AerCap Holdings N.V. [AER] Filings

20-F 1 aer-20231231.htm 20-F aer-20231231

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES

EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023

Commission file number 001-33159

AerCap Holdings N.V.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

The Netherlands

(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

AerCap House

65 St. Stephen’s Green

Dublin D02 YX20

Ireland

+ 353 1 819 2010

(Address of principal executive offices)

Vincent Drouillard, AerCap House, 65 St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin D02 YX20, Ireland

Telephone number: +353 1 819 2010, Fax number: +353 1 672 0270

(Name, Telephone, Email and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Ordinary Shares	AER	The New York Stock Exchange
5.875% Fixed-Rate Reset Junior Subordinated Notes due 2079	AER79	The New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: None

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or ordinary stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report.


Ordinary Shares, Euro 0.01 par value			202,493,168

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer

☒

Accelerated filer

☐

Non accelerated filer
(Do not check if a
smaller reporting company)

☐

Emerging growth company

☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. Yes ☒ No ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

U.S. GAAP

☒

International Financial Reporting Standards as
issued by the International Accounting Standards Board

☐

Other

☐

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow: Item 17 ☐ Item 18 ☐

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

TABLE OF CONTENTS


Special Note About Forward Looking Statements		2
Item 1.	Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers	3
Item 2.	Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable	3
Item 3.	Key Information	4
Item 4.	Information on the Company	27
Item 4A.	Unresolved Staff Comments	43
Item 5.	Operating and Financial Review and Prospects	43
Item 6.	Directors, Senior Management and Employees	62
Item 7.	Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions	76
Item 8.	Financial Information	77
Item 9.	The Offer and Listing	77
Item 10.	Additional Information	78
Item 11.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	92
Item 12.	Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities	93
Item 13.	Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies	94
Item 14.	Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds	94
Item 15.	Controls and Procedures	94
Item 16A.	Audit Committee Financial Expert	94
Item 16B.	Code of Ethics	95
Item 16C.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	95
Item 16D.	Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees	95
Item 16E.	Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers	95
Item 16F.	Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant	95
Item 16G.	Corporate Governance	97
Item 16H.	Mine Safety Disclosure	97
Item 16I.	Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections	97
Item 16K.	Cybersecurity Risk Management and Governance	97
Item 17.	Financial Statements	100
Item 18.	Financial Statements	100
Item 19.	Exhibits	100
Signatures		105
Index to Consolidated Financial Statements		F-1

SPECIAL NOTE ABOUT FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS

This annual report includes “forward looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, principally under the captions “Item 3. Key Information—Risk Factors,” “Item 4. Information on the Company” and “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects.” We have based these forward looking statements largely on our current beliefs and projections about future events and financial trends affecting our business. Many important factors, in addition to those discussed in this annual report, could cause our actual results to differ substantially from those anticipated in our forward looking statements, including, among other things:

•the availability of capital to us and to our customers and changes in interest rates;

•the ability of our lessees and potential lessees to make lease payments to us;

•our ability to successfully negotiate flight equipment (which includes aircraft, engines and helicopters) purchases, sales and leases, to collect outstanding amounts due and to repossess flight equipment under defaulted leases, and to control costs and expenses;

•changes in the overall demand for commercial aviation leasing and aviation asset management services;

•the continued impacts of the Ukraine Conflict, including the resulting sanctions by the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom and other countries, on our business and results of operations, financial condition and cash flows;

•the effects of terrorist attacks on the aviation industry and on our operations;

•the economic condition of the global airline and cargo industry and economic and political conditions;

•the impact of current hostilities in the Middle East, or any escalation thereof, on the aviation industry or our business;

•development of increased government regulation, including travel restrictions, sanctions, regulation of trade and the imposition of import and export controls, tariffs and other trade barriers;

•a downgrade in any of our credit ratings;

•competitive pressures within the industry;

•regulatory changes affecting commercial flight equipment operators, flight equipment maintenance, engine standards, accounting standards and taxes;

•disruptions and security breaches affecting our information systems or the information systems of our third-party providers; and

•the risks set forth in “Item 3. Key Information—Risk Factors” included in this annual report.

The words “believe,” “may,” “will,” “aim,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “expect” and similar words are intended to identify forward looking statements. Forward looking statements include information concerning our possible or assumed future results of operations, business strategies, financing plans, competitive position, industry environment, potential growth opportunities, the effects of future regulation and the effects of competition. Forward looking statements speak only as of the date they were made and we undertake no obligation to update publicly or to revise any forward looking statements because of new information, future events or other factors. In light of the risks and uncertainties described above, the forward looking events and circumstances described in this annual report might not occur and are not guarantees of future performance.

PART I

Item 1. Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers

Not applicable.

Item 2. Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable

Not applicable.

Item 3. Key Information

RISK FACTORS

Summary Risk Factors

Risks relating to our funding, liquidity and financial structure

•We require significant capital resources and cash flows to fund our business and service our debt, and changes in the availability of capital, our ability to raise funding or in the interest rates we pay on our debt may affect our operations or financial results.

•We have a substantial level of indebtedness and we might incur significantly more debt, which could adversely impact our operating flexibility and subject us to covenants that impose restrictions that may affect our ability to operate our business.

Risks related to the geopolitical, regulatory, corporate responsibility and legal exposure of our business

•We are exposed to geopolitical, economic and legal risks associated with the international operations of our business and those of our lessees, including many of the economic and political risks associated with emerging markets. We are exposed to concentrated political and economic risks in certain geographical regions in which our lessees are concentrated, particularly China.

•Our assets are subject to various environmental regulations and concerns, including those relating to climate change, that may be supplemented by additional regulations and requirements or become more stringent, which may negatively affect our operations. In addition, corporate responsibility, specifically related to environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) matters, may impose additional costs and expose us to new risks.

•Our insurance policies may not adequately cover our risks, the costs of our insurance policies may increase and/or our insurance coverage may be reduced, and we may not be able to recover under insurance policies in a timely manner or at all should we suffer loss.

Risks related to disease, natural disasters, terrorist attacks and other world events

•Global or regional public health developments, extreme weather or natural disasters or other force majeure events may adversely affect the demand for air travel, the financial condition of our lessees and the aviation industry more broadly, and ultimately our financial condition, results and cash flows.

•The effects of terrorist attacks and the threat of terrorist attacks, war or armed hostilities may adversely affect the financial condition of the airline industry.

Risks relating to market demand for, and lease rates and value of, flight equipment in our fleet

•Our business depends heavily on the level of demand for the flight equipment in our fleet, which may decline as a result of factors outside our control, thereby affecting the returns on our flight equipment investments.

•Our operations depend on flight equipment manufacturers, whose behavior may change in ways that adversely affect the lease rates and value of flight equipment in our fleet or our results of operations more broadly.

•If a decline in demand for certain flight equipment causes a decline in their projected lease rates, or if we expect to dispose of flight equipment for a price that is less than their depreciated book value on our balance sheet, then we will be required to recognize impairments, losses on disposals or make fair value adjustments.

Risks related to the financial strength of, and our relationship with, our lessees

•Our financial condition depends, in part, on the financial strength of our lessees, and factors outside of our control may adversely affect our lessees’ operations, their ability to meet their payment obligations to us or their demand for our flight equipment.

•Airline bankruptcy proceedings or reorganizations may limit our ability to collect lease rentals and other payments, depress flight equipment market values and adversely affect our ability to re-lease or sell flight equipment at favorable rates, if at all, particularly where such proceedings involve our lessees.

•If our lessees encounter financial difficulties and we restructure or terminate our leases, our ability to re-lease flight equipment on favorable lease terms, collect outstanding amounts due to us, and repossess flight equipment under defaulted leases may be limited and require us to incur additional costs and expenses.

•We have limited control over the operation of our flight equipment while it is under lease and we depend on our lessees to properly maintain and insure our flight equipment, which may expose us to additional and unexpected costs.

Risks related to competition and the aviation industry

•We face significant competition and our business may be adversely affected if market participants change as a result of restructuring or bankruptcies, mergers and acquisitions, or new entities entering or exiting the industry, or if existing competitors enter into new or different market segments.

•We rely on a small number of manufacturers for the supply of commercial flight equipment, and disruptions in these manufacturers’ operating abilities, including as a result of supply chain issues, have caused us to experience delays, and may cause us to experience further delays, on the delivery of our flight equipment orders. We may experience additional delivery delays and associated costs if flight equipment manufacturers encounter quality issues that delay the manufacture of new flight equipment or if flight equipment fails to meet the contractual requirements or the requirements of air travel regulators.

Risks related to our information technology, structure and taxation

•We depend on our information systems and those of third parties, and our business may suffer if they are damaged or interrupted, including by cyberattack.

•We are incorporated in the Netherlands and it may be difficult to obtain or enforce judgments against us or our executive officers, some of our directors and some of our named experts in the United States.

•We are subject to taxation regimes in various jurisdictions, including Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (“BEPS”) 2.0, which includes a global minimum tax rate of 15% for groups, such as AerCap, with a global turnover in excess of $750 million. We may become subject to additional taxes in those jurisdictions, taxes in other jurisdictions, or experience changes in our tax status in certain jurisdictions, which may affect the effective tax rates that we are subject to and the results of our operations.

Risks relating to our funding, liquidity and financial structure

We require significant capital to fund our business.

As of December 31, 2023, we had 338 new aircraft, 37 engines, and eight helicopters on order, which will require substantial purchase contract payments. In order to meet these commitments and to maintain an adequate level of unrestricted cash, we will need to raise additional funds by accessing committed debt facilities, securing additional financing from banks or through capital markets transactions, or possibly by selling flight equipment.

If we are unable to meet our purchase commitments as they come due, we will be subject to several risks, including:

•forfeiting deposits and progress payments to manufacturers and having to pay certain significant costs related to these commitments such as actual damages and legal, accounting and financial advisory expenses;

•defaulting on our lease commitments, which could result in monetary damages and strained relationships with lessees;

•failing to realize the benefits of purchasing and leasing such flight equipment; and

•risking harm to our business reputation, which would make it more difficult to purchase and lease flight equipment in the future on agreeable terms, if at all.

Any of these events could materially and adversely affect our financial results.

To service our debt and meet our other cash needs, we will require a significant amount of cash, which may not be available.

Our ability to make payments on, and to repay or refinance, our debt, depends largely upon our operating performance, which is in part subject to factors beyond our control. In addition, our ability to borrow funds to make payments on our debt depends on our maintaining specified financial ratios and satisfying financial condition tests and other covenants in certain of the agreements governing our debt. Our business may not generate sufficient cash flow from operations and future borrowings may not be available in amounts sufficient to pay our debt and to satisfy our other liquidity needs.

If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to fund our debt service obligations, we may be forced to seek alternatives, such as to reduce or delay investments and flight equipment purchases, sell assets, restructure or refinance our indebtedness, or seek additional capital, including through new types of debt, equity or hybrid securities. Our ability to restructure or refinance our debt will depend on the condition of the capital markets and our financial condition at such time. Any refinancing of our debt could be at higher interest rates, which would increase our debt service requirements accordingly, and this has become significantly more likely given the current interest rate environment. Moreover, any such refinancing might require us to comply with more onerous covenants, which could further restrict our business operations. These alternative measures may not be successful and may not permit us to meet our scheduled debt service obligations or to meet our flight equipment purchase commitments as they come due. Failure to make payments on our debt would result in a default under those agreements and could result in a default under other agreements containing cross default provisions. Moreover, the issuance of additional equity may be dilutive to existing shareholders or otherwise may be on terms not favorable to us or existing shareholders. Under these circumstances, we may have insufficient funds or other resources to satisfy all our obligations.

Despite our substantial indebtedness, we might incur significantly more debt.

Despite our current indebtedness levels, we may increase our levels of debt in the future to finance our operations, including to purchase aircraft or to meet our contractual obligations, or for any other purpose. The agreements relating to our debt, including our indentures, term loan facilities, Export Credit Agency (“ECA”)-guaranteed financings, revolving credit facilities, securitizations, other commercial bank financings, and other financings do not prohibit us from incurring additional debt. As of December 31, 2023, we had $11.0 billion of undrawn lines of credit available under our revolving credit and term loan facilities, subject to certain conditions, including compliance with certain financial covenants. If we increase our total indebtedness, our debt service obligations will increase, and we will become more exposed to the risks arising from our substantial level of indebtedness.

Our level of indebtedness, which requires significant debt service payments, could adversely impact our operating flexibility and financial results.

The principal amount of our outstanding indebtedness, which excludes debt issuance costs, debt discounts and debt premium of $213 million, was $46.7 billion as of December 31, 2023 (66% of our total assets as of December 31, 2023), and our interest payments, net of amounts capitalized, were $1.7 billion for the year ended December 31, 2023. Due to the capital-intensive nature of our business, we expect that we will incur additional indebtedness in the future and continue to maintain significant levels of indebtedness.

Our level of indebtedness:

•requires a substantial portion of our cash flows from operations to be dedicated to interest and principal payments and therefore not available to fund our operations, working capital, capital expenditures, expansion, acquisitions or general corporate or other purposes;

•may impair our ability to obtain additional financing on favorable terms or at all in the future;

•may limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and industry; and

•may make us more vulnerable to downturns in our business, our industry or the economy in general.

The agreements governing our debt contain various covenants that impose restrictions on us that may affect our ability to operate our business.

Certain of our indentures, term loan facilities, ECA-guaranteed financings, revolving credit facilities, securitizations, other commercial bank financings, and other agreements governing our debt impose operating and financial restrictions on our activities that limit our operational flexibility. Among other negative covenants customary for such financings, certain of these restrictions limit our ability to incur additional indebtedness, create liens on, sell or access certain assets, declare or pay certain dividends and distributions or enter into certain transactions, investments, acquisitions, loans, guarantees or advances. Additionally, a substantial portion of our owned aircraft are held through Special Purpose Entities (“SPEs”) or finance structures that finance or refinance the aircraft through funding agreements that place restrictions on distributions of funds to us.

Agreements governing certain of our indebtedness also contain financial covenants, including requirements that we comply with certain loan-to-value, interest coverage and leverage ratios. These restrictions could impede our ability to operate our business by, among other things, limiting our ability to take advantage of financing, merger and acquisition and other corporate opportunities. Our ability to comply with these covenants may be affected by events beyond our control including war or other hostilities or the imposition of sanctions. Please refer to the discussion in “Item 3. Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks related to the geopolitical, regulatory, corporate responsibility and legal exposure of our business—The international operations of our business and those of our lessees expose us to geopolitical risks that may have a negative impact on our and our lessees’ businesses, including the risk of legal and regulatory responses.” Failure to comply with any of the covenants in our financing agreements would result in a default under those agreements and could result in a default under other agreements containing cross-default provisions. Under these circumstances, we may have insufficient funds or other resources to satisfy all our obligations.

Changes in interest rates may adversely affect our net income, particularly by increasing our cost of borrowing.

Like many leasing companies, we are subject to interest rate risk. We use a mix of fixed rate and floating rate debt to finance our business. The principal amount of our outstanding floating rate debt was $10.3 billion, or 22% of the total principal amount of our outstanding indebtedness as of December 31, 2023. Our cost of borrowing is affected by the interest rates that we obtain on our debt financings, which can fluctuate based on, among other things, general market conditions, the market’s assessment of our credit risk, prevailing interest rates in the market, fluctuations in U.S. Treasury rates and other benchmark rates, changes in credit spreads or swap spreads, and the duration of the debt we issue. While we routinely enter into hedging transactions to mitigate this risk, those hedging transactions may not sufficiently insulate us from the impact of changes in interest rates and may cause us to forgo any benefit that might result from favorable fluctuations in such rates. In addition, we are exposed to the credit risk that the counterparties to our derivative contracts will default on their obligations. Please refer to “Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk—Interest rate risk” for further details on our interest rate risk. One of our primary sources of income is leases with multi-year fixed rates. A mismatch in the rates that we are obligated to pay to finance our business and the rents that accrue to us under leases of our flight equipment can negatively impact our net income.

During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, interest rates increased significantly in the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom and other countries, and may remain high or increase further during 2024. If and when interest rates increase, we are obligated to make higher interest payments to the lenders of our floating rate debt; this negatively impacts our net income to the extent that those payments are not hedged. Increasing rates are also likely to increase the cost of any new financing we may raise during this period, which could, if not hedged, impact our net income. Typically, we are not able to immediately offset this negative impact by increasing the rates on our leases. During the year ended December 31, 2023, 98.5% of our basic lease rents from flight equipment under operating leases was attributable to leases with fixed lease rates and 1.5% was derived from leases with lease rates tied to floating interest rates. As our leases are primarily for multiple years with fixed lease rates for the duration of the lease, we generally cannot increase the lease rates with respect to a particular aircraft until the expiration of the lease, even if the market is able to bear the increased lease rates. As a result, there will be a lag in our ability to adjust and pass on the costs of increasing interest rates. Rising interest rates may also have a negative impact on the financial condition of our lessees, who may find it more difficult to service their debt and obtain new financing on favorable terms. While most of our leases have fixed lease rates, some lessees do have floating rate leases, and rising interest rates may increase the risk of a lessee with floating rate lease rates defaulting as payments due to us increase.

We are also exposed to certain risks from interest rate decreases. Decreases in interest rates may adversely affect our interest revenue on cash deposits and our lease revenue, in part because a decrease in interest rates would cause a decrease in our lease revenue from leases with lease rates tied to floating interest rates. We could also experience reduced lease revenue from our fixed rate leases if interest rates decrease because these are based, in part, on prevailing interest rates at the time we enter into the lease. As a result, new fixed rate leases we enter into at a time of lower interest rates may be at lower lease rates than had no such interest rate decrease occurred, adversely affecting our lease revenue. This may be particularly harmful to our business if we incur debt at higher interest rates and enter into leases at a time of lower interest rates.

Inflationary pressure may have a negative impact on our financial results, including by diminishing the value of our leases.

After a sustained period of relatively low inflation rates, rates of inflation increased significantly during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, reaching or exceeding recent historical highs in the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom, and other countries. While rates of inflation in a number of these countries have decreased from their recent highs, they remain above levels of recent years and in some cases above the inflationary targets of the relevant central banks. High rates of inflation may have a number of adverse effects on our business. Inflation may increase the costs of goods, services and labor used in our operations, thereby increasing our expenses. To the extent that we derive our income from leases with fixed rates of payment, high rates of inflation will cause a greater decrease in the value of those payments than had the rates of inflation remained lower. Because our leases are generally for multi-year periods, there may be a lag in our ability to adjust the lease rates for a particular aircraft accordingly. High rates of inflation may also lead policymakers to attempt to decrease demand or to adopt higher interest rates to combat inflationary pressures, resulting in the risks detailed in “Item 3. Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks relating to our funding, liquidity and financial structure—Changes in interest rates may adversely affect our net income, particularly by increasing our cost of borrowing.” Our suppliers and lessees may also be subject to material adverse effects as a result of high rates of inflation, including as a result of the impact on their financial conditions, changes in demand patterns, price volatility, and supply chain disruption.

Negative changes in our credit ratings may limit our ability to obtain financing or increase our borrowing costs.

Our cost of borrowing and access to the capital markets are affected by our credit ratings.

We are currently subject to periodic review by independent credit rating agencies S&P, Moody’s and Fitch, each of which currently maintains an investment grade rating with respect to us.

We cannot assure you that these credit ratings will remain in effect for any given period of time or that a rating will not be lowered, suspended or withdrawn. Any actual or anticipated changes in our credit ratings could negatively impact our ability to obtain secured or unsecured financing, increase our borrowing costs or limit our access to the capital markets, which could adversely impact our financial results.

Risks related to the geopolitical, regulatory, corporate responsibility and legal exposure of our business

The international operations of our business and those of our lessees expose us to geopolitical risks that may have a negative impact on our and our lessees’ businesses, including the risk of legal and regulatory responses.

Our business, and the aviation industry generally, is subject to certain geopolitical risks. Geopolitical turmoil and uncertainty can have a significant disruptive effect on global markets, lead to regulatory and legal uncertainty and the imposition of requirements that may adversely affect our business, and impact trade markets, currency exchange rates, supply chains, and demand for and regulation concerning international and domestic travel, among other areas. This could have a negative impact on our ability to lease aircraft, engines and helicopters to, collect payments from, and support and recover aviation assets from customers in certain regions based on trade restrictions, embargoes, and export control laws, and could disrupt airline travel through, among other avenues, the imposition of closures of air space. Sanctions, including prohibitions regarding the supply of aircraft and aircraft components to specific persons, or for use in specific territories, may have a material adverse impact on our business, including reduced revenues and operating cash flows and the impairment or write-off of assets. For example, the Russian invasion of Ukraine and continued conflict in that area (the “Ukraine Conflict”), the resulting sanctions imposed against Russia and actions of our former Russian lessees and the Russian government have had an adverse impact on our business and resulted in our loss of flight equipment, and associated revenue, in Russia. Refer to the discussion in “Item 3. Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks related to geopolitical, regulatory, corporate responsibility and legal exposure of our business—We suffered losses as a result of the Ukraine Conflict for which we have submitted insurance claims, and we may not be able to collect under all policies in a timely manner or at all.”

Future geopolitical events and their associated responses, particularly in or between countries and regions where we have substantial exposure, could have similar or worse effects on our operations and financial results. For example, tensions and potential conflict between mainland China and Taiwan, tensions between China and the United States, territorial disputes between Japan and China or tensions in the South China Sea could lead to further instability in these regions and materially and adversely impact our lessees’ businesses and our business and results of operations, including our ability to comply with financial covenants. Please refer to the discussion in “Item 3. Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks related to our funding, liquidity and financial structure—The agreements governing our debt contain various covenants that impose restrictions on us that may affect our ability to operate our business.” Our business, and that of our lessees, may also be negatively impacted by escalation or the continuation of the Ukraine Conflict or other hostilities in that region or between Russia and NATO, intensification or expansion of the Israel-Hamas conflict and other tensions or conflicts in the Middle East, the situation in Syria, Venezuela, Sudan and Ethiopia, tension over the nuclear programs of North Korea and Iran, or political instability, hostilities or conflicts in other regions. For example, as a result of the Israel-Hamas conflict, a number of airlines have suspended flights to Israel and the “Big Twin” freighter program between AerCap Cargo and Israel Aerospace Industries, which involves the conversion of Boeing 777-300ER aircraft into long-haul large-capacity freighters, may encounter disruptions.

Additionally, the international distribution of our assets exposes us to risks associated with limitations on the repossession and repatriation of our assets or the expropriation of our assets, which could lead to impairments or other write-offs. For example, at the time of Russia’s launch of the Ukraine Conflict, we had significant assets on lease to Russian airlines. While we sought to repossess the affected assets, we were only able to recover a small minority of the assets and concluded that it was likely that we would not regain possession of the remainder of the assets. As a result, we recognized a pre-tax net charge of $2.7 billion to our earnings during the year ended December 31, 2022, comprised of write-offs and impairments of flight equipment, which were partially offset by the derecognition of lease-related assets and liabilities (including maintenance rights and lease premium intangible assets, maintenance liabilities, security deposits and other balances) and the collection of letter of credit proceeds. It is not possible to predict all of the consequences of geopolitical events and their associated regulatory legal responses on our business. Please refer to Note 25—Net charges related to Ukraine Conflict to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in this annual report for further details.

The international nature of our business and our lessees’ businesses exposes us to a wide range of regulatory and legal regimes. We also face uncertainty from changes in political regimes globally. Changes in international regulations, laws, taxes, export controls, tariffs, embargoes, sanctions or other restrictions on trade or travel, including changes in response to geopolitical events, could adversely affect the profitability of our lessees’ businesses, the operations of aircraft manufacturers or the results of our operations. For an example, please refer to the discussion in “Item 3. Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks related to the geopolitical, regulatory, corporate responsibility and legal exposure of our business—We are subject to regulatory and compliance risks and requirements associated with transacting business in many countries.” There is also a risk that we may become subject to contradictory legal obligations.

Because our lessees are concentrated in certain geographical regions, we have concentrated exposure to the geopolitical, political and economic risks associated with those regions, particularly China.

Through our lessees and the countries in which they operate, we are exposed to the specific economic, geopolitical and political conditions and associated risks of those jurisdictions. These risks can include economic recessions, regional impacts of epidemic diseases, burdensome local regulations, armed conflicts or, in extreme cases, increased risks of requisition or other loss of our flight equipment and risks of wide-ranging sanctions prohibiting us from leasing flight equipment in certain jurisdictions. These risks can be exacerbated in jurisdictions where we have a concentration of customers or assets. For instance, 15.7% of our long-lived assets were on lease to Chinese airlines as of December 31, 2023, and therefore we have significant exposure to the economic and political conditions in that country and to the increasingly adversarial relationship between China and the West. Please refer to Note 21—Geographic Information to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in this annual report for further details. An adverse geopolitical, political or economic event in any region or country in which our lessees or our flight equipment are concentrated, such as China, could affect the ability of our lessees to meet their obligations to us, expose us to legal or political risks associated with the affected jurisdictions, or impact our ability to recover our assets (as happened as a result of the Ukraine Conflict) all of which could have a material and adverse effect on our financial condition, cash flows, liquidity and results of operations and our ability to comply with financial covenants. Please refer to the discussion in “Item 3. Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks related to our funding, liquidity and financial structure—The agreements governing our debt contain various covenants that impose restrictions on us that may affect our ability to operate our business.”

We conduct substantial business in emerging markets, and are subject to the economic, legal and political risks associated with this strategy.

We derive substantial lease revenue (53% in 2023, 53% in 2022 and 54% in 2021) from airlines in countries that are defined as emerging market countries based on the Human Development Index published by the United Nations Development Programme. Emerging market countries have less developed economies, are more vulnerable to economic and political problems and may experience significant fluctuations in gross domestic product, interest rates and currency exchange rates, as well as civil disturbances, government instability, nationalization and expropriation of private assets and the imposition of taxes or other charges by government authorities. The occurrence of any of these events could result in economic instability that adversely affects the value of our ownership interest in flight equipment subject to lease in such countries, or the ability of our lessees that serve such markets to meet their lease obligations. As a result, lessees that operate in emerging market countries may be more likely to default than lessees that operate in developed countries. In addition, legal systems in emerging market countries may be less developed, which could make it more difficult for us to enforce our legal rights in such countries. For these and other reasons, our financial results may be materially and adversely affected by economic and political developments in emerging market countries.

Existing and future litigation could materially and adversely affect our business, financial position, liquidity or results of operations.

We are, and from time to time in the future may be, a party to lawsuits relating to our business. We cannot accurately predict the ultimate outcome of any litigation due to its inherent uncertainties. These uncertainties may be increased by our exposure to different liability standards and legal systems internationally, including some that may be less developed and less predictable than those in advanced economies. An unfavorable outcome could materially and adversely affect our business, financial position, liquidity or results of operations. In addition, regardless of the outcome of any litigation, we may be required to devote substantial resources and executive time to the defense of such actions. For a description of certain pending litigation involving our business, refer to Note 31—Commitments and contingencies to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in this annual report.

We are subject to regulatory and compliance risks and requirements associated with transacting business in many countries.

Our international operations expose us to trade and economic sanctions, export controls and other restrictions imposed by the United States, the European Union, China, the United Kingdom, and other governments or organizations. Any failure on our part to comply with applicable sanctions regimes or trade regulations could have negative consequences for our business. The U.S. Departments of Justice, Commerce, State and Treasury and other U.S. federal agencies and authorities have a broad range of civil and criminal penalties they may seek to impose against corporations and individuals for violations of economic sanctions laws, export control laws, the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, and other U.S. federal statutes and regulations, including those established by the Office of Foreign Asset Control. Under these laws and regulations, the U.S. government may require export licenses, may seek to impose modifications to business practices, including cessation of business activities in sanctioned countries, and modifications to compliance programs, which may increase compliance costs, and may subject us to fines, penalties and other sanctions. A violation of any of these laws or regulations and those imposed by other relevant jurisdictions (including the European Union) could materially and adversely impact our business, operating results, and financial condition.

We have implemented and maintain in effect policies and procedures designed to ensure compliance by us, our subsidiaries and our directors, officers, employees, consultants and agents with respect to various export control, anti-corruption, anti-terrorism and anti-money laundering laws and regulations. However, such personnel could engage in unauthorized conduct for which we may be held responsible. Violations of such laws and regulations may result in severe criminal or civil penalties, and we may be subject to other liabilities, which could materially and adversely affect our financial results.

The General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), which became law in the EU in 2018, regulates the ways in which businesses process personal data in Europe. There are extensive documentation obligations and transparency requirements, which may impose significant costs on us. Failure to comply with the GDPR may subject us to significant litigation or enforcement actions, fines, claims for compensation by customers and other affected individuals, damage to our reputation, orders to remedy breaches or criminal prosecutions, any of which could have a material adverse impact on our business, operating results, and financial condition. For example, under the GDPR, we could incur significant fines of up to 4% of our annual global revenue. The development of additional, or enhancement of existing, data protection regulations in other jurisdictions, such as the United States, may impose additional costs on us.

Our assets are subject to various environmental regulations and concerns, including those relating to climate change.

Our operations and assets are subject to various U.S. federal, state and local laws and regulations, and non-U.S. laws and regulations related to the protection of the environment. We could incur substantial costs, including capital and other expenditures, to comply with such requirements, as well as fines, penalties, or civil or criminal sanctions and third-party claims, if we were to violate or become liable under such laws or regulations. For example, jurisdictions around the world have adopted regulations regarding aircraft and engine noise and emissions levels that apply based on where the relevant aircraft is registered and where the aircraft is operated and that have become more stringent over time. These or other future regulations applicable to our aircraft could limit the usability or the economic life of certain of our aircraft and engines, reduce their value, limit our ability to lease or sell the non-compliant aircraft and engines or, if engine modifications are permitted, require us to make significant additional investments in the aircraft and engines to make them compliant.

Due to growing concerns over the risks of climate change, the United States, the EU and other jurisdictions are moving towards imposing more stringent limits on greenhouse gas emissions from aircraft engines. Although current emissions control laws generally apply to newer engines, new laws could be passed in the future that also impose limits on older engines, thereby subjecting our older engines to existing or new emissions limitations or indirect taxation. These limits may also impact growth levels in air travel. In particular, the aviation sector is subject to the EU Emissions Trading System (“ETS”), a cap‐and‐trade system for greenhouse gas emissions, under which airlines currently are granted free emissions allowances based on historical performance and a carbon dioxide efficiency benchmark. However, in an April 2023 directive, the European Parliament and European Council adopted components of the European Commission’s “Fit for 55” proposal, which will modify the ETS system by phasing out free emissions allowances for the aviation sector by 2026. The directive entered force in June 2023, and was required to be transposed into national law by member states by December 31, 2023. In addition, the International Civil Aviation Organization (“ICAO”) has adopted the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (“CORSIA”), a global market-based scheme aimed at reducing carbon dioxide emissions from international aviation that will become mandatory in 2027. At least 126 countries, including the United States, have indicated that they will participate in the voluntary phase-in of CORSIA from 2024 onwards. Limitations on emissions, such as the ETS and CORSIA, could favor the use of younger, more fuel-efficient aircraft, since they generally produce lower levels of emissions per passenger, which could adversely affect our ability to re-lease or otherwise dispose of less efficient older aircraft on a timely basis, on favorable terms, or at all. This is an area of law that is rapidly evolving and varies by jurisdiction. While it is uncertain whether new emissions restrictions will be passed, or if passed, what impact these laws might have on our business, any future emissions limitations or other future requirements to address climate change concerns could adversely affect us.

The airline industry has also come under increased scrutiny by the press, the public and investors regarding the impact of air travel on the environment, including emissions to the air, discharges to surface and subsurface waters, safe drinking water, aircraft noise, the management of hazardous substances, oils and waste materials and other environmental impacts related to aircraft operations. If such scrutiny results in reduced air travel or increased costs to air travel, it may affect demand for our aircraft, lessees’ ability to make rental and other lease payments and reduce the value we receive for our aircraft upon any disposition, which would negatively affect our financial condition, cash flow and results of operations. In addition, growing demand to transition to lower-carbon technologies, such as sustainable aviation fuels that may be developed over time, may increase our costs or reduce demand for our aircraft or engines or airline travel more generally.

Corporate responsibility, specifically related to environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) matters, may impose additional costs and expose us to new risks.

Public ESG and sustainability reporting is becoming more broadly expected by lenders, investors, shareholders and other third parties. Certain organizations that provide corporate governance and other corporate risk information to investors and shareholders have developed, and others may in the future develop, scores and ratings to evaluate companies and investment funds based upon ESG or “sustainability” metrics. The level of a company’s greenhouse gas emissions is one such metric that is receiving heightened attention by lenders, investors, shareholders and lawmakers. Many investment funds focus on positive ESG business practices and sustainability scores when making investments and may consider a company’s ESG or sustainability scores as a reputational or other factor in making an investment decision. Moreover, investors, particularly institutional investors, use these scores to benchmark companies against their peers, and if a company is perceived as lagging, these investors may engage with the company to improve ESG disclosure or performance and may also make voting decisions, or take other actions, to hold these companies and their boards of directors accountable for such scores. In addition, current EU regulations require financial firms to disclose how sustainability risks are incorporated into their lending decisions, and further regulations in the EU, and similar regulations in the United States and other jurisdictions, may come into force in the future. Such regulations may encourage or require lenders to consider the sustainability impact of their loans, and if we, or the aviation sector generally become disfavored, the availability or terms of financing and our cost of funds could be materially and adversely impacted. We may also face reputational damage in the event our corporate responsibility initiatives or objectives (including with respect to greenhouse gas emissions) do not meet (or are perceived not to meet) the standards set by our lenders, investors, shareholders, lawmakers or other constituencies, or if we are unable to achieve an acceptable ESG or sustainability rating from third-party rating services. A low ESG or sustainability rating or score by a third-party rating service could also result in the exclusion of our common stock or debt from consideration by certain investors who may elect to invest with our competition instead. Ongoing focus on corporate responsibility matters by lenders, investors, lawmakers and other parties as described above may impose additional costs or expose us to new risks.

Our insurance policies, including our use of a captive insurance company, may not provide adequate protection against risks, events outside of our control may cause insurers to raise premiums and/or reduce or cancel available coverage, and we may not be able to recover losses under our policies.

We seek protection from a number of our key operational risk exposures by purchasing insurance to cover insurable risks, by requiring our lessees to maintain insurance, and through a captive insurance program. We require our lessees to provide insurance coverage with respect to leased flight equipment, with AerCap (or our relevant affiliate) named as an insured under those policies in the event of a total loss of an aircraft or engine. We also purchase contingent and possessed insurance (“C&P Policy”) which provides us with coverage when our flight equipment is not subject to a lease or where a lessee’s policy fails to indemnify us. We have also adopted a captive insurance program to complement our overall insurance program.

Although we believe that our insurance coverage is consistent with industry practice and available cover from the insurance market, our insurance may not adequately cover certain risks. Our and our lessees’ insurance policies are subject to periodic review by insurers and may not be renewed at all or may be renewed on less favorable terms. Events outside of our control may cause insurers to increase premiums and/or decrease coverage under insurance policies, or even withdraw from the market entirely. For example, the Ukraine Conflict led insurers to reassess their exposure to certain risks and geographical locations and since the start of the Ukraine Conflict, we have experienced a significant increase in the cost of our insurance and a significant reduction in our insurance cover. We expect to continue to experience difficulty in obtaining appropriate policy limits and coverage at a reasonable cost and on reasonable terms. An inability to obtain insurance, significant increases in the cost of insurance we obtain, higher deductibles under our policies or losses in excess of our insurance coverage could have a material adverse effect on our business. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we established a Bermuda-domiciled wholly-owned captive insurance company, Aistrigh Limited (“Aistrigh”), to help mitigate significant increases to our insurance costs. As of December 31, 2023, Aistrigh was providing approximately 25% of our hull war insurance, and Aistrigh’s participation in our aviation insurance may increase in future years. Aistrigh may not provide the intended benefits, and our funding of Aistrigh may be insufficient to adequately cover the costs of any insured events. In addition, there is no guarantee that reinsurance will continue to be available to Aistrigh, which would negatively impact our captive insurance coverage.

Even where we have insurance, we may face difficulties in pursuing claims under our policies. War risk insurance policies may be invalidated as a result of events outside of our control, including hostilities between the United Kingdom, the United States, France, Russia and China, or through the use of tactical nuclear devices in active conflicts. Where insurance claims can be made, they may take years to fully settle and we may be in dispute with our insurers about the extent of coverage as we have experienced as a result of the Ukraine Conflict. Pursuing claims may require certain legal, regulatory and other enforcement costs for which we may not be reimbursed. For example, refer to the discussion in “Item 3. Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks related to geopolitical, regulatory, corporate responsibility and legal exposures of our business—We suffered losses as a result of the Ukraine Conflict for which we have submitted insurance claims, and we may not be able to collect under all policies in a timely manner or at all.”

We suffered losses as a result of the Ukraine Conflict for which we have submitted insurance claims, and we may not be able to collect under all policies in a timely manner or at all.

As a result of the Ukraine Conflict, in addition to reduced revenues and operating cash flows, we suffered losses with respect to our assets that have remained in Russia and Ukraine. We have submitted, and are pursuing, insurance claims in respect of these assets. Please refer to Note 25—Net charges related to Ukraine Conflict to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in this annual report for further details. We intend to continue to vigorously pursue all such insurance claims. However, the collection, timing and amount of any potential recoveries under our C&P Policy and under the respective airlines’ insurance and reinsurance policies are uncertain and we have not recognized any claim receivables as of December 31, 2023.

Risks related to disease, natural disasters, terrorist attacks and other world events

Global or regional public health developments, extreme weather or natural disasters or other force majeure events may adversely affect the demand for air travel, the financial condition of our lessees and the aviation industry more broadly, and ultimately our financial condition, results and cash flows.

Our international operations expose us to risks associated with unforeseen global and regional events. Epidemic diseases such as Covid-19, Ebola, measles, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), H1N1 (swine flu) and Zika virus could materially and adversely affect the overall amount of air travel. For example, the Covid-19 pandemic caused significant economic disruption and a dramatic reduction in commercial airline traffic, resulting in a broad adverse impact to the aviation industry and our business. These diseases, or the fear of these diseases, could result in government-imposed travel restrictions and reduced passenger demand for travel. The occurrence of severe weather events or natural disasters, including floods, earthquakes, wildfires, hurricanes and volcanic eruptions, may make airlines unable to operate to or from certain regions or impact demand for air travel, and the frequency or severity of these types of events may worsen as a result of climate change. The occurrence or outbreak of any of the above events or other force majeure events could adversely affect commercial airline traffic, reduce demand for flight equipment leases or impair the financial condition of the aviation industry, including our lessees. As a result, our lessees may not be able to satisfy their payment obligations to us. These events may also cause damage to our flight equipment, the extent of losses from which may not be fully covered by insurance. For these and other reasons, our financial results may be materially and adversely affected by the occurrence of such events.

The effects of terrorist attacks, war or armed hostilities may adversely affect the financial condition of the airline industry and our lessees’ ability to meet their lease payment obligations to us.

Terrorist attacks and the threat of terrorist attacks, war or armed hostilities, or the fear of such events, have historically had a negative impact on the aviation industry and could result in:

•higher costs to airlines due to the increased security measures;

•decreased passenger and air cargo demand and revenue;

•the imposition of “no-fly zone” or other restrictions on commercial airline traffic in certain regions;

•uncertainty of the price and availability of jet fuel and the cost and practicability of obtaining fuel hedges;

•higher financing costs and difficulty in raising the desired amount of proceeds on favorable terms, if at all;

•significantly higher premiums or reduced coverage amounts for aviation insurance coverage for future claims caused by acts of war, terrorism, sabotage, hijacking and other similar perils, which may be insufficient to comply with the current requirements of aircraft lenders and lessors or applicable government regulations, or the unavailability or cancellation of certain types of insurance, as generally evidenced by the change in the war insurance market, and by the imposition by insurers of new geographical limits and restrictions on airlines’ policies;

•reliance by aircraft lenders or lessors on government programs for specified types of aviation insurance, which may not be available at the relevant time or under which governments may not pay in a timely fashion;

•inability of airlines to reduce their operating costs and conserve financial resources, taking into account the increased costs incurred as a consequence of such events;

•special charges recognized by some operators, such as those related to the impairment of aircraft and engines and other long-lived assets stemming from the grounding of aircraft as a result of terrorist attacks, economic conditions and airline reorganizations; and

•an airline becoming insolvent and/or ceasing operations.

Such events are likely to cause our lessees to incur higher costs and to generate lower revenues, which could result in a material adverse effect on their financial condition and liquidity, including their ability to make rental and other lease payments to us or to obtain the types and amounts of insurance we require. Such events could also impact the operations of our lessees and could lead to aircraft or fleet groundings (for instance due to cancellation of war insurance cover) or additional lease restructurings and repossessions, increase our cost of re-leasing or selling flight equipment, impair our ability to re-lease or otherwise dispose of flight equipment on favorable terms or at all, or reduce the proceeds we receive for our flight equipment in a disposition.

Risks relating to market demand for, and lease rates and value of, flight equipment in our fleet

We may be unable to generate sufficient returns on our flight equipment investments.

Our results depend on our ability to consistently acquire strategically attractive flight equipment, continually and profitably lease and re-lease them, and finally sell or otherwise dispose of them, in order to generate returns on the investments we have made, provide cash to finance our growth and operations, and service our existing debt. Upon acquiring flight equipment, we may not be able to enter into leases that generate sufficient cash flow to justify the cost of purchase. When our leases expire or our flight equipment is returned prior to the date contemplated in the lease, we bear the risk of re-leasing, selling or parting-out the asset. Because our leases are predominantly operating leases, only a portion of the relevant flight equipment’s value is recovered by the revenues generated from the lease and we may not be able to realize such flight equipment’s residual value after lease expiration. Our ability to profitably purchase, lease, re-lease, sell or otherwise dispose of our aircraft and engines will depend in part on conditions in the airline industry and general market and competitive conditions at the time of purchase, lease and disposition, which are outside of our control.

Our business depends heavily on the level of demand for flight equipment in our fleet, which may decline as a result of changes in market conditions and the overall health of air travel.

Flight equipment are long-lived assets and aircraft demand can change over time as a result of changes in market conditions outside of our control. Customer demand for our assets is primarily driven by long-term trends in passenger air travel and air cargo demand, and is limited by airport and air traffic control infrastructure constraints. Demand is also influenced by changes in economic growth, regulation, customer profitability, fuel prices, the availability of asset financing, pricing and other competitive factors. The imposition of more stringent regulation on air travel, may adversely impact the profitability of air travel and reduce demand for our aircraft and engines. Types of regulation that could impact flight equipment demand include environmental rules, noise or emissions limitations, age constraints, trade and import and export controls, tariffs and other trade barriers. If flight equipment demand declines, lease rates and residual values of assets could be negatively impacted and we may be unable to lease our assets on favorable terms, if at all. Flight equipment values and lease rates have occasionally experienced sharp decreases in response to market conditions or otherwise.

Demand for an aircraft can also be affected by factors unique to that aircraft, including the maintenance and operating history of the airframe and engines, the compatibility of aircraft configurations and specifications with other aircraft owned by operators of that type, the number of operators using the particular type of aircraft, the availability of documentary records for the aircraft and aircraft age. The desirability of an aircraft may also be impacted by factors pertinent to the model of an aircraft, such as the performance and reliability of the specific engine type installed on a particular aircraft model, technical limitations and technical problems associated with an aircraft model or the operating histories of an aircraft model.

In addition, new aircraft types that are introduced to the market could be more attractive for the target lessees of our aircraft, increasing the supply of older aircraft in the marketplace. This may cause the retirement and obsolescence of aircraft models, decrease comparative values of aircraft based on newly competitive aircraft and reduce the availability of spare parts for older aircraft. For instance, Airbus S.A.S. (“Airbus”), The Boeing Company (“Boeing”) and Embraer S.A. (“Embraer”) have launched several new technology aircraft types in recent years, including the Boeing 787 Family, the Boeing 737 MAX Family, the Airbus A320neo Family, the Airbus A330neo Family, the Airbus A350 Family, the Airbus A220 Family and the Embraer E-Jet E2 Family. These new technology aircraft types, and potential variants of these types, may reduce the desirability of, and have an adverse effect on residual value and future lease rates of, older aircraft types and variants. Additionally, new manufacturers may develop a narrowbody aircraft that competes with established aircraft types from Airbus, Boeing and Embraer, putting downward price pressure on, and decreasing the marketability of, aircraft from these manufacturers. The development of more fuel-efficient engines could make aircraft in our portfolio with engines that are not as fuel-efficient less attractive to potential lessees.

A decrease in demand for our flight equipment as a result of any of these factors could materially and adversely affect lease rates and residual values for our flight equipment, our ability to lease our flight equipment on favorable terms, if at all, and our financial results.

Manufacturer behavior may adversely affect the lease rates and value of aircraft in our fleet or our results of operations more broadly.

The manufacture and supply of commercial aircraft is concentrated among a limited number of manufacturers. Aircraft also have long delivery cycles. We rely, as a result, on these manufacturers responding early and appropriately to changes in the market environment, delivering aircraft that meet our lessees’ expectations and fulfilling contractual obligations they have to us. Failure on the part of manufacturers in relation to any of these requirements may cause us to experience:

•missed or late delivery of aircraft and engines ordered by us and an inability to meet our contractual obligations to our customers, resulting in lost or delayed revenues, lower growth rates and strained customer relationships. For example, the suspension of deliveries of the Boeing 787, production halts and enhanced inspection procedures required in advance of certification and clearance for delivery of Boeing aircraft have led to delays in the delivery of our aircraft on order from Boeing. A recent fuselage quality control issue identified on Boeing 737 MAX 9 aircraft, and the resulting FAA limits on expansion of 737 MAX production, is likely to lead to additional delays;

•an inability to acquire aircraft and engines and related components on terms that will allow us to lease those aircraft and engines to customers at a profit, resulting in lower growth rates or a contraction in our aircraft portfolio;

•a market environment with too many aircraft and engines available, creating downward pressure on demand for the aircraft and engines in our fleet and reduced market lease rates and sale prices;

•reduced demand for a manufacturer’s aircraft due to poor customer support or reputational damage to such manufacturer, thereby reducing the demand for those aircraft or engines in our fleet and reduced market lease rates and residual aircraft values for those aircraft and engines;

•a reduction in our competitiveness due to deep discounting by the aircraft or engine manufacturers, which may lead to reduced market lease rates and aircraft values and may affect our ability to remarket for lease or sell at a profit, some of the aircraft in our fleet; and

•technical or other difficulties with aircraft or engines after delivery that subject aircraft to operating restrictions or groundings, reducing value and lease rates of such aircraft and our ability to lease or dispose of such aircraft on favorable terms. Operating restrictions or groundings may also adversely impact our lessees’ business. For example, the recent announcement by Pratt & Whitney that production quality issues will require the removal of its geared turbofan engines for accelerated inspection is expected to lead to an increase in groundings of impacted A320neo Family aircraft, which may negatively impact the financial condition of our lessees and demand for Pratt & Whitney-powered A320neo Family aircraft.

Uncertainty regarding air travel demand may also lead to a reduction in the availability of debt financing for aircraft purchases, which could increase the gap between aircraft production and demand. Any such decrease in aircraft values and lease rates, or increase in the cost or availability of funding, could materially and adversely affect our financial results.

Risks related to the financial strength of, and our relationship with, our lessees

Our financial condition is dependent, in part, on the financial strength of our lessees.

We generate our revenue primarily from leases to airlines, and as a result we are exposed to many of the risks that airlines face. The ability of our lessees to perform their obligations depends primarily on their financial condition and cash flows, which are affected by factors outside our control. In addition to general economic and market conditions, airlines are affected by overall changes in passenger and air cargo demand, the price and availability of jet fuel, labor difficulties and costs, manufacturer production issues, disruptions to operations due to global conflicts, currency exchange rates, the availability of financial or other governmental support and governmental regulation and associated fees, including travel restrictions, restrictions on greenhouse gas emissions, environmental regulations and fly-over restrictions.

Generally, airlines with high financial leverage are more likely than airlines with stronger balance sheets to be affected, and are affected more quickly, by these factors. Such airlines are also more likely to seek operating leases.

A deterioration in the financial condition and cash flows of our lessees, including from the inflationary environment, supply chain issues, grounding of aircraft, higher jet fuel prices and higher interest rates or the impact of epidemic diseases would increase the risk that they will delay, reduce or fail to make rental payments when due. At any point in time, our lessees may be significantly in arrears. Some lessees encountering financial difficulties may seek a reduction in their lease rates or other concessions, such as a deferral of their obligations to make rent or supplemental maintenance rent payments or a decrease in their contribution toward maintenance obligations. Moreover, we may not correctly assess the credit risk of each lessee or charge lease rates that incorrectly reflect related risks. Many of our lessees are not rated investment grade by the principal U.S. rating agencies and may be more likely to suffer liquidity problems than those that are so rated.

Our financial condition, financial results and cash flows may be materially and adversely affected by any events adversely affecting the financial strength of our lessees.

Increases in fuel prices and fuel price volatility could affect our lessees’ ability to meet their lease payment obligations to us.

The cost of fuel represents a major expense to airlines that is not within their control, and significant increases in fuel costs or hedges that inaccurately assess the direction of fuel costs can materially and adversely affect their operating results. Historically, fuel prices have fluctuated widely depending primarily on international market conditions, geopolitical and environmental events and currency exchange rates, including events, such as natural disasters and wars, that affect fuel supply. For example, predominantly as a result of the Ukraine Conflict and resulting sanctions imposed by various governments on Russia, in 2022 oil prices and jet fuel prices rose to their highest levels since 2008.

Due to the competitive nature of the aviation industry, operators may be unable to increase airfares in a manner that fully offsets increases in fuel costs. In addition, they may not be able to enter appropriate hedging positions to manage their exposure to fuel price fluctuations. Airlines that hedge their fuel costs may suffer adverse impacts to their profitability and liquidity from swift movements in fuel prices, if their hedge agreements require them to post cash collateral. Therefore, if for any reason fuel prices return to historically high levels or show significant volatility, our lessees are likely to incur higher costs or generate lower revenues, which may affect their ability to meet their obligations to us.

Instability in the banking system or financial markets could impair our lessees’ ability to finance their operations, which could affect their ability to comply with payment obligations to us.

Adverse changes in the global banking system or the global financial markets may have a material adverse effect on our business. Many of our lessees have expanded their airline operations through borrowings and some are highly leveraged. These lessees depend on banks and the capital markets to provide working capital and to refinance existing indebtedness. Global financial markets can be highly volatile and the availability of credit from financial markets and financial institutions can vary substantially. Events that adversely impact capital markets could lead to the imposition of stricter capital requirements on borrowers, reduce the general availability of credit or otherwise result in higher borrowing costs, limiting our lessees’ abilities to finance their operations, which could affect their ability to meet payment obligations to us.

If our lessees encounter financial difficulties and we restructure or terminate our leases, including as a result of customer reorganizations or bankruptcies, we are likely to obtain less favorable lease terms.

If a lessee delays, reduces, or fails to make rental payments when due, or has advised us that it will do so in the future, we may elect or be required to restructure or terminate the lease. In addition, in recent years, several airlines and other customers, including several of our lessees, have filed for protection under their local bankruptcy and insolvency laws, and certain airlines and other customers have gone into liquidation, and the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on air travel caused an increase in the number of airlines and other customers filing for such protection. A restructured lease will likely contain terms that are less favorable to us. If we are unable to agree on a restructuring and we terminate the lease, we may not receive all or any payments still outstanding, and we may be unable to re-lease the flight equipment promptly and at favorable rates, if at all. Moreover, airline bankruptcies historically have led to the grounding of significant numbers of aircraft, rejection of leases and negotiated reductions in aircraft lease rentals, with the effect of depressing aircraft market values. As such, further reorganizations would adversely affect our ability to re-lease or sell aircraft at favorable rates, if at all. We have conducted restructurings and terminations in the ordinary course of our business, and we expect more will occur in the future. If we are obligated to perform a significant number of restructurings and terminations, the associated reduction in lease revenue could materially and adversely affect our financial results and cash flows.

If our lessees fail to cooperate in returning our assets following lease terminations, we may encounter obstacles and are likely to incur significant costs and expenses conducting repossessions.

Our legal rights and the relative difficulty of repossession vary significantly depending on the jurisdiction in which our flight equipment is located and the applicable law. We may need to obtain a court order or consents for deregistration or re-export, a process that can differ substantially in different countries. Where a lessee or other operator flies only domestic routes in the jurisdiction in which the asset is registered or in which the lessee operator is based, repossessing and exporting the asset may be challenging, especially if the jurisdiction permits the lessee or the other operator to resist deregistration or export of the asset. For example, due to the Ukraine Conflict and sanctions imposed against Russia, we sought to repossess all of our aircraft and engines from Russian airlines and remove them from Russia, but we have been unable to repossess the vast majority of those assets. Please refer to Note 25—Net charges related to Ukraine Conflict to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in this annual report for further details.

When a defaulting lessee is in bankruptcy, protective administration, insolvency or similar proceedings, additional limitations may apply. For example, certain jurisdictions entitle the lessee or another third-party to retain possession of the flight equipment without paying lease rent or performing all or some of the obligations under the relevant lease. Certain of our lessees are partially or wholly owned by government-related entities, which can complicate our efforts to repossess our aircraft in that government’s jurisdiction. If we encounter any of these difficulties, we may be delayed in, or prevented from, enforcing certain of our rights under a lease and in re-leasing the affected flight equipment.

When conducting a repossession, we are likely to incur significant costs and expenses that are unlikely to be recouped, including, for example, legal and regulatory expenses, taxes, lost revenue, maintenance and refurbishment and repair costs necessary to put the flight equipment in suitable condition for re-lease or sale. We may also make payments to discharge liens placed on our flight equipment by third parties and, until these liens are discharged, be restricted in our ability to repossess, release or sell our flight equipment. Although the financial obligations relating to these liens are the contractual responsibility of our lessees, if they fail to fulfill these obligations, such liens may ultimately become our responsibility and impose additional repossession costs on us. If we incur significant costs in repossessing our flight equipment, our financial results may be materially and adversely affected.

We have limited control over the operation of our flight equipment while it is under lease and depend on our lessees to properly maintain and insure our flight equipment.

While our flight equipment is on lease, we do not directly control its operation. Under our leases, our lessees are primarily responsible for maintaining our assets, obtaining adequate levels of insurance and complying with all governmental requirements applicable to the lessee and the flight equipment, including operational, maintenance, government agency oversight, registration requirements and airworthiness directives. We also require many of our lessees to pay us supplemental maintenance rents. Nevertheless, because we still own and hold title to the flight equipment we could be exposed to costs resulting from a lessee’s failure to properly maintain an asset under lease or be held liable for losses resulting from its operation while under lease. If a lessee fails to perform required maintenance on our asset during the term of the lease, the asset’s market value may decline or we might be required to incur maintenance and modification costs, which would result in lower revenues from its subsequent lease or sale, or the asset might be grounded. Additionally, if our lessees are unable to procure, or fail to maintain, adequate insurance coverage, default in their indemnification or insurance obligations to us, or are exposed to losses for which they do not have coverage, our lessees’ operations may be curtailed or halted, and we could face increased costs from pursuing corrective action or face reductions in, or the absence of, insurance proceeds that would otherwise be payable to us in the case of loss. If our lessees fail to meet their obligations to pay supplemental maintenance rents or end-of-lease (“EOL”) compensation, fail to perform required scheduled maintenance, fail to obtain and maintain insurance coverage for losses to which they are exposed, or if we are required to incur unexpected costs associated with any of the above, our financial results may be materially and adversely affected.

In certain countries, an engine affixed to an aircraft may become an accession to the aircraft and we may not be able to exercise our ownership rights over the engine.

Under some legal principles, an engine affixed to an aircraft may become an accession to the aircraft, whereby the ownership rights of the owner of the airframe supersede those of the owner of the engine. In such cases, where an aircraft is security for the owner’s obligations to a third-party, the security interest in the aircraft may supersede our rights as owner of the engine. As a substantial part of the value of an aircraft derives from its engines, we would suffer a substantial loss if our ability to repossess a leased engine was limited in the event of a lease default, which could materially and adversely affect our financial results.

Risks related to competition and the aviation industry

Competition and changes in market participants, including lessors, manufacturers and aircraft lessees, may adversely affect our business operations.

The aviation leasing industry is highly competitive. Our competitors are primarily other major aircraft leasing companies, but we may also encounter competition from emerging aircraft leasing companies that we do not currently consider our main competitors. We may also face competition from other market participants, such as airlines, aircraft manufacturers, aircraft brokers, financial institutions (including those seeking to dispose of repossessed aircraft at distressed prices) and other entities that invest in aircraft and engines. Some of these competitors may have greater operating and financial resources than we do and we may not always be able to compete successfully, which could materially and adversely affect our financial results.

Over the past several years, market participants in the aviation industry have changed as a result of restructuring or bankruptcies, mergers and acquisitions, entities entering or exiting the industry or entities entering into new or different market segments. We expect similar transitions to continue to take place into the future. Changes in market participants may affect our business by, for instance, reducing competition amongst manufacturers, changing the offering of aircraft types and models in the market, reducing demand for our aircraft from lessees or increasing the competition we face for new lessees or favorable terms on our transactions. New aircraft manufacturers, such as JSC United Aircraft Corporation in Russia and Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China, Ltd. in China, could produce aircraft that compete with current offerings from Airbus, Boeing and Embraer. These changes may materially affect our business.

The financial instability of, or manufacturing delays suffered by, an aircraft or engine manufacturer could impact delivery of our aircraft and engines on order and negatively affect our cash flow and results of operations.

The supply of commercial aircraft is dominated by Airbus and Boeing and there are a limited number of engine manufacturers. There is a risk that disruptions, including supply chain issues, manufacturing and quality control issues, and any financial instability, at any of these manufacturers could harm our business, as our ability to deliver new aircraft and engines to our lessees depends on these manufacturers timely fulfilling their contractual delivery obligations to us. For additional detail, please refer to “Item 3. Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks relating to market demand for, and lease rates and value of, flight equipment in our fleet—Manufacturer behavior may adversely affect the lease rates and value of aircraft in our fleet or our results of operations more broadly.” Our leases contain lessee cancellation clauses related to aircraft delivery delays, typically for new aircraft delivery delays greater than one year, and our purchase agreements contain similar provisions. If there are manufacturing delays for new aircraft for which we have made future lease commitments, some or all of our affected lessees could elect to terminate their lease arrangements with respect to such delayed aircraft. Any such termination could negatively affect our cash flow and results of operations. For example, the “Big Twin” freighter program between AerCap Cargo and Israel Aerospace Industries, which involves the conversion of Boeing 777-300ER aircraft into long-haul large-capacity freighters, may encounter delivery delays due to delays in achieving regulator certification.

Further, we may experience additional delivery delays and associated costs if aircraft manufacturers encounter quality issues that delay the manufacture of new aircraft or those aircraft fail to meet the contractual requirements or the requirements of air travel regulators. For example, the suspension of deliveries of the Boeing 787, production halts and enhanced inspection procedures required in advance of certification and clearance for delivery of Boeing aircraft have led to delays in the delivery of our aircraft on order from Boeing. A recent fuselage quality control issue identified on Boeing 737 MAX 9 aircraft, and the resulting FAA limits on expansion of 737 MAX production, is likely to lead to additional delays. Delivery delays can materially affect our revenues, results of operations, net income and operating cash flows. Refer to “Item 3. Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks relating to market demand for, and lease rates and value of, flight equipment in our fleet—Manufacturer behavior may adversely affect the lease rates and value of aircraft in our fleet or our results of operations more broadly.”

Risks related to accounting and impairments

If a decline in demand for certain assets causes a decline in its projected lease rates and residual values, or if we expect to dispose of an asset for a price that is less than its depreciated book value on our balance sheet, then we will recognize impairments or make fair value adjustments.

We test long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts of the assets may not be recoverable. If the sum of the expected undiscounted future cash flows is less than the asset value (including the lease-related assets and liabilities of that asset, such as the maintenance rights assets, lease incentives, and maintenance liabilities), an impairment loss is recognized. The loss is measured as the excess of the carrying value of the asset over its estimated fair value. Factors that may contribute to impairment charges include, but are not limited to, unfavorable airline industry trends affecting the residual values of certain flight equipment types, high fuel prices and development of more fuel-efficient aircraft shortening the useful lives of certain aircraft, management’s expectations that certain flight equipment is more likely than not to be parted-out or otherwise disposed of sooner than their expected life, and new technological developments. Cash flows supporting carrying values of older flight equipment are more dependent upon current lease contracts. In addition, we believe that residual values of older flight equipment are more exposed to non-recoverable declines in value in the current economic environment.

If economic conditions deteriorate, we may be required to recognize impairment losses. In that event, our estimates and assumptions regarding forecasted cash flows from our long-lived assets would need to be reassessed, including the duration of the economic downturn and the timing and strength of the pending recovery, both of which are important variables for purposes of our long-lived asset impairment tests. Any of our assumptions may prove to be inaccurate, which could adversely impact forecasted cash flows of certain long-lived assets, especially for older aircraft. If so, it is possible that there may be an event-driven impairment for other long-lived assets in the future and that any such impairment amounts may be material.

As of December 31, 2023, 375 of our owned passenger aircraft under operating leases were 15 years of age or older. These aircraft represented 7% of our total flight equipment and lease-related assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2023. Please refer to “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Critical accounting estimates—Flight equipment held for operating leases, net” for a detailed description of our impairment policy.

Risks related to information technology

A cybersecurity incident, including a ransomware attack, could lead to a material disruption of our information systems or the information systems of our third-party providers, the loss of business information or losses attributable to fraud, which may hinder our ability to conduct our business effectively or result in lost revenues or other costs.

Our business depends on the secure operation of our information systems and the information systems of our third-party providers to manage, process, store and transmit information associated with aviation leasing. Like other global companies, we have, from time to time, experienced cybersecurity threats to our data and information systems, including malware and computer virus attacks, internet network scans, systems failures and disruptions.

As previously disclosed on January 22, 2024, the Company experienced a cybersecurity incident related to ransomware in January 2024. We promptly took steps to contain, assess and remediate the incident with the support of third-party cybersecurity experts. In addition, we notified law enforcement and appropriate regulatory authorities. There was no material disruption to the Company’s operations.

Our investigation into this incident, which has been and continues to be supported by third-party cybersecurity forensic review experts, has determined that on January 13, 2024, the perpetrator exploited a vulnerability in third-party software to obtain access to data hosted on a small number of the Company’s IT servers. During the period from January 13, 2024 to January 17, 2024 the perpetrator attempted to gain broader access to the Company’s information systems, and also attempted to encrypt the Company’s data through the use of ransomware. All evidence to date indicates these attempts failed as a result of the successful operation of the Company’s cybersecurity safeguards. We became aware of the cybersecurity incident on January 17, 2024 and immediately deployed business continuity and cybersecurity measures, which we believe excluded the perpetrator from our systems by the following day and eliminated the identified vulnerability.

Our investigation has determined that the perpetrator did not gain access to our key document management systems, our treasury or payment systems, or other information systems which are key to internal controls over financial reporting. However, the perpetrator did exfiltrate certain data of the Company, representing less than 0.5% of the Company’s overall data by volume. Our review of the exfiltrated data remains ongoing. To date, we have suffered no financial loss related to this incident. However, the Company has incurred, and will continue to incur, expenses related to this attack. Further, the Company remains subject to risks and uncertainties as a result of the incident, including related to potential exposure or exploitation of the data that was exfiltrated as noted above.

A cybersecurity incident, including a ransomware attack such as the one that occurred in January 2024, that bypasses our information security systems or the information security systems of our third-party providers, and causes an information security breach could lead to a material disruption of our information systems or the information systems of our third-party providers, as applicable, and adversely impact our daily operations and cause the loss of sensitive information, including our own proprietary information and that of our customers, suppliers and employees. In addition, a cybersecurity incident at a third-party provider, lessee or other business counterparty could result in fraudulent activity that causes costs or other losses to us. Any such losses could harm our reputation or result in competitive disadvantages, litigation, regulatory enforcement actions, lost revenues, additional costs or liability. While we devote substantial resources to maintaining adequate levels of cybersecurity and other related controls, our resources and technical sophistication cannot prevent all cybersecurity incidents.

We could suffer material damage to, or interruptions in, our information systems or the information systems of our third-party providers as a result of external factors, staffing shortages or difficulties in updating our existing software or developing or implementing new software.

We depend largely upon our information systems and the information systems of our third-party providers in the conduct of all aspects of our operations. Such information systems are subject to damage or interruption from events such as power outages, computer and telecommunications failures, computer viruses, security breaches, enhanced cybersecurity threats arising from the use of artificial intelligence by bad actors, fire and natural disasters. Damage or interruption to these information systems may require a significant investment to fix or replace them, and we may suffer interruptions in our operations in the interim. In addition, we are currently pursuing a number of information systems-related projects that will require ongoing information systems-related development, conversion of existing information systems and the rollout of new information systems. Costs and potential problems or interruptions associated with the implementation of new or upgraded information systems and technology or with maintenance or support of existing information systems could also disrupt or reduce the efficiency of our operations. Any material interruptions or failures in our information systems may have a material adverse effect on our business or results of operations.

Risks related to our structure and taxation

We are a public limited liability company incorporated in the Netherlands (“naamloze vennootschap” or “N.V.”) and it may be difficult to obtain or enforce judgments against us or our executive officers, some of our directors and some of our named experts in the United States.

We were incorporated under the laws of the Netherlands and, as such, the rights of holders of our ordinary shares and the civil liability of our directors are governed by the laws of the Netherlands and our articles of association. The rights of shareholders under the laws of the Netherlands may differ from the rights of shareholders of companies incorporated in other jurisdictions. Many of our directors and executive officers and most of our assets and the assets of many of our directors are located outside the United States. In addition, our articles of association do not provide for U.S. courts as a venue for, or for the application of U.S. law to, lawsuits against us, our directors and executive officers. As a result, you may not be able to serve process on us or on such persons in the United States or obtain or enforce judgments from U.S. courts against us or them based on the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States. There is doubt as to whether the Dutch courts would enforce certain civil liabilities under U.S. securities laws in original actions and enforce claims for punitive damages.

Under our articles of association, we indemnify and hold our directors, officers and employees harmless against all claims and suits brought against them, subject to limited exceptions. Under our articles of association, to the extent allowed by law, the rights and obligations among or between us, any of our current or former directors, officers and employees and any current or former shareholder shall be governed exclusively by the laws of the Netherlands and subject to the jurisdiction of the Dutch courts, unless such rights or obligations do not relate to or arise out of their capacities listed above. Although there is doubt as to whether U.S. courts would enforce such provision in an action brought in the United States under U.S. securities laws, such provision could make judgments obtained outside of the Netherlands more difficult to enforce against our assets in the Netherlands or jurisdictions that would apply Dutch law.

We may become a passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

We do not believe we will be classified as a PFIC for 2023. Although there can be no assurance, we do not expect to be classified as a PFIC for 2024 or subsequent years. This expectation is based on our current operations and current law. The determination as to whether a foreign corporation is a PFIC is a complex determination based on all of the relevant facts and circumstances and depends on the classification of various assets and income under the PFIC rules. Further, this determination must be tested annually at the end of the taxable year and, while we intend to conduct our affairs in a manner that will reduce the likelihood of our becoming a PFIC, our circumstances may change in any given year. We do not intend to make decisions regarding the purchase and sale of aircraft with the specific purpose of reducing the likelihood of our becoming a PFIC. Accordingly, our business plan may result in our engaging in activities that could cause us to become a PFIC. There can be no assurance that we will not be classified as a PFIC for the current taxable year or any future taxable year. If we are or become a PFIC, U.S. shareholders may be subject to increased U.S. federal income taxes on a sale or other disposition of our ordinary shares and on the receipt of certain distributions and will be subject to increased U.S. federal income tax reporting requirements. Refer to “Item 10. Additional Information—Taxation—U.S. tax considerations” for a more detailed discussion of the consequences to you if we are treated as a PFIC and a discussion of certain elections that may be available to mitigate the effects of that treatment. We urge you to consult your own tax advisors regarding the application of the PFIC rules to your particular circumstances.

We may become subject to income or other taxes in jurisdictions which would adversely affect our financial results.

We and our subsidiaries are subject to the income tax laws of Ireland, the United States and other jurisdictions in which our subsidiaries are incorporated or based. Our effective tax rate in any period is impacted by the source and the amount of earnings among our different tax jurisdictions. Our ability to defer the payment of some level of income taxes to future periods is dependent upon the continued benefit of accelerated tax depreciation on our flight equipment in some jurisdictions, the continued deductibility of external and intercompany financing arrangements and the application of tax losses prior to their expiration in certain tax jurisdictions, among other factors. A change in the division of our earnings among our tax jurisdictions could have a material impact on our effective tax rate and our financial results. In addition, we or our subsidiaries may be subject to additional income or other taxes in these and other jurisdictions by reason of the management and control of our subsidiaries, our activities and operations, where our aircraft operate, where the lessees of our aircraft (or others in possession of our aircraft) are located or changes in tax laws or practices, regulations or accounting principles. Although we have adopted guidelines and operating procedures to ensure our subsidiaries are appropriately managed and controlled, we may be subject to such taxes in the future and such taxes may be substantial. The imposition of such taxes could have a material adverse effect on our financial results.

Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development’s (“OECD”) Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (“BEPS”) initiative.

In 2019, the OECD announced an initiative to create an international consensus on new rules (referred to as “BEPS 2.0”) for the framework governing international taxation, which was supported by the publication of the Pillar One and Pillar Two Blueprint Reports in 2020. In 2021, the European Commission published an EU Directive (the “EU Minimum Tax Directive”) to incorporate the Pillar Two minimum tax rate rules into EU law. Ireland has enacted the EU Minimum Tax Directive into domestic legislation and the implementation of these rules may impact the results of our operations in Ireland and certain other jurisdictions in which our subsidiaries are based. The introduction of the EU Minimum Tax Directive means the group must be taxed at a minimum effective tax rate of 15%. In Ireland, the EU Minimum Tax Directive has been implemented by means of a new top-up tax to achieve an effective rate of 15% that will become effective in 2024. Further guidance is expected from the OECD or the Irish tax authority as to how certain aspects of Pillar Two will operate. Any future guidance or directives issued by the OECD or the Irish tax authority could alter the operation of this tax and any such changes to how this tax operates could have an adverse impact on our effective tax rate and cash tax liabilities in future periods.

We may become subject to additional taxes in Ireland based on the extent of our operations carried on in Ireland.

Our Irish tax resident group companies are currently subject to Irish corporate income tax on trading income at a rate of 12.5%, on capital gains at 33% and on other income at 25%. Where the 12.5% rate applies to our income, we expect to incur additional top-up tax charges following the EU Directive being transposed into Irish law, which seeks to ensure that companies are taxed at a minimum effective tax rate of 15%. As of December 31, 2023, we had significant Irish tax losses available to carry forward against our trading income. The ability to carry forward Irish tax losses to offset future taxable trading income and to avail of the 12.5% rate depends in part on the extent and nature of activities carried on in Ireland, both in the past and in the future. In the past, the Irish Revenue Commissioners (“Irish Revenue”) issued certain confirmations regarding the application of the 12.5% tax rate to the activities, such as leasing and financing, undertaken by Irish lessors. Irish Revenue has advised that these confirmations will no longer apply with effect from January 1, 2024. Instead, certain aspects of the Irish leasing regime have been codified into law in Finance Act (No.2) 2023 and Irish Revenue is expected to release new guidance in early 2024 regarding the tax treatment of leasing companies. The combination of the revised law and final guidance (when available) could impose a higher threshold on the Irish lessors within our group when evidencing that they have sufficient activity to avail of the 12.5% rate on their leasing and financing activity.

The EU Anti-tax Avoidance proposals may impact our effective rate of tax in future periods.

Irish tax law will be subject to changes as a result of the implementation of the EU Anti-Tax Avoidance Directive (“EU ATAD”) and the amending Directive (“EU ATAD 2”).

In 2021, the European Commission issued a proposal for a council directive to establish rules to prevent the misuse of shell entities for tax purposes within the EU (“EU ATAD 3”) and has since issued a number of draft amendments to this directive. While EU ATAD 3 was initially expected to be adopted and published into EU member states’ national laws by June 30, 2023, and become effective as of January 1, 2024, it has not yet become effective and there is considerable uncertainty surrounding the development of the proposal and its implementation. One of the proposed amendments has been to delay the application of EU ATAD 3 to January 1, 2025. EU ATAD 3 could result in additional reporting and disclosure obligations.

The U.S. Corporate Alternative Minimum Tax (“CAMT”) may impact our effective tax rate in future periods.

In 2022, the United States enacted the Inflation Reduction Act, which includes a 15% corporate alternative minimum tax on adjusted financial statement income (“AFSI”). For a corporation that is a member of a foreign-parented multi-national group, the CAMT applies where (i) the three-year average annual AFSI from all members of the foreign-parented multi-national group exceeds $1 billion, and (ii) the three-year average annual AFSI from the group’s U.S. corporation(s) is $100 million or more. The Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) has issued guidance on the application and calculation of the CAMT, but significant additional guidance is expected to be released in future regulations to be promulgated by the U.S. Treasury. As such, the CAMT’s impact on our effective tax rate for 2023 currently remains uncertain.

We may fail to qualify for benefits under one or more tax treaties.

We do not expect that our subsidiaries located outside of the United States will have any material U.S. federal income tax liability by reason of activities we carry out in the United States and the leasing of assets to lessees that operate in the United States. This conclusion will depend, in part, on continued qualification for the benefits of income tax treaties between the United States and other countries in which we are subject to tax (particularly Ireland). That qualification may depend on, among other factors, the nature and level of activities carried on by us and our subsidiaries in each jurisdiction, the identity of the owners of equity interests in subsidiaries that are not wholly owned and the identities of the direct and indirect owners of our indebtedness.

The nature of our activities may be such that our subsidiaries may not continue to qualify for the benefits under income tax treaties with the United States and may not otherwise qualify for treaty benefits. Failure to so qualify could result in the imposition of U.S. federal and state taxes, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial results.

Item 4. Information on the Company

Business overview

Global leader in aviation leasing

AerCap Holdings N.V. (together with its subsidiaries, “AerCap,” “we,” “us,” or the “Company”) is the industry leader across all areas of aviation leasing, with a portfolio consisting of 3,452 aircraft, engines and helicopters that were owned, on order or managed as of December 31, 2023. We provide a wide range of assets for lease, including narrowbody and widebody aircraft, regional jets, freighters, engines and helicopters. We focus on acquiring in-demand flight equipment at attractive prices, funding them efficiently, hedging interest rate risk prudently and using our platform to deploy these assets with the objective of delivering superior risk-adjusted returns. We believe that by applying our expertise, we will be able to identify and execute on a broad range of market opportunities that we expect will generate attractive returns for our investors. We have the infrastructure, expertise and resources to execute a large number of diverse transactions in a variety of market conditions. Our teams of dedicated marketing and asset trading professionals have been successful in leasing and managing our asset portfolio. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we executed 953 aviation asset transactions.

We have an extensive track record of successfully acquiring and integrating companies, including the acquisition of Genesis Lease in 2010, the acquisition of International Lease Finance Corporation (“ILFC”) in 2014 and the acquisition of GE Capital Aviation Services (“GECAS”) in 2021. The acquisitions of ILFC (the “ILFC Transaction”) and GECAS (the “GECAS Transaction”) are the two largest transactions in the history of aviation leasing. We believe that our ability to successfully identify, acquire and integrate companies is a key competitive advantage.

Aircraft leasing

AerCap is the global leader in aircraft leasing, with customers in every major geographical region. As of December 31, 2023, we owned 1,556 aircraft, managed 184 aircraft and had 338 new aircraft on order. As of December 31, 2023, the average age of our owned aircraft fleet, weighted by net book value, was 7.3 years. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the weighted average utilization rate for our owned aircraft was 98%, calculated based on the number of days each aircraft was on lease during the year, weighted by the net book value of the aircraft. Approximately 1% of our owned aircraft were undergoing or designated for cargo conversion during the year ended December 31, 2023 and were therefore not calculated as utilized.

AerCap Cargo is a global leader in the air cargo market, with more than 30 years’ experience and a global fleet of over 120 aircraft that are owned, serviced or committed for conversion. AerCap Cargo provides ten types of modern narrowbody and widebody cargo aircraft to 17 customers around the world, including e-commerce, express delivery and general cargo operators. AerCap Cargo also plays a developmental role in the provision of new cargo options, including the “Big Twin” freighter program between AerCap Cargo and Israel Aerospace Industries, which involves the conversion of the Boeing 777-300ER aircraft into long-haul large-capacity freighters. AerCap Cargo was also involved in the development of the Boeing 767-300BDSF and the launch of Boeing’s 737BCF freighter conversion program and, more recently, the A321 freighter conversion programs with EFW and ST Aerospace. AerCap Cargo’s largest customers are Amazon and Maersk.

Engine leasing

AerCap is the world’s largest lessor of spare engines, with approximately 1,000 engines, including engines owned and managed by Shannon Engine Support Ltd (“SES”), our joint venture with Safran Aircraft Engines (“Safran”), and over 80 customers. Our spare engine portfolio is predominantly comprised of new technology engines manufactured by General Electric (“GE”) and CFM International (“CFMI”), the most liquid engine types that power the world’s most popular and in-demand aircraft, including Airbus A320 and A320neo Family aircraft and Boeing 737, Boeing 787, and Boeing 737 MAX aircraft.

We have longstanding relationships and contractual commitments with the two biggest manufacturers of commercial aviation engines, GE and CFMI, including financing and managing their spare engine portfolios. The two largest customers of our engine leasing businesses are GE and CFMI. AerCap, GE and Safran agreed to continue these relationships following completion of the GECAS Transaction.

Helicopter leasing

The Milestone Aviation Group (“Milestone”) is the world’s leading helicopter leasing and financing company with 321 helicopters owned or on order as of December 31, 2023. Milestone partners with helicopter operators and end-users worldwide, providing a wide array of financial and productivity solutions, including operating leases, purchase and leasebacks, secured debt financing, engine leasing and fleet advisory services. Milestone supports 50 customers in approximately 35 countries serving a variety of industries, including offshore oil and gas, offshore wind, search and rescue (“SAR”), emergency medical services, police surveillance and other utility missions. Milestone’s largest customers are CHC Helicopters, Saudi Aramco, Bristow Helicopters, and Avincis.

AerCap Materials

AerCap Materials Inc. (“AerCap Materials”) is a global distributor of airframe and engine components for leading commercial aircraft and engine manufacturers. Since its founding as the Memphis Group in 1971, it has provided quality products and services ranging from spare airframe and engine component distribution, component and asset leasing, consignment services and asset repair management. AerCap Materials has its own dismantlement facility located in Greenwood, Mississippi. AerCap Materials has a large inventory of aircraft parts to support mid-life and new-generation aircraft and provides ready access to support various aircraft types, including Boeing 737NG, Boeing 777, Airbus A320/A320neo Family and Embraer aircraft.

Aviation leases and transactions

We lease most of our flight equipment to customers under operating leases. Under these leases, the lessee is responsible for the maintenance and servicing of the equipment during the lease term and we receive the benefit, and assume the risks, of the residual value of the equipment at the end of the lease. Many operators lease flight equipment under operating leases, as this reduces their capital requirements and costs and affords them flexibility to manage their fleets more efficiently as flight equipment assets are returned over time. Since the 1970s and the creation of aircraft leasing pioneers Guinness Peat Aviation (“GPA”) and ILFC, the world’s airlines have increasingly turned to operating leases to meet their aircraft needs. We serve approximately 300 customers around the world with comprehensive fleet solutions. Our relationships with these customers help us place new flight equipment and remarket existing flight equipment.

Over the life of our flight equipment, we seek to increase the returns on our investments by managing the lease rates, time off-lease and financing and maintenance costs, and by carefully timing the sale of our flight equipment assets. Our current operating leases have initial terms ranging in length up to approximately 16 years. By varying our lease terms, we mitigate the effects of changes in cyclical market conditions at the time aircraft become eligible for re-lease.

Well in advance of the expiration of an operating lease, we prioritize entering into a lease extension with the then-current operator. This reduces our risk of aircraft downtime as well as aircraft transition costs. The terms of our lease extensions reflect the market conditions at the time and typically contain different terms from the original lease. Should a lessee not be interested in extending a lease, or if we believe we can obtain a more favorable return on the aircraft, we will explore other options, including the sale of the asset. If we enter into a lease agreement for the same asset with a different lessee, we generally do so well in advance of the scheduled return date of the asset. When the asset is returned, maintenance work may be required before transition to the next lessee.

Our extensive experience, global reach and operating capabilities allow us to rapidly complete numerous aviation transactions, which enables us to increase the returns on our flight equipment investments by minimizing any time that our assets are not generating revenue for us.

The following table provides details regarding the aircraft, engine and helicopter transactions we executed during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. The trends shown in the table reflect the execution of the various elements of our leasing strategy for our owned and managed portfolio, as described further below:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023	2022	2021 (a)	Total
Owned portfolio
New leases on new assets	202	100	45	347
New leases on used assets	113	170	107	390
Extensions of lease contracts	243	256	131	630
New asset purchases	173	109	58	340
Asset sales	167	165	56	388
Managed portfolio
New leases on new assets	—	4	—	4
New leases on used assets	13	17	14	44
Extensions of lease contracts	21	23	14	58
New asset purchases	—	9	7	16
Asset sales	21	42	6	69
Total transactions	953	895	438	2,286

(a) Does not include GECAS transactions executed prior to November 1, 2021 (the “Closing Date”).

We perform a review of all of our prospective lessees, which generally includes reviewing financial statements, business plans, cash flow projections, maintenance capabilities, operational performance histories, hedging arrangements for fuel, foreign currency and interest rates and relevant regulatory approvals and documentation. We perform on-site credit reviews for new lessees, which typically include extensive discussions with the prospective lessee’s management before we enter into a new lease. We also evaluate the jurisdiction in which the lessee operates to ensure we are in compliance with any regulations and evaluate our ability to repossess our assets in the event of a lessee default. Depending on the credit quality and financial condition of the lessee, we may require the lessee to obtain guarantees or other financial support from an acceptable financial institution or other third party.

We typically require our lessees to provide a security deposit for their performance under a lease, including the return of the leased asset in the specified maintenance condition at the expiration of the lease.

All of our lessees are responsible for the maintenance and repair of the leased flight equipment as well as other operating costs during the lease term. Based on the credit quality of the lessee, we require some of our lessees to pay supplemental maintenance rents to cover major scheduled maintenance costs. If a lessee pays supplemental maintenance rents, we reimburse them for their maintenance events (as defined in the lease) up to the amount of their supplemental maintenance rent payments. Under the terms of our leases, at lease expiration, we retain excess maintenance rents to the extent that a lessee has paid us more supplemental maintenance rents than we have reimbursed them for their maintenance events. In most lease contracts that do not require the payment of supplemental maintenance rents, the lessee is generally required to redeliver the leased asset in a similar maintenance condition (normal wear and tear excepted) as when accepted under the lease. To the extent that the redelivery condition is different from the acceptance condition, we generally receive cash compensation for the value difference at the time of redelivery. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, 33% and 31%, respectively, of our owned aircraft leases provided for supplemental maintenance rental payments.

We require the lessee to compensate us if the aircraft is not in the required condition upon redelivery. All of our leases contain provisions regarding our remedies and rights in the event of default by the lessee, and also include specific provisions regarding the required condition of the leased asset upon its redelivery.

Our lessees are also responsible for compliance with all applicable laws and regulations governing the leased asset and all related costs. We require our lessees to comply with either the FAA, EASA or their equivalent standards in other jurisdictions.

During the term of our leases, some of our lessees may experience financial difficulties resulting in the need to restructure their leases. Generally, our restructurings can involve a number of possible changes to the lease terms, including the voluntary termination of leases prior to their scheduled expiration, the arrangement of subleases from the primary lessee to a sublessee, the rescheduling of lease payments and the exchange of lease payments for other consideration. In some cases, we may repossess a leased asset and, in those cases, we usually export the leased asset from the lessee’s jurisdiction to prepare it for remarketing. In the majority of repossessions, we obtain the lessee’s cooperation and the return and export of the leased asset are completed without significant delay. In some repossessions, however, our lessees may not cooperate in returning leased assets and we may be required to take legal action. In connection with the repossession of an asset, we may be required to settle claims on such asset or to which the lessee is subject, including outstanding liens on the repossessed asset. Refer to “Item 3. Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks related to the financial strength of, and our relationship with, our lessees—If our lessees fail to cooperate in returning our assets following lease terminations, we may encounter obstacles and are likely to incur significant costs and expenses conducting repossessions” for a discussion of how repossessions may affect our financial results.

Scheduled lease expirations

The following table presents the scheduled lease expirations for our owned aircraft under operating leases by aircraft type as of December 31, 2023. The table does not give effect to contracted unexercised lease extension options, aircraft on finance leases, lease extensions or re-leases that are subject to a letter of intent, aircraft sales that have been contracted or are subject to a letter of intent, or designations of a certain aircraft for sale or disassembly of an aircraft for the sale of its parts (“part-out”).


Aircraft type	2024	2025	2026	2027	2028	2029	2030	2031	2032	2033	Thereafter	Total
Passenger Aircraft	65	130	169	184	113	86	87	104	99	88	226	1,351
Airbus A220 Family	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	9	9
Airbus A320 Family	31	67	78	99	54	25	5	10	4	—	2	375
Airbus A320neo Family	—	5	6	7	9	25	40	48	62	47	135	384
Airbus A330	1	14	12	9	5	—	3	—	1	1	—	46
Airbus A330neo Family	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	4	4
Airbus A350	—	—	—	1	7	6	6	9	—	5	7	41
Boeing 737 MAX	—	—	—	—	—	—	5	2	—	16	28	51
Boeing 737NG	19	30	57	45	16	3	15	13	13	6	8	225
Boeing 777-200ER	—	—	3	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	3
Boeing 777-300ER	1	7	4	5	4	5	—	—	—	6	10	42
Boeing 787	1	4	2	6	10	15	13	17	12	7	18	105
Embraer E190/E195/E2	8	—	2	4	5	4	—	3	6	—	5	37
Other	4	3	5	8	3	3	—	2	1	—	—	29
Freighter Aircraft	2	1	1	3	8	5	17	2	8	7	5	59
Airbus A321	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	1	—	1
Boeing 737	2	1	—	2	3	5	17	1	8	6	5	50
Boeing 747 / 767 / 777	—	—	1	1	5	—	—	1	—	—	—	8
Total (a) (b)	67	131	170	187	121	91	104	106	107	95	231	1,410

(a)As of December 31, 2023, scheduled lease expirations through the end of 2025 represented less than 7% of the aggregate net book value of our fleet. As of February 20, 2024, 40 of the 67 aircraft with leases expiring in 2024 have been re-leased, have had leases extended, have been designated for sale or part-out or sold.

(b)Includes 15 aircraft that were off-lease and under commitment for re-lease as of December 31, 2023.

Principal markets and customers

The following table presents the percentage of lease revenue of our owned portfolio from our top five lessees for the year ended December 31, 2023:


Lessee	Percentage of 2023 lease revenue
American Airlines	6.6	%
China Southern Airlines	4.5	%
Azul Airlines	3.8	%
Hainan Airlines	2.7	%
Ethiopian Airlines	2.6	%
Total	20.2	%

We lease our aircraft to lessees located in every major geographical region. The following table presents the percentage of our total lease revenue by region based on our lessee’s principal place of business for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:


	Year Ended December 31,
Region	2023		2022		2021
Asia/Pacific/Russia (a)	34	%	33	%	36	%
Europe	23	%	24	%	26	%
United States/Canada/Caribbean	19	%	20	%	16	%
Latin America	12	%	12	%	12	%
Africa/Middle East	12	%	11	%	10	%
Total	100	%	100	%	100	%

(a) Total lease revenue related to Russia was recognized until the leasing of our aircraft and engines with Russian airlines was terminated in 2022. Refer to Note 25—Net charges related to Ukraine Conflict to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in this annual report.

For further geographic information on our total lease revenue and long-lived assets, refer to Note 21—Geographic information to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in this annual report.

Aircraft and engine services

We provide aircraft and engine asset management and corporate services to securitization vehicles, joint ventures and other third parties. As of December 31, 2023, we had asset management servicing contracts with 21 parties that owned 184 aircraft and 186 engines. Since we have an established operating system to manage our own aircraft and engines, the incremental cost of providing asset management services to securitization vehicles, joint ventures and third parties is limited. Our primary aircraft and engine asset management activities include:

•remarketing aircraft and engines for lease or sale;

•collecting rental and supplemental maintenance rent payments, monitoring aircraft maintenance, monitoring and enforcing contract compliance and accepting delivery and redelivery of aircraft and engines;

•conducting ongoing lessee financial performance reviews;

•periodically inspecting the leased aircraft and engines;

•coordinating technical modifications to aircraft to meet new lessee requirements;

•conducting restructuring negotiations in connection with lease defaults;

•repossessing aircraft and engines;

•arranging and monitoring insurance coverage;

•registering and de-registering aircraft;

•arranging for aircraft and engine valuations; and

•providing market research.

We charge fees for our aircraft and engine management services based on a mixture of fixed and rental-based amounts, and we also receive performance-based fees related to the managed aircraft or engine lease revenues or sale proceeds.

We also provide corporate administrative and cash management services to securitization vehicles and joint ventures. We currently have corporate administration and/or cash management service contracts with eight parties. Our corporate administrative services consist primarily of accounting and corporate secretarial services, including the preparation of budgets and financial statements. Cash management services consist primarily of treasury services such as the financing, refinancing, hedging and ongoing cash management of these companies.

Aviation parts and supply chain

Through AerCap Materials, we provide airframe and engine parts and supply chain solutions and we disassemble aircraft and engines into parts. AerCap Materials sells airframe parts to airlines, maintenance, repair and overhaul service providers, and aircraft parts distributors.

Our business strategy

We develop and grow our aviation leasing business by executing on our focused business strategy, the key components of which are as follows:

Manage the profitability of our flight equipment portfolio

Our ability to profitably manage flight equipment throughout its lifecycle depends, in part, on our ability to successfully source acquisition opportunities of new and used flight equipment at favorable terms, as well as our ability to secure long-term funding for such acquisitions, lease flight equipment at profitable rates, minimize downtime between leases and associated maintenance expenses and opportunistically sell aircraft. We manage the long-term profitability of our flight equipment portfolio by:

•purchasing flight equipment directly from manufacturers;

•entering into purchase and leaseback transactions with airlines;

•using our global customer relationships to obtain favorable lease terms for flight equipment and maximizing utilization;

•maintaining diverse sources of global funding;

•optimizing our portfolio by selling flight equipment; and

•providing management services to securitization vehicles, our joint ventures and other aircraft owners at limited incremental cost to us.

Efficiently manage our liquidity

We analyze sources of financing based on pricing and other terms and conditions in order to optimize the return on our investments. We have the ability to access a broad range of liquidity sources globally. In 2023, we arranged $13.3 billion of financing, consisting primarily of notes issuances in the capital markets, bank debt and revolving credit facilities.

We have access to liquidity in the form of our revolving credit facilities and our term loan facilities, which provide us with flexibility in raising capital and enable us to deploy capital rapidly to accretive aircraft purchase opportunities that may arise. As of December 31, 2023, we had $11.0 billion of undrawn lines of credit available under our revolving credit and term loan facilities and $1.6 billion of unrestricted cash. We strive to maintain a diverse financing strategy, both in terms of capital providers and structure, through the use of bank debt, note issuance and export credit, including ECA-guaranteed loans, in order to maximize our financial flexibility. We also leverage our longstanding relationships with major aircraft financiers and lenders to secure access to capital. In addition, we attempt to maximize our operating cash flows and continue to pursue the sale of flight equipment to generate additional cash flows. Refer to Note 15—Debt to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in this annual report for a detailed description of our outstanding indebtedness.

Manage our flight equipment portfolio

We intend to maintain an attractive portfolio of in-demand flight equipment by acquiring new flight equipment directly from manufacturers, executing purchase and leaseback transactions with airlines, assisting airlines with refleetings and pursuing other opportunistic transactions. We rely on our experienced team of portfolio management professionals to identify and purchase assets we believe are being offered at attractive prices or that we believe will experience an increase in demand over a prolonged period of time. In addition, we intend to continue to rebalance our portfolio through sales to maintain the appropriate mix of flight equipment by customer concentration, asset, age and type.

Maintain a diversified customer base

We operate our business on a global basis, leasing flight equipment to customers in every major geographical region. We have active relationships with approximately 300 customers around the world. These customer relationships are either with existing customers or airlines with which we maintain regular dialogue in relation to potential transaction opportunities. Our relationships with these airlines help us place new flight equipment and remarket existing flight equipment. We monitor our lessee exposure concentrations by both customer and country jurisdiction and intend to maintain a well-diversified customer base. We believe we offer a quality product, both in terms of assets and service, to all of our customers. We have successfully worked with many customers to find mutually beneficial solutions to operational and financial challenges. We believe we maintain excellent relations with our customers. We have been able to achieve a high utilization rate on our aviation assets as a result of our customer reach, quality product offering and strong portfolio management capabilities.

Allocate capital efficiently

We seek to deploy our capital efficiently to provide the best long-term returns for our investors. We have a broad range of options for deployment of capital, including investment in flight equipment, repayment of debt, mergers and acquisitions and the return of capital to shareholders. We have deployed our capital across all of these areas in the past and will continue to seek opportunities to do so in the future.

Joint ventures

We conduct some of our business through joint ventures. The joint venture arrangements allow us to obtain stable servicing revenues and diversify our exposure to the economic risks related to aircraft and engines.

Shannon Engine Support Ltd

SES is a joint venture 50% owned by us and 50% owned by Safran. SES is headquartered in Shannon, Ireland, with marketing offices in Singapore, Beijing, China and Budapest, Hungary. SES offers spare engine solutions to CFMI operators, including guaranteed pool access, short-term and long-term leases, trading and exchanges, all of which can be structured and combined to meet an individual airline’s fleet requirements. SES’s spare engine pools are located at certified MRO facilities around the world, close to international logistics hubs, to easily support airlines operating CFM56 and LEAP powered aircraft. We account for our investment in SES under the equity method of accounting.

Refer to Note 10—Associated companies to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in this annual report for further details on our joint ventures.

Relationship with Airbus, Boeing and other manufacturers

We are one of the largest customers of Airbus and Boeing measured by deliveries of aircraft through 2023 and our order backlog. We were also the launch customer of the Embraer E2 program. We are also among the largest purchasers of engines from each of CFMI, GE Aviation, International Aero Engines, Pratt & Whitney and Rolls-Royce. These extensive manufacturer relationships and the scale of our business enable us to place large orders with favorable pricing and delivery terms. In addition, these strategic relationships with manufacturers and market knowledge allow us to participate in new aircraft designs, which gives us increased confidence in our airframe and engine selections. AerCap cooperates broadly with manufacturers seeking mutually beneficial opportunities.

Competition

The aviation leasing and sales business is highly competitive, and we face competition from other aviation leasing companies, airlines, aviation manufacturers, aviation brokers and financial institutions. Competition for a leasing transaction is based on a number of factors, including delivery dates, lease rates, term of lease, other lease provisions, aircraft condition and the availability in the marketplace of the types of aircraft that can meet customer requirements. As a result of our geographical reach, diverse aircraft portfolio and success in remarketing our aircraft, we believe we are a strong competitor in all of these areas.

Insurance

Our lessees are required under our leases to bear responsibility, through an operational indemnity subject to customary exclusions, and to carry insurance for any liabilities arising out of the operation of our flight equipment, including any liabilities for death or injury to persons and damage to property that ordinarily would attach to the operator of the asset.

In addition, our lessees are required to carry other types of insurance that are customary in the air transportation industry, including hull all risks insurance for both the aircraft and each engine whether or not installed on our aircraft (in each case, at a value stipulated in the relevant lease that typically exceeds the aircraft net book value by approximately 10%) and hull war risks insurance covering risks such as hijacking and terrorism and, where permitted, including confiscation, expropriation, nationalization and seizure (subject to adjustment or fleet or policy aggregate limits in certain circumstances and customary exclusions). Our lessees are also required to carry aircraft spares insurance and aircraft third-party liability insurance, in each case subject to customary deductibles and exclusions. We are named as an additional insured on liability insurance policies carried by our lessees, and we or our lenders are designated as a loss payee in the event of a total loss of an asset. We monitor the compliance by our lessees with the insurance provisions of our leases by securing confirmation of coverage from the lessees’ insurance brokers.

We also purchase insurance that provides us with coverage when our assets are not subject to a lease or where a lessee’s policy fails to indemnify us, and this insurance is subject to customary deductions and exclusions. In addition, we carry customary insurance for our property, which is subject to customary deductibles, limits and exclusions. Insurance experts advise and make recommendations to us as to the appropriate amount of insurance coverage that we should obtain. Refer to “Item 3. Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks related to the geopolitical, regulatory, corporate responsibility and legal exposure of our business—Our insurance policies, including our use of a captive insurance company, may not provide adequate protection against risks, events outside of our control may cause insurers to raise premiums and/or reduce or cancel available coverage, and we may not be able to recover losses under our policies.” Also refer to Note 31—Commitments and contingencies to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in this annual report for a detailed description of material litigation to which we are a party.

Regulation

While the air transportation industry is highly regulated, we generally are not directly subject to most of these regulations, as we do not generally operate our assets. Our lessees are subject, however, to extensive regulation under the laws of the jurisdictions in which they are registered and in which they operate. These regulations, among other things, govern the registration, operation and maintenance of our assets. Most of our aircraft are registered in the jurisdiction in which the lessee of the aircraft is certified as an air operator. Both our aircraft and engines are subject to the airworthiness and other standards imposed by our lessees’ jurisdictions of operation. Laws affecting the airworthiness of flight equipment are generally designed to ensure that all aircraft, engines and related equipment are continuously maintained in proper condition to enable safe operation of the aircraft. Most countries’ aviation laws require aircraft and engines to be maintained under an approved maintenance program with defined procedures and intervals for inspection, maintenance and repair.

Limitations on emissions, such as the ETS and CORSIA, could favor the use of younger, more fuel-efficient aircraft, since they generally produce lower levels of emissions per passenger, which could adversely affect our ability to re-lease or otherwise dispose of less efficient older aircraft on a timely basis, on favorable terms, or at all. This is an area of law that is rapidly evolving and varies by jurisdiction. While it is uncertain whether new emissions restrictions will be passed, or if passed, what impact these laws might have on our business, any future emissions limitations or other future requirements to address climate change concerns could adversely affect us.

In addition, under our leases, we may be required in some instances to obtain specific licenses, consents or approvals for different aspects of the leases. These required items include consents from governmental or regulatory authorities for certain payments under the leases and for the import, re-export or deregistration of the leased assets. Also, to perform some of our cash management services and insurance services from Ireland under our management arrangements with our joint ventures and securitization entities, we are required to have a license from the Irish regulatory authorities, which we have obtained.

The United States, among other jurisdictions, regulates the export of goods, software, technology, and military items from the United States. In addition to the Office of Foreign Assets Control, two principal U.S. Government agencies have regulatory authority in this area. The U.S. Department of State, Directorate of Defense Trade Controls (“DDTC”) administers the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (“ITAR”) and the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Industry and Security administers the Export Administration Regulations (“EAR”).

ITAR and EAR compliance are an integral part of AerCap’s compliance activities. Our wholly-owned subsidiary, Milestone Aviation, is a helicopter operating lessor that engages in defense trade activities. While our fleet is comprised of civil helicopters, certain of the helicopters (generally helicopters configured for SAR or police services missions) are equipped with controlled equipment covered by active ITAR licenses. In view of our defense trade activities, The Milestone Aviation Group LLC is registered with DDTC as an exporter and broker under ITAR. The controlled equipment in our fleet may require prior authorizations to be exported to certain jurisdictions. Any failures by us or our customers or suppliers to comply with these laws and regulations could result in civil or criminal penalties, fines, investigations, adverse publicity or restrictions on its ability to continue to engage in business activities involving controlled equipment, and repeat failures could carry more significant penalties. Any changes in export or sanctions regulations may further restrict business activities involving controlled equipment. The length of time required by the licensing processes can vary, potentially delaying helicopter lease transactions and the recognition of the corresponding revenue.

Please refer to “Item 3. Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks related to the geopolitical, regulatory, corporate responsibility and legal exposure of our business—We are subject to regulatory and compliance risks and requirements associated with transacting business in many countries” and “Item 3. Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks related to the geopolitical, regulatory, corporate responsibility and legal exposure of our business—Our assets are subject to various environmental regulations and concerns, including those relating to climate change” for a detailed discussion of government sanctions, export controls and other regulations that could affect our business.

Litigation

Please refer to Note 31—Commitments and contingencies to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in this annual report for a detailed description of material litigation to which we are a party.

Trademarks

AerCap Holdings N.V. has registered the “AerCap” trademark with various intellectual property offices, including those in the United States, Argentina, Australia, Benelux, Brazil, Canada, Chile, European Union, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Ireland, Korea, Mexico, New Zealand, Pakistan, Panama, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom, as well as filed the “AerCap” trademark with the World Intellectual Property Organization (“WIPO”). AerCap Holdings N.V. has also filed trademark applications for the “AerCap” logos and the “Never Stand Still” trademark with various intellectual property offices, including those in the United States, Australia, Belarus, Benelux, Brazil, Canada, China, the European Union, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, Republic of Korea, Russia, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, Vietnam and WIPO. The Milestone Aviation Group LLC has registered the “Milestone” trademark with the United States Patent and Trademark Office, the European Union Intellectual Property Office, and various local trademark authorities.

Culture and values

We are proud of our high-performance culture, which is built on the values of Ambition, Excellence and Respect. We believe that true success is built upon a foundation of trust and integrity, and we endeavor to create an environment where our people feel included and empowered to do their best work and reach their full potential. We strive to conduct our business with integrity and in an honest and responsible manner and to build and maintain long-term, mutually beneficial relationships with our customers, suppliers, shareholders, employees and other stakeholders. These values contribute to sustainable long-term value creation for AerCap and its stakeholders and are further specified in our code of conduct and our ethics-related compliance policies, procedures, trainings and programs. Ethical behavior is strongly promoted by the senior leadership team. The Company has an excellent track record in relation to ethics and compliance. These ethical values are reflected in the Company’s long-term strategy and our way of doing business. During 2023, we launched our new corporate brand identity and our new employer brand, which emphasize and reinforce our culture and values.

Sustainability and community

During 2023, our Board-level ESG Committee (“the ESG Committee”) met four times to discuss and review AerCap’s approach to ESG-related topics. The ESG Committee comprises three independent directors of the AerCap Board and three members of the AerCap senior leadership team. We believe this creates a balance between the execution of strategy at an executive level and the independent oversight and counsel of the experienced board members. These individuals have relevant experience in areas such as governance, sustainability, greenhouse gas emissions management, charitable outreach, financial reporting and reputational risk management. The ESG Committee is responsible for assisting AerCap’s Board of Directors in defining and reviewing the Company’s strategy relating to ESG and developing and maintaining the Company’s policies, programs, targets and initiatives in this space. This approach is designed to provide dedicated oversight of ESG issues at the highest level. In December 2022, AerCap’s Board of Directors approved AerCap’s ESG Strategy, which is aligned with AerCap’s overall strategic approach to be positioned for growth and resilient against risks. This ESG Strategy outlines the Company’s overall ESG goals, risks and opportunities and is focused on the impact AerCap can have through asset purchases and sales, leasing activity, financing and investment, collaboration with partnerships, engagement on policy, governance and AerCap’s role as an employer.

In April 2023, we published our latest annual ESG report (the “2022 ESG Report”), which was based on Global Reporting Initiative (“GRI”) Standards. The 2022 ESG Report is publicly available on our website and is not incorporated by reference into this annual report. The 2022 ESG Report sets forth in detail our commitment to growing our business in a responsible and sustainable way. We continue to expand and refine our ESG reporting, based on best practices and our engagement with stakeholders and their expectations. In 2022, AerCap published its Scope 3 greenhouse gas emissions from downstream leased assets (owned aircraft only) for every year since 2015. Since 2014, AerCap has transformed its fleet from approximately 6% new technology aircraft measured by net book value to approximately 70% new technology aircraft at the end of 2023, among the highest percentages of all major aircraft lessors. New technology aircraft produce significantly lower emissions than the previous generation aircraft they replace and drive emissions reductions for our airline customers as well as significant cost savings. The reduction in Scope 3 greenhouse gas emissions that AerCap achieved from 2015 to 2020 was the direct result of AerCap’s strategy of purchasing what we believe are the most fuel-efficient, and newest technology aircraft available from the Original Equipment Manufacturers (“OEMs”) and disposing of older technology and less fuel-efficient aircraft. With the acquisition of GECAS in November 2021, our fleet of owned aircraft nearly doubled, and as a result, our Scope 3 greenhouse gas emissions in 2022 increased. However, as we continue to progress towards our target of 75% new technology aircraft by the end of 2024, we aim to reduce our Scope 3 greenhouse gas emissions going forward.

In 2023, AerCap purchased 80 fuel-efficient, new technology aircraft and sold 74 primarily current technology aircraft with an average age of 16 years. Approximately 80 of our airline customers now lease new technology aircraft from us. We believe the best way for us to support the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions is to follow the “leading-edge” approach, which means taking the best steps available to our industry. Today, that means investing in new technology aircraft, and we are on track to meet our ambitious target to transition our fleet to 75% new technology aircraft by net book value by the end of 2024.

Through AerCap Materials, we are able to efficiently retire aircraft. ICAO estimates that approximately 85-90% of an aircraft can be recycled back into the supply chain either as spare parts or raw materials. AerCap Materials has been certified by the International Organization for Standardization and the Aircraft Fleet Recycling Association and has over 50 years’ experience in this field, contributing to our processes designed to help ensure that aircraft are retired with adherence to strict environmental and safety protocols.

AerCap is a member of Aircraft Leasing Ireland (“ALI”) and is a signatory to ALI’s inaugural Sustainability Charter, which outlines ten priority sustainability principles focused on areas including climate action and net zero greenhouse gas emissions, technology and innovation and waste and the circular economy. AerCap has a dedicated Government Affairs function based in Brussels that is focused on legislative developments and strategic matters emerging from Europe and beyond. We are engaged in active and frequent dialogue and collaboration with regulatory policymakers, government bodies, industry trade associations and key business partners on aviation decarbonization policies.

In our offices globally, AerCap is committed to increasing our efficient use of resources and reducing unnecessary waste. Our headquarters in Dublin has been Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Platinum certified in areas such as building materials, energy and water use and accessibility. We are working with our landlords to improve the efficiency of our other offices.

At AerCap, we believe our employees are our greatest asset. We actively seek to hire and retain talented employees and remunerate our employees with what we believe are some of the most attractive packages in the industry. This includes not only competitive salaries and benefits, but also performance-based-bonuses and employee share schemes. In addition, we also provide opportunities for employees to move and grow within the organization through continuous development programs, industry insights, training and knowledge sharing sessions. In 2022, we introduced a flexible working policy which was well received by our employees. We see great value in having a diverse workforce, in terms of gender diversity as well as diversity of cultural, social and educational backgrounds. We aim to recruit, employ and promote employees on the basis of qualifications and performance and we are committed to treating all current and prospective employees equally irrespective of race, religion, gender, marital status, family/civil status, sexual orientation, age, disability or any other characteristic protected by applicable laws and regulations. AerCap is committed to maintaining a productive working environment in which all employees are treated with mutual dignity and respect. All employees have the right to work in an environment that is free from sexual harassment, other forms of harassment and bullying. In 2022, AerCap launched its first Diversity, Equity, Inclusion and Belonging (“DEIB”) survey, to help develop a framework for our Diversity and Inclusion (“D&I”) strategy in line with our greater headcount, following the GECAS Transaction. The survey was aimed at understanding what DEIB means to our employees, their views on how AerCap supports these efforts and where and how we can do better. In 2023, we also conducted several D&I focus groups across the Company to gain further insight into the key themes that emerged from the survey, with a view to implementing tangible actions. As a result of the survey and the focus groups, training on topics related to D&I was made available to all employees during 2023. In addition, all relevant corporate policies and procedures were reviewed, and adapted where necessary, to ensure alignment with the Company’s D&I objectives. AerCap’s senior leadership team, together with the ESG Committee, will continue to engage and utilize feedback from employees to further develop programs and initiatives that support our D&I strategy.

We participate in a significant number of charitable events and industry-related educational programs each year. In 2017, AerCap established a Corporate Social Responsibility (“CSR”) Committee. This Committee is employee-led and is responsible for the selection and implementation of fundraising and volunteering initiatives across the Company. At the beginning of each calendar year, AerCap employees vote for four charitable and social themes from a shortlist selected by the CSR committee. Throughout the year, the CSR Committee is responsible for reviewing and evaluating requests for support for charitable and community-related initiatives aligned with the chosen themes. In 2023, the themes employees chose to support were mental health and suicide prevention services, cancer care and hospice services, domestic abuse, gender-based violence and violence against women, child protection and adults and children with special needs. We encourage employees to support local and national organizations that strengthen the communities in which they live and work. Several of our charitable initiatives involve the Company’s matching of funds raised through employee team efforts for the benefit of local community projects. In addition to this, the CSR Committee can nominate chosen charity partners that would benefit from longer-term partnerships with AerCap, rather than one-time donations. As an example, in 2023 AerCap was pleased to support Concern Worldwide’s CHANGE program in Ethiopia, as well as the Museum of Literature Ireland’s “MoLI in the Classroom” program. In 2023, together with our employees, AerCap donated over $800,000 to charitable and social causes.

AerCap is proud to be a sponsor of the prestigious MSc in Aviation Finance program at University College Dublin (“UCD”) Michael Smurfit Graduate Business School since the program launched in 2015. In addition to sponsorship, the Company also arranges for key employees to give lectures to students and provides internships to a number of students from the program. This gives graduates the opportunity to gain valuable hands-on experience in a range of disciplines. In 2019, AerCap established a scholarship program with the University of Limerick (“UL”), the first Women in Aviation program of its type in Ireland. The program aims to create awareness amongst female students of Aeronautical Engineering as a career option and encourage more women to join the industry. Since the launch of the initiative five first-year students of the UL Bachelor of Engineering in Aeronautical Engineering have been awarded the AerCap Women in Aviation Scholarship. As well as an annual financial bursary provided to the scholarship recipients, students have the opportunity to gain first-hand experience through an eight-month internship in the AerCap technical department with mentoring from experienced professionals in the team.

AerCap launched a four-year scholarship program in 2021 in partnership with the Faculty of Engineering at the International School of Engineering at Chulalongkorn University, Thailand, the country’s number one ranked university and a world-class leader in aerospace engineering education. In addition to the scholarships, AerCap provides a range of tailored support to students, including guest lectures, workshops, and summer internships. As part of the program, students undertake a research project focused on ESG and related innovations in the aviation industry, supported by AerCap. As part of our scholarship program with Chulalongkorn University, we sponsored the AerCap ESG Challenge, where we invited aerospace engineering students to showcase their innovative ideas and solutions to tackle ESG challenges in the aviation industry.

Flight equipment portfolio

The following table presents our flight equipment portfolio by type as of December 31, 2023:


Type	Number of owned assets	% Net Book Value		Number of managed assets	Number of assets on order	Total assets owned, managed and on order
Passenger Aircraft	1,487	85	%	177	338	2,002
Airbus A220 Family	9	1	%	6	10	25
Airbus A320neo Family	384	29	%	23	148	555
Airbus A320 Family	428	9	%	63	—	491
Airbus A330neo Family	4	1	%	1	8	13
Airbus A330	48	2	%	9	—	57
Airbus A350	41	8	%	6	—	47
Boeing 737 MAX	59	4	%	8	120	187
Boeing 737NG	264	9	%	59	—	323
Boeing 777-200ER	4	—		—	—	4
Boeing 777-300ER	45	3	%	1	—	46
Boeing 787	106	18	%	1	19	126
Embraer E190/E195/E2	66	1	%	—	28	94
Other (a)	29	—		—	5	34
Freighter Aircraft	69	2	%	7	—	76
Airbus A321	1	—		—	—	1
Boeing 737	51	1	%	7	—	58
Boeing 747/767/777	17	1	%	—	—	17
Engines	439	7	%	577	37	1,053
Helicopters	313	6	%	—	8	321
Total	2,308	100	%	761	383	3,452

(a)Other includes 29 owned aircraft (including five Embraer E170/175 aircraft; seven Boeing 767 aircraft; 16 ATR and De Havilland Canada DHC-8-400 aircraft, and one Boeing 757 aircraft) and five regional jet aircraft on order.

The following table presents our owned aircraft portfolio by type of aircraft as a percentage of total net book value as of each of the five years ended December 31:


	As of December 31,
Aircraft type	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019
Passenger Aircraft	97	%	98	%	97	%	100	%	100	%
Airbus A220 Family	1	%	—		—		—		—
Airbus A320neo Family	34	%	31	%	27	%	23	%	18	%
Airbus A320 Family	10	%	12	%	13	%	13	%	14	%
Airbus A330neo Family	1	%	—		—		—		—
Airbus A330	2	%	2	%	3	%	4	%	7	%
Airbus A350	9	%	10	%	10	%	10	%	10	%
Boeing 737 MAX	5	%	4	%	3	%	1	%	1	%
Boeing 737NG	10	%	12	%	13	%	15	%	16	%
Boeing 777-200ER	—		—		—		1	%	1	%
Boeing 777-300/300ER	4	%	4	%	5	%	3	%	4	%
Boeing 787	20	%	21	%	20	%	29	%	28	%
Embraer E190/195/E2	1	%	1	%	2	%	1	%	1	%
Other	—		1	%	1	%	—		—
Freighter Aircraft	3	%	2	%	3	%	—		—
Airbus A321	—		—		—		—		—
Boeing 737	2	%	1	%	2	%	—		—
Boeing 747/767/777	1	%	1	%	1	%	—		—
Total	100	%	100	%	100	%	100	%	100	%

New technology aircraft (a)	70	%	66	%	61	%	63	%	58	%

(a)New technology aircraft include Airbus A220 Family, Airbus A320neo Family, Airbus A330neo Family, Airbus A350, Boeing 737 MAX, Boeing 787 and Embraer E2 aircraft.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, we had the following activity related to owned aircraft:


	Held for operating leases	Investment in finance leases, net	Held for sale	Total owned aircraft
Number of owned aircraft at beginning of period	1,422	136	14	1,572
Aircraft purchases (a)	83	—	—	83
Aircraft reclassified to held for sale	(27)	—	27	—
Aircraft sold or designated for part-out (b)	(50)	(21)	(28)	(99)
Aircraft reclassified from investment in finance leases, net	(6)	6	—	—

Number of owned aircraft at end of period	1,422	121	13	1,556

(a)Includes 80 new aircraft purchases and three used aircraft purchases.

(b)Includes 25 aircraft that were reclassified to inventory.

Aircraft on order

The following table details our 338 aircraft on order as of December 31, 2023:


Aircraft type	2024	2025	2026	2027	2028	Thereafter	Total
Airbus A220 Family	10	—	—	—	—	—	10
Airbus A320neo Family	43	45	33	22	5	—	148
Airbus A330neo Family	8	—	—	—	—	—	8

Boeing 737 MAX	17	32	38	33	—	—	120
Boeing 787	4	10	5	—	—	—	19
Embraer E190/195-E2	10	18	—	—	—	—	28
Other	—	—	—	—	—	5	5
Total	92	105	76	55	5	5	338

Due to our aircraft order book, we believe that we are well-positioned to take advantage of trading opportunities and expand our aircraft portfolio. We believe that our global network of strong relationships with airlines, aircraft manufacturers, maintenance, repair and overhaul service providers and commercial and financial institutions gives us a competitive advantage in sourcing and executing transactions. Our revolving credit facilities are designed to allow us to rapidly execute our portfolio management strategies by providing us with large-scale committed funding to acquire new and used aircraft.

Aircraft acquisitions and dispositions

We purchase new and used aircraft directly from aircraft manufacturers, airlines and financial investors. The aircraft we purchase are both on-lease and off-lease, depending on market conditions and the composition of our portfolio. The buyers of our aircraft include airlines, financial investors and other aircraft leasing companies. We acquire aircraft at attractive prices in three primary ways: by purchasing large quantities of aircraft directly from manufacturers to take advantage of volume discounts; by purchasing portfolios consisting of aircraft of varying types and ages; and by entering into purchase and leaseback transactions with airlines. In addition, we also opportunistically purchase individual aircraft that we believe are being offered at attractive prices. Through our marketing team, which is in frequent contact with airlines worldwide, we are also able to identify attractive acquisition and disposition opportunities. We sell aircraft when we believe the market price for the type of aircraft has reached its peak or to rebalance the composition of our aircraft portfolio.

Prior to a purchase or disposition, our dedicated portfolio management group analyzes the aircraft’s price, fit in our aircraft portfolio, specification and configuration, maintenance history and condition, the existing lease terms, financial condition and creditworthiness of the existing lessee, the jurisdiction of the lessee, industry trends, financing arrangements and the aircraft’s redeployment potential and value, among other factors. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we purchased 80 new aircraft and sold 74 aircraft from our owned portfolio.

History and development of the Company

AerCap Holdings N.V. was incorporated in the Netherlands as a public limited liability company (“naamloze vennootschap” or “N.V.”) on July 10, 2006. AerCap is the global leader in aviation leasing with 2,078 aircraft owned, managed or on order, approximately 1,000 engines (including engines owned and managed by SES), over 300 owned helicopters, and total assets of $71 billion as of December 31, 2023. Our ordinary shares are listed on the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) under the ticker symbol AER. Our headquarters is located in Dublin, and we have offices in Shannon, Miami, Singapore, Memphis, Amsterdam, Shanghai, Dubai and other locations. We also have representative offices at the world’s largest aircraft manufacturers, Boeing in Seattle and Airbus in Toulouse.

As of December 31, 2023, we had 215,543,739 ordinary shares issued, including 202,493,168 ordinary shares issued and outstanding, and 13,050,571 ordinary shares held as treasury shares. Our issued and outstanding ordinary shares included 4,561,249 shares of unvested restricted stock.

The address of our headquarters in Dublin is AerCap House, 65 St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin D02 YX20, Ireland, and our general telephone number is +353 1 819 2010. Our website address is www.aercap.com. Information contained on our website does not constitute a part of this annual report. Puglisi & Associates is our authorized representative in the United States. The address of Puglisi & Associates is 850 Liberty Avenue, Suite 204, Newark, DE 19711 and their general telephone number is +1 (302) 738-6680. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) maintains an internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. You can review our SEC filings, including this annual report, by accessing the SEC’s internet website at www.sec.gov.

AerCap completed the acquisition of the GECAS business from GE on November 1, 2021. Immediately following the completion of the GECAS Transaction, GE held approximately 46% of AerCap’s issued and outstanding ordinary shares. As a result of several sales of their shares during the year ended December 31, 2023, as of November 16, 2023, GE no longer beneficially owned any of our outstanding ordinary shares.

Our primary capital expenditure is the purchase of flight equipment under purchase agreements with the manufacturers (primarily, Airbus, Boeing and Embraer for aircraft). Please refer to “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Liquidity and capital resources” for a detailed discussion of our capital expenditures. The following table presents our capital expenditures for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
	(U.S. Dollars in thousands)
Purchase of flight equipment	$	4,662,680	$	3,480,074	$	1,703,395
Prepayments on flight equipment	1,569,706		391,498		86,386

Facilities

We lease our Dublin, Ireland headquarters office facility under a 25-year lease that began in December 2015, that has a termination right, at our option, in 2031. We lease our Shannon, Ireland office facility under a lease that expires in 2033, with an option to terminate in 2029. We lease our Singapore office facility under a lease that expires in February 2029. We lease our Miami office facility under a lease that expires in December 2034, with an option to terminate in 2030. In addition to the above facilities, we also lease offices in various locations around the world, including: Dublin, Ireland; Memphis, Tennessee; Amsterdam, The Netherlands; London, United Kingdom; Shanghai, China; and Dubai, United Arab Emirates.

Organizational structure

AerCap Holdings N.V. is a holding company that holds directly and indirectly consolidated subsidiaries, which in turn own our aviation assets. As of December 31, 2023, AerCap Holdings N.V. did not own significant assets other than its direct and indirect investments in its subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2023, our major operating subsidiaries, each of which is ultimately 100%-owned by AerCap Holdings N.V., are AerCap Ireland Limited (Ireland) (“AerCap Ireland”), AerCap Ireland Capital DAC (Ireland), AerCap Global Aviation Trust (United States) (“AerCap Trust”), AerCap Aviation Leasing Limited (Ireland), Celestial Aviation Funding Unlimited Company (Ireland) and Celestial Aviation Services Limited (Ireland). Refer to Exhibit 8.1—List of Subsidiaries of AerCap Holdings N.V. for a complete list of all our subsidiaries.

Item 4A. Unresolved Staff Comments

Not applicable.

Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects

You should read this discussion in conjunction with our audited Consolidated Financial Statements and the related notes included in this annual report. Our financial statements are presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, or U.S. GAAP. The discussion below contains forward looking statements that are based upon our current expectations and are subject to uncertainty and changes of circumstances. Refer to “Item 3. Key Information—Risk Factors” and “Special Note About Forward Looking Statements.”

Overview

Net income attributable to AerCap Holdings N.V. for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $3.1 billion, compared to net loss attributable to AerCap of $726 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. For the year ended December 31, 2023, diluted earnings per share was $13.78 and the weighted average number of diluted shares outstanding was 227,656,343, compared to diluted net loss per share of $3.02 and weighted average number of diluted shares of 240,486,849 for the year ended December 31, 2022. Net cash flows provided by operating activities were $5.3 billion for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to net cash flows provided by operating activities of $5.2 billion for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Major developments in 2023

In 2023, AerCap:

•Executed a total of 953 transactions, including 592 lease agreements;

•Completed purchases of 173 assets, including 80 fuel-efficient, new technology owned aircraft, for approximately $6.4 billion;

•Completed sales of 167 assets for aggregate proceeds of approximately $2.8 billion, including 74 owned aircraft with an average age of 16 years;

•Repurchased an aggregate of 44.3 million ordinary shares for approximately $2.6 billion under share repurchase programs authorized by our Board of Directors in 2023, including the repurchase of 36.4 million shares from GE for $2.1 billion;

•Arranged $13.3 billion of financing, consisting primarily of notes issuances in the capital markets, bank debt and revolving credit facilities; and

•Recognized recoveries of $1.3 billion related to cash insurance settlement proceeds pursuant to insurance settlements with six Russian airlines and their Russian insurers in respect of 67 aircraft and ten spare engines lost in Russia.

Also in 2023, GE sold all 111,500,000 of our ordinary shares, which represented 46% of our ordinary shares immediately following the GECAS Transaction. As of November 16, 2023, GE no longer beneficially owned any of our outstanding ordinary shares.

Aviation assets

During the year ended December 31, 2023, we purchased 80 new technology owned aircraft, 76 engines and 17 helicopters for approximately $6.4 billion. As of December 31, 2023, we owned 1,556 aircraft and managed 184 aircraft. We also owned or managed approximately 1,000 engines (including engines owned and managed by SES) and owned over 300 helicopters. As of December 31, 2023, we had 338 new aircraft on order. The average age of our fleet of 1,556 owned aircraft, weighted by net book value, was 7.3 years as of December 31, 2023.

Significant components of revenues and expenses

Revenues and other income

Our revenues and other income consist primarily of basic lease rents, maintenance rents and other receipts, net gain on sale of assets and other income.

Basic lease rents and maintenance rents and other receipts

Our aircraft lease agreements generally provide for the periodic payment of a fixed or a floating amount of rent. Floating rents for aircraft are tied to interest rates during the terms of the respective leases. During the year ended December 31, 2023, 1.5% of our basic lease rents from aircraft under operating leases was attributable to leases with lease rates tied to floating interest rates. In addition, our leases require the payment of supplemental maintenance rent based on aircraft utilization during the lease term, or EOL compensation calculated with reference to the condition of the aircraft at lease expiration. The amount of basic lease rents and maintenance rents and other receipts (together, “lease revenue”) we recognize is primarily influenced by the following five factors:

•the contracted lease rate, which is highly dependent on the age, condition and type of the leased aircraft;

•for leases with rates tied to floating interest rates, interest rates during the term of the lease;

•the number of aircraft currently subject to lease contracts;

•the lessee’s performance of its lease obligations; and

•the amount of EOL compensation payments we receive, maintenance revenue and other receipts recognized during the lease and accrued maintenance liabilities recognized as revenue at the end of a lease.

In addition to aircraft-specific factors such as the type, condition and age of the aircraft, the lease rates for our leases with fixed rental payments are initially determined in part by reference to the prevailing interest rate for a debt instrument with a term similar to the lease term and with a similar credit quality as the lessee at the time we enter into the lease. Many of the factors described above are influenced by global and regional economic trends, airline market conditions, the supply and demand balance for the type of aircraft we own and our ability to remarket our aircraft subject to expiring lease contracts under favorable economic terms.

As of December 31, 2023, 1,529 of our 1,556 owned aircraft were on lease, with no lessee representing more than 10% of total lease revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2023, our owned aircraft portfolio included 27 aircraft that were off-lease. As of February 20, 2024, of these 27 aircraft, 17 were re-leased or under commitments for re-lease, two aircraft were designated for sale or part-out (which represented less than 1% of the aggregate net book value of our fleet), six aircraft were being marketed for re-lease (which represented less than 1% of the aggregate net book value of our fleet) and two aircraft were sold.

Net gain on sale of assets

Our net gain on sale of assets is generated from the sale of our flight equipment and is largely dependent on the condition of the asset being sold, prevailing interest rates, airline market conditions and the supply and demand balance for the type of asset we are selling. The timing of aircraft sale closings is often uncertain, as a sale may be concluded swiftly or negotiations may extend over several weeks or months. As a result, even if net gain on sale of assets is comparable over a long period of time, during any particular reporting period we may close significantly more or fewer sale transactions than in other reporting periods. Accordingly, net gain on sale of assets recorded in one reporting period may not be comparable to net gain on sale of assets in other reporting periods.

Other income

Other income consists of proceeds from interest revenue, management fee revenue, insurance proceeds, claims sales, inventory sales and income related to other miscellaneous activities.

Our interest revenue is derived primarily from interest on unrestricted and restricted cash balances and on financial instruments we hold, such as notes receivable, loans receivable and subordinated debt investments in unconsolidated securitization vehicles or affiliates. The amount of interest revenue we recognize in any period is influenced by our unrestricted or restricted cash balances, the principal balance of financial instruments we hold, contracted or effective interest rates, and movements in provisions for financial instruments which can affect adjustments to valuations or provisions.

We generate management fee revenue by providing management services to non-consolidated aircraft securitization vehicles, joint ventures, and other third parties. Our management services include aircraft asset management services, such as leasing, remarketing and technical advisory services, cash management and treasury services, and accounting and administrative services.

Operating expenses

Our operating expenses consist primarily of depreciation and amortization, net (recoveries) charges related to Ukraine Conflict, interest expense, leasing expenses and selling, general and administrative expenses.

Depreciation and amortization

Our depreciation expense is influenced by the adjusted gross book values, depreciable lives and estimated residual values of our flight equipment. Adjusted gross book value is the original cost of our flight equipment, adjusted for subsequent capitalized improvements, impairments and accounting basis adjustments associated with a business combination or a purchase and leaseback transaction. In addition, we have definite-lived intangible assets which are amortized over the period which we expect to derive economic benefits from such assets.

Net (recoveries) charges related to Ukraine Conflict

The Ukraine Conflict, including the sanctions and the actions of our former Russian lessees and the Russian government, represents an unusual and infrequent event that is classified separately on our Consolidated Income Statements. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized recoveries of $1.3 billion, which primarily consisted of insurance settlement proceeds received. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized a pre-tax net charge of $2.7 billion to our earnings, comprised of write-offs and impairments of flight equipment, which were partially offset by the derecognition of lease-related assets and liabilities (including maintenance rights and lease premium intangible assets, maintenance liabilities, security deposits and other balances) and the collection of letter of credit proceeds. We recognized a total loss write-off on our assets that remain in Russia and Ukraine, and impairment losses on the assets we have recovered from Russian and Ukrainian airlines. Refer to Note 25—Net charges related to Ukraine Conflict to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in this annual report.

Interest expense

Our interest expense arises from a variety of debt funding structures and related derivative financial instruments as described in “Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk,” Note 12—Derivative financial instruments and Note 15—Debt to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in this annual report. Interest expense in any period is primarily affected by contracted interest rates, amortization of fair value adjustments, amortization of debt issuance costs and debt discounts and premiums, principal amounts of indebtedness and unrealized mark-to-market gains or losses on derivative financial instruments for which we do not achieve cash flow hedge accounting treatment.

Leasing expenses

Our leasing expenses consist primarily of maintenance rights asset amortization expense, maintenance expenses on our flight equipment, which we incur during the lease through lessor maintenance contributions or when we perform maintenance on our off-lease aircraft, expenses we incur to monitor the maintenance condition of our flight equipment during a lease, expenses to transition flight equipment from an expired lease to a new lease contract, non-capitalizable flight equipment expenses, litigation expenses, insurance expenses and provisions for credit losses on notes receivable, loans and investment in finance leases, net.

Maintenance rights assets are recognized at fair value when we acquire flight equipment subject to existing leases. These assets represent the contractual right to receive the aircraft in a specified maintenance condition at the end of the lease under lease contracts with EOL payment provisions, or our right to receive the aircraft in better maintenance condition due to aircraft maintenance events performed by the lessee either through reimbursement of maintenance deposit rents held under lease contracts with maintenance reserve (“MR”) provisions, or through a lessor contribution to the lessee.

For leases with EOL maintenance provisions, upon lease termination, we recognize receipt of EOL cash compensation as lease revenue to the extent those receipts exceed the EOL maintenance rights asset, and we recognize leasing expenses when the EOL maintenance rights asset exceeds the EOL cash received. For leases with maintenance reserve payment provisions, we recognize maintenance rights expense at the time the lessee submits a reimbursement claim and provides the required documentation related to the cost of a qualifying maintenance event that relates to pre-acquisition usage.

Selling, general and administrative expenses

Our selling, general and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel expenses, including salaries and benefits, share-based compensation expense, professional and advisory costs, office facility expenses and travel expenses, as summarized in Note 23—Selling, general and administrative expenses to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in this annual report. The level of our selling, general and administrative expenses is influenced primarily by the number of our employees and the extent of transactions or ventures we pursue that require the assistance of outside professionals or advisors.

Income tax (expense) benefit

Our operations are taxable primarily in Ireland, the significant jurisdiction where we manage our business. Deferred taxes are provided to reflect the impact of temporary differences between our income before income taxes and our taxable income. The primary source of temporary differences is the availability of tax depreciation in our primary operating jurisdiction. Our effective tax rate has varied from year to year. Our effective tax rate is impacted by the source and amount of earnings among our various tax jurisdictions, permanent tax differences relative to pre-tax income or loss, and certain other discrete items.

We have tax losses in certain jurisdictions that can be carried forward, which we recognize as deferred tax assets. We evaluate the recoverability of deferred tax assets in each jurisdiction in each period based upon our estimates of future taxable income in these jurisdictions. If we determine that we are not likely to generate sufficient taxable income in a jurisdiction prior to expiration, if any, of the availability of tax losses, we establish a valuation allowance against the tax loss to reduce the deferred tax asset to its recoverable value. We evaluate the appropriate level of valuation allowances annually and make adjustments as necessary. Increases or decreases to valuation allowances can affect our income tax (expense) benefit in our Consolidated Income Statements and consequently may affect our effective tax rate in a given year.

Factors affecting our results

Our results of operations have also been affected by a variety of other factors, primarily:

•the number, type, age and condition of the flight equipment we own;

•aviation industry market conditions, including general economic and political conditions;

•the demand for our flight equipment and the resulting lease rates we are able to obtain for our flight equipment;

•the availability and cost of debt capital to finance purchases of flight equipment;

•the purchase price we pay for our flight equipment;

•the number, type and sale price of flight equipment, or parts in the event of a part-out of flight equipment, we sell in a period;

•the ability of our lessees to meet their lease obligations, and the timing thereof, and maintain our flight equipment in airworthy and marketable condition;

•increased global inflation leading to rising interest rates, which affect our lease revenues, our interest expense, the market value of our interest rate derivatives, and the market value of our flight equipment;

•the utilization rates of our flight equipment;

•the recognition of non-cash share-based compensation expense related to the issuance of restricted stock units or restricted stock;

•our expectations of future maintenance reimbursements and lessee maintenance contributions;

•our ability to fund our business; and

•our ability to recover claims related to insurance policies, airline bankruptcies or other restructurings.

Factors affecting the comparability of our results

Net (recoveries) charges related to Ukraine Conflict

During 2023, we recognized pre-tax recoveries of $1.3 billion to our earnings, which primarily consisted of insurance settlement proceeds received.

During 2022, we recognized pre-tax net charges of $2.7 billion to our earnings as a result of the impacts of the Ukraine Conflict, comprised of write-offs of $2.9 billion and impairments of $295 million of flight equipment, which were partially offset by the derecognition of lease-related assets and liabilities (including maintenance rights and lease premium intangible assets, maintenance liabilities, security deposits and other balances) and the collection of letter of credit proceeds. We recognized a total loss write-off on our assets that remain in Russia and Ukraine, and impairment losses on the assets we have recovered from Russian and Ukrainian airlines.

Refer to Note 25—Net charges related to Ukraine Conflict to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in this annual report for further details.

Sales transactions

During 2023, we completed sales of flight equipment for aggregate proceeds of $2.8 billion and recognized a net gain on sale of assets of $490 million.

During 2022, we completed sales of flight equipment for aggregate proceeds of $2.2 billion and recognized a net gain on sale of assets of $229 million.

Share repurchases

During 2023, our Board of Directors authorized total repurchases of up to $2.9 billion of AerCap ordinary shares and we repurchased an aggregate of 44.3 million of our ordinary shares under share repurchase programs at an average price of $59.09 per ordinary share, for approximately $2.6 billion.

During 2022, there were no share repurchase programs approved by our Board of Directors.

Proceeds from unsecured claims

During 2023, we recognized $6 million of proceeds related to unsecured claims in other income.

During 2022, we recognized $99 million of proceeds related to unsecured claims in other income.

Trends in our business

We continue to see the recovery of both domestic and international air travel following the Covid-19 pandemic. During 2023, demand for air travel further increased across most major markets, particularly for leisure and short-haul trips, with the recovery accelerated by the re-opening of China. The number of passengers has continued to grow and is approaching pre-pandemic levels. Overall global passenger traffic, measured in revenue passenger kilometers (“RPKs”), rose substantially in 2023, and reached approximately 94% of 2019 pre-pandemic levels, according to the International Air Transport Association (“IATA”). In addition, domestic travel set new highs in 2023 and RPKs exceeded 2019 pre-pandemic levels by 4%. IATA expects passenger demand to fully return to pre-Covid-19 levels in 2024.

Critical accounting estimates

Our Consolidated Financial Statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, and require us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in our Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying notes. The use of estimates is or could be a significant factor affecting the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses, and related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. Our estimates and assumptions are based on historical experiences and currently available information that management believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from our estimates under different conditions, sometimes materially. Critical accounting estimates are defined as those that are both most important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations and that require our judgments, estimates and assumptions. Our critical accounting estimates are described below.

Flight equipment held for operating leases, net

Flight equipment held for operating leases is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment. Flight equipment is depreciated to its estimated residual value on a straight-line basis over the useful life of the asset. The costs of improvements to flight equipment are generally recorded as leasing expenses unless the improvement increases the long-term value of the flight equipment. In that case, the improvement cost is capitalized and depreciated over the estimated remaining useful life of the aircraft.


	Useful Life (a)	Residual Value (b)
Passenger aircraft	25 years	15	%
Freighter aircraft	35 years	15	%
Helicopters	30 years	20	%
Engines	20 years	60	%

(a) Useful life may be determined to be a different period depending on the disposition strategy.

(b) Estimated industry price, except where more relevant information indicates that a different residual value is more appropriate.

We periodically review the estimated useful lives and residual values of our flight equipment based on our industry knowledge, external factors, such as current market conditions, and changes in our disposition strategies, to determine if they are appropriate, and record adjustments to depreciation rates prospectively on an individual asset basis, as necessary.

We test flight equipment for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable. The quarterly impairment assessments are primarily triggered by potential sale transactions, leasing transactions, early terminated leases, credit events impacting lessees or forecasted significant and permanent declines in the demand for asset types. The quantitative impairment test is performed at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of other groups of assets, which is the individual asset, including the lease-related assets and liabilities of that asset, such as the maintenance rights assets, lease incentives, and maintenance liabilities (the “Asset Group”). If the sum of the expected undiscounted future cash flows is less than the carrying value of the Asset Group, an impairment loss is recognized. The loss is measured as the excess of the carrying value of the Asset Group over its estimated fair value.

Fair value reflects the present value of future cash flows expected to be generated from the assets, including its expected residual value, discounted at a rate commensurate with the associated risk. Future cash flows are assumed to occur under current market conditions and assume adequate time for a sale between a willing buyer and a willing seller. Expected future lease rates are based on all relevant information available, including current contracted rates for similar assets and industry trends.

On an annual basis, we also perform an assessment of all assets older than five years and held for operating leases to identify potential impairment by reference to estimated future cash flows at the Asset Group level, and perform a quantitative impairment test. We apply significant judgment in assessing whether an impairment is necessary and in estimating significant input assumptions including the future lease rates, maintenance cash flow forecasts, the residual value and the discount rate when performing quantitative impairment tests.

Due to the significant uncertainties associated with potential sales transactions, we use our judgment to evaluate whether a sale or other disposal is more likely than not. The factors we consider in our assessment include (i) the progress of the potential sales transactions through a review and evaluation of the sales-related documents and other communications, including, but not limited to, letters of intent or sales agreements that have been negotiated or executed; (ii) our general or specific fleet strategies and other business needs and how those requirements bear on the likelihood of sale or other disposal; and (iii) the evaluation of potential execution risks, including the source of potential purchaser funding and other execution risks.

The future cash flows supporting the carrying value of aircraft that are 15 years of age or older are more dependent upon current lease contracts, and these leases are generally more sensitive to weaknesses in the global economic environment. Deterioration of the global economic environment and a decrease in aircraft values might have a negative effect on the undiscounted cash flows of older aircraft and might cause an impairment loss. As of December 31, 2023, 375 owned passenger aircraft under operating lease with an aggregate asset group value of approximately $3.8 billion were 15 years of age or older, which represented approximately 7% of our total flight equipment and lease-related assets and liabilities. The estimated undiscounted future cash flows of these 375 passenger aircraft were $6.9 billion, which measured on a weighted average basis was 83% in excess of the aggregate carrying value. As of December 31, 2023, all of these aircraft passed the recoverability test. The following assumptions drive the undiscounted cash flows: contracted lease rents through current lease expiry; subsequent re-lease rates based on current marketing information; maintenance cash flow forecasts; and residual values. We review and stress-test our key assumptions to reflect any observed weakness in the global economic environment.

Aircraft that are between five and 15 years of age where future cash flows do not exceed the aircraft carrying value by at least 10% are more susceptible to impairment risk. As of December 31, 2023, two aircraft with an asset group carrying value of $38 million did not exceed our 10% threshold, which represented less than 0.2% of our total flight equipment held for operating leases and lease-related assets and liabilities. The two aircraft that were below the 10% threshold did, however, pass the impairment test as of December 31, 2023, and as such no impairment was recognized.

Recent accounting standards adopted during the year ended December 31, 2023

Please refer to Note 3—Summary of significant accounting policies to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in this annual report.

Future application of accounting standards

Please refer to Note 3—Summary of significant accounting policies to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in this annual report.

Comparative results of operations

Results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022


	Year Ended December 31,				Increase/ (Decrease)
	2023		2022
	(U.S. Dollars in thousands)
Revenues and other income
Lease revenue:
Basic lease rents	$	6,248,994	$	5,981,812	$	267,182
Maintenance rents and other receipts	611,326		548,734		62,592
Lease revenue	6,860,320		6,530,546		329,774
Net gain on sale of assets	489,620		228,930		260,690
Other income	230,478		254,074		(23,596)
Total Revenues and other income	7,580,418		7,013,550		566,868
Expenses
Depreciation and amortization	2,480,578		2,389,807		90,771
Net (recoveries) charges related to Ukraine Conflict	(1,287,972)		2,665,651		(3,953,623)
Asset impairment	86,855		96,591		(9,736)
Interest expense	1,806,442		1,591,870		214,572
Loss (gain) on debt extinguishment	4,097		(2,041)		6,138
Leasing expenses	756,438		823,600		(67,162)
Selling, general and administrative expenses	464,128		399,530		64,598
Transaction and integration-related expenses	—		33,286		(33,286)
Total Expenses	4,310,566		7,998,294		(3,687,728)
Gain (loss) on investments at fair value	2,334		(17,676)		20,010
Income (loss) before income taxes and income of investments accounted for under the equity method	3,272,186		(1,002,420)		4,274,606
Income tax (expense) benefit	(291,056)		164,097		(455,153)
Equity in net earnings of investments accounted for under the equity method	166,715		117,165		49,550
Net income (loss)	$	3,147,845	$	(721,158)	$	3,869,003
Net income attributable to non-controlling interest	(11,754)		(4,883)		(6,871)
Net income (loss) attributable to AerCap Holdings N.V.	$	3,136,091	$	(726,041)	$	3,862,132

Basic lease rents. The increase in basic lease rents of $267 million, or 4%, was attributable to:

•the acquisition of assets between January 1, 2022 and December 31, 2023 with an aggregate net book value of $11.0 billion on their respective acquisition dates, resulting in an increase in basic lease rents of $483 million; and

•an increase in basic lease rents of $83 million primarily related to lease transitions;

partially offset by

•the sale of assets between January 1, 2022 and December 31, 2023 with an aggregate net book value of $3.7 billion on their respective sale dates, resulting in a decrease in basic lease rents of $200 million; and

•a decrease in basic lease rents of $99 million primarily due to lease terminations related to the Ukraine Conflict and lease restructurings.

Maintenance rents and other receipts. The increase in maintenance rents and other receipts of $63 million, or 11%, was attributable to:

•an increase of $92 million in regular maintenance rents;

partially offset by

•a decrease of $29 million in maintenance revenue and other receipts from lease terminations.

Net gain on sale of assets. The increase in net gain on sale of assets of $261 million was primarily due to the higher volume and composition of asset sales. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we sold 167 assets for sale proceeds of $2.8 billion. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we sold 165 assets for proceeds of $2.2 billion.

Other income. The decrease in other income of $24 million was primarily driven by lower proceeds from unsecured claims, partially offset by higher interest income recognized during the year ended December 31, 2023 . During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we recognized $6 million and $99 million, respectively, related to proceeds from unsecured claims.

Depreciation and amortization. The increase in depreciation and amortization of $91 million, or 4%, was primarily due to a higher level of aircraft purchases during the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.

Net (recoveries) charges related to Ukraine Conflict. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized recoveries of $1.3 billion, which primarily consisted of cash insurance settlement proceeds related to six Russian airlines and their Russian insurers in respect of 67 aircraft and ten spare engines lost in Russia. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized a pre-tax net charge to our earnings of $2.7 billion related to the Ukraine Conflict, comprised of write-offs and impairments of flight equipment, which were partially offset by the derecognition of lease-related assets and liabilities and the collection of letter of credit proceeds Refer to Note 25—Net charges related to Ukraine Conflict to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in this annual report for further details.

Asset impairment. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized impairment charges of $87 million related to sales transactions, lease amendments or lease terminations which were partially offset by maintenance revenue recognized where we retained maintenance-related balances or received EOL compensation. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized impairment charges of $97 million related to lease terminations, sales transactions or lease amendments where we retained maintenance-related balances. Please refer to “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Critical accounting estimates” for further information on our event-driven impairment assessments.

Interest expense. The increase in interest expense of $215 million, or 13%, was primarily attributable to:

•a $171 million increase in interest expense due to an increase in the average cost of debt for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The average cost of debt, excluding the effect of mark-to-market movements on interest rate caps and swaps, debt issuance costs, upfront fees and other impacts, was 3.5% for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to 3.1% for the year ended December 31, 2022. Please refer to “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Non-GAAP measures and metrics” for further information on the average cost of debt; and

•a $106 million increase in interest expense attributable to movement in mark-to-market on interest rate caps and swaps. For the year ended December 31, 2023 we recognized a loss of $37 million related to mark-to-market movements on interest rate caps and swaps, compared to a gain of $69 million for the year ended December 31, 2022;

partially offset by

•a $1.8 billion decrease in the average outstanding debt balance from $48.5 billion during the year ended December 31, 2022, to $46.7 billion during the year ended December 31, 2023, resulting in a $62 million decrease in interest expense.

Leasing expenses. The decrease in leasing expenses of $67 million was primarily due to $61 million of lower expenses related to flight equipment transition costs and $68 million of lower airline default and restructuring costs and other leasing expenses, partially offset by $62 million of higher maintenance rights asset amortization.

Selling, general and administrative expenses. The increase in selling, general and administrative expenses of $65 million, or 16%, was primarily due to higher compensation-related, travel and other expenses.

Gain (loss) on investments at fair value. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized a gain on investments at fair value of $2 million primarily due to a gain recognized on the sale of an investment. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized a loss on investments at fair value of $18 million primarily due to changes in the quoted market prices of our investments at fair value.

Income tax (expense) benefit. The effective tax rate was 8.9% for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the effective tax rate of 16.4% for the year ended 2022. The effective tax rate is impacted by the source and amount of earnings among our various tax jurisdictions as well as permanent tax differences relative to pre-tax income or loss, as well as certain discrete items. Refer to Note 16—Income taxes to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in this annual report for a detailed description of income taxes.

Equity in net earnings of investments accounted for under the equity method. The increase in equity in net earnings of investments accounted for under the equity method of $50 million was primarily driven by higher earnings from our equity method investees.

For Results of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021, refer to “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Comparative results of operations” in our annual report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the SEC on March 2, 2023.

Liquidity and capital resources

Capital expenditures and cash commitments

We have significant capital requirements, including making pre-delivery payments and paying the balance of the purchase price for flight equipment on delivery. As of December 31, 2023, we had commitments to purchase 338 new aircraft, scheduled for delivery through 2029. We also had commitments to purchase 37 engines and eight helicopters through 2026. As a result, we will need to raise additional funds to satisfy these capital requirements, which we expect to do through a combination of accessing committed debt facilities and securing additional financing, if needed, from capital markets transactions or other sources of capital. If other sources of capital are not available to us, we may need to raise additional funds through selling aircraft or other aircraft investments, including participations in our joint ventures. Refer to Note 15—Debt to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in this annual report for a detailed description of our outstanding indebtedness.

Overview of sources and uses of cash

As of December 31, 2023, our cash balance was $1.8 billion, including unrestricted cash of $1.6 billion, and we had $11.0 billion of undrawn lines of credit available under our revolving credit and term loan facilities. As of December 31, 2023, our total available liquidity, including undrawn lines of credit, unrestricted cash, cash flows from contracted asset sales and other sources of funding, was $14 billion, and including estimated operating cash flows for the next 12 months, our total sources of liquidity were $19 billion. As of December 31, 2023, our existing sources of liquidity were sufficient to operate our business and cover approximately 1.4x of our debt maturities and contracted capital requirements for the next 12 months.

Debt

As of December 31, 2023, the principal amount of our outstanding indebtedness, which excludes debt issuance costs, debt discounts and debt premium of $213 million, totaled $46.7 billion and consisted of senior unsecured, subordinated and senior secured notes, export credit facilities, commercial bank debt, revolving credit debt, securitization debt and capital lease structures.

In order to satisfy our contractual purchase obligations, we expect to source new debt financing through access to the capital markets, including the unsecured and secured bond markets, the commercial bank market, export credit and the asset-backed securities market.

In the longer term, we expect to fund the growth of our business, including acquiring aircraft, through internally generated cash flows, the incurrence of new bank debt, the refinancing of existing bank debt and other capital-raising initiatives.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, our average cost of debt, excluding the effect of mark-to-market movements on our interest rate caps and swaps, debt issuance fees, upfront fees and other impacts, was 3.5%. As of December 31, 2023, our adjusted debt to equity ratio was 2.47 to 1. Please refer to “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Non-GAAP measures and metrics” for further information on our average cost of debt and reconciliations of adjusted debt and adjusted equity to the most closely related U.S. GAAP measures as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Refer to Note 15—Debt to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in this annual report for a detailed description of our outstanding indebtedness.

Taxation

AerCap Holdings N.V. is incorporated in the Netherlands and headquartered in Ireland, and is not directly engaged in business within, nor has a permanent establishment in, the United States. Only our U.S. subsidiaries are subject to U.S. net income tax or would potentially have to withhold U.S. taxes upon a distribution of our earnings.

Effective February 1, 2016, we became tax resident in Ireland and we would typically expect that the repatriation of earnings from our foreign subsidiaries should not, except where recognized in our financial statements, give rise to material additional Irish taxation due to the availability of foreign tax credits. As of December 31, 2023, $141 million out of $1.6 billion of cash and short-term investments was held by our foreign subsidiaries outside of Ireland. In some instances, the earnings of our foreign subsidiaries will be re-invested in the foreign jurisdiction for the purposes of their business. Additionally, legal restrictions in relation to dividend payments from our subsidiaries to us are described in “Item 10. Additional Information—Taxation—Dividend withholding tax.”

Under the OECD’s BEPS 2.0 initiative, the OECD has formulated rules known as “Pillar Two” designed to implement a global minimum effective tax rate (“ETR”) of 15% on a jurisdictional basis in respect of multinational groups with annual turnover exceeding €750 million in two of the last four years. Ireland has enacted Pillar Two into domestic legislation with effect from January 1, 2024. Under these rules, the ETR for a jurisdiction is to be determined by reference to the financial accounting profits and tax expense (with some adjustments) derived from the relevant financial statements. We are required to calculate our ETR for each jurisdiction in which we operate and for jurisdictions where the ETR is below the 15% minimum rate, we will be liable to pay a top-up tax, known as the global minimum top-up tax, for the difference. The top-up tax is an additional tax designed to bring the minimum effect tax rate for the group to 15%.

Based on commentary provided by the Financial Accounting Standards Board that this top-up tax should be considered an alternative minimum tax, we are not currently required to record deferred tax related to this minimum top-up tax or remeasure existing deferred taxes. Instead, the incremental effect will be recognized as it is incurred.

Contractual obligations

Our estimated future obligations as of December 31, 2023 include both current and long-term obligations. Our contractual obligations consist of principal and interest payments on debt, executed purchase agreements to purchase flight equipment and rent payments pursuant to our office and facility leases. We intend to fund our contractual obligations through unrestricted cash, lines-of-credit and other borrowings, operating cash flows and cash flows from asset sales. We believe that our sources of liquidity will be sufficient to meet our contractual obligations.

The following table provides details regarding our contractual obligations and their payment dates as of December 31, 2023:


	2024		2025		2026		2027		2028		Thereafter		Total
	(U.S. Dollars in millions)
Unsecured debt facilities	$	5,245.4	$	3,650.0	$	7,294.5	$	4,755.5	$	5,500.0	$	7,850.0	$	34,295.4
Secured debt facilities	966.3		2,308.4		1,197.1		2,040.4		2,244.1		1,393.9		10,150.2
Subordinated debt facilities	—		—		—		—		—		2,250.0		2,250.0
Estimated interest payments (a)	1,926.2		1,795.6		1,499.0		1,140.9		830.4		8,481.4		15,673.5
Purchase obligations (b)	7,220.9		5,817.1		2,859.9		1,551.0		254.7		162.1		17,865.7
Operating leases (c)	50.2		13.2		8.7		8.7		8.3		18.7		107.8
Total	$	15,409.0	$	13,584.3	$	12,859.2	$	9,496.5	$	8,837.5	$	20,156.1	$	80,342.6

(a)Estimated interest payments for floating rate debt are based on rates as of December 31, 2023 and include the estimated impact of our interest rate swap agreements.

(b)As of December 31, 2023, we had commitments to purchase 338 aircraft (including ten purchase and leaseback transactions), 37 engines and eight helicopters through 2029. The timing of our purchase obligations is based on current estimates and incorporates expected delivery delays into the table above. In addition, we have the right to reschedule the delivery dates of certain of our aircraft to future dates. Refer to Note 31—Commitments and contingencies to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in this annual report for further details on our purchase obligations.

(c)Represents contractual payments on aircraft that we lease from corporate aircraft owners and contractual payments on our office and facility leases. Refer to Note 17—Leases to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in this annual report for further details on our operating lease obligations.

Historical Information

The following table presents our consolidated cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
	(U.S. Dollars in millions)
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	5,261	$	5,171
Net cash used in investing activities	(3,183)		(2,160)
Net cash used in financing activities	(2,012)		(3,161)

Cash flows provided by operating activities. During the year ended December 31, 2023, our net cash provided by operating activities of $5.3 billion was the result of net income of $3.1 billion, other adjustments to net income of $1.6 billion consisting primarily of depreciation, amortization and net recoveries related to Ukraine Conflict and collections of finance leases of $407 million, partially offset by the net change i