, Space Products and related technologies meet rigorous quality standards, there can be no assurance that we will not experience operational or process failures and other problems, including through manufacturing or design defects, cyber-attacks or other intentional acts, that could result in potential safety risks. Factors beyond our control could also cause failures or other problems, including weather or the failure of third-party products or services. A failure of one of our Astra Spacecraft Engines® could damage or render inoperable our customers’ satellites. We may experience a total loss of our launch vehicle and our customers’ payloads if there is an accident or failure at launch or during the journey into space. Any such failure, or any other damage or failure, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition or reputation.

For some missions, we or our customers can elect to buy launch insurance, which can reduce our monetary losses from any launch failure, but even in this case we will have losses associated with our inability to test our technology in space and delays with further technology development. Any insurance we or our customers have may not be adequate to cover our or their loss, respectively.

Any actual or perceived safety or reliability issues may result in significant reputational harm to our businesses, in addition to tort liability, maintenance, increased safety infrastructure and other costs that may arise. Such issues could result in canceled contracts, delaying or cancelling planned launches, increased regulation or other systemic consequences. Our inability to meet our safety standards or adverse publicity affecting our reputation as a result of accidents, mechanical failures, damages to customer property or other complications could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to environmental regulation and may incur substantial costs or have operational disruptions.

We are subject to federal, state, local, and foreign laws, regulations and ordinances relating to the protection of the environment, including those relating to emissions to the air, discharges to surface and subsurface waters, safe drinking water, greenhouse gases and the management of hazardous substances, oils and waste materials. Federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to the protection of the environment may require a current or previous owner or operator of real estate to investigate and remediate hazardous or toxic substances or petroleum product releases at or from the property which could result in operational disruptions. Under federal law, generators of waste materials, and current and former owners or operators of facilities, can be subject to liability for investigation and remediation costs at locations that have been identified as requiring response actions. Compliance with environmental laws and regulations can require significant expenditures. In addition, we could incur costs or have operational disruptions to comply with such current or future laws and regulations, the violation of which could lead to substantial fines, penalties and operational costs.

We may have to pay governmental entities or third parties for property damage and for investigation and remediation costs that they incurred in connection with any contamination at our current and former properties without regard to whether we knew of or caused the presence of the contaminants. We may also have to suspend operations until we have remediated and the investigation is closed. Liability under these laws may be strict, joint and several, meaning that we could be liable for the costs of cleaning up environmental contamination regardless of fault or the amount of waste directly attributable to us. Even if more than one person may have been responsible for the contamination, each person covered by these environmental laws may be held responsible for all of the clean-up costs incurred. Environmental liabilities could arise and have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and performance. We do not believe, however, that pending environmental regulatory developments in this area will have a material effect on our capital expenditures or otherwise materially adversely affect its operations, operating costs, or competitive position.

We are subject to many hazards and operational risks that can disrupt our business, including interruptions or disruptions in service at our primary facilities, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our operations are subject to many hazards and operational risks inherent to our business, including general business risks, product liability and damage to third parties, our infrastructure or properties that may be caused by fires, floods and other natural disasters, power losses, telecommunications failures, theft or vandalism, terrorist attacks, human errors and similar events. Additionally, our manufacturing operations are hazardous at times and may expose us to safety risks, including environmental risks and health and safety hazards to our employees or third parties.

Moreover, our operations are based in and around our Alameda, California campus, where our machine shop, production facilities, administrative offices, and research and development functions are located. Our Alameda, California campus also houses our facility used for rocket engine testing, research, and development. In addition, we also operate a facility in Sunnyvale, California and launch facilities in Kodiak, Alaska and Cape Canaveral, Florida. Any significant interruption due to any of the above hazards and operational to the manufacturing or operation of our facilities, including from weather conditions, growth constraints, performance by third-party providers (such as electric, utility or telecommunications providers), failure to properly handle and use hazardous materials, failure of computer systems, power supplies, fuel supplies, infrastructure damage, disagreements with the owners of the land on which our facilities are located, or damage sustained to our launch pad could result in manufacturing delays or the delay or cancellation of our planned commercial launches and, as a result, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, our insurance coverage may be inadequate to cover our liabilities related to such hazards or operational risks. Moreover, we may not be able to maintain adequate insurance in the future at rates we consider reasonable and commercially justifiable, and insurance may not continue to be available on terms as favorable as our current arrangements. The occurrence of a significant uninsured claim, or a claim in excess of the insurance coverage limits maintained by us, could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

A failure of our information technology systems, physical or electronic security protections, or an interruption in their operation due to internal or external factors including cyber-attacks or insider threats, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our operations are dependent on our ability to protect our employees, business systems, manufacturing capabilities, information systems, computer equipment and information databases from systems failures or malicious acts. We rely on both internal information technology systems, physical controls and policies, and certain external services and service providers to manage the day-to-day operation of our business, operate elements of our manufacturing facilities, manage relationships with our employees, customers and suppliers, fulfill customer orders and maintain our financial and accounting records. In addition, many of our systems are required to comply with higher standards applicable to systems that hold controlled technology or data. If our main data center were to fail, or if we were to suffer an interruption or degradation of services at our main data center, we could lose important manufacturing and technical data, which could harm our business. Similarly, we rely on third-party providers and in the event that any third-party provider’s systems or service abilities failed or are interrupted, our ability to operate may be impaired. Any of these risks may be augmented if our or any third-party provider’s business continuity and disaster recovery plans prove to be inadequate.

We are vulnerable to damage or interruption from earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, fires, cyber security attacks including ransomware incidents, terrorist attacks, actual or threatened acts of war, power losses, telecommunications failures and similar events. The failure of our information technology systems to perform as anticipated for any reason or any significant breach of security could disrupt our business and result in numerous adverse consequences, including reduced effectiveness and efficiency of operations, increased costs or loss of important information or capabilities, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. The unauthorized access to or theft of controlled technology may have adverse legal and regulatory consequences to us and our business. Any security breach, including personal data breaches, or incident, including cybersecurity incidents, that we experience could result in unauthorized access to, misuse of or unauthorized acquisition of our or our customers’ data, the loss, corruption or alteration of this data, interruptions in our operations or damage to our computer hardware or systems or those of our customers. Moreover, negative publicity arising from these types of disruptions could damage our reputation.

We have technology and information security processes, security and threat assessment plans and safeguards and periodic external service and service provider reviews in place to mitigate our risk to these vulnerabilities. We also carry business interruption and other insurance policies to help mitigate the financial impact of these losses. However, these measures may not be adequate to ensure that our operations will not be disrupted or our financial impact minimalized, should such an event occur. We may not carry sufficient business interruption insurance to compensate us for losses. Unavailability of our information technology systems could disrupt our operations and materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

Natural disasters, unusual weather conditions, epidemic outbreaks, global health crises, terrorist acts and political events could disrupt our business and flight schedule.

The occurrence of one or more natural disasters such as tornadoes, hurricanes, fires, floods and earthquakes, unusual weather conditions, epidemic outbreaks, terrorist attacks or disruptive political events in certain regions where our facilities are located, or where our

third-party contractors’ and suppliers’ facilities are located, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Severe weather, such as rainfall, snowfall or extreme temperatures, may impact the ability of our Launch Services to be carried out as planned, resulting in additional expense to reschedule such service, thereby reducing our sales and profitability. Terrorist attacks, actual or threatened acts of war or the escalation of current hostilities, or any other military or trade disruptions impacting our domestic or foreign suppliers of components of our products, may impact our operations by, among other things, causing supply chain disruptions and increases in commodity prices, which could adversely affect our raw materials or transportation costs. These events also could cause or act to prolong an economic recession in the United States or abroad. These events also could impact one or more of our suppliers or contractors or result in the closure of any of their facilities or our facilities, which would make it difficult to continue our commercial launch activities as planned or thereafter increase our launch cadence. These events may also delay our customers’ plans to launch their payloads. In addition, the disaster recovery and business continuity plans we have in place currently are limited and are unlikely to prove adequate in the event of a serious disaster or similar event. We may incur substantial expenses as a result of the limited nature of our disaster recovery and business continuity plans and, more generally, any of these events could cause consumer confidence and spending to decrease, which could adversely impact our commercial launch operations.

Our business is subject to a wide variety of extensive and evolving government laws and regulations. Failure to comply with such laws and regulations could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We are subject to a wide variety of laws and regulations relating to various aspects of our business, including with respect to employment and labor, health care, tax, privacy and data security, health and safety, and environmental issues. The commercial space industry, particularly launch providers, are also subject to an array of laws and regulations. Laws and regulations at the foreign, federal, state and local levels frequently change, especially in relation to new and emerging industries, and we cannot always reasonably predict the impact from, or the ultimate cost of compliance with, current or future regulatory or administrative changes. We monitor these developments and devote a significant amount of management’s time and external resources towards compliance with these laws and regulations, and this burden may limit our ability to expand into certain jurisdictions.

Failure to comply with these laws, such as with respect to obtaining and maintaining licenses, certificates, authorizations and permits critical for the operation of our business, may result in civil penalties or private lawsuits, or the suspension or revocation of licenses, certificates, authorizations or permits, which would prevent us from operating our business. For example, conducting commercial space launches in the United States require licenses and permits from certain agencies of the Department of Transportation, including the FAA, and review by other agencies of the U.S. Government, including the Department of Defense, Department of State, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (“NASA”), and FCC. License approval includes an interagency review of safety, operational, national security, and foreign policy and international obligations implications, as well as a review of foreign ownership. Delays in FAA action allowing us to conduct commercial space launches could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our financial results.

Regulation of our industry is still evolving, and new or different laws or regulations could affect our operations, increase direct compliance costs for us or cause any third-party suppliers or contractors to raise the prices they charge us because of increased compliance costs. Moreover, changes in law, the imposition of new or additional regulations or the enactment of any new or more stringent legislation that impacts our business could require us to change the way we operate and could have a material adverse effect on our sales, profitability, cash flows and financial condition. The regulatory approaches of different jurisdictions may be multi-layered and may be in conflict with one another, and our compliance could require alteration of our manufacturing processes or operational parameters which may adversely impact our business.

We may not be in complete compliance with all such requirements at all times and, even when we believe we are in complete compliance, a regulatory agency may determine that we are not. The actions of third parties may cause us to fail to comply with certain requirements.

We aim to mass-produce the world’s first daily space delivery system. A component of our near-term strategy involves increasing our launch cadence by accelerating our development and production efforts and adding additional launch sites. Our ability to achieve this increased launch cadence within the timeframe in which we hope to do so will depend on our ability to secure the necessary regulatory licenses from the FAA, the FCC and other regulatory authorities. The timing of our launches depends on our ability to secure regulatory licenses from the FAA and the FCC, and to our knowledge, the applicable regulatory authorities to date have not granted such licenses to a company endeavoring to launch rockets with such frequency. As a result, our business is dependent upon a regulatory framework that is untested and unprecedented. Our failure to obtain the licenses necessary to support our anticipated launch cadence, or any delays or hurdles that present in our interactions with the FAA, the FCC or other regulatory authorities, could impact our ability to grow our business, could delay our ability to execute on our existing and future customer contracts and could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

We are subject to stringent U.S. export and import control laws and regulations.

Our business is subject to stringent U.S. import and export control laws and regulations as well as economic sanctions laws and regulations. We are required to import and export our products, software, technology and services, as well as run our operations in the United States, in full compliance with such laws and regulations, which include the EAR, the ITAR, and economic sanctions administered by the Treasury Department’s OFAC. Similar laws that impact our business exist in other jurisdictions. These foreign trade

controls prohibit, restrict, or regulate our ability to, directly or indirectly, export, deemed export, re-export, deemed re-export or transfer certain hardware, technical data, technology, software, or services to certain countries and territories, entities, and individuals, and for end uses. We have had inadvertent disclosures of certain of our products or components which are subject to the requirements of these U.S. import and export control laws while no such regulatory authority has yet determined that any such inadvertent disclosure has violated these U.S. import and export control laws, we could be found to be in violation of these laws and regulations. Such a violation, if determined, could result in civil and criminal, monetary and non-monetary penalties, the loss of export or import privileges, debarment and reputational harm. If we are unable to maintain adequate controls related to the disclosure of information subject to U.S. import and export control laws and regulations, we may have future incidents that could result in violations of these laws and regulations.

Pursuant to these foreign trade control laws and regulations, we are required, among other things, to (i) maintain a registration under the ITAR, (ii) determine the proper licensing jurisdiction and export classification of products, software, and technology, and (iii) obtain licenses or other forms of U.S. government authorization to engage in the conduct of our spaceflight business. The authorization requirements include the need to get permission to release controlled technology to foreign person employees and other foreign persons. Changes in U.S. foreign trade control laws and regulations, or reclassifications of our products or technologies, may restrict our operations. The inability to secure and maintain necessary licenses and other authorizations could negatively impact our ability to compete successfully or to operate our spaceflight business as planned. Any changes in the export control regulations or U.S. government licensing policy, such as those necessary to implement U.S. government commitments to multilateral control regimes, may restrict our operations. Given the great discretion the government has in issuing or denying such authorizations to advance U.S. national security and foreign policy interests, there can be no assurance we will be successful in our future efforts to secure and maintain necessary licenses, registrations, or other U.S. government regulatory approvals.

Under the “Exon-Florio Amendment” to the U.S. Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended (the “DPA”), the U.S. President has the power to disrupt or block certain foreign investments in U.S. businesses if he determines that such a transaction threatens U.S. national security. The Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (“CFIUS”) has been delegated the authority to conduct national security reviews of certain foreign investments. CFIUS may impose mitigation conditions to grant clearance of a transaction.

The Foreign Investment Risk Review Modernization Act (“FIRRMA”), enacted in 2018, amended the DPA to, among other things, expands CFIUS’s jurisdiction beyond acquisitions of control of U.S. businesses. Under FIRRMA, CFIUS also has jurisdiction over certain foreign non-controlling investments in U.S. businesses that have involvement with critical technology or critical infrastructure, or that collect and maintain sensitive personal data of U.S. citizens (“TID U.S. Businesses”), if the foreign investor receives specified triggering rights in connection with its investment. We are a TID U.S. Business because we develop and design technologies that would be considered critical technologies. Certain foreign investments in TID U.S. Businesses are subject to mandatory filing with CFIUS. These restrictions on the ability of foreign persons to invest in us could limit our ability to engage in strategic transactions that could benefit our stockholders, including a change of control, and could also affect the price that an investor may be willing to pay for our common stock.

Many of our contracts are government contracts or issued under government contracts. The inability to comply with government contracts or meet eligibility requirements may result in financial liabilities, failure to receive security clearance certifications, and loss of current and future business.

A number of our contracts are with a government customer, or are subcontracts entered into in connection with a prime contract with a government customer. U.S. government contracts generally are subject to the Federal Acquisition Regulation (“FAR”), agency-specific regulations that supplement FAR, such as the Department of Defense’s Federal Acquisition Regulations, and other applicable laws, security requirements, and regulations. These regulations impose a broad range of requirements and terms, many of which are unique to U.S. government contracting, including various procurement, import and export, security, contract pricing and cost, contract termination and adjustments, mandatory disclosure, and audit requirements. Our customers are often required to flow down additional government contract terms to us, and we have no ability to negotiate or object to such terms. These requirements and terms that may increase our costs of doing business and reduce our profits under these contracts. Our failure to comply with any of these terms or requirements could result in an inability to acquire government contracts, reductions of the value of contracts, contract modifications or termination, inability to bill and collect receivables from customers, contractual damages, the assessment of penalties and fines that could lead to suspension or debarment from U.S. government contracting or subcontracting, and potential civil and criminal liability.

Government contracts are also generally subject to greater scrutiny by the government, which can initiate reviews, audits and investigations regarding our compliance with government contract requirements. Government contracts may be subject to the approval of appropriations being made by the U.S. Congress to fund the expenditures under these contracts. In particular, “whistleblower” provisions under federal law also allow private individuals, including present and former employees, to sue on behalf of the U.S. government. Any penalties, damages, fines, suspension, or damages could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our financial results.

If we commercialize outside the United States, we will be exposed to a variety of risks associated with international operations that could materially and adversely affect our business.

As part of our growth strategy, we aim to identify customers and launch sites outside of the United States. As we expand internationally, we are subject to additional risks related to entering into international business relationships, including:

In addition, any non-U.S. sales are subject to both U.S. and non-U.S. governmental regulations and procurement policies and practices, including regulations relating to import-export control, tariffs, investment, exchange controls, anti-corruption laws, and repatriation of earnings. Non-U.S. sales are also subject to varying currency, political and economic risks. The violation of any regulation could adversely affect our plans for international expansion.

We may experience difficulties or disruptions in integrating the operations of acquired companies into our business, or entering into any partnerships or joint ventures, and in realizing the expected benefits of these transactions.

From time to time, although not expected in the near future as we work on capital raising activities and continuity of our business operations, we may enter into a transaction to acquire another company as we did when we acquired the Apollo Fusion business. Acquisitions involve numerous risks, any of which could harm our business and negatively affect our financial condition and results of operations. The success of our acquisitions, once consummated, will depend in part on our ability to realize the anticipated business opportunities from combining their and our operations in an efficient and effective manner. These integration processes could take longer than anticipated and could result in the loss of key employees, the disruption of each company’s ongoing businesses, tax costs or inefficiencies, write-offs or impairments, or inconsistencies in standards, controls, information technology systems, procedures and policies, any of which could adversely affect our ability to maintain relationships with customers, employees or other third parties, or our ability to achieve the anticipated benefits of the acquisitions, and could harm our financial performance. We may also evaluate potential partnerships or joint ventures with third parties. We may not be successful in identifying partnership and joint venture candidates, and any partnerships or joint ventures may not be successful, may reduce our cash reserves, may negatively affect our earnings and financial performance and, to the extent financed with the proceeds of debt, may increase our indebtedness. Pursuing acquisitions, partnerships and joint ventures may divert management’s time and resources from our core business and disrupt our operations or may result in conflicts with our business. We cannot ensure that any acquisition, partnership or joint venture we make or enter into will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we fail to adequately protect our proprietary intellectual property rights, our competitive position could be impaired and we may lose valuable assets, generate reduced revenue and incur costly litigation to protect our rights. We have granted licenses in our intellectual property to certain customers, which creates an additional risk of unauthorized use or disclosure of our intellectual property.

The success of both our Space Products and Launch Services businesses depend, in part, on our ability to protect our proprietary intellectual property rights. To date, we have relied primarily on trade secrets and other intellectual property laws, non-disclosure agreements with our employees, consultants and other relevant persons, and other measures to protect our intellectual property, and intend to continue to rely on these and other means, including patent protection. However, the steps we take to protect our intellectual property may be inadequate, and we may choose not to pursue or maintain certain types of intellectual property protection or registration for our intellectual property in the United States or foreign jurisdictions. We will not be able to protect our intellectual property if we are unable to enforce our rights or if we do not detect unauthorized use of our intellectual property. To the extent we expand our international activities, our exposure to unauthorized copying and use of our technologies and proprietary information may increase.

Despite our precautions, it may be possible for unauthorized third parties to copy or misappropriate our technology and use information that we regard as proprietary to create technology that competes with ours.

Although we enter into non-disclosure and invention assignment agreements with our employees, enter into non-disclosure agreements with our customers, consultants and other parties with whom we have strategic relationships and business alliances and enter into intellectual property assignment agreements with our consultants and vendors, no assurance can be given that these agreements will be effective in controlling access to and distribution of our technology and proprietary information. Further, these agreements do not prevent our competitors from independently developing technologies that are substantially equivalent or superior to our products.

We have granted some of our customers business continuity licenses enabling them to manufacture Astra Spacecraft Engines® in the event that we cease doing business or are otherwise unable to perform under our contracts. If those licenses are triggered, third parties will have the ability to use our intellectual property to make our products under certain circumstances and subject to certain limitations. These licenses may result in the dissemination and commercialization of our intellectual property, including our trade secrets, proprietary know-how and other confidential information. In two instances, we have granted customers a manufacturing license that is broader than merely a business continuity license, and we have transferred the necessary intellectual property, including our trade secrets, proprietary know-how and other confidential information, to these customers. Although our license grants contain certain restrictions and protections for our intellectual property, we cannot control the actions by third-parties, their affiliates and manufacturing partners, and their respective employees. Any unauthorized use or disclosure of our intellectual property would cause us material harm in a manner that monetary damages alone could not redress, and this unauthorized use or disclosure could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations.

Protecting and defending against intellectual property claims may have a material adverse effect on our business.

Our success depends in part upon successful prosecution, maintenance, enforcement and protection of our owned and licensed intellectual property.

To protect our intellectual property rights, we may be required to spend significant resources to monitor and protect these rights. Litigation may be necessary in the future to enforce our intellectual property rights and to protect our trade secrets. Such litigation could be costly, time consuming and distracting to management and could result in the impairment or loss of portions of our intellectual property. Furthermore, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights may be met with defenses, counterclaims and countersuits attacking the validity and enforceability of our intellectual property rights. Our inability to protect our proprietary technology, as well as any costly litigation or diversion of our management’s attention and resources, could disrupt our business, as well as have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. The results of intellectual property litigation are difficult to predict and may require us to stop using certain technologies or offering certain services or may result in significant damage awards or settlement costs. There is no guarantee that any action to defend, maintain or enforce our owned or licensed intellectual property rights will be successful, and an adverse result in any such proceeding could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, operating results and prospects.

In addition, we may from time-to-time face allegations that we are infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating the intellectual property rights of third parties, including the intellectual property rights of our competitors. We may be unaware of the intellectual property rights that others may claim cover some or all of our technology or services. Irrespective of the validity of any such claims, we could incur significant costs and diversion of resources in defending against them, and there is no guarantee any such defense would be successful, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, contracts, financial condition, operating results, liquidity and prospects.

Even if these matters do not result in litigation or are resolved in our favor or without significant cash settlements, these matters, and the time and resources necessary to litigate or resolve them, could divert the time and resources of our management team and harm our business, our operating results and our reputation.

Failure to comply with federal, state and foreign laws and regulations relating to privacy, data protection and consumer protection, or the expansion of current or the enactment of new laws or regulations relating to privacy, data protection and consumer protection, could adversely affect our business and our financial condition.

We collect, store, process, and use personal and financial information and other customer data, including employee data, and we rely in part on third parties that are not directly under our control to manage certain of these operations and to collect, store, process and use such information. Due to the volume and sensitivity of the personal information and data we and these third parties manage and expect to manage in the future, as well as the nature of our customer base, the security features of our information systems are critical. A variety of federal, state and foreign laws and regulations govern the collection, use, retention, sharing and security of this information. Laws and regulations relating to privacy, data protection and consumer protection are evolving and subject to potentially differing interpretations. These requirements may not be harmonized, may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent from one jurisdiction to another or may conflict with other rules or our practices. As a result, our practices may not have complied or may not comply in the future with all such laws, regulations, requirements and obligations. We expect that new industry standards, laws and regulations will continue to be proposed regarding privacy, data protection and information security in many jurisdictions. We cannot

yet determine the impact such future laws, regulations and standards may have on our business. Complying with these evolving obligations is costly.

We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting and may identify additional material weaknesses in the future or otherwise fail to maintain an effective system of internal control, which may result in material misstatements of our financial statements or cause us to fail to meet our periodic reporting obligations.

We have identified material weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting, as of and for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Please see Item 9A. Controls and Procedures included elsewhere in this Annual Report for more information about identified material weaknesses.

We are in the process of designing and implementing measures to improve our internal controls over financial reporting to remediate the material weaknesses described in Item 9A. Controls and Procedures, primarily by implementing additional review procedures within our accounting and finance department, hiring additional personnel within the Company’s accounting and finance function, designing and implementing information technology and application controls in our financially significant systems, providing internal resources with enhanced access to accounting literature and research materials, engaging additional external accounting experts to supplement our internal resources and increasing communication with third-party professionals with whom we consult regarding the application of accounting standards on complex transactions and instruments.

While we are designing and implementing measures to remediate the material weaknesses, we cannot predict the success of such measures or the outcome of our assessment of these measures at this time. We can give no assurance that these measures will remediate the weaknesses in internal control or that additional material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal controls over financial reporting will not be identified in the future. Our failure to implement and maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting could result in errors in our financial statements that may lead to a restatement of our financial statements or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations. Further, any failure to implement and maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting, information technology and management processes could adversely affect our financial results and the assessments by our independent registered public accounting firm and their attestation reports, if applicable. Additionally, Astra may not be able to complete our evaluation, testing and any required remediation in a timely fashion. Finally, our current controls and any new controls that we develop may become inadequate because of poor design and changes in our business, including increased complexity resulting from any international expansion.

To comply with the requirements of being a public company, we are undertaking various actions and expect to need to undertake additional actions, such as implementing new internal controls and procedures and hiring additional accounting or internal audit staff. Failure to comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act could potentially subject us to sanctions or investigations by the SEC, Nasdaq or other regulatory authorities, which would require additional financial and management resources.

If we are unable to certify the effectiveness of our internal controls, or if our internal controls have material weaknesses, we may not detect errors in a timely manner, our financial statements could be misstated, we could be subject to regulatory scrutiny and a loss of confidence by stakeholders, which could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations and adversely affect the market price of our securities. We may also face litigation as a result of the material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. Any such litigation, whether successful or not, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our operating results may fluctuate significantly, which makes our future operating results difficult to predict and could cause our operating results to fall below expectations or any guidance we may provide.

Our quarterly and annual operating results may fluctuate significantly, which makes it difficult for us to predict our future operating results. These fluctuations may occur due to a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control, including, but not limited to:

The individual or cumulative effects of factors discussed above could result in large fluctuations and unpredictability in our quarterly and annual operating results. As a result, comparing our operating results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful.

This variability and unpredictability could also result in our failing to meet the expectations of industry or financial analysts or investors for any period. If our revenue or operating results fall below the expectations of analysts or investors or below any guidance we may provide, or if the guidance we provide is below the expectations of analysts or investors, the price of our common stock could decline substantially. Such a stock price decline could occur even when we have met any previously publicly stated guidance we may provide.

We may become involved in litigation that may materially adversely affect us.

From time to time, we have been and may in the future become involved in various legal proceedings relating to matters incidental to the ordinary course of our business, supplier, customer, or relationships with third-parties, including intellectual property, commercial, product liability, employment, class action, whistleblower and other litigation and claims, and governmental and other regulatory investigations and proceedings. Such matters can be time-consuming, divert management’s attention and resources from the operation of our business, and cause us to incur significant expenses or liability or require us to change our business practices. Because of the potential risks, expenses and uncertainties of litigation, we may, from time to time, settle disputes, even where we believe that we have meritorious claims or defenses. Because litigation is inherently unpredictable, we cannot assure you that the results of any of these actions will not have a material adverse effect on our business. We are currently a defendant in certain actions, alleging violations of federal securities laws. See Item 3. Legal Proceedings above and Note 8 — Commitments and Contingencies and Note 15 — Subsequent Events to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data to this Annual Report for more information about these pending actions. We can provide no assurance that additional litigation or disputes will not arise in the future. While we believe these pending actions are not meritorious, these actions (and any future litigation or dispute), whether successful or not, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. We may also choose to settle such actions if we believe that doing so is in the best interests of the company, and the amount of such settlement could also have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Further, while we have insurance to cover the defense of the existing actions, the amount of our retention is $20 million and we will need to incur costs in that amount before we will be eligible for assistance from our insurer.

Changes in tax laws or regulations may increase tax uncertainty and adversely affect results of our operations and our effective tax rate.

We are subject to complex and evolving U.S. tax laws and regulations, which might in the future make changes to corporate income tax rates, the treatment of foreign earnings, if any, or other income tax laws that could affect our future income tax provision and reduce our earnings while increasing the complexity, burden and cost of tax compliance.

Our determination of our tax liability is subject to review by applicable tax authorities. Any adverse outcome of such a review could harm our results of operations and financial condition. The determination of our tax liabilities requires significant judgment, and, in the ordinary course of business, there are many transactions and calculations where the ultimate tax determination is complex and uncertain. In addition, our future effective tax rates could be favorably or unfavorably affected by changes in tax rates, changes in the valuation of

our deferred tax assets or liabilities, the effectiveness of our tax planning strategies or changes in tax laws or their interpretation. Such changes could have an adverse effect on our financial condition.

Although we believe our estimates are reasonable, as a result of these and other factors, the ultimate amount of our tax obligations owed might differ from the amounts recorded in our consolidated financial statements and any such difference could harm our results of operations in future periods in which we change our estimates of our tax obligations or in which the ultimate tax outcome is determined.

Beginning in 2022, the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act amended Section 174 to eliminate the option to deduct research and experimentation (“R&E”) expenditures and software development costs (collectively, “R&E” expenditures) currently and require taxpayers to capitalize and amortize them over five years for U.S. incurred expenditure (15 years for expenditures attributable R&E activity performed outside the United States). While there is the potential for legislation that would repeal or defer the capitalization requirement to later years, we have followed the current legislation to capitalize R&E expenditure for our tax related reporting aspects of our financial statements. The Company generated a deferred tax asset for capitalized R&E expenditures for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, which is fully offset with a valuation allowance.

Our ability to use our net operating losses to offset future taxable income could be subject to certain limitations.

As of December 31, 2023, we have net operating loss carryforwards (“NOLs”) available to reduce future taxable income. However, under Sections 382 and 383 of the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), a corporation that undergoes an “ownership change” (as defined by the Code) may be subject to limitations on its ability to utilize its pre-change NOLs and other tax attributes such as research tax credits to offset future taxable income. If it is determined that we have in the past experienced an ownership change, or if we undergo one or more ownership changes as a result of future transactions in our stock, then our ability to utilize NOLs and other pre-change tax attributes could be limited by Sections 382 and 383 of the Code, and similar state provisions. Future changes in our stock ownership, many of which are outside of our control, could result in an ownership change under Section 382 or 383 of the Code. Furthermore, our ability to utilize NOLs of any companies that we acquire in the future may be subject to limitations. For these reasons, we might not be able to utilize our NOLs, even if we maintain profitability.

Our stock price has been, and likely will continue to be, volatile.

The market price of our Class A common stock has in the past been, and is likely to continue in the future to be, volatile. During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, the Nasdaq closing price of one share of our Class A Common Stock reached a high of $10.22 and a low of $0.67, as adjusted for the Reverse Stock Split. As of April 10, 2024, the closing share price of a share of our Class A common stock was $0.62. The volatility depends upon many factors, some of which are beyond our control, including:

One or more of these factors could cause volatility in the price of our Class A Common Stock. Following the Reverse Stock Split, the number of shares of our Class A Common Stock was reduced by a ratio of 1-for-15, resulting in fewer shares being traded and potentially greater volatility. We believe that our stock price will also reflect the expectations around the Merger closing successfully, and that changes in these expectations may cause volatility in the price of our stock. In addition, stock markets generally have experienced significant price and volume volatility. This volatility has had a substantial effect on the market prices of securities of many public companies for reasons frequently unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of the specific companies.

The dual class structure of our common stock has the effect of concentrating voting power with our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Technology Officer, which limits an investor’s ability to influence the outcome of important transactions, including a change in control. We cannot predict the impact our dual class structure may have on the stock price of our Class A Common Stock.

Shares of our Class B Common Stock have 10 votes per share, while shares of our Class A Common Stock have one vote per share. Mr. Kemp and Dr. London (the "Astra Founders"), collectively, hold all of the issued and outstanding shares of our Class B Common Stock and hold or control shares of our Class A Common Stock. Accordingly, the Astra Founders, through their control of shares of both Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock, hold approximately 66.2% of the voting power of our capital stock and are able to control matters submitted to our stockholders for approval, including the election of directors, amendments of our organizational documents and any merger, consolidation, sale of all or substantially all of our assets or other major corporate transactions, including the approval of the Merger Agreement described in Item 1. Business of this Annual Report. The Astra Founders may have interests that differ from other investors and may vote in a way with which other investors disagree and which may be adverse to their interests. In the case of the Merger Agreement, the Astra Founders are affiliated with Parent, who is a counterparty to the Merger Agreement and, if the Merger is consummated, will acquire the Company. This concentrated control may have the effect of delaying, preventing or deterring a change in control of the Company, could deprive our stockholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their capital stock as part of a sale of the Company.

We cannot predict whether our dual class structure will result in a lower or more volatile market price of our Class A Common Stock or in adverse publicity or other adverse consequences. For example, certain index providers have announced restrictions on including companies with multiple-class share structures in certain of their indexes. Under these policies, our dual class capital structure would make us ineligible for inclusion in certain indices, and as a result, mutual funds, exchange-traded funds and other investment vehicles that attempt to passively track those indices will not be investing in our stock. It is possible that these policies may depress valuations, as compared to similar companies that are included. As a result, the market price of shares of our Class A Common Stock could be adversely affected.

Delaware law and provisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws could make a takeover proposal more difficult.

Our organizational documents are governed by Delaware law. Certain provisions of Delaware law and of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws could discourage, delay, defer or prevent a merger, tender offer, proxy contest or other change of control transaction that a stockholder might consider in its best interest, including those attempts that might result in a premium over the market price for the shares of Class A Common Stock held by our stockholders. These provisions provide for, among other things:

These anti-takeover provisions as well as certain provisions of Delaware law could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire the Company, even if the third party’s offer may be considered beneficial by many of our stockholders. As a result, our stockholders may be limited in their ability to obtain a premium for their shares. Specifically, these provisions could make it more difficult for a third party to make an unsolicited offer to acquire the Company at a price per share that is greater than the merger consideration being offered in the Merger.

If prospective takeovers are not consummated for any reason, we may experience negative reactions from the financial markets, including negative impacts on the price of our common stock. These provisions could also discourage proxy contests and make it more difficult for our stockholders to elect directors of their choosing and to cause the Company to take other corporate actions that our stockholders desire.

Risk Factors Relating to Our Debt and Other Financing Activities

The future issuance of equity or of debt securities that are convertible into equity will dilute our share capital.

We have sold equity securities, issued senior secured convertible debt and sold warrants to purchase our Class A Common Stock as mechanisms of financing our operations, and we may choose to raise additional capital in the future, depending on market conditions, strategic considerations and operational requirements. These sales and issuances are dilutive to existing stockholders. To the extent that additional capital is raised through the issuance of shares or other securities convertible into shares of our Class A Common Stock, including convertible debt and warrants, our stockholders will be diluted. Currently, while the Merger Agreement is in effect, we can only raise capital through the sale and issuance of our Convertible Notes and Company Warrants pursuant to the terms of the Subsequent Financing Agreement, as amended, and in such case, only with the consent of holders of a majority-in-interest of the Convertible Notes. These restrictions may limit our capital raising activities.

On July 10, 2023, we entered into a Sales Agreement (the “Sales Agreement”) with Roth Capital Partners, LLC (the “Agent”). The Sales Agreement provides for the offer and sale of up to $65.0 million of the Company’s newly issued Class A Common Stock from time to time through an “at the market” offering. We issued a limited number of securities under the Sales Agreement, but the program is currently suspended.

From time to time, the Company has closed debt financings in which investors purchased an aggregate of (i) $31.8 million in aggregate principal amount (including paid in-kind interest) of Convertible Notes and (ii) Company Warrants and Original Warrants to purchase an aggregate 14,823,917 shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock at a purchase price of $0.125 per warrant that are immediately exercisable at an exercise price of $0.808 per share of Class A Common Stock, subject to certain adjustments, and that expire on various dates in 2028 and 2029. The Convertible Notes are also convertible into shares of Class A Common Stock.

Future issuances of our Class A Common Stock or other securities convertible into equity, or the perception that such sales may occur, could adversely affect the trading price of our Class A Common Stock and impair our ability to raise capital through future offerings of shares or equity securities. No prediction can be made as to the effect, if any, that future sales of Class A Common Stock or the availability of Class A Common Stock for future sales will have on the trading price of our Class A Common Stock.

Our ability to make scheduled payments on or to refinance our existing indebtedness, including the Convertible Notes, depends on our future performance, which is subject to economic, financial, competitive and other factors that may be beyond our control. We may incur additional debt or take other actions which would intensify the risks we face from indebtedness.

Our ability to make scheduled payments of principal or to pay interest on or to refinance our existing indebtedness, including the Convertible Notes, depends on our future performance, which is subject to economic, financial, competitive and other factors, some of which are beyond our control. Our current operations do not generate sufficient cash flow from operations to satisfy our obligations under the Convertible Notes.

On January 31, 2024, we amended the Convertible Notes with each of the then holders to defer the quarterly amortization payment to the subsequent amortization payment date of May 1, 2024, pursuant to the terms of the Convertible Note. We may need to similarly defer future amortization payments but there is no guarantee that the holders will agree to do so.

It is likely that we will need to obtain additional financing in order to fund our operations and pay the principal and interest on the Convertible Notes when due. There is limited capacity under the Convertible Note facility for additional borrowing and the terms of the Convertible Notes limit, but do not eliminate, our ability to obtain additional financing. Further, the Merger Agreement restricts our ability to raise capital other than through the sale and issuance of Convertible Notes and Company Warrants. If we incur additional indebtedness, the related risks that we now face would intensify and could further exacerbate the risks associated with our ability to service our indebtedness. Our ability to refinance our existing indebtedness will depend on the capital markets and our financial condition at such time and the willingness of parties to the Merger Agreement and the holders of a majority-in-interest of our Convertible Notes to consent to the sale and issuance of additional Convertible Notes and Company Warrants. We may not be able to obtain the necessary capital to refinance the existing indebtedness on attractive terms, or at all, which could result in a default on our debt obligations.

We are subject to certain covenants set forth in the Convertible Notes. Upon an event of default, including a breach of a covenant, the lenders may accelerate payments and impose default penalties, and we may not be able to make such payments and penalties.

The Convertible Notes contain customary events of default, including for non-payment, breach of covenants, defaults under other material indebtedness, bankruptcy, change of control, material judgments, suspension from trading of our Class A Common Stock on an eligible exchange and failure to timely file Exchange Act reports. We will require additional financing to continue to conduct our operations and to comply with the terms of the Convertible Notes. We have a limited capacity under the Convertible Note facility for additional borrowing, and additional financing may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all.

Upon an event of default, the outstanding principal amount of the Convertible Notes plus any other amounts owed under the Convertible Notes will become immediately due and payable and holders of the Convertible Notes could accelerate the amounts due and impose default interest and penalties. A default would also likely significantly reduce the market price of our Class A Common Stock.

The Convertible Notes are convertible into and the Company Warrants and Original Warrants are exercisable for our Class A Common Stock, which, if and when converted or exercised, would increase the number of shares eligible for future resale in the public market and result in dilution to our stockholders.

We issued Company Warrants and Original Warrants to purchase approximately 14.8 million shares of our Class A Common Stock at $0.808 per share and there is $31.8 million in principal balance (including paid-in-kind interest), which would convert into approximately 39.3 million shares of Class A Common Stock. The additional shares of our Class A Common Stock issued upon exercise of the Company Warrants and Original Warrants and upon conversion of the Convertible Notes will result in dilution to the then existing holders of our Class A Common Stock and increase the number of shares eligible for resale in the public market. Sales of substantial numbers of such shares in the public market could adversely affect the market price of our Class A Common Stock.

If we incur additional indebtedness through the sale and issuance of additional Convertible Notes, we would expect to issue additional Company Warrants, which would further dilute our existing stockholders. Likewise, if we issue warrants as part of another financing activity, those warrants will also be dilutive to stockholders.

Risk Factors Relating to the Merger

We have entered into a Merger Agreement and obtained required stockholder consent for the Merger, and there are risks associated with the Merger and our ability to consummate it.

On March 7, 2024, the Company, Parent and Merger Sub, entered into the Merger Agreement to consummate a Merger of Merger Sub and Company with the Company continuing as the surviving corporation of the Merger and a wholly owned subsidiary of Parent. The consideration being paid to stockholders under the Merger Agreement is $0.50 per share, without interest.

On March 7, 2024, following the execution of the Merger Agreement, Mr. Kemp and Dr. London, who on such date beneficially owned Common Shares representing approximately 66.3% of the total voting power of the outstanding Common Shares, executed and delivered to the Company a written consent adopting the Merger Agreement and approving the Merger. No further action by any other Company stockholder is required under applicable law or the Merger Agreement (or otherwise) in connection with the adoption of the Merger Agreement.

There are a number of risks related to the Merger, including doubt whether the Merger can be consummated in the manner described in Merger Agreement or at all. Such risks include, but are not limited to:

The Merger is subject to certain closing conditions that may not occur, and the Company may run out of money before the closing occurs.

The respective obligations of the Company, Parent and Merger Sub to effect the Merger are subject to the satisfaction (or written waiver by the Company and Parent, if permissible under applicable law) at or prior to the closing, of certain conditions. The completion of the Merger is not assured and is subject to risks, including that the closing conditions are not satisfied. If the Company does not complete the Merger, it could be subject to several risks, including:

Closing of the Merger may also take longer than expected or be delayed until the closing conditions are satisfied. Delays might be outside the Company’s control, including due to SEC review or third-party legal proceedings. It is possible that the Company could run out of cash to fund its operations during the interim period until closing and it may be unable to obtain additional financing on terms favorable to the Company or at all.

The Company does not have sufficient funds to operate until the expected closing of the Merger. If the Company is unable to secure interim financing, it may run out of money before the Merger can be consummated. In addition, the closing of the Merger is dependent on certain investors providing financing at closing consistent with their equity commitments. If one or more of these investors fail to provide their financing at closing, it could delay or prevent the closing of the Merger.

The Company currently does not have sufficient funds to operate until the expected closing of the Merger. The timing for the closing of the Merger is dependent on a number of factors, some of which are beyond the Company’s control. The longer it takes for the closing to occur, the greater the funding gap faced by the Company in the interim period. If the Company is unable to secure interim financing, it may run out of money before the Merger can be consummated. There is no guarantee that the Company will be able to obtain sufficient interim funding on reasonable terms or at all. The failure to do so may result in the liquidation of the Company pursuant to a voluntary filing under Chapter 7 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code. In addition, the closing of the Merger is dependent on certain investors providing financing at the closing of the Merger consistent with their equity commitments. If one or more of these investors fail to provide their financing at closing, it could delay or prevent the closing of the Merger. There is no guarantee that each of these investors can or will provide financing at the closing of the Merger consistent with their equity commitments and one or more investors have indicated that there are contingencies associated with their ability to provide such financing. If the closing of the Merger is delayed or prevented due to a lack of closing financing, the Company could run out of money prior to the closing and may have no choice but to pursue a voluntary filing under Chapter 7 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code, resulting in the liquidation of the Company and in such case stockholders will not receive any payment for their shares of Class A Common Stock held.

The only alternative available to the Company if the Merger does not close may be to file for liquidation under Chapter 7 of the U. S. Bankruptcy Code, meaning that stockholders may receive little or nothing for their shares of Class A Common Stock.

There is a risk that the Merger does not close, or that the Company could run out of money before the Merger can be closed. If the Merger is not completed for any reason, our stockholders will not receive any payment for their shares of Class A Common Stock in connection with the Merger. In that case, the Company has substantial doubt about its ability to raise financing sufficient to continue operating as a going concern. Furthermore, if the Merger is not completed, and depending on the circumstances that cause the Merger not to be completed, there can be no assurance as to the price at which our Class A Common Stock may trade, and the price of our Class A common stock may decline significantly. If the Merger is not completed, it is likely that the Company will have no alternative but to file a petition for voluntary relief under Chapter 7 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code, resulting in the liquidation of the Company and not a reorganization. If we file a bankruptcy petition or an involuntary bankruptcy petition is filed against us that is not dismissed, the claims of the holders of our Convertible Notes and certain creditors in such proceeding may have priority over the claims of our stockholders and the per-share amount that would otherwise be received by stockholders in connection with a liquidation may be substantially reduced or may be zero.

We may face litigation filed against us over the Merger Agreement.

As of April 10, 2024, the Company is not aware of any complaints filed or litigation pending related to the Merger although one stockholder has made a request for books and records under Section 220 of the DCGL. We face potential for litigation or other disputes which relate to the Merger Agreement and potential Merger, including claims related to our process or disclosures and investigatory demands under Delaware law. We can provide no assurance that such litigation, disputes or demands will not arise in the future. Any such litigation, disputes or demands, whether successful or not, could delay the closing of the Merger, or could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS.

None.

ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY.

Overview

We are committed to safeguarding our information and information systems from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification or destruction. We aim to incorporate industry best practices throughout our cybersecurity program. This program is supported by both management and our Board of Directors, including our Audit Committee.

The Compliance Committee is responsible for identifying, monitoring and mitigating compliance risks, including cybersecurity, and is comprised of the Chief Compliance Officer & General Counsel, CEO, CFO, Chief Technology Officer, Chief Business Officer, Chief People Officer, Vice President of Information Technology (“VP IT”), Corporate Controller and Senior Director, Internal Audit. The Compliance Committee meets regularly during the year and receives periodic updates on cybersecurity risks from the VP IT. The Compliance Committee is responsible for assessing the materiality of cybersecurity incidents based on quantitative and qualitative materiality factors, and for providing recommendations on public disclosures of cybersecurity incidents to the Audit Committee if an incident is identified to be possibly material. The Compliance Committee also provides input and consideration into internal controls surrounding cybersecurity along with reviewing cybersecurity risks, mitigation strategies, ensuring the cybersecurity strategy is in alignment with business objectives and is incorporated into the overall risk management processes.

The Company maintains a cybersecurity program that is designed to identify, protect from, detect, respond to, and recover from cybersecurity threats and risks, and protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of its information systems, including the information residing on such systems. The Department of Defense's Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification ("CMMC") initiative safeguards sensitive information within the Defense Industrial Base by ensuring members meet cybersecurity requirements for handling controlled unclassified information and federal contract information. The CMMC initiative helps the Company inform its cybersecurity agenda and prioritize its cybersecurity activities. Additionally, the Company’s cybersecurity program provides mechanisms for Employees to report any unusual or potentially malicious activity they observe.

In addition, we have technology and information security processes, security and threat assessment plans and safeguards and periodic external service and service provider reviews in place led by our VP IT, governing our assessment, response and notifications internally and externally upon the occurrence of a cybersecurity incident. Depending on the nature and severity of an incident, this process provides for escalating notification to our CEO and the Board of Directors (including the Audit Committee chair).

Cybersecurity Governance

Board Oversight

Our Board of Directors has overall responsibility for risk oversight and is currently overseeing Astra’s business continuity risks, including cybersecurity risks, which occurs at both the full Board level and at the Board committee level through the Audit Committee. To help ensure effective oversight, the Audit Committee receives reports on information security and cybersecurity from the VP IT, at least four times a year including, but not limited to, analysis of events that have impacted our peers, updates on program maturity, regulatory compliance status and cybersecurity program status and updates. In addition, management updates the Audit Committee, as necessary, regarding any material cybersecurity incidents impacting the Company, as well as any incidents with lesser impact potential. The Audit Committee regularly briefs our Board of Directors on the matters communicated to the Audit Committee.

Management’s Role

Our VP IT leads our information technology and cybersecurity function, including the role of Chief Information Security Officer (“CISO”), since early 2022. Our VP IT holds a Bachelor of Science in Cybersecurity and Information Assurance and is a systems security certified practitioner (“SSCP”). Our VP IT has served in various roles in information technology for over 25 years, including as vice president of a major cybersecurity company, where he directly oversaw the technical operations and cybersecurity. The VP IT oversees information security resources designed to assess and manage cybersecurity threats on a day-to-day basis.

Notwithstanding the foregoing efforts, there can be no assurance that the security measures we employ will prevent malicious or unauthorized access to our systems or information. No security program can entirely eliminate the risk of human error or malicious acts that are outside our reasonable control. While we have not, as of the date of this Form 10-K, experienced a cybersecurity threat or incident that resulted in a material adverse impact to our business or operations, there can be no guarantee that we will not experience such an incident in the future. See Item 1A. Risk Factors for additional details regarding cybersecurity risks.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES.

We operate out of our 179,070 square foot headquarters and have significant business operations in Alameda, California. We entered a long-term lease for our Alameda facility in December 2022, which commenced on January 7, 2023, and expires in November 2027. We primarily use our Alameda facility for our Launch Services business and our executive, sales, people and administrative functions.

In late July 2022, the Company entered into a lease agreement for approximately 60,000 square feet of research, development and manufacturing facility in Sunnyvale, California having a lease term of 36 months. This facility enabled expansion of our Space Products production and development capacity, as well as thermal testing capacity. We commenced operations of the Sunnyvale facility in late March 2023.

We lease a testing facility for our Launch Services business in Atwater, California, having a leased premises of 32 acres allowing for a higher level of public safety and increased testing cadence. The lease for this facility expires in July 2027.

We believe the location of our facilities provides us with unique access to the technology and manufacturing expertise found in the San Francisco Bay Area.

Our current facilities are adequate for our present operating needs. Currently, we do not own any real estate.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.

Discussion of legal matters is incorporated by reference from Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data — Note 8 — Commitments and Contingencies, included elsewhere in this Annual Report, and should be considered an integral part of this Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.

None.

PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES.

Market Information

Our Class A Common Stock is traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “ASTR”. Our Class B Common Stock is not listed on any stock exchange nor traded on any public market.

Holders of Record

As of April 10, 2024, there were 101 stockholders of record of our Class A Common Stock. Because many of our shares of Class A Common Stock are held by brokers and other institutions on behalf of stockholders, we are unable to estimate the total number of stockholders represented by these record holders. As of April 10, 2024, there were 2 stockholders of record of our Class B Common Stock - Mr. Kemp and Dr. London.

Dividends

We have never declared or paid any dividends on our Common Stock. We currently intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings for the operation and expansion of our business. Additionally, we have entered into a Merger Agreement under the terms of which all of the issued and outstanding shares of Class A Common Stock (including Dissenting Shares as defined in the Merger Agreement) that are not held by (i) Mr. Kemp and Dr. London (including shares of our Class B Common Stock held by them, which they expect to convert into shares of Class A Common Stock prior to the Merger) and (ii) certain other holders of shares of Class A Common Stock, will be automatically cancelled and converted into the right to receive an amount in cash equal to $0.50 per share, without interest. The Merger Agreement also restricts us from establishing a record date for or paying any dividend on, or making any other distribution in respect our shares of Common Stock while the Merger Agreement is in effect.

Accordingly, we do not anticipate declaring or paying dividends in the foreseeable future with respect to our Common Stock. The payment of any future dividends will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on our results of operations, capital requirements, financial condition, prospects, contractual arrangements, any limitations on payment of dividends present in any debt agreements and other factors that our Board of Directors may deem relevant.

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

During the twelve months ended December 31, 2023, there were no repurchases of our Class A Common Stock made by us.

ITEM 6. RESERVED.

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto, which appear elsewhere in this Annual Report. This discussion may contain forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth in Item 1A.“Risk Factors” or in other parts of this Annual Report.

Certain amounts may not foot due to rounding. Unless the context otherwise requires, all references in this section to “the Company” “Astra,” “us,” “our” or “we” refer to Astra Space, Inc.

A discussion regarding our financial condition and results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 is presented below. All prior period share and per share amounts (unless otherwise noted) included in our discussion of our financial condition and results of operations have been restated to give effect to our Reverse Stock Split, which became effective September 13, 2023. For additional information of our Reverse Stock Split, See Note 1 –Description of Business, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies included in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, which are part of Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Annual Report.

Overview

Our mission is to launch a new generation of Launch Services and Space Products to Improve Life on Earth from Space®. These services and products are enabled by new constellations of small satellites in Low Earth Orbit (“LEO”), which have rapidly become smaller, cheaper, and many times more numerous than legacy satellites. Launch vehicles, however, have not evolved in the same way—most rockets remain focused on serving legacy satellites and human spaceflight missions and we aim to provide the world’s first mass-produced orbital launch system. Our primary focus remains the growth and development of our Launch Services and Space Products offerings to support our overall mission to Improve Life on Earth from Space®. We manage our business and report our financial results in two segments: Launch Services and Space Products.

Launch Services

During the third quarter of 2022, we decided to focus on the development and production of the next version of our launch system, which we unveiled at our inaugural Spacetech Day on May 12, 2022. As a result, we discontinued the production of launch vehicles supported by our previous launch system and did not conduct any further commercial launches in 2022 or 2023. As part of the development cycle for our new launch system, we expect to conduct one or more test launches of this new launch system. The timing of test launches is driven by our development progress, which has been delayed by resource allocations and prioritizations away from Launch systems development in favor of our Space Products business, primarily focused on the Astra Spacecraft Engine®. As a result, we have incurred and continue to expect delays in the timing of the initial test launch or launches using this new launch system. Our schedule and ability to conduct paid commercial launches will depend on the ultimate timing and success of the initial test launches which will in turn depend on the resources that we are able to devote to Launch systems development in the coming quarters.

Space Products

We have also been focusing on the growth of our Space Products business. The Astra Spacecraft Engine® is a propulsion engine that assists satellites in achieving and maintaining targeted orbits. The Astra Spacecraft Engine® can be configured with multiple thrusters and power processing units to handle a wide range of missions, from the smallest earth observation satellites up to large communications satellites with multiple kilowatts of solar power and is designed to use either Xenon or Krypton as a propellant. In 2022, we began delivery of our Astra Spacecraft Engines® to our customers and in 2023, we commenced operation of our spacecraft engine production facility in Sunnyvale, California. By the end of 2023, we had begun delivery or fully delivered on seven programs.

We have recently added the Astra Spacecraft Propulsion Kit to our space products offering. The Astra Spacecraft Propulsion Kit disaggregates the four subsystems of the Astra Spacecraft Engine® module, enabling satellite builders to take advantage of shorter lead times to access key components of their propulsion system that they can customize and integrate into their spacecraft for their unique missions.

Segments

We identify our reporting segments based on the organizational units used by management to monitor performance and make operating decisions. The Company previously had one operating, as well as one reportable, segment. We have the following two operating and reportable segments: (i) Launch Services and (ii) Space Products. See Note 13 – Segment Information to our consolidated financial statements for more information regarding our segment reporting.

Key Factors Affecting Our Results and Prospects

We believe that our performance and future success depend on a number of factors that present significant opportunities for us but also pose risks and challenges, including competition from better known and well-capitalized companies, the risk of actual or perceived safety issues and their consequences for our reputation and the other factors discussed under Item 1A. Risk Factors. We believe the factors discussed below are key to our success.

Commencing and Expanding Commercial Operations

We commenced paid commercial Launch Services in 2022, with our launch on February 10, 2022, of launch vehicle LV0008. In July 2022, we decided to focus on the development and production of the next version of Launch System 2, which we unveiled at our inaugural Spacetech Day on May 12, 2022. As a result, in order to focus on the development of Launch System 2, we discontinued the production of launch vehicles supported by our previous launch system in July 2022. Since we begin working on the development of Launch System 2, we have not conducted any launches.

We also commenced delivery of Space Products during the second quarter of 2022. By the end of 2023, we had begun delivery or fully delivered on seven programs. We expect the volume of delivery of our Space Products will increase in the future as we continue to fulfill our obligations under existing Space Products contracts and enter into contracts with potential new customers. In late July 2022, we entered into a lease agreement for approximately 60,000 square feet of manufacturing facility in Sunnyvale, California having a lease term of 36 months. This facility enabled expansion of our Space Products production and development capacity, as well as thermal testing capacity. We commenced operations of the Sunnyvale facility in late March 2023.

Lowering Manufacturing Costs and Increasing Payloads

We aim to be a cost-efficient dedicated orbital launch system provider. We plan to increase the maximum payload capacity of our launch vehicle to meet customer needs and demands through a process of iterative development and improvement. We have made significant investment in our manufacturing facility located in Alameda, California. We expect this investment will allow us to increase manufacturing and testing capacity, thereby lowering costs and improving quality and reliability. See Item 1A. Risk Factors for factors that could affect our ability to realize benefits from the investment in our manufacturing facility.

Leveraging Core Technologies

We plan to develop, license or acquire core space technologies that we expect to commercialize and incorporate into our launch vehicles, Space Products and other infrastructure that we will use to deliver our product and service offerings. These core technologies include, among other things, electric propulsion and solar power. For example, we acquired propulsion technology through our merger with Apollo Fusion on July 1, 2021, which technology supports our Astra Spacecraft Engines®.

Key Components of Results of Operations

We are an early-stage company and our historical results may not be indicative of our future results for reasons that may be difficult to anticipate. Accordingly, the drivers of our future financial results, as well as the components of such results, may not be comparable to our historical or future results of operations.

Revenues

We commenced our first paid commercial launch in February 2022, followed by subsequent paid commercial launches in March 2022 and June 2022. These launches represented the start of our paid commercial launch operations. In August 2022, we discontinued the production of launch vehicles supported by our Launch System 1. Therefore, we did not conduct any further commercial launches in late 2022 or in 2023 as we shifted resources to the development of our Launch System 2 and further prioritized resources to focus on the growth of our Space Products business.

We also commenced delivery of Space Products to our customers during the year ended December 31, 2022. By the end of 2023, we had begun delivery or fully delivered on seven programs.

Cost of Revenues

Cost of revenues consist primarily of direct material, direct labor, manufacturing overhead, other personnel-related expenses, which include salaries, bonuses, benefits, stock-based compensation expense, and depreciation expense. Cost of revenues also includes inventory write-downs to reduce the carrying value of inventory related to Launch Services and Space Products when the carrying value exceeds its estimated net realizable value. We may have additional write-downs, in addition to our obsolescence reserve, as we continue to improve our Space Products business. We expect our cost of revenues to increase in future periods as we sell more Launch Services and Space Products. As we grow into our current capacity and execute on cost-reduction initiatives, we expect our gross margins to improve over time.

Operating Expenses

Research and Development Expense

Our R&D expenses consist primarily of internal and external expenses incurred in connection with our research activities and development programs. These expenses include, but are not limited to, development supplies, testing materials, personnel and personnel-related costs (including salaries, bonuses, benefits, and stock-based compensation expense), depreciation expense, amortization of intangible assets, overhead allocation (consisting of various support and facility costs), and consulting fees. R&D costs are expensed as incurred. We allocate R&D costs by function rather than by project, as a significant majority of our historical R&D spending was related to the initial development and testing of our underlying technology, including preparation for multiple test launches. A change in the outcome of any of these variables could delay the development of our launch systems and Space Products, which in turn could impact the timing of commercialization of our offerings.

As we are developing and building our Launch Services, we have expensed all research and development costs associated with developing and building our Launch Services offering. We expect that our research and development expenses will increase in the short-term as we invest in improving and further reducing the costs of our launch system.

R&D is and will continue to be an important part of our business as we invest in improving our existing products and services, as well as potentially in developing new products or services. We make choices on where to invest resources into R&D based on our view of the market and how it will evolve, and by identifying those opportunities for new or improved products and services where Astra is well positioned to be successful.

Sales and Marketing Expense

Sales and marketing expenses consist of personnel and personnel-related expenses (including stock-based compensation expense) for our business development team as well as advertising and marketing expenses. We expect to increase our sales and marketing activities in order to grow our customer base and increase market share in the future.

General and Administrative Expense

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel and personnel-related costs (including salaries, bonuses, benefits, and stock-based compensation expense) for personnel in executive, finance, accounting, corporate development and other administrative functions. General and administrative expenses also include legal fees, professional fees paid for accounting, auditing, consulting, tax, and investor relations services, insurance costs, and facility costs not otherwise included in research and development expenses and costs associated with compliance with the rules and regulations of the SEC and the stock exchange.

We manufacture and assemble nearly all of our products in house, and as a result relies on a number of supplier partnerships for components and raw materials for the launch system and spacecraft engine products. We obtain these components in accordance with internal quality and traceability policies to ensure that our products can meet rigorous reliability requirements. Our design team goes to great effort to ensure that our components and assemblies are designed with simple, short lead time and commodity-based supply chains whenever possible. We engage into long term supplier contracts for those components that are critical to function or have a limited supply base in order to protect our ability to scale production. We have manufacturing facilities and two test facilities, totaling over 300,000 square feet where engineering and manufacturing are co-located with their respective products. Each facility is maintained under a long-term lease and is designed with scaled operations in mind. Please See Item 2. Properties for more information. Our headquarters is located in Alameda, CA and is where we conduct rocket and launch vehicle assembly and test, as well as machining and metal forming operations for all products. In 2023, we began manufacturing our Astra Spacecraft Engines® from our manufacturing facility in Sunnyvale, CA. Additionally, we maintain two primary launch locations with the unique ability to expand and bring up new sites with little infrastructure requirement.

Income Tax (Benefit) Expense

Our income tax provision consists of an estimate for U.S. federal and state income taxes based on enacted rates, as adjusted for allowable credits, deductions, uncertain tax positions, changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities, and changes in the tax law. We maintain a valuation allowance against the full value of our U.S. and state net deferred tax assets because we believe the recoverability of the tax assets is not more likely than not.

Other Income (Expense), Net

Other income (expense), net primarily consists of income from government research and development contracts.

Climate Change

Material pending or existing climate change-related legislation, regulations, and international accords, including the SEC's recently adopted climate disclosure rules, could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations, including: (1) material past and/or future capital expenditures for climate-related projects, (2) material indirect consequences of climate-related regulation or business trends, such as the following: decreased/increased demand for goods or services that produce significant

greenhouse gas emissions or are related to carbon-based energy sources; increased competition to develop innovative new products that result in lower emissions; increased demand for generation and transmission of energy from alternative energy sources; and any anticipated reputational risks resulting from operations or products that produce material greenhouse gas emissions and (3) material increased compliance costs related to climate change. In addition, extreme weather and other natural disasters may become more intense or more frequent, which may disrupt our operations or the operations of our suppliers and customers.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or U.S. GAAP. Preparation of the financial statements requires Management to make judgments, estimates, and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in those financial statements and accompanying notes. We consider an accounting judgment, estimate or assumption to be critical when (1) the estimate or assumption is complex in nature or requires a high degree of judgment and (2) the use of different judgments, estimates and assumptions could have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. Our significant accounting policies are described in Note 1 – Description of Business, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report. Our critical accounting estimates are described below.

Revenue Recognition

We generate revenues from Launch Services and from Space Products. Revenue for Launch Services or for Space Products is generally recognized at a point in time when the Company has transferred control of the promised services or products to the customer and recognize revenues at the amount of consideration we expect to receive. For Launch Services, this is the successful launch of the rocket and deployment of the payload. For Space Products, this is the delivery and acceptance of the manufactured space engines.

We evaluate an arrangement at inception to determine if it falls within the scope of the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”), or is considered in scope of other accounting guidance. We assess the nature of the goods and services promised in the contract and whether the promises are distinct. We consider all goods or services promised in the contract regardless of whether they are explicitly stated or are implied by customary business practices. A performance obligation is identified for each distinct promise to transfer to the customer a good or service (or bundle of goods or services). A distinct performance obligation is identified for each promise if it can benefit the customer on its own, or with resources readily available to the customer and if the promise is separately identifiable from other promises within the context of the contract. Historically our Launch Services and Space Products have been considered as single performance obligations as the promises for each product are complex, requiring a significant level of integration and are highly interrelated, and as such, are not considered separately identifiable within the context of the contract. When a contract involves multiple launches or space products, we account for each launch or product as a separate performance obligation, because the customer can benefit from each launch or product on its own or with other readily available resources and the launch or product is separately identifiable.

The transaction price will be defined as the amount of consideration in a contract to which we expect to be entitled in exchange for transferring promised goods or services to a customer. Historically, for both Launch Services and Space Products, we have entered into fixed price contracts. The transaction price is allocated to each performance obligation on an estimated relative standalone selling price basis, where we have observable data. Our process to estimate standalone selling prices involves management’s judgment and considers multiple factors such as prices charged for similar goods and services and our ongoing pricing strategy and policies.

Changes in judgments with respect to these assumptions and estimates could impact the timing or amount of revenue recognition.

Contingent Consideration

In connection with our acquisition of Apollo Fusion on July 1, 2021, we were required to make contingent payments in cash and Class A Common Stock, subject to the assets we acquired from Apollo Fusion achieving certain sales and revenue thresholds from the date of the acquisition through December 31, 2023. The fair value of the liabilities for the contingent payments recognized as part of the purchase accounting opening balance sheet totaled $18.4 million and was estimated by discounting to present value the probability-weighted contingent payments expected to be made using a Monte Carlo simulation model. Assumptions used in this calculation were customer revenue, expected revenue, discount rate and various probability factors. The contingent consideration liability was recorded at fair value at each reporting period, with such fair values determined using a Monte Carlo simulation model through the first quarter of fiscal year 2023.

We recognized a $23.9 million gain on the change in fair value of contingent consideration for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to a $20.2 million loss on the change in fair value of contingent consideration for the year ended December 31, 2022. The gain was primarily due to changes in forecasted revenues subject to milestone payments and the adjustment of the carrying value to $10.0 million, upon reaching a settlement with the former stockholders of Apollo Fusion during the third quarter of 2023. During the fourth quarter of 2023, we settled our obligations with the former stockholders of Apollo Fusion and there was no remaining contingent liability as of December 31, 2023.

Goodwill and Indefinite-lived Intangible Assets

Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are not subject to amortization. We perform an annual impairment review of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets as of October 1st of each year, and more frequently if we believe that indicators of impairment exist. To review for impairment, we first assess qualitative factors to determine whether events or circumstances lead to a determination that it is more likely than not that the fair value of our reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. Our qualitative assessment considers various macroeconomic, industry-specific and company-specific factors including: (i) severe adverse industry or economic trends; (ii) significant company-specific actions; (iii) current, historical or projected deterioration of our financial performance; or (iv) a sustained decrease in our market capitalization below our net book value. If we determine that it is more likely than not that the fair value of our reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, we calculate and compare the fair value of our reporting unit to the respective carrying amount and recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit's fair value.

Determining the fair value of a reporting unit involves significant judgment in the use of estimates, assumptions and market conditions. Estimating the fair value of individual reporting units requires us to make assumptions and estimates regarding our future plans, as well as industry and economic conditions. These estimates include but are not limited to future annual net cash flows, income tax considerations, discount rates, growth rates, royalty rates, and other market factors. If current expectations are not met or if market factors outside our control change, one or more of our reporting units may become impaired in the future. We estimate fair value through various valuation methods, including the use of discounted expected future cash flows of each reporting unit, as well as the use of the relief-from-royalty method to estimate the fair value of our indefinite-lived intangible assets.

During the third quarter of fiscal year 2022, we reorganized our reporting structure and performed an interim quantitative impairment test as described in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements. As a result of the reorganization, together with a sustained decrease in our share price, existence of substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern, and macroeconomic factors, we determined that triggers were present indicating goodwill may not be recoverable. During the third quarter of fiscal year 2022, we concluded that indicators of impairment were present as described in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements. As a result, for the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized impairment losses related to goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets of $58.3 million and $2.1 million, respectively, resulting in the full impairment of our goodwill. We have reviewed our indicators for impairment as of December 31, 2023, which did not result in any additional impairment to our indefinite-lived intangible assets.

Long-lived Assets

Long-lived assets are primarily comprised of property, plant, and equipment and definite-lived intangible assets. We evaluate long-lived assets for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate, in management’s judgment, that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. Factors we consider important which could trigger an impairment review include (i) significant under-performance relative to historical or projected future operating results, (ii) significant changes in the manner of our use of the acquired assets or the strategy for our overall business, or (iii) significant negative industry or economic trends. Long-lived asset recoverability is measured by comparing the carrying amount of an asset or asset group with its estimated future undiscounted pre-tax cash flows over the remaining life of the primary long-lived asset of the asset group. Assumptions and estimates about future values and remaining useful lives are complex and often subjective. They can be affected by a variety of factors including external factors, industry and economic trends, and internal factors, such as changes in our business strategy and our internal forecasts. If the carrying amount exceeds the estimated future undiscounted cash flows as part of the recoverability assessment, an impairment charge is recognized equal to the difference between the carrying amount and fair value of the asset or asset group. An impairment charge is allocated to the underlying long-lived assets in the asset group on a relative carrying amount basis; however, carrying amount after allocated impairment is subject to a floor of fair value on an individual asset basis.

We believe the accounting estimates used in the long-lived asset impairment assessment are critical accounting estimates because of the significant judgment required in identifying indicators of impairment, determining asset groups, assessing future undiscounted cash flows of the asset groups, and as applicable, evaluating the fair value of the determined asset groups as well as the underlying long-lived assets, once indicators of impairment have been identified. Although we believe the assumptions and estimates we have made have been reasonable and appropriate, changes in assumptions and estimates could materially impact our reported financial results.

As a result of the reorganization in August 2022 and the shift of resources to the development of Launch System 2, together with a sustained decrease in our share price, the initial conclusion that substantial doubt existed about our ability to continue as a going concern, and macroeconomic factors, we determined that indicators were present during the third quarter of fiscal year 2022 indicating long lived assets may not be recoverable. As a result, for the year ended December 31, 2022, we recorded non-cash impairment charges of $72.1 million related to property, plant, and equipment and $2.7 million related to definite-lived intangible assets. We have reviewed our impairment indicators as of December 31, 2023, which did not result in additional impairment to our long-lived assets.

Accounting for Convertible Notes at Fair Value

We have elected the fair value option to account for the Convertible Notes that were issued on November 21, 2023 and recorded them at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. This election was made because of operational efficiencies in valuing and reporting for these debt instruments in their entirety at each reporting date.

As a result of applying the fair value option, direct costs and fees related to the Convertible Notes are expensed as incurred and not deferred. Values are based on prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement, including a risk-adjusted discount rate and equity volatility. Our assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires management to make judgments and consider factors specific to the Convertible Notes. Considerable judgment is necessary to interpret market data and determine an estimated fair value. The use of different market assumptions or valuation methods may have a material effect on the estimated fair values. The valuation of such instruments is subject to change predominantly driven by changes in the market price of a share of our Class A Common Stock.

As of December 31, 2023, we have used a Monte Carlo simulation pricing model that factors in potential outcomes being consummated, such as the Convertible Notes being repaid in cash and the Convertible Notes being converted to shares Class A Common Stock. All of these scenarios take into consideration the terms and conditions of the underlying Convertible Notes plus potential changes in the underlying value of our Class A Common Stock. For the twelve months ended December 31, 2023, we recognized an unrealized loss of $22.0 million for the change in fair value of the Convertible Notes and is included in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Fair Value of Warrants

We account for warrants as either equity-classified or liability-classified instruments based on an assessment of the warrant’s specific terms and applicable authoritative guidance in ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (“ASC 480”) and ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging (“ASC 815”). The assessment considers whether the warrants are freestanding financial instruments pursuant to ASC 480, meet the definition of a liability pursuant to ASC 480, and whether the warrants meet all of the requirements for equity classification under ASC 815, including whether the warrants are indexed to the Company’s Class A Common Stock, among other conditions for equity classification. This assessment, which requires the use of professional judgment, is conducted at the time of warrant issuance and as of each subsequent quarterly period end date while the warrants are outstanding.

For issued or modified warrants that do not meet all the criteria for equity classification, the warrants are required to be classified as liabilities and recorded at their initial fair value on the date of issuance, and at each reporting period thereafter. The fair value of liability classified warrants is based on the closing market price of a share of Astra’s Class A Common Stock on the date of issuance and the stated exercise price defined in the warrant agreement. We recognize the warrant liability based on the estimated fair value determined using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model over the term of the warrant. The Black-Scholes option-pricing model requires inputs that are subjective and require significant judgment and is impacted by the following assumptions:

The valuation of such instruments is subject to change predominantly driven by changes in the market price of a share of our Class A Common Stock.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company had 7,696,627 Company Warrants and 1,500,000 Original Warrants issued and outstanding in connection with our financing arrangements, all of which were classified as liabilities. As of December 31, 2023, the aggregate fair value of the Company Warrants and the Original Warrants was $18.6 million and the Company recognized a loss of $6.5 million for the changes in fair values of warrants during the year ended December 31, 2023. We also have issued an immaterial number of Shareintel Warrants that are not in this analysis.

Stock-Based Compensation

We use the fair value method of accounting for our stock-based awards granted to employees to measure the cost of employee services received in exchange for the stock-based awards. We recognize compensation expense for time-based restricted stock units (“RSUs”) over the requisite service period based on the fair value of RSUs on the date of grant. The fair value of RSUs is the closing market price of a share of our Class A Common Stock on the date of grant. We recognize compensation expense for time-based stock options and employee stock purchase plan, based on the estimated grant-date fair value determined using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model

over the requisite service period. The Black-Scholes option-pricing model requires inputs that are subjective and require significant judgment and is impacted by the following assumptions:

We use the fair value method of accounting for our stock-based awards granted to employees to measure the cost of employee services received in exchange for the stock-based awards. Certain stock options include service, market and performance conditions (“Performance-based stock options”). The fair value of performance-based stock options is estimated on the date of grant using the Monte Carlo simulation model. Awards that include performance conditions are assessed at the end of each reporting period whether those performance conditions are met or probable of being met and involves significant judgment. If such operational milestone becomes probable any time after the grant date, we will recognize a cumulative catch-up expense from the grant date to that point in time. If the related share price milestone is achieved earlier than achievement of the related operational milestone, then the stock-based compensation expense will continue to be recognized over the expected achievement period for the operational milestone. We reverse all previously recognized costs for unvested performance-based stock options in the period it is determined that the operational milestone, or performance condition, is deemed improbable of achievement within the service period.

Results of Operations

Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

____________

n.m. = not meaningful.

Revenues

Launch Services

We commenced our first paid commercial launch in February 2022 with launch vehicle LV0008 followed by paid commercial launches of LV0009 and LV0010 in March 2022 and June 2022, respectively. The orbital launch of LV0009 in March 2022 represented our first customer payload delivery into Earth orbit. In August 2022, we discontinued the production of launch vehicles supported by our Launch System 1. As a result, we did not conduct any further commercial launches in the later half of 2022 as we shifted resources to the development of Launch System 2. For the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized revenues of $5.9 million related to our Launch Services activities.

In 2023, we did not recognize any revenues related to Launch Services as we worked to develop and test our next launch system: Rocket 4 (aka Launch System 2).

Space Products

We commenced delivery of Space Products to our customers during the year ended December 31, 2022. We recognized revenues of $3.9 million and $3.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, all of which were related to deliveries made to our Space Products customers.

Cost of Revenues

Launch Services

As with revenues, we did not have any cost of revenues related to our Launch Services in 2023.

Cost of revenues were $28.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which included $18.8 million related to inventory write-downs and $6.9 million related to paid commercial launch activities in the first half of 2022. The $18.8 million of inventory write-downs was driven by $10.2 million related to the discontinuance of launch vehicles supported by our current launch system, $5.5 million related to the net realizable value write-downs and $3.1 million of other write-downs. The cost of launch services does not reflect the actual gross margins as certain inventory values were recorded at net realizable value.

Space Products

Costs of revenues were $1.8 million and $1.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and consist primarily of non-recurring engineering cost, bill of materials, work in process, labor and other direct costs related to manufacturing and building and delivering products to our Space Products customers.

Operating Expenses