Ambow Education Holding Ltd. [AMBO] Filings

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

(Mark One)

☐   REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☒   ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023

OR

☐   TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☐   SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR SECTION 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Date of the event requiring this shell company report _________________

Commission file number: 001-34824

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Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

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*Not for trading, but only in connection with the listing on the NYSE American

**Effective on February 20, 2024, the ratio of ADSs to our Class A Ordinary Shares was changed from one ADS representing two Class A Ordinary Shares to one ADS representing twenty Class A Ordinary Shares.

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Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

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Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:

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Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital stock as of the close of the period covered by this report.

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Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

☐ Yes ☒ No

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

☐ Yes ☒ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

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If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.

☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.                                      ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive - based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

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If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.

☐ Item 17 ☐ Item 18

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

☐ Yes ☒ No

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CONVENTIONS THAT APPLY IN THIS ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 20-F

Except where the context requires otherwise and for purposes of this annual report only:

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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This annual report on Form 20-F includes forward-looking statements that relate to future events or our future financial performance and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to differ materially from any future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Words such as, but not limited to, “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “likely,” “will,” “would,” “could,” and similar expressions or phrases identify forward-looking statements. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operation, business strategy and financial needs. Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about:

All forward-looking statements involve risks, assumptions and uncertainties. You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictors of future events. The occurrence of the events described, and the achievement of the expected results, depend on many events, some or all of which are not predictable or within our control. Actual results may differ materially from expected results. See the information under “Item 3.D Key Information—Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this annual report for a more complete discussion of these risks, assumptions and uncertainties and for other risks and uncertainties. These risks, assumptions and uncertainties are not necessarily all of the important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed in any of our forward-looking statements. Other unknown or unpredictable factors also could harm our results. We undertake no obligation to update publicly or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the forward-looking events discussed in this annual report might not occur.

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PART I

Item 1.      Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers

Not applicable.

Item 2.      Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable

Not applicable.

Item 3.       Key Information

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

Summary of Risks

An investment in our securities involves a high degree of risk. The occurrence of one or more of the events or circumstances described in the section titled “Risk Factors,” alone or in combination with other events or circumstances, may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results. In that event, the trading price of our securities could decline, and you could lose all or part of your investment. Such risks include, but are not limited to:

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RISKS RELATED TO OUR BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY

If we are not able to continue to attract students to enroll in our programs, our net revenues may decline, and we may not be able to maintain profitability.

The success of our business largely depends on the number of students who are enrolled in our programs and the amount of fees that our students are willing to pay for our courses. Therefore, our ability to continue to attract students to enroll in our programs without significantly decreasing course fees is critical to the continued success and growth of our business. This will depend on several factors, including our ability to develop new programs and enhance existing programs to respond to changes in market trends and student demands, expanding our geographic reach, managing our growth while maintaining the consistency of our teaching quality, effectively marketing our programs to a broader base of prospective students, developing and licensing additional high-quality educational content and responding to competitive pressures. It also depends on macroeconomic factors like unemployment and the resulting lower confidence in job prospects and many of the regulatory risks discussed below. Our enrollment in future years will be affected by legislative uncertainty, regulatory activity and macroeconomic conditions. It is likely that legislative, regulatory and economic uncertainties will continue for the foreseeable future, and thus it is difficult to assess our long-term growth prospects. If we are unable to continue to attract students to enroll in our programs without significantly decreasing course fees, our net revenues may decline and we may not be able to achieve profitability, either of which could result in a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

If we are not able to continue to attract and retain qualified education professionals, we may not be able to maintain consistent teaching quality throughout our school, and our brand, business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

Our education professionals are critical to maintaining the quality of our services, software products and programs, and maintaining our brand and reputation, as they interact with our students on a regular basis. We must continue to attract qualified education professionals who have a strong command of the subject areas to be taught and who meet our qualifications. We may not be able to hire and retain enough qualified education professionals to keep pace with our anticipated growth or at acceptable costs while maintaining consistent teaching quality across many different schools and programs in different geographic locations. Shortages of qualified education professionals, or decreases in the quality of our instruction, whether actual or perceived in one or more of our markets, or an increase in hiring costs, may have a material and adverse effect on our business and our reputation. Further, our inability to retain our education professionals may hurt our existing brands and those brands we are trying to develop, and retaining qualified teachers at additional costs may have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

If our expansions into new businesses are not successful, our results of operation and growth prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

As part of our growth strategy, we enter into new businesses from time to time to generate additional revenue streams and through our development of new business lines or strategic investments in or acquisitions of other businesses. Expansions into new businesses may present operating, marketing and compliance challenges that differ from those that we currently encounter.

We have invested resources in the research and development of artificial intelligence (“AI”) technology and have made progress in the commercialization of our AI-driven offering, HybriU. We plan to continue to invest capital and other resources into our AI-driven business operations. However, AI technology is rapidly evolving with significant uncertainties, and we cannot make assurances that our investment and exploration in AI technology and AI-driven products and services will be successful. In addition, our AI-driven business requires very different products and services, sales and marketing channels and internal operational systems and processes. These requirements could disrupt our current operations and harm our financial condition and operating results, especially during the initial stage of investment, development and scaling of our new AI-driven offerings.

It is uncertain whether our strategies will attract users and customers or generate the revenue required to succeed. If we fail to generate sufficient usage of our new products and services, we may not grow revenue in line with the significant resources we invest in these new businesses. This may negatively impact gross margins and operating income.

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Potential issues in the adoption and use of artificial intelligence in our product offerings may result in reputational harm or liability.

We are building AI into our product offerings and we expect this element of our business to be a driver for our future growth. We envision a future in which AI operates in our services and applications, such as HybriU. As with many disruptive innovations, AI presents risks and challenges that could affect its adoption, and, therefore, our business. Our products and services based on AI may not be adopted by our users or customers. AI algorithms may be flawed. Datasets may be insufficient or contain biased information. Inappropriate or controversial data practices by us or others could impair the acceptance of our AI solutions.

Our business depends on the strength of our brands in the marketplace. We may not be able to retain existing students or attract new students if we cannot continue to use, protect and enhance our brands successfully in the marketplace.

Our operational and financial performance and the successful growth of our business are highly dependent on market awareness of our “Ambow” brand and the regional brands that we have acquired. We believe that maintaining and enhancing the “Ambow” brand is critical to maintaining and enhancing our competitive advantage and growing our business. In order to retain existing students and attract new students, we plan to continue to make expenditures to create and maintain our positive brand awareness and create brand loyalty. The diverse set of services and products that we offer to college students places significant demands on us to maintain the consistency and quality of our services and products to ensure that our brands do not suffer from any actual or perceived decrease in the quality of our services and products. As we grow in size, expand our services and products and extend our geographical reach, maintaining the quality and consistency of our services and products may be more difficult. Any negative publicity about our services, products, or schools, regardless of its veracity, could harm our brand image and have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

We face significant competition in each major program we offer and each geographic market in which we operate, and if we fail to compete effectively, we may lose our market share and our profitability may be adversely affected.

Competition could result in loss of market share and revenues, lower profit margins and limit our future growth.

We face competition from many different companies that focus on one area of our business and are able to devote all of their resources to that business line. These companies may be able to more quickly adapt than we can to changing technology, student preferences and market conditions in these markets. Therefore, these companies may have a competitive advantage over us with respect to these business areas.

Post-secondary education in the United States is highly competitive. Our U.S. colleges, Bay State College Inc. (“Bay State College”), which closed at the end of August 2023, and NewSchool of Architecture & Design, LLC (“NewSchool”), compete with traditional public and private two-year and four-year colleges, other for-profit schools, and alternatives to higher education. Some of our competitors in both the public and private sectors have substantially greater financial and other resources than we do. These competitors may be able to devote greater resources than we can to the development, promotion and sale of their services and products, and respond more quickly than we can to changes in student needs, testing materials, admissions standards, market needs or new technologies. Some of our competitors, both public and private, may offer programs similar to ours at a lower tuition level as a result of government subsidies, government and foundation grants, tax-deductible contributions, and other financial sources not available to proprietary institutions, or by providing fewer student services or larger class sizes. While we believe that our U.S. colleges provide valuable education to their students, we may not always accurately predict the drivers of a student’s or potential students’ decisions to choose among the range of educational and other options available to them. Our student enrollment may decrease due to intense competition, and we may be required to reduce course fees or increase spending in response to competition in order to retain or attract students or pursue new market opportunities. As a result, our net revenues and profitability may decrease. We cannot make assurances that we will be able to compete successfully against current or future competitors. If we are unable to maintain our competitive position or otherwise respond to competitive pressures effectively, we may lose our market share and our profitability may be materially adversely affected.

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We may not be able to successfully integrate businesses that we acquire, which may cause us to lose anticipated benefits from such acquisitions and to incur significant additional expenses.

It is challenging to integrate the business operations, infrastructure and management philosophies of acquired schools and companies. The benefits of our past and future acquisitions depend in significant part on our ability to integrate technology, operations and personnel. The integration of acquired schools and companies is a complex, time-consuming and expensive process that, without proper planning and implementation, could significantly disrupt our business and operations. The main challenges involved in integrating acquired entities include the following:

We may not successfully integrate our operations and the operations of entities we acquire in a timely manner, or at all, and we may not realize the anticipated benefits or synergies of the acquisitions to the extent or in the timeframe anticipated, which would have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

Our results of operations may fluctuate, which makes our financial results difficult to forecast, and could cause our results to fall short of expectations.

Our results of operations may fluctuate as a result of a number of factors, many of which are outside of our control. Our net revenues from continuing operations decreased from $17.8 million in 2021 to $14.8 million in 2022, and further decreased to $9.2 million in 2023. Comparing our results of operations on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful, and past results should not be relied on as an indication of our future performance. Our quarterly and annual net revenues and costs and expenses as a percentage of net revenues may be significantly different from our historical or projected rates. Our quarterly and annual net revenues and gross margins may fluctuate due to a number of factors, including:

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As a result of these and other factors, we may not sustain our past growth rates in future periods, and we may not sustain profitability on a quarterly or annual basis in the future.

We face risks related to natural disasters or other extraordinary events and public health epidemics, such as the global coronavirus outbreak experienced, in the locations in which we, our students, faculty and employees live and work, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Our business could be severely disrupted and materially adversely affected by natural disasters, inclement weather, or the outbreak of health epidemics in the locations in which we, our students, faculty and employees live, work and attend classes. Any future natural disasters or health epidemics could also severely disrupt our business operations and have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Our business depends on the continuing efforts of our senior management team and other key personnel, and our business may be harmed if we lose their services.

Our future success depends heavily upon the continuing services of the members of our senior management team and, in particular, upon retaining the services of our founder, Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and acting Chief Financial Officer, Dr. Jin Huang. If one or more of our senior executives or other key personnel are unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, we may not be able to replace them easily or at all. As a result, our business may be disrupted, and our financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. In addition, if any member of our senior management team or any of our other key personnel joins a competitor or forms a competing company, we may lose teachers, students, key professionals and staff members. Competition for experienced management personnel in the private education sector is intense. The pool of qualified candidates is very limited, and we may not be able to retain the services of our senior executives or key personnel or attract and retain high-quality senior executives or key personnel in the future, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

If we are not able to continually enhance our online programs, services and products and adapt them to rapid technological changes and student needs, we may lose market share and our business could be adversely affected.

Our online programs, services and products are vital to the success of our business. The market for such programs, services and products is characterized by rapid technological changes and innovation, as well as unpredictable product life cycles and user preferences. We must quickly modify our online programs, services and products to adapt to changing student needs and preferences, technological advances and evolving Internet practices. Ongoing enhancement of our online offerings and related technologies may entail significant expense and technical risk. We may use new technologies ineffectively or fail to adapt our online services or products and related technologies on a timely and cost-effective basis. If our improvements to our online offerings and the related technology are delayed, if they result in systems interruptions or are not aligned with market expectations or preferences, we may lose market share and our business could be materially adversely affected.

Failure to adequately and promptly respond to industry changes in curriculum, testing materials and standards could cause our services and products to be less attractive to our students.

Our success depends, in part, on our ability to continually update and expand the content, curriculum and test preparation materials of our academic programs, develop new programs and teaching methods in a cost-effective manner, and meet students’ needs in a timely manner. Any inability to track and respond to industry changes in a timely and cost-effective manner would make our services and products less attractive to students, which may materially and adversely affect our reputation and ability to continue to attract students without a significant decrease in course fees.

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If we are unable to obtain new loans, at all or on terms that are acceptable to us, our growth will be impacted.

We may seek to obtain additional bank loans in the future. We cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain new loans or credit facilities, at all or on terms that are acceptable to us. Our ability to obtain financing may be affected by our financial position and leverage, our credit rating and investor perception of the education industry, as well as by prevailing economic conditions and the cost of financing in general. In addition, factors beyond our control, such as recent global market and economic conditions and the tightening of credit markets may result in a diminished availability of financing and increased volatility in credit and equity markets, which may materially adversely affect our ability to secure financing at reasonable costs or at all. If we were unable to obtain financing in the future on terms acceptable to us, our business operations and our growth plans would be materially harmed.

Our business is subject to seasonal fluctuations, which may cause our operating results to fluctuate from quarter to quarter.

We have experienced, and expect to continue to experience, seasonal fluctuations in our revenues and results of operations, primarily due to seasonal changes in service days and student enrollment. Historically, the number of days in which our students attend our courses is lower in the third quarter due to school closures for summer break. Because our colleges recognize revenues based on the number of service days in each quarter, we expect our third-quarter revenues to be lower than the first, second and fourth quarters. Our costs and expenses, however, do not necessarily correspond with changes in our student enrollment, service days or net revenues. We make investments in marketing and promotion, teacher recruitment and training, and product development throughout the year. We expect quarterly fluctuations in our revenues and results of operations to continue. As the revenues grow in our colleges, these seasonal fluctuations may become more pronounced.

We may not be able to adequately protect our intellectual property, which could adversely impact our competitiveness.

Our brand, copyrights, patents, trade secrets, trade names and other intellectual property rights are important to our success. Unauthorized use of any of our intellectual property may adversely affect our business and reputation. We rely on a combination of copyright, trademark and trade secrets laws and confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants and others, including our partner schools, to protect our intellectual property rights. Nevertheless, it may be possible for third parties to obtain and use our intellectual property without authorization. Moreover, litigation may be necessary in the future to enforce our intellectual property rights. Future litigation could result in substantial costs and diversion of our management’s attention and resources and could disrupt our business. If we are unable to enforce our intellectual property rights, it could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Failure to adequately protect our intellectual property could materially adversely affect our competitive position, our ability to attract students and our results of operations.

We may be exposed to infringement and misappropriation claims by third parties, which, if successful, could cause us to pay significant damage awards.

Third parties may initiate litigation against us alleging infringement upon their intellectual property rights.

In the event of a future successful claim of infringement or misappropriation and our failure or inability to develop non-infringing technology or license the infringed or misappropriated or similar technology on a timely basis, our business could be harmed. In addition, even if we are able to license the infringed or misappropriated or similar technology, license fees could be substantial and may adversely affect our results of operations.

Unexpected network interruptions, security breaches or computer virus attacks and system failures could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Any failure to maintain satisfactory performance, reliability, security or availability of our network infrastructure may cause significant damage to our reputation and our ability to attract and maintain students. Major risks involving our network structure include:

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Any network interruption or inadequacy that causes interruptions in the availability of our websites or deterioration in the quality of access to our websites could reduce customer satisfaction and result in a reduction in the number of students using our services. If sustained or repeated, these performance issues could reduce the attractiveness of our online and offline programs. In addition, we may be subject to a security breach caused by a computer hacker, which could involve attempts to gain unauthorized access to our systems or personal information stored in our systems or to cause intentional malfunctions or loss or corruption of data, software, hardware or other computer equipment. A user who circumvents our security measures could misappropriate proprietary information or cause interruptions or malfunctions in our operations. As a result, we may be required to expend significant resources to protect against the threat of these security breaches or to alleviate problems caused by these breaches.

Furthermore, increases in the volume of traffic on our websites could also strain the capacity of our existing computer systems, which could lead to slower response times or system failures. This would cause a disruption or suspension in our online course programs, which would hurt our brand and reputation, and thus negatively affect our net revenue growth. We may need to incur additional costs to upgrade our computer systems in order to accommodate increased demand if we anticipate that our systems cannot handle higher volumes of traffic in the future; or to protect against system errors, failures or disruptions, or to repair or otherwise mitigate problems.

The actual or perceived failure by us, our customers, partners or vendors to comply with stringent and evolving laws and regulations, industry standards, policies, and contractual obligations relating to privacy, data protection, information security, and other matters could harm our reputation and business and subject us to significant fines and liability.

In the ordinary course of business, we collect, receive, store, process, generate, use, transfer, disclose, make accessible, protect, secure, dispose of, transmit, and share confidential, proprietary, and sensitive information, including personal data, customer and user content, business data, trade secrets, intellectual property, third-party data, business plans, transactions, financial information. Our data processing activities subject us to numerous privacy, data protection and information security obligations, such as various laws, regulations, guidance, industry standards, external and internal privacy and security policies, and contractual requirements.

Laws in the United States

In the United States, federal, state, and local governments have enacted numerous privacy, data protection and information security laws, including data breach notification laws, personal data privacy laws, consumer protection laws (e.g., Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act), and other similar laws (e.g., wiretapping laws). For example, the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018, as amended by the California Privacy Rights Act of 2020 (“CPRA”) (collectively, “CCPA”) applies to the personal information of consumers, business representatives and employees, and requires businesses to provide specific disclosures in privacy notices and honor requests of California residents to exercise certain privacy rights, such as those noted below. The CCPA provides for fines of up to $7,500 per intentional violation and allows private litigants affected by certain data breaches to recover significant statutory damages. Similar laws are being considered in several other states, as well as at the federal and local levels and we expect more states to pass similar laws in the future. These developments may further complicate compliance efforts and increase legal risk and compliance costs for us and the third parties upon whom we rely. Under various laws and other obligations related to privacy, data protection, and information security, we may be required to obtain certain consents to process personal information. For example, some of our data processing practices may be challenged under wiretapping laws if we obtain consumer information from third parties through various methods. These practices may be subject to increased challenges by class action plaintiffs. Our inability or failure to obtain consent for these practices could result in adverse consequences, including class action litigation and mass arbitration demands.

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Artificial Intelligence

Our development and use of AI technology is subject to privacy, data protection, IP and information security laws, industry standards, external and internal privacy and security policies, and contractual requirements, as well as increasing regulation and scrutiny. Several jurisdictions around the globe, including the EU, the UK and certain U.S. states, have proposed, enacted, or are considering laws governing the development and use of AI. In the EU, regulators have reached a political agreement on the text of the Artificial Intelligence Act, which, when adopted and in force, will have a direct effect across all EU jurisdictions and could impose onerous obligations related to the use of AI-related systems. Obligations on AI may make it harder for us to conduct our business using, or build products incorporating, AI, require us to change our business practices, require us to retrain our algorithms, or prevent or limit our use of AI. Additionally, certain privacy laws extend rights to consumers such as the right to delete certain personal information and regulate automated decision-making, which may be incompatible with our use of AI. If we do not develop or incorporate AI in a manner consistent with these factors and consistent with customer expectations, it may result in an adverse impact on our reputation, our business may be less efficient, or we may be at a competitive disadvantage. Similarly, if customers and users do not widely adopt our new product AI experiences, features and capabilities, or they do not perform as expected, we may not be able to realize a return on our investment.

Industry Standards

In addition to privacy, data protection and information security laws, we are contractually subject to industry standards adopted by industry groups and may become subject to such obligations in the future. We may also have privacy, data protection and information security obligations arising from the practices in our industry or of companies similar to ours. We are also bound by other contractual obligations related to privacy, data protection and information security, and our efforts to comply with such obligations may not be successful. If we fall below such industry standards or cannot comply with such contractual obligations, our reputation and business may be harmed. We also publish privacy policies, marketing materials and other statements, such as compliance with certain certifications or self-regulatory principles, regarding privacy, data protection and information security. If these policies, materials or statements are found to be deficient, lacking in transparency, deceptive, unfair, or misrepresentative of our practices, we may be subject to investigation, enforcement actions by regulators, or other adverse consequences.

Our information security measures, and those of third parties upon which we rely, may be compromised in the future. If our information security measures are compromised in the future or if our information technology fails, this could harm our reputation, expose us to significant fines and liability, impair our sales, and harm our business. In addition, our products and services may be perceived as not being secure. This perception may result in customers and users curtailing or ceasing their use of our products, our incurring significant liabilities, and our business being harmed.

In the ordinary course of our business, we and the third parties upon which we rely collect, receive, store, process, generate, use, transfer, disclose, make accessible, protect, secure, dispose of, transmit and share confidential, proprietary and sensitive data, including data of ours, our customers and our users, the data which includes personal information, customer and user content, health-related data, intellectual property, trade secrets, business plans, and financial information. We and the third parties upon which we rely face a variety of evolving threats, including but not limited to ransomware attacks, which could cause security incidents. Security incidents may occur in the future, resulting in unauthorized access to, loss or unauthorized disclosure of, or inadvertent disclosure of confidential, proprietary, and sensitive information.

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Cyberattacks, other malicious internet-based activity, online and offline fraud, and other similar activities threaten the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our proprietary, confidential, and sensitive data and information technology systems, and those of the third parties upon which we rely. Threats are prevalent and continue to rise, are increasingly difficult to detect, and come from a variety of sources, including traditional computer “hackers,” threat actors, “hacktivists,” organized criminal threat actors, personnel such as through theft or misuse, sophisticated nation-state and nation-state supported actors, and advanced persistent threat intrusions. Some actors now engage in and are expected to continue to engage in cyberattacks, including, without limitation, nation-state actors for geopolitical reasons and in conjunction with military conflicts and defense activities. During times of war and other major conflicts, we and the third parties upon which we rely may be vulnerable to a heightened risk of these attacks, which could materially disrupt our systems and operations, supply chain, and ability to provide our services. We may be subject to a variety of evolving threats, including but not limited to social-engineering attacks including through deep fakes, which may be increasingly more difficult to identify as fake, and phishing attacks, malicious code such as viruses and worms, malware including as a result of advanced persistent threat intrusions, denial-of-service attacks, credential stuffing, personnel misconduct or error, supply-chain attacks, software bugs, server malfunctions, software or hardware failures, loss of data or other information technology assets, adware, telecommunications failures, attacks enhanced or facilitated by AI, earthquakes, fires, floods and other similar threats. Ransomware attacks, including those perpetrated by organized criminal threat actors, nation-states, and nation-state-supported actors, are becoming increasingly prevalent and severe and can lead to significant interruptions in our operations or our ability to provide our products or services, loss of data and income, reputational harm, and diversion of funds.

In addition, our reliance on third-party service providers could introduce new cybersecurity risks and vulnerabilities, including supply-chain attacks, and other threats to our business operations. We rely on third-party service providers and technologies to operate critical business systems to process confidential, proprietary, and sensitive data in a variety of contexts, including, without limitation, cloud-based infrastructure, encryption and authentication technology, employee email, content delivery to customers and other functions. We also rely on third-party service providers to provide other products, services and parts, or otherwise to operate our business. Our ability to monitor these third parties’ information security practices is limited, and these third parties may not have adequate information security measures in place. If our third-party service providers experience a security incident or other interruption, we could experience adverse consequences. While we may be entitled to damages if our third-party service providers fail to satisfy their privacy or security-related obligations to us, any award may be insufficient to cover our damages, or we may be unable to recover such award.

If our information security measures are compromised, our reputation could be damaged; our data, information or intellectual property, or that of our customers, may be destroyed, stolen, or otherwise compromised; our business may be harmed; and we could incur significant liability. We take steps designed to detect and remediate vulnerabilities in our information systems and those of third parties upon whom we rely, but we may not detect or remediate all such vulnerabilities or do so in a timely manner. The threats and techniques used to exploit vulnerabilities change frequently, are often sophisticated in nature and may be difficult to detect by security tools. Vulnerabilities could be exploited and result in a security incident. We have limited budgetary and human resources for detecting and remediating vulnerabilities and have experienced difficulties in hiring and retaining qualified security personnel. We may experience delays in developing and deploying remedial measures, including patches, designed to address identified vulnerabilities, and our remedial measures may require action by our customers such as installing patches or updates, which may increase the amount of time a vulnerability remains unremediated. We have not always been able in the past and may be unable in the future to anticipate or prevent threats or techniques used to detect or exploit vulnerabilities in our information systems or third-party software, or obtain unauthorized access to or compromise our systems.

Our legal right to lease certain properties could be challenged by property owners or other third parties, which may cause interruptions to business operations of the affected college campuses and adversely affect our financial results.

We lease the premises used for the operation of our college campuses. As a result, we are dependent on the property rights of these properties held by their owners to enable us to use the premises. We cannot assure you that all lessors of our leased business premises have the relevant land use right certificates or building ownership certificates of the premises they lease to us or otherwise have the right to lease the premises to us.

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We are not aware of any actions, claims or investigations being contemplated by the relevant governmental entities with respect to the defects in our leased real properties. However, if we are unable to use the existing properties, enter new leases or renew our current leases in a timely basis and on terms favorable to us, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected. No impairment loss was made against the operating lease right-of-use assets in 2022 and 2023 from the continuing operations.

We may need to record a significant charge to earnings if our goodwill or intangible assets arising from acquisitions become impaired, which would adversely affect our net income.

In accordance with U.S. GAAP, we account for our acquisitions using the acquisition method of accounting, and such acquisitions have resulted in significant goodwill and intangible assets. These assets may become impaired in the future, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations following such acquisitions. We are required under U.S. GAAP to review our amortizable intangible assets for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. Goodwill is required to be tested for impairment annually or more frequently if facts and circumstances warrant a review. Factors that may be considered a change in circumstances indicating that the carrying value of our amortizable intangible assets may not be recoverable include a decline in stock price and market capitalization and slower or declining growth rates in our industry. During 2023, we did not recognize any impairment loss. In the future, we may be required to record a significant charge to earnings in our financial statements during the period in which any impairment of our goodwill or amortizable intangible assets is determined, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

Our grant of employee share options, restricted shares or other share-based compensation and any future grants could have an adverse effect on our net income.

We adopted an equity incentive plan in 2010, the 2010 Equity Incentive Plan, which was amended and restated in November 2018, the Amended and Restated 2010 Plan (the “Amended 2010 Plan”). We have granted options and restricted shares under these plans to our employees and consultants. U.S. GAAP prescribes how we account for share-based compensation, which may have an adverse or negative impact on our results of operations. U.S. GAAP requires us to recognize share-based compensation as a compensation expense in the statement of operations based on the fair value of equity awards on the date of the grant, with the compensation expense recognized over the period in which the recipient is required to provide service in exchange for the equity award. These statements also require us to adopt a fair value-based method for measuring the compensation expense related to share-based compensation. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we did not record any share-based compensation expenses for the restricted stock and the unrecognized share-based compensation expenses amounted to nil as of December 31, 2023. The expenses associated with share-based compensation may reduce the attractiveness of issuing share options or restricted shares under our equity incentive plan. However, if we do not grant share options or restricted shares or reduce the number of share options or restricted shares that we grant, we may not be able to attract and retain key personnel. If we grant more share options or restricted shares to attract and retain key personnel, the expenses associated with share-based compensation may adversely affect our results of operation.

Changes to accounting standards, taxation rules or practices, or greater than anticipated tax liabilities may adversely affect our reported results of operations or how we conduct our business.

A change in accounting standards or taxation rules or practices can have a significant effect on our reported results and may even affect our reporting of transactions completed before the change is effective. New accounting standards or taxation rules, such as accounting for uncertainty in income taxes under ASC 740, and various interpretations of accounting standards or taxation practices have been adopted and may be adopted in the future. These accounting standard and tax regulation changes, future changes and the uncertainties surrounding current practices and implementation procedures may adversely affect our reported financial results or the way we conduct our business. The determination of our provision for income tax and other tax liabilities requires significant judgment, and in the ordinary course of our business, there are many transactions and calculations where the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. Although we believe our estimates are reasonable, the ultimate decisions by the relevant tax authorities may differ from the amounts recorded in our financial statements and may materially affect our financial results in the period or periods for which such determination is made. Moreover, we may lose the tax benefits we are currently receiving, or we may be forced to disgorge prior tax benefits we have enjoyed and pay additional taxes and possibly penalties for prior tax years, any of which would harm our results of operations.

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RISKS RELATED TO REGULATIONS OF OUR U.S. BUSINESS

If we fail to comply with the extensive U.S. regulatory requirements related to operating a U.S. higher education institution, we could face significant monetary liabilities, fines and penalties, including loss of access to federal student loans and grants for our students.

As a provider of higher education in the United States, we are subject to extensive regulation on both the federal and state levels. These regulatory requirements cover virtually all phases and aspects of our U.S. postsecondary operations, including educational program offerings, facilities, civil rights, safety, public health, privacy, instructional and administrative staff, administrative procedures, marketing and recruiting, financial operations, payment of refunds to students who withdraw, acquisitions or openings of new schools or programs, the addition of new educational programs, and changes in our corporate structure and ownership. In particular, the Higher Education Act and related regulations subject our U.S. colleges that participate in the various Title IV programs to significant regulatory scrutiny.

The Higher Education Act mandates specific regulatory responsibilities for each of the following components of the higher education regulatory triad: (1) the federal government through the Department of Education; (2) the accrediting agencies recognized by the Secretary of Education; and (3) state education regulatory bodies. In addition, other federal agencies such as the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau and Federal Trade Commission, and various state agencies and state attorneys general enforce consumer protection laws applicable to post-secondary educational institutions.

The regulations, standards, and policies of these regulatory agencies frequently change, and changes in, or new interpretations of, applicable laws, regulations, standards, or policies could have a material adverse effect on our accreditation, authorization to operate in various states, permissible activities, receipt of funds under Title IV programs, or costs of doing business.

Title IV requirements are enforced by the Department of Education and, in some instances, by private plaintiffs. If we are found not to be in compliance with these laws, regulations, standards, or policies, we could lose our access to Title IV program funds, which would have a material adverse effect on our U.S. college operations. Findings of noncompliance also could result in our being required to pay monetary damages, or being subjected to fines, penalties, injunctions, restrictions on our access to Title IV program funds, or other censure that could have a material adverse effect on our business.

On January 19, 2023, Bay State College was informed its accreditation is considered to be withdrawn by The New England Commission of Higher Education (“NECHE”). On April 11, 2023, the Board of Trustees voted to permanently close Bay State College at the end of the 2022-2023 academic year, and this permanent closure was completed on August 31, 2023. For details, please refer to “Risks related to regulations of our U.S. Business - Our failure to demonstrate financial responsibility or administrative capability may result in the loss of eligibility to participate in Title IV programs.”

The ongoing regulatory effort aimed at for-profit post-secondary institutions of higher education could lead to additional legislation or other governmental action that may negatively affect the industry.

The proprietary post-secondary education sector has at times experienced scrutiny from federal legislators, agencies, and state legislators and attorneys general. An adverse disposition of these existing inquiries, administrative actions, or claims, or the initiation of other inquiries, administrative actions, or claims, could, directly or indirectly, have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, result of operations, and cash flows and result in significant restrictions on us and our ability to operate.

On January 19, 2023, Bay State College was informed its accreditation is considered to be withdrawn by The New England Commission of Higher Education (“NECHE”). For details, please refer to “Risks related to regulations of our U.S. Business - Our failure to demonstrate financial responsibility or administrative capability may result in the loss of eligibility to participate in Title IV programs.”

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If we fail to maintain our institutional accreditation or if our institutional accrediting body loses recognition by the Department of Education, we will lose our ability to participate in Title IV programs.

The loss of institutional accreditation by any of our U.S. colleges would render any of our U.S. colleges ineligible to participate in Title IV programs and would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows and result in the imposition of significant restrictions on us and our ability to operate. In addition, an adverse action by our institutional accreditors other than loss of accreditation, such as the issuance of a warning, could have a material adverse effect on our business.

If we fail to obtain recertification by the Department of Education when required, we will lose our ability to participate in Title IV programs.

Each institution participating in Title IV programs must enter into a Program Participation Agreement with the Department of Education. Under the agreement, the institution agrees to follow the Department of Education’s rules and regulations governing Title IV programs. An institution generally must seek recertification from the Department of Education at least every six years and possibly more frequently depending on various factors, such as whether it is provisionally certified. The Department of Education may also review an institution’s continued eligibility and certification to participate in Title IV programs, or scope of eligibility and certification, in the event the institution undergoes a change in ownership resulting in a change of control or expands its activities in certain ways, such as the addition of certain types of new programs, or, in certain cases, changes to the academic credentials that it offers. In certain circumstances, the Department of Education must provisionally certify an institution. The Department of Education may withdraw our certification if it determines that we are not fulfilling material requirements for continued participation in Title IV programs. If the Department of Education does not renew, or withdraws our certification to participate in Title IV programs, our students will no longer be able to receive Title IV program funds. Alternatively, the Department of Education could (1) renew the certifications for an institution, but restrict or delay receipt of Title IV funds, limit the number of students to whom an institution could disburse such funds, or place other restrictions on that institution, or (2) delay recertification after an institution’s PPA expires, in which case the institution’s certification would continue on a month-to-month basis, any of which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

On October 13, 2020, the Department of Education and Bay State College executed a Provisional Program Participation Agreement, approving Bay State College’s continued participation in Title IV programs with full certification through September 30, 2023. On January 16, 2022, the Department of Education and NewSchool executed a Program Participation Agreement, approving NewSchool’s continued participation in Title IV programs with full certification through December 31, 2024.

Student loan defaults could result in the loss of eligibility to participate in Title IV programs.

In general, under the Higher Education Act, an educational institution may lose its eligibility to participate in some or all Title IV programs if, for three consecutive federal fiscal years, 30% or more of its students who were required to begin repaying their student loans in the relevant federal fiscal year default on their payment by the end of the second federal fiscal year following that fiscal year. Institutions with a cohort default rate equal to or greater than 15% for any of the three most recent fiscal years for which data are available are subject to a 30-day delayed disbursement period for first-year, first-time borrowers.

If we lose eligibility to participate in Title IV programs because of high student loan default rates, it will have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows and result in the imposition of significant restrictions on us and our ability to operate.

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Our U.S. colleges could lose their eligibility to participate in federal student financial aid programs or be provisionally certified with respect to such participation if the percentage of our revenues derived from those programs were too high.

A proprietary institution may lose its eligibility to participate in the federal Title IV student financial aid program if it derives more than 90% of its revenues, on a cash basis, from Title IV programs for two consecutive fiscal years. A proprietary institution of higher education that violates the 90/10 Rule for any fiscal year will be placed on provisional status for up to two fiscal years. Using the formula specified in the Higher Education Act, Bay State College and NewSchool derived approximately 58% and 55% of their cash-basis revenues from these programs in the year of 2022, respectively. Percentages of NewSchool for the year of 2023 are in process of audits as of the date of this report, which we estimate will be in compliance with the 90/10 Rule. If any of our U.S. colleges lose eligibility to participate in Title IV programs because they are unable to comply with 90/10 Rule, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows and result in the imposition of significant restrictions on us and our ability to operate.

Our failure to demonstrate financial responsibility or administrative capability may result in the loss of eligibility to participate in Title IV programs.

All U.S. colleges are subject to meeting financial and administrative standards. These standards are assessed through annual compliance audits, periodic renewal of institutional PPAs, periodic program reviews and ad hoc events which may lead the Department of Education to evaluate an institution’s financial responsibility or administrative capability. The administrative capability criteria require, among other things, that our institution (1) has an adequate number of qualified personnel to administer Title IV programs, (2) has adequate procedures for disbursing and safeguarding Title IV funds and for maintaining records, (3) submits all required reports and consolidated financial statements in a timely manner, and (4) does not have significant problems that affect the institution’s ability to administer Title IV programs.

A financial responsibility test is required for continued participation by an institution’s students in U.S. federal financial assistance programs. The test is based upon a composite score of three ratios: an equity ratio that measures the institution’s capital resources; a primary reserve ratio that measures an institution’s ability to fund its operations from current resources; and a net income ratio that measures an institution’s ability to operate profitably. A minimum score of 1.5 is necessary to meet the financial standards. Institutions with scores of less than 1.5 but greater than or equal to 1.0 are considered financially responsible, but require additional oversight. These schools are subject to heightened cash monitoring and other participation requirements. An institution with a score of less than 1.0 is considered not financially responsible. However, a school with a score of less than 1.0 may continue to participate in the Title IV programs under provisional certification. In addition, this lower score typically requires that the school be subject to heightened cash monitoring requirements and post a letter of credit (equal to a minimum of 10% of the Title IV aid it received in the institution’s most recent fiscal year). For the fiscal year of 2022, the composited score of NewSchool was 1.6. The audits to calculate the composited scores of NewSchool for the fiscal year of 2023 are in process as of the date of this report. We estimate NewSchool will meet the required minimum of 1.5.

If the Department of Education determines, in its judgment, that Bay State College and NewSchool have failed to demonstrate either financial responsibility or administrative capability, we could be subject to sanctions, including, among other things, a requirement to post a letter of credit, fines, suspension or termination of our eligibility to participate in Title IV programs or repayment of funds received under Title IV programs, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operation and cash flows and result in the imposition of significant restrictions on us and our ability to operate. The Department of Education has considerable discretion under the regulations to impose the foregoing sanctions and, in some cases, such sanctions could be imposed without advance notice or any prior right of review or appeal.

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On January 19, 2023, The New England Commission of Higher Education (“NECHE”) informed Bay State College of its intention to withdraw Bay State College’s accreditation as of August 31, 2023. The determination was based on NECHE’s opinion that the College could not come into compliance with Institutional Resources (Accreditation Standard 7) within three years. The decision has no bearing on the quality of the Bay State College’s educational program or outcomes. On March 20, 2023, the appeal panel of NECHE affirmed NECHE’s decision to withdraw Bay State College’s accreditation. Without NECHE accreditation, Bay State College will not be able to disburse Title IV funding to its students for classes after August 2023, and will not be able to disburse VA funding to its students for classes after the Spring semester ends. On April 11, 2023, the Board of Trustees voted to permanently close Bay State College at the end of the 2022-2023 academic year, and this permanent closure was completed on August 31, 2023.

Our failure to comply with the Borrower Defense to Repayment Regulations could result in sanctions and other liability.

Under the Higher Education Act, The Department of Education is authorized to specify in regulations, which acts or omissions of an institution of higher education a borrower may assert as a defense to repayment of a Direct Loan made under the Direct Loan Program. On July 1, 2020, new Defense to Repayment regulations went into effect that include a higher threshold for establishing misrepresentation, provides for a statute of limitation for claims submission, narrows the current triggers allowed for letter of credit requirements, and eliminates provisions for group discharges. The new regulations are effective with claims on loans disbursed on or after July 1, 2020.

Management is unable to predict how regulations will be revised, the result of any other current or future rulemaking, or the impact of such rulemaking on our business. The outcome of any legal proceeding instituted by a private party or governmental authority, facts asserted in pending or future lawsuits, and/or the outcome of any future governmental inquiry, lawsuit, or enforcement action could serve as the basis for claims by students or The Department of Education under the Defense to Repayment regulations, the posting of substantial letters of credit, or the termination of eligibility of our institutions to participate in the Title IV program based on The Department of Education’s institutional capability assessment, any of which could, individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

Our business operations could be harmed if we experience a disruption in our ability to process student loans under the Federal Direct Loan Program.

Any processing disruptions by the Department of Education may affect our students’ ability to obtain student loans on a timely basis. If we experience a disruption in our ability to process student loans through the Federal Direct Loan Program, either because of administrative challenges on our part or the inability of the Department of Education to process the volume of direct loans on a timely basis, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows related to our U.S. colleges could be adversely and materially affected.

Our business operations could be harmed if Congress makes changes to the availability of Title IV funds.

We collected approximately 41.3% and 45.6% of the consolidated net revenues in our revenue from receipt by Bay State College and NewSchool of Title IV financial aid program funds in the year of 2023, respectively, principally from federal student loans under the Federal Direct Loan Program. Changes in the availability of these funds or a reduction in the amount of funds disbursed may have a material adverse effect on our enrollment, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows. Action by the U.S. Congress to revise the laws governing the federal student financial aid programs or reduce funding for those programs could reduce our student enrollment and/or increase costs of operation. Political and budgetary concerns significantly affect Title IV programs. Any action by the U.S. Congress that significantly reduces Title IV program funding or the ability of our U.S. colleges or students to participate in Title IV programs could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

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RISKS RELATED TO OWNERSHIP OF OUR ADSS

We have disposed of our China business and currently do not conduct any business activities in China, which could negatively impact the price of our ADSs.

As a result of the 2021 Implementing Rules, which prohibited foreign investments into or foreign parties from controlling private schools in China, on November 23, 2022, we entered a share purchase agreement to dispose all of our equity interest in Ambow China for a cash consideration of $12.0 million (the “Sale of Ambow China”). The Sale of Ambow China was completed on December 31, 2022. After the Sale of Ambow China, we have sold all our assets and operations in China and have ceased control of all the VIEs.

We cannot assure you that the ADSs will not be delisted from the NYSE American, which could negatively impact the price of the ADSs and our ability to access the capital markets.

Our ADSs are currently listed on the NYSE American. We cannot give you any assurance that a broader or more active public trading market for the ADSs will develop on the NYSE American or be sustained, or that current trading levels in ADSs will be sustained. In addition, if we fail to meet the criteria set forth in SEC regulations, by law, various requirements would be imposed on broker-dealers who sell our securities to persons other than established customers and accredited investors. Consequently, such regulations may deter broker-dealers from recommending or selling the ADSs, which may further affect the liquidity of the ADSs.

We are subject to the continued listing standards of the NYSE American and our failure to satisfy these criteria may result in delisting of our ADSs. In order to maintain this listing, we must maintain a certain share price, financial and share distribution targets, including maintaining a minimum amount of shareholders’ equity and a minimum number of public shareholders. In addition to these objective standards, the NYSE American may delist the securities of any issuer (i) if, in its opinion, the issuer’s financial condition and/or operating results appear unsatisfactory; (ii) if it appears that the extent of public distribution or the aggregate market value of the security has become so reduced as to make continued listing on the NYSE American inadvisable; (iii) if the issuer sells or disposes of principal operating assets or ceases to be an operating company; (iv) if an issuer fails to comply with the NYSE American’s listing requirements; (v) if an issuer’s securities sell at what the NYSE American considers a “low selling price” which the exchange generally considers $0.20 per share and the issuer fails to correct this via a reverse split of shares after notification by the NYSE American; or (vi) if any other event occurs or any condition exists which makes continued listing on the NYSE American, in its opinion, inadvisable.

We previously received notification from the NYSE American citing that the ADSs had been selling for a low price per share for a substantial period of time and we were not in compliance with the continued listing standards as set forth in Section 1003(f)(v) of the NYSE American Company Guide (“Company Guide”). Although in the past we have been able to cure previously cited deficiencies, there can be no assurance that we will continue to meet the NYSE American continued listing requirements. In accordance with Section 1009(h) of the Company Guide, if we are again determined to be below any of the continued listing standards in the future, the NYSE American will take the appropriate action which, depending on the circumstances, may include initiating its compliance procedures or initiating delisting proceedings.

Additionally, there are no assurances on how the market price of our ADSs will be impacted in future periods as a result of the general uncertainties in the capital markets. If the ADSs are delisted, it could reduce the price of the ADSs and the levels of liquidity available to our shareholders. In addition, the delisting of the ADSs could materially and adversely affect our access to the capital markets and any limitation on liquidity or reduction in the price of the ADSs could materially and adversely affect our ability to raise capital. Delisting from the NYSE American could also result in other negative consequences, including the potential loss of confidence by suppliers, customers and employees, the loss of institutional investor interest and fewer business development opportunities.

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The market price of our ordinary shares and the ADSs could be subject to volatility.

The market price of our ordinary shares and the ADSs is likely to be highly volatile and subject to wide fluctuations in response to factors such as:

In addition, the securities markets have from time to time experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that are not related to the operating performance of particular companies. These market fluctuations may also materially and adversely affect the market price of the ordinary shares and the ADSs.

Insiders have substantial control over us, which could adversely affect the market price of our ADSs.

Under our Sixth Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association, our ordinary shares are divided into Class A Ordinary Shares and Class C Ordinary Shares. Holders of Class A Ordinary Shares are entitled to one vote per share, while holders of Class C Ordinary Shares are entitled to ten votes per share. Shareholdings of our executive officers and directors, and their respective affiliates, give them the power to control any actions that require shareholder approval under Cayman Islands law, our Sixth Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association, including the election and removal of any member of our board of directors, mergers, consolidations and other business combinations, changes to our Sixth Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association, the number of shares available for issuance under share incentive plans and the issuance of significant amounts of our ordinary shares in private placements. Our executive officers and directors and their respective affiliates have sufficient voting rights to determine the outcome of all matters requiring shareholder approval.

As a result of our executive officers and directors and their respective affiliates’ ownership of a majority of our ordinary shares, their voting power may cause transactions to occur that might not be beneficial to you as a holder of ADSs and may prevent transactions that would be beneficial to you. For example, their voting power may prevent a transaction involving a change of control of us, including transactions in which holders of our ADSs might otherwise receive a premium for held securities over the then-current market price. Similarly, our executive officers and directors and their respective affiliates may approve a merger or consolidation of our company which may result in you receiving a stake (either in the form of shares, debt obligations or other securities) in the surviving or new consolidated company which may not operate our current business model and dissenters’ rights may not be available to you in such an event. This concentration of ownership could also adversely affect the market price of our ADSs or lessen any premium over the market price that an acquirer might otherwise pay.

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We may need additional capital, and the sale of additional ADSs or other equity securities would result in additional dilution to our shareholders.

We believe that our current cash and cash equivalents and anticipated cash flow from operations will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash needs for more than the next 12 months. We may, however, require additional cash resources due to changed business conditions or other future developments. If our resources are insufficient to satisfy our cash requirements, we may seek to sell additional equity or debt securities or obtain a credit facility. To consummate these transactions, we may issue additional shares in these acquisitions that will dilute our shareholders. The sale of additional equity securities could result in additional dilution to our shareholders. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased debt service obligations and could result in operating and financing covenants that would restrict our operations or our ability to pay dividends. Our ability to raise additional funds in the future is subject to a variety of uncertainties, including:

We cannot assure you that if we need additional cash financing it will be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us, or at all.

Anti-takeover provisions in our Sixth Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control.

Some provisions of our Sixth Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company or management that shareholders may consider favorable, including, among other things, the following:

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You may be subject to limitations on transfer of your ADSs.

Your ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its transfer books at any time or from time to time when it deems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. In addition, the depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of ADSs generally when our books or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary deem it advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason.

Our ADSs or Ordinary Shares may be delisted under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act (“HFCA Act”) if the PCAOB is unable to adequately inspect audit documentation located in China. The delisting of our ADSs or Ordinary Shares, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment. Additionally, the inability of the PCAOB to conduct adequate inspections deprives our investors from the benefits of such inspections. Furthermore, on June 22, 2021, the U.S. Senate passed the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, which was enacted on December 29, 2022 under the Consolidated Appropriations Act 2023, amends the HFCA Act and requires the SEC to prohibit an issuer’s securities from trading on any U.S. stock exchanges if its auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspections for two consecutive years instead of three.

The Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the HFCA Act, was enacted on December 18, 2020. The HFCA Act states if the SEC determines that a company has filed audit reports issued by a registered public accounting firm that has not been subject to inspection by the PCAOB for three consecutive years beginning in 2021, the SEC shall prohibit such ordinary shares from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter trading market in the U.S.

On March 24, 2021, the SEC adopted interim final rules relating to the implementation of certain disclosure and documentation requirements of the HFCA Act. A company will be required to comply with these rules if the SEC identifies it as having a “non-inspection” year under a process to be subsequently established by the SEC. The SEC is assessing how to implement other requirements of the HFCA Act, including the listing and trading prohibition requirements described above. Furthermore, on June 22, 2021, the U.S. Senate passed the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, which was enacted on December 29, 2022 under the Consolidated Appropriations Act 2023, amends the HFCA Act and requires the SEC to prohibit an issuer’s securities from trading on any U.S. stock exchanges if its auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspections for two consecutive years instead of three. On September 22, 2021, the PCAOB adopted a final rule implementing the HFCA Act, which provides a framework for the PCAOB to use when determining, as contemplated under the HFCA Act, whether the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms located in a foreign jurisdiction because of a position taken by one or more authorities in that jurisdiction. On December 2, 2021, the SEC issued amendments to finalize the interim final rules previously adopted in March 2021 to implement the submission and disclosure requirements in the HFCA Act. The rules apply to registrants that the SEC identifies as having filed an annual report with an audit report issued by a registered public accounting firm that is located in a foreign jurisdiction and that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely because of a position taken by an authority in a foreign jurisdiction.

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On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a Determination Report which found that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in: (1) mainland China of the People’s Republic of China, because of a position taken by one or more authorities in mainland China; and (2) Hong Kong, a Special Administrative Region and dependency of the PRC, because of a position taken by one or more authorities in Hong Kong. The PCAOB has made such designations as mandated under the HFCA Act. Pursuant to each annual determination by the PCAOB, the SEC will, on an annual basis, identify issuers that have used non-inspected audit firms and thus are at risk of such suspensions in the future. On August 26, 2022, the PCAOB signed the Protocol with the CSRC and the MOF of the People’s Republic of China, governing inspections and investigations of audit firms based in mainland China and Hong Kong. The Protocol remains unpublished and is subject to further explanation and implementation. Pursuant to the fact sheet with respect to the Protocol disclosed by the SEC, the PCAOB shall have independent discretion to select any issuer audits for inspection or investigation and the unfettered ability to transfer information to the SEC.

On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB announced that it was able to secure complete access to inspect and investigate PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in China mainland and Hong Kong completely in 2022. The PCAOB Board vacated its previous 2021 determinations that the PCAOB was unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in China mainland and Hong Kong. However, whether the PCAOB will continue to be able to satisfactorily conduct inspections of PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in China mainland and Hong Kong is subject to uncertainty and depends on a number of factors out of our, and our auditor’s, control. The PCAOB is continuing to demand complete access in China mainland and Hong Kong moving forward and is already making plans to resume regular inspections in early 2023 and beyond, as well as to continue pursuing ongoing investigations and initiate new investigations as needed. The PCAOB has indicated that it will act immediately to consider the need to issue new determinations with the HFCAA if needed. Therefore, the PCAOB may in the future determine that it is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms in mainland China and Hong Kong.

Our auditor, Marcum Asia CPAs LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that issued the audit report included elsewhere in the annual report, an auditor of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and a U.S.-based accounting firm registered with the PCAOB, is subject to laws in the United States pursuant to which the PCAOB conducts regular inspections to assess its compliance with the applicable professional standards. Our auditor is headquartered in Manhattan, New York and is subject to inspection by the PCAOB on a regular basis with the last inspection in 2020. As a result, we do not expect to be identified as a “Commission-Identified Issuer” under the HFCAA for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 after we file our annual report on Form 20-F for such fiscal year.

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GENERAL RISK FACTORS

We may have acquisitions in the future, which involve risks and uncertainties, and if we don’t manage those risks well, it may harm our business.

In the future, we may establish and maintain joint ventures and strategic relationships with third parties. Strategic acquisitions, investments and relationships with third parties involve substantial risks and uncertainties, including:

In particular, while we typically would perform due diligence on each entity that we acquire before acquisition, some of the acquired entities may not maintain their historical documents and records properly and such documents and records may be unavailable for our review. As such, there may be hidden liabilities and risks relating to the business and operation of such entities that we fail to identify before the acquisition. If we acquire such an entity and any such hidden liability is found or any such risk materializes in the future, we may not have any remedy against the sellers and may have to assume the liabilities and losses as a result.

If any one or more of these risks or uncertainties were to occur or if any of the strategic objectives contemplated is not achieved, our ability to manage our business could be impaired. It could result in our failure to derive the intended benefits of these strategic acquisitions, investments, joint ventures or strategic relationships, or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, if we fail to successfully pursue our future acquisition strategy, our plans for further market penetration, revenue growth and improved results of operations could be harmed.

If we fail to successfully develop and introduce new services and products in time, our competitive position and ability to generate revenues could be harmed.

Our future success depends partly on our ability to develop new services and products. The planned timing or introduction of new services and products is subject to risks and uncertainties. Actual timing may differ materially from original plans. Unexpected technical, operational or other problems could delay or prevent the introduction of one or more of our new services or products. Moreover, we cannot assure you that any of our new services and products will achieve widespread market acceptance or generate incremental revenue. If our efforts to develop, market and sell new services and products to the market are not successful, our financial position, results of operations and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.

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We rely heavily on our information systems, and if we fail to further develop our technologies, or if our systems, software, applications, database or source code contain “bugs” or other undetected errors, our operations may be seriously disrupted.

The successful development and maintenance of our systems, software, applications and database, such as our school management software and system, learning engine and student database, is critical to the attractiveness of our online and offline programs and the management of our business operations. In order to achieve our strategic objectives and to remain competitive, we must continue to develop and enhance our technology. This may require us to acquire additional equipment and software and to develop new applications. In addition, our technology platform upon which our management systems and online programs operate, and our other databases, products, systems and source codes could contain undetected errors or “bugs” that could adversely affect their performance.

To date, our information systems have not encountered material errors or technical issues that have adversely affected or disrupted our operations. If we encounter errors or other service quality or reliability issues, or if we are unable to design, develop, implement and utilize information systems and the data derived from these systems, our ability to realize our strategic objectives and our profitability could be adversely affected, and this may cause us to lose market share, harm our reputation and brand names, and materially adversely affect our business and results of operations.

If we fail to implement and maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may be unable to accurately report our results of operations or prevent fraud, and investor confidence may be materially and adversely affected.

As a public company in the United States, we are subject to the reporting obligations under the U.S. securities laws. The Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), as required under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, has adopted rules requiring every public company to include a report of management on the effectiveness of such company’s internal control over financial reporting in its annual report. As a non-accelerated filer, we are not required to have an independent registered public accounting firm issue an attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. However, we are still required to include a report of management on the effectiveness of our company’s internal control over financial reporting in our annual report. Our management has performed an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 and concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2023. See “Item 15. Control and Procedures.”

Nevertheless, we cannot assure you that we will maintain effective internal control over financial reporting on an ongoing basis. If we fail to maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting in the future, our management may not be able to conclude that we have effective internal control over financial reporting at a reasonable assurance level. Any failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could result in the loss of investor confidence in the reliability of our financial statements, which in turn could have a material and adverse effect on the trading price of our ADSs. Furthermore, we have incurred and anticipate that we will continue to incur considerable costs, management time and other resources in an effort to comply with Section 404 and other requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.

We are dependent on the renewal and maintenance of Title IV programs.

The Higher Education Act, which is the law authorizing Title IV programs, is subject to periodic reauthorization. Congress completed the most recent reauthorization through multiple pieces of legislation and may reauthorize the HEA in a piecemeal manner in the future. Additionally, Congress determines the funding level for each Title IV program on an annual basis. Any action by Congress that significantly reduces funding for Title IV programs or the ability of our school or students to participate in these programs could materially harm our business. A reduction in government funding levels could lead to lower enrollments at our school and require us to arrange for alternative sources of financial aid for our students. Lower student enrollments or our inability to arrange such alternative sources of funding could adversely affect our business.

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We are subject to compliance reviews, which, if they result in a material finding of noncompliance, could affect our ability to participate in Title IV programs.

Because we operate in a highly regulated industry, we are subject to compliance reviews and claims of noncompliance and related lawsuits by government agencies, accrediting agencies, and third parties, including claims brought by third parties on behalf of the federal government. For example, the Department of Education regularly conducts program reviews of educational institutions that are participating in Title IV programs, and the Office of Inspector General of the Department of Education regularly conducts audits and investigations of such institutions. The Department of Education could limit, suspend, or terminate our participation in Title IV programs or impose other penalties such as requiring us to make refunds, pay liabilities, or pay an administrative fine upon a material finding of noncompliance.

If we fail to maintain any of our state authorizations, we would lose our ability to operate in that state and to participate in Title IV programs in that state.

Our U.S. colleges must be authorized to operate by the appropriate postsecondary regulatory authority in each state in which the institution is located. Campuses of our U.S. colleges are authorized to operate and grant degrees, diplomas, or certificates by the applicable education agency of the state in which each such campus is located. Such state authorization is required for students at the campus to participate in Title IV programs. The loss of state authorization would, among other things, render the affected institution ineligible to participate in Title IV programs, at least at those state campus locations, and otherwise limit that school’s ability to operate in that state. Loss of authorization in one or more states could increase the likelihood of additional scrutiny and potential loss of operating and/or degree-granting authority in other states in which we operate, which would further impact our business. If these pressures and uncertainty continue in the future, or if one or more of our institutions are unable to offer programs in one or more states, it could have a material adverse impact on our enrollment, revenue, results of operations, and cash flows and result in the imposition of significant restrictions on us and our ability to operate.

Our failure to comply with the Department of Education’s incentive compensation rules could result in sanctions and other liability.

If we pay a bonus, commission, or other incentive payment in violation of applicable Department of Education rules or if the Department of Education or other third parties interpret our compensation practices as such, we could be subject to sanctions or other liability, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Our failure to comply with the Department of Education’s misrepresentation rules could result in sanctions and other liability.

The Higher Education Act prohibits an institution that participates in Title IV programs, its employees and agents from engaging in “substantial misrepresentation” of the nature of its educational programs, its financial charges, or the employability of its graduates. These regulations may, among other things, subject us to sanctions for statements containing errors made to non-students, including any member of the public, impose liability on us for the conduct of others and expose us to liability even when no actual harm occurs. A “substantial misrepresentation” is any misrepresentation on which the person to whom it was made could reasonably be expected to rely, or has reasonably relied, to that person’s detriment. We may face complaints from students and prospective students over statements made by us and our agents in advertising and marketing, during the enrollment, admissions and financial aid process, and throughout attendance at any of our U.S. colleges, which would expose us to increased risk of enforcement action and applicable sanctions or other penalties.

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In the event of substantial misrepresentation, the Department of Education may revoke an institution’s program participation agreement, limit the institution’s participation in Title IV programs, deny applications from the institution, such as to add new programs or locations, initiate proceedings to fine the institution or limit, suspend, or terminate its eligibility to participate in Title IV programs, a requirement to post a substantial letter of credit. If the Department of Education or other third parties interpret statements made by us or on our behalf to be in violation of the new regulations, any of the foregoing actions could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows and result in the imposition of significant restrictions on us and our ability to operate.

Our failure to comply with the Department of Education’s credit hour rule could result in sanctions and other liability.

Effective July 1, 2011, Title IV regulations define the term “credit hour” and require accrediting agencies and state authorization agencies to review the reliability and accuracy of an institution’s credit hour assignments. If an accreditor does not comply with this requirement, its recognition by the Department of Education could be jeopardized. If an accreditor identifies systematic or significant noncompliance in one or more of an institution’s programs, the accreditor must notify the Secretary of Education. If the Department of Education determines that an institution is out of compliance with the credit hour definition, the Department of Education could impose liabilities or other sanctions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial conditions, results of operations, and cash flows and result in the imposition of significant restrictions on us and our ability to operate.

We are subject to sanctions if we fail to calculate accurately and make timely payment of refunds of Title IV program funds for students who withdraw before completing their educational programs.

The Higher Education Act and Department of Education regulations require us to calculate refunds of unearned Title IV program funds disbursed to students who withdraw from their educational programs before completing it. If refunds are not properly calculated or timely paid, we may be required to post a letter of credit with the Department of Education or be subject to sanctions or other adverse actions by the Department of Education, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

Investigations, legislative and regulatory developments, and general credit market conditions related to the student loan industry may result in fewer lenders and loan products and increased regulatory burdens and costs.

The Higher Education Act regulates relationships between lenders to students and post-secondary education institutions. In 2009, the Department of Education promulgated regulations that address these relationships, and state legislators have also passed or may be considering legislation related to relationships between lenders and institutions. In addition, new procedures introduced, and recommendations made by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau create uncertainty about whether Congress will impose new burdens on private student lenders. These developments, as well as legislative and regulatory changes, such as those relating to gainful employment and repayment rates, creating uncertainty in the industry and general credit market conditions, may cause some lenders to decide not to provide certain loan products and may impose increased administrative and regulatory costs. Such actions could reduce demand for, and/or availability of private education loans, decrease U.S. college’s non-Title IV revenue, and thereby increase their 90/10 ratio, and have a material adverse effect on our business.

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Enforcement of laws related to the accessibility of technology continues to evolve, which could result in increased information technology development costs and compliance risks.

Our U.S. colleges’ online education programs are made available to students through personal computers and other technological devices. For each of these programs, the curriculum makes use of a combination of graphics, pictures, videos, animations, sounds, and interactive content. Federal agencies, including the Department of Education and the Department of Justice, have considered or are considering how electronic and information technology should be made accessible to persons with disabilities. For example, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, or Section 504, prohibits discrimination against a person with a disability by any organization that receives federal financial assistance. The Americans with Disabilities Act, or the ADA, prohibits discrimination based on disability in several areas, including public accommodations. In 2010, the Department of Education’s Office for Civil Rights, which enforces Section 504, together with the Department of Justice, asserted that requiring the use of technology in a classroom environment when such technology is inaccessible to individuals with disabilities violates Section 504, unless those individuals are provided accommodations or modifications that permit them to receive all the educational benefits provided by the technology in an equally effective and integrated manner. If our U.S. colleges are found to have violated Section 504, they may be required to modify existing content and functionality of their online classroom or other uses of technology, including through the adoption of specific technical standards. As a result of such enforcement action, or as a result of new laws and regulations that require greater accessibility, our U.S. colleges may have to modify their online classrooms and other uses of technology to satisfy applicable requirements, which could require substantial financial investment. As with all nondiscrimination laws that apply to recipients of federal financial assistance, an institution may lose access to federal financial assistance if it does not comply with Section 504 requirements. In addition, private parties may file or threaten to file lawsuits alleging failure to comply with laws that prohibit discrimination on the basis of disability, such as the ADA, and defending against such actions may require our U.S. colleges to incur costs to modify its online classrooms and other uses of technology and costs of litigation.

We may not be able to pay any dividends on our Class A ordinary shares and, correspondingly, the ADSs.

We can give no assurance that we will declare dividends of any amounts, at any rate or at all in the future. Our historical dividend payments are not indicative of the amount or timing of the payment of dividends that may be payable in the future and should not be used as a reference or basis to determine the amount of such dividends. The declaration of future dividends, if any, will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend upon our future operations and earnings, capital requirements, general financial conditions, legal and contractual restrictions and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant.

If we cease to qualify as a foreign private issuer, we would be required to comply fully with the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, and we would incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we would not incur as a foreign private issuer.

As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the rules under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or the Exchange Act, prescribing the furnishing and content of proxy statements, and our officers, directors and principal shareholders will be exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we are not required under the Exchange Act to file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. domestic issuers, and we are not required to disclose in our periodic reports all of the information that U.S. domestic issuers are required to disclose. While we currently qualify as a foreign private issuer, we may cease to qualify as a foreign private issuer in the future. If we do not qualify as a foreign private issuer, we will be required to comply fully with the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, and we will incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we would not incur as a foreign private issuer.

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We may be classified as a passive foreign investment company, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequence to U.S. holders of our ADSs or ordinary shares.

We believe we were not a “passive foreign investment company”, or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes for our taxable year ended December 31, 2023. However, a separate determination must be made each year as to whether we are a PFIC (after the close of each taxable year) and we cannot make assurances that we will not be a PFIC for the year ending December 31, 2023 or any future taxable year. A foreign (non-U.S.) corporation will be considered a PFIC for any taxable year if either (1) at least 75% of its gross income is passive income, or (2) at least 50% of the value of its assets (generally based on an average of the quarterly values of the assets during a taxable year) is attributable to assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income. PFIC status depends on the composition of our assets and income and the value of our assets (including, among others, a pro rata portion of the income and assets of each subsidiary in which we own, directly or indirectly, at least 25% (by value) of the equity interest) from time to time. Because we currently hold, and expect to continue to hold, a substantial amount of cash or cash equivalents, which are generally treated as passive assets, and, because the calculation of the value of our assets may be based in part on the value of our ADSs, which is likely to fluctuate, we may be a PFIC for any taxable year. If we were treated as a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder (as defined in the section entitled “Taxation – U.S. Federal Income Taxation – General”) held an ADS or an ordinary share, certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences could apply to such U.S. Holder. See “Item 10.E—Taxation—United States federal income taxation—Passive foreign investment company.”

The laws of the Cayman Islands may not provide our shareholders with benefits comparable to those provided to shareholders of corporations incorporated in the United States.

Our corporate affairs are governed by our Sixth Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association, by the Companies Law (as amended) of the Cayman Islands and by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against our directors, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law in the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands and from English common law. Decisions of the Privy Council (which is the final Court of Appeal for British Overseas Territories such as the Cayman Islands) are binding on a court in the Cayman Islands. Decisions of the English courts, and particularly the House of Lords and the Court of Appeal are generally of persuasive authority but are not binding in the courts of the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedents in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands have a less developed body of securities laws relative to the United States. Therefore, our public shareholders may have more difficulty protecting their interests in the face of actions by our management, directors or controlling shareholders than would shareholders of a corporation incorporated in a jurisdiction in the United States. In addition, shareholders of Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action before the federal courts of the United States. The Cayman Island courts are also unlikely to impose liability against us in original actions brought in the Cayman Islands, based on certain civil liabilities provisions of U.S. securities laws. See “Item 10.B—Additional Information—Memorandum and Articles of Association.”

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The voting rights of holders of ADSs are limited by the terms of the deposit agreement, and you may not be able to exercise your right to vote the ordinary shares underlying your ADSs.

Holders of our ADSs will only be able to exercise their voting rights with respect to the underlying ordinary shares in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement. Under the deposit agreement, you must vote by giving voting instructions to the depositary. Upon receipt of voting instructions, the depositary will vote the underlying ordinary shares in accordance with these instructions. You will not be able to directly exercise your right to vote with respect to the underlying ordinary shares unless you withdraw the shares. Under our Sixth Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association, the minimum notice period required for convening a shareholder meeting is 10 days. When a shareholder meeting is convened, you may not receive sufficient advance notice to withdraw the ordinary shares underlying your ADSs to allow you to vote with respect to any specific matter. If we ask for your instructions, the depositary will notify you of the upcoming vote and will arrange to deliver our voting materials to you. We cannot assure you that you will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that you can instruct the depositary to vote your shares. In addition, the depositary and its agents are not responsible for failing to carry out voting instructions or for their manner of carrying out your voting instructions. This means that you may not be able to exercise your right to vote and you may have no legal remedy if the shares underlying your ADSs are not voted as you requested.

Holders of our ADSs may not be able to participate in rights offerings and may experience dilution of your holdings as a result.

We may, from time to time, distribute rights to our shareholders, including rights to acquire our securities. Under the deposit agreement for the ADSs, the depositary will not offer those rights to ADS holders unless both the rights and the underlying securities to be distributed to ADS holders are either registered under the Securities Act, or exempt from registration under the Securities Act with respect to all holders of ADSs. We are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to any such rights or underlying securities or to endeavor to cause such a registration statement to be declared effective. In addition, we may not be able to take advantage of any exemptions from registration under the Securities Act. Accordingly, holders of our ADSs may be unable to participate in rights offerings we make and may experience dilution in their holdings as a result.

Holders of our ADSs may not receive distributions on our ordinary shares or any value for them if such distribution is illegal or if any required government approval cannot be obtained in order to make such distribution available to you.

The depositary of our ADSs has agreed to pay to you the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on ordinary shares or other deposited securities underlying our ADSs, after deducting its fees and expenses. You will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of ordinary shares your ADSs represent. However, the depositary is not responsible if it decides that it is unlawful or impractical to make a distribution available to any holders of ADSs. For example, it would be unlawful to make a distribution to a holder of ADSs if it consists of securities that require registration under the Securities Act but that are not properly registered or distributed under an applicable exemption from registration. The depositary may also determine that it is not feasible to distribute certain property through the mail. Additionally, the value of certain distributions may be less than the cost of mailing them. In these cases, the depositary may determine not to distribute such property. We have no obligation to register under U.S. securities laws any ADSs, ordinary shares, rights or other securities received through such distributions. We also have no obligation to take any other action to permit the distribution of ADSs, ordinary shares, rights or anything else to holders of ADSs. This means that you may not receive distributions we make on our ordinary shares or any value for them if it is illegal or impractical for us to make them available to you. These restrictions may cause a material decline in the value of our ADSs.

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Item 4.        Information on the Company

Ambow Education Holding Ltd. is not an operating company but a Cayman Islands holding company with operations primarily conducted by its subsidiaries in the U.S. Investors in our securities should be aware that they may never directly hold equity interests in our operating entities but rather are purchasing equity solely in Ambow Education Holding Ltd., our Cayman Islands holding company, which does not directly own substantially all of our business conducted by our U.S. subsidiaries.

Our founder, Dr. Jin Huang, laid the foundation for Ambow in 2000. Spanning the inception year through January 2017, our strategic business concentration was primarily oriented toward the Chinese market. During this period, Ambow Corporation meticulously conducted its operations through an intricate network of subsidiaries located within the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and various Variable Interest Entities (VIEs). This organizational structure was designed to navigate the complex regulatory environment of China, relying on a sophisticated series of contractual arrangements. These arrangements were carefully established among our PRC subsidiaries, the VIEs and the shareholders of the VIEs, thereby enabling us to adeptly manage and execute our business operations within China. This framework facilitated our compliance with local regulations while also ensuring the seamless execution of our strategic initiatives within the Chinese market.

Beginning in 2017, we started to expand our U.S. operation. We established Ambow BSC Inc. on February 14, 2017. Ambow BSC Inc. is a 100% subsidiary of ours. On November 20, 2017, Ambow BSC Inc. acquired 100% of the outstanding shares of common stock of Bay State College Inc. Bay State College Inc. is a Massachusetts corporation that owns and operates Bay State College, a higher education institution offering career-focused post-secondary educational services with associates and bachelor’s programs in Business, Information Technology, Healthcare, Criminal Justice and Fashion. Bay State College was founded in 1946, is accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges, Commission on Institutions of Higher Education and is eligible to participate in federal student aid programs under Title IV of the U.S. Higher Education Act. Bay State College’s academic programs were delivered at its main campus in Boston, Massachusetts, a branch campus in Taunton, Massachusetts and online.

In June 2018, we completed a public offering of 2,070,000 ADSs at $4.25 per ADS. Each ADS represents two Class A ordinary shares of the Company. On June 1, 2018, our ADSs commenced trading on the NYSE American under the symbol “AMBO.”

We established Ambow NSAD Inc. on May 8, 2019. Ambow NSAD Inc. is a 100% subsidiary of ours. On March 6, 2020, Ambow NSAD Inc. acquired 100% of the members’ interest in NewSchool of Architecture & Design. NewSchool is a for-profit institution of higher education based in San Diego, California, with bachelor’s and master’s programs in Architecture, Construction Management, Product Design, Graphic Design & Interactive Media, and Interior Architecture and Design. NewSchool is regionally accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges Senior College and University Commission and is eligible to participate in federal student aid programs under Title IV of the U.S. Higher Education Act.

On October 5, 2020, we completed a registered direct offering for the issuance of 1,507,538 ADSs (representing 3,015,076 Class A ordinary shares) at a purchase price of $3.98 per ADS.

To comply with the 2021 Implementing Rules, on November 23, 2022, we entered a share purchase agreement to dispose all of our equity interest in Ambow China for a cash consideration of $12.0 million (the “Sale of Ambow China”). The Sale of Ambow China was completed On December 31, 2022. After the Sale of Ambow China, we sold all our assets and operations in China and ceased control over the VIEs. As of the date of this annual report, we do not have any business operations and/or assets in China.

On February 28, 2023, we completed the issuance of 2,500,000 ADSs (representing 5,000,000 Class A ordinary shares of the Company) at a purchase price of $0.80 per ADS and accompanying warrants to purchase 1,000,000 ADSs (representing 2,000,000 Class A ordinary shares of the Company) at a purchase price of $0.80 per ADS, in a private placement.

On April 11, 2023, the Board of Trustees voted to permanently close Bay State College at the end of the 2022-2023 academic year, and this permanent closer was completed on August 31, 2023.

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During 2023, we debuted HybriU marking a significant milestone in the evolution of digital education solutions, establishing itself as the education market’s inaugural fully integrated, interactive AI-powered platform that seamlessly bridges online and offline instruction. Specifically tailored for the education industry, HybriU underscores the Company’s commitment to leveraging AI technology to drive educational advancements. With its operations rooted in the United States, the Company is at the forefront of the AI technology-driven educational sector, positioned to revolutionize the way educational content is delivered and experienced. This launch not only signifies a pivotal leap forward in educational technology but also reinforces the Company’s dedication to enriching the learning journey through innovative and adaptive solutions.

Recent Developments

On March 7, 2024, the company announced the appointment of Norm Allgood as fractional Head of HybriU, effective immediately. In this newly established position, Mr. Allgood will lead the dissemination and implementation of HybriU, Ambow’s cutting-edge, AI-driven hybrid learning solution for education and workforce training.

Principal Executive Office

Our principal executive offices are located at 19925 Stevens Creek Blvd, Cupertino, CA 95014, United States of America. Our telephone number at this address is +1 628-888-4587. Our registered office of the Cayman Islands companies is ICS Corporate Services (Cayman) Limited, 3-212 Governors Square, 23 Lime Tree Bay Avenue, P.O. Box 30746, Seven Mile Beach, Grand Cayman KY1—1203. Our registered office telephone number is + 86 21 6428 9510-815.

Where You Can Find More Information

The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports filed by Ambow at www.sec.gov.

Our current mission is to empower educational institutions, educators and students by delivering AI and connectivity solutions specifically crafted for the educational sector. Leveraging our HybriU technology alongside the NewSchool of Architecture & Design in San Diego, California, Ambow is devoted to delivering, personalized, career education services with sophisticated AI-driven digital education technologies and solutions.

Our proprietary AI-driven digital education solution, HybriU, specifically targets the evolving challenges within the hybrid learning and course recording arena, positioning itself as the solution for the contemporary educational landscape. Acknowledging trends toward a seamless blend of in-person and remote instruction, Ambow has innovated its HybriU platform, creating a transformational hybrid classroom model.

HybriU is engineered to fulfill the unmet needs of the higher learning and workforce training markets, offering capabilities beyond the conventional online video correspondence tools. It facilitates a comprehensive integration of online and offline classroom discussions, incorporates instant AI translation, and enables simultaneous content creation. This innovative approach fosters a truly immersive learning environment, ensuring a cohesive connection between in-person classroom settings and remote participants, irrespective of geographic location or language barriers.

Our services and products

As staunch advocates for “Education for Employment,” we deliver educational programs that are meticulously designed to align with the evolving demands of the contemporary job market, through our wholly owned subsidiaries. This portfolio includes the Bay State College in Boston, which concluded its operations in August 2023, and NewSchool of Architecture & Design located in San Diego, California. Each institution within Ambow’s network is dedicated to providing specialized, industry-aligned educational services designed to empower students to achieve excellence in their chosen careers.

Prior to the closure of Bay State College in Boston, it was recognized for its diverse array of programs that imparted practical skills and relevant academic knowledge across various sectors, including healthcare, business and information technology.

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NewSchool of Architecture & Design, situated in the dynamic city of San Diego, stands as a pillar of innovation and excellence in architectural and design education. The institution is distinguished by its rigorous curriculum that prioritizes design thinking, sustainability and social responsibility. Offering a wide range of programs in architecture, interior design, product design and urban design, NewSchool adeptly prepares students for the modern challenges and demands of the architectural and design industries. The school’s dedication to practical application, combined with its global perspective and diverse faculty, ensures a comprehensive education that is perfectly attuned to the AI age.

Our growth trajectory is set to be significantly accelerated by the introduction of our most recent innovation: the HybriU AI digital education solution. This initiative is a strategic exploration into the application of artificial intelligence with the goal of transforming the educational landscape. HybriU is designed to integrate with existing educational infrastructures, providing a sophisticated, interactive platform that accommodates both online and offline modes of learning.

Tailored to address the specific demands of the education sector, this AI-powered solution is anticipated to substantially enhance educational outcomes, refine pedagogical strategies, and deliver personalized learning experiences on a previously unattainable scale. This deliberate shift toward a revolutionary educational model reaffirms Ambow’s unwavering dedication to spearheading innovations in educational technology, meeting the changing needs of learners globally with agility and insight.

Student recruitment and retention

We employ a variety of marketing and recruiting methods to attract students and increase enrollment in our schools. We believe prospective students are attracted to schools due to our strong brand name, innovative teaching and learning models and practices, and high-quality, individualized services. With the deployment and utilization of HybriU, a rapid increase in the number of out-of-state students, international students, and auditors enrollment is expected in the future. The longer and more frequently a student uses our services and products, the more effective and efficient the services and content we can provide them, thus enhancing students’ stickiness to utilize our services throughout their learning cycle.

Our technology infrastructure

HybriU Vision

We believe HybriU is transforming the educational landscape: the distinction between online and in-person learning is abolished, linguistic and geographic limitations are overcome, and the gap between academic theory and practical application is bridged. Our mission is to foster a universally accessible and interconnected learning experience, blending theoretical insights with hands-on practice. We aim to craft an educational framework that is universally accessible, seamlessly melding classroom learning with practical, real-world experience. Through this innovative approach, we are committed to providing students with the essential skills and knowledge required to succeed in a constantly changing global environment.

HybriU AI Digital Education Engine

We believe the HybriU AI Digital Education Engine (“The HybriU AI Digital Education Engine”) represents a significant milestone in the evolution of educational technologies, providing a holistic solution poised to redefine the conventional educational paradigm. This avant-garde platform stands at the forefront of the digital education revolution, epitomizing our unwavering commitment to dismantling the traditional barriers that have historically compartmentalized the educational landscape.

We believe, HybriU meticulously addresses five quintessential components of the educational ecosystem at its foundation: Teaching, Learning, Recording, Connecting and Management. These domains are thoroughly augmented through the strategic application of leading-edge artificial intelligence and comprehensive big data analytics, ensuring a streamlined, efficacious and bespoke educational experience.

Teaching

The HybriU AI Digital Education Engine is expected to leverage sophisticated AI technologies to endow educators with automated instructional highlights, thereby optimizing teaching efficacy and fostering a more personalized learning environment.

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We believe this platform is revolutionizing the learning environment by automating the dissemination of lecture transcripts directly into student accounts. This advancement promotes a dynamic and interactive learning process, wherein students are not merely passive recipients of information but are actively engaged through highlighting, annotating and seeking elucidations from an AI assistant. Such interactive engagements are carefully analyzed to provide educators with insightful data on students’ comprehension and interaction patterns.

The feedback mechanism facilitated by this data analysis constitutes a cornerstone of the HybriU ecosystem, enabling a perpetually evolving educational experience. Educators are furnished with immediate feedback, enabling them to adjust their teaching methods and enhance educational outcomes. This paradigm shift toward a responsive and learner-centric educational model highlights the transition from mere content delivery to the cultivation of deep, meaningful interactions with educational material.

Learning

We believe HybriU transforms the learning experience by automating the transcription of lectures, making them directly available in students’ accounts. This innovation enables students to engage with content interactively through annotations and personal reflections, facilitating a personalized educational journey. The platform’s AI assistant is instrumental in this process, offering clarifications and deepening student comprehension. Further, the provision for multilingual learning empowers students from diverse linguistic backgrounds to partake in their education in the language of their preference.

Recording

The HybriU AI Digital Education Engine’s high-quality content creation feature is designed to seamlessly integrate with both in-classroom teaching and online instruction modalities. We believe this capability guarantees that exceptionally high-quality, AI-generated content is consistently produced regardless of the instructional mode—whether engaging with students directly in a traditional classroom or through digital platforms.

This approach allows for the creation of high-quality educational content in real time, reducing the workload for educators in preparing material. This frees up more time for them to focus on teaching and engaging with students.

Moreover, this functionality ensures that all generated content, whether from live classroom sessions or online teaching activities, upholds a standard of excellence and relevance, addressing the diverse preferences and learning styles of students. By adopting this technology, HybriU endeavors to reconcile the disparities between traditional and digital educational methodologies, delivering a cohesive and enriched learning experience across various teaching landscapes.

Connecting

HybriU champions multi-site teaching and hybrid educational models, enabling students the flexibility to participate in classes either in-person or remotely. The platform’s real-time interaction capabilities are crucial in bridging the divide between remote learners and conventional classroom settings. It facilitates real-time engagement between remote classrooms and in-class activities, with video content seamlessly integrated into classroom screens. This fosters a symbiotic interaction between online and offline students, significantly enriching the educational experience.

HybriU’s dedication to fostering an inclusive educational ecosystem is manifest in its multilingual support and the introduction of remote laboratories in both 2D and 3D formats. These innovations ensure that all students, irrespective of their geographic location or linguistic proficiency, have access to a high-quality, engaging and comprehensive education.

Management

HybriU also introduces management tools, permitting administrators to directly monitor live classes for quality assurance. This feature ensures consistent adherence to educational standards. Additionally, the platform’s capacity for automatic content generation streamlines the review process.

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HybriU AI Digital Education Solutions

The HybriU AI Digital Education Solution (“The HybriU AI Digital Education Solution”) is a comprehensive suite that transforms the educational environment, bridging the gap between traditional methods and the future of digital learning. This solution combines sophisticated software and hardware to create an AI-powered digital and hybrid classroom, designed to enhance educational delivery and engagement.

At the heart of HybriU lies the innovative application of artificial intelligence, which streamlines the teaching process and elevates the learning experience. It enables one-click start functionalities, where high-quality video lessons are automatically generated, and seamlessly connects teaching computers to live rooms, ensuring that both teacher and teaching computer screens are auto-recorded and integrated into the live teaching session. This feature-rich platform supports multi-site teaching, allowing educators to reach students across various locations without compromising the quality of instruction or engagement.

HybriU excels in facilitating academic seminars, expert lectures, international conferences, collaborative research and meetings, making it an invaluable tool for academic institutions. Moreover, it extends its capabilities to practical skills training by combining instructional views with technical demonstrations, thereby offering a holistic view of both theory and practice.

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A notable feature of the HybriU solution is its ability to break down the boundaries between academia and industry, bringing industry labs to life within university classrooms. This is further enhanced by immersive teaching tools like 3D LED walls, which provide a dynamic and engaging learning environment.

HybriU’s AI-driven functionalities include teacher tracking to always keep the focus on the instructor and automatic switching to discussion mode for interactive sessions. This ensures real-time interaction and a synchronous online and offline hybrid education experience for both on-site and remote students.

Driven by the HybriU AI Digital Education Engine, the HybriU AI Digital Education Solution offers a suite of sophisticated AI tools and algorithms that seamlessly integrate with existing educational frameworks to enhance teaching effectiveness, learning outcomes and operational efficiencies. By harnessing the capabilities of big data analytics, HybriU provides actionable insights that empower educators to tailor their instructional methods to the unique needs of each student, ensuring an optimized learning journey.

Key Features:

Adaptive Learning. HybriU enhances its functionality beyond mere student engagement, adeptly addressing the complex dynamics of traditional classroom settings. The platform’s sophisticated adaptive learning system empowers classroom lectures to dynamically modify content and instructional strategies based on real-time feedback and interactive data from students. This innovative approach ensures a more personalized and effective learning experience, catering to the individual needs and comprehension levels of students, thus fostering an environment where teaching is as responsive as it is enlightening.

Automated Content Generation. HybriU’s content generation features notably alleviate the pressures of educational content creation, empowering educators to devote their efforts to crafting and delivering high-impact, engaging lessons. This capability spans both traditional classroom environments and online platforms, ensuring that regardless of the teaching context, instructors can focus on the core aspects of education—engagement and impact.

Interactive and Immersive Learning. HybriU significantly enriches the educational journey by incorporating interactive annotated transcriptions alongside an AI assistant, enhancing the way students engage with and comprehend lecture material. Additionally, the introduction of 3D technology offers a more immersive learning experience, enabling students to explore complex concepts in a visually engaging and interactive manner. This blend of annotated transcriptions for deeper content engagement, AI for personalized assistance, and 3D visualization for immersive learning, collectively transforms the traditional classroom into a dynamic and interactive learning environment, tailored to meet the diverse needs of students in the digital age.

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Multilingual Support. HybriU effectively dismantles language barriers by providing comprehensive multilingual support, facilitating learners’ access to live HybriU-powered classrooms and enabling the review of recorded educational content in their preferred language, thus widening access and participation on a global scale.

Real-Time Analytics and Feedback. The solution’s real-time analytics dashboard provides educators with immediate feedback on student progress and class performance, facilitating timely interventions and personalized support.

Seamless Integration and Scalability. Designed for flexibility, HybriU integrates smoothly with existing Learning Management Systems (LMS) and scales to meet the demands of institutions of any size, without compromising on performance or security. HybriU as an interactive tool within Learning Management Systems (LMS) provides a seamless blend of in-class and remote learning experiences. Here’s how it functions:

Pre-Class Preparation. Instructors can set up the HybriU link within the LMS before the class session begins. This preparation ensures that all students, regardless of their location, have access to the upcoming live class.

Live Participation. Students unable to attend the classroom in person can join the class live through the HybriU link provided in the LMS. This feature enables real-time participation, ensuring that remote students are as much a part of the class as those physically present.

Post-Class Content. After the class concludes, the instructor reviews the recorded content to ensure it meets quality standards and then posts the link to the recorded session back in the LMS. This allows all students to access the lecture content at their convenience for review or in case they missed the live session.

This approach enhances the flexibility and accessibility of education, allowing students to engage with their courses more effectively. By integrating HybriU as an interactive tool within LMS platforms, educators can provide a more inclusive, interactive, and adaptable learning experience, catering to the needs of both in-person and remote students. This integration also underscores the versatility of HybriU in complementing traditional LMS functionalities with advanced interactive capabilities.

We believe the HybriU AI Digital Education Solution not only enhances the quality and accessibility of education but also prepares institutions to navigate the future of digital learning with confidence.

Intellectual property

We have developed our proprietary technology over the past decade. Our brand, tradename and other intellectual property rights distinguish our services and products from those of our competitors, contributing to our competitive advantages in our target markets. To protect our brand and other intellectual property, we rely on a combination of trademark, copyright, trade secret laws and confidentiality agreements with our employees, contractors and others.

Our main website is www.ambow.com. We have also registered certain domain names, including www.hybriu.com. In addition to building “Ambow” as a stand-alone brand, we intend to continue to co-brand “Ambow” with the brands of our acquired schools and programs for the foreseeable future in order to fully leverage their established local presence and reputation.

We cannot be certain that our efforts to protect our intellectual property rights will be adequate or that third parties will not infringe or misappropriate these rights. There can also be no assurance that competitors will not develop similar intellectual properties independently. If others are able to copy and use our programs and services, we may not be able to maintain our competitive position.

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Selling and marketing

HybriU is strategically positioned for deployment across large U.S. markets, targeting schools, colleges, universities and corporations that have traditionally depended on offline instruction and training. Our focus includes elite universities aiming to extend their course offerings to audit students worldwide, as well as smaller colleges looking to boost enrollment with out-of-state and international students. Furthermore, HybriU seeks to serve industry-leading corporations, facilitating the connection of the global workforce with regional or international offices, external trainers or academic institutions. This approach broadens educational access and participation on a global scale as well as supports the dynamic needs of today’s diverse learning and training environments.

To promote our brands in the fragmented education market, we selectively and systematically market HybriU and build our brand names through a range of different marketing programs. By doing so, we intend to continue implementing a standard corporate identity across all nations. Our marketing efforts across different national markets focus primarily on:

Competition

We face direct competition in each geographic market and each business segment in which we operate. We believe that the principal competitive factors in our markets include the following:

HybriU sets itself apart from platforms like Zoom, Google Meet and Microsoft Teams by integrating AI-driven software and hardware solutions that transcend mere online interactions. Our platform enables seamless, real-time engagement between online students and offline classroom participants, including both educators and students. This unique integration ensures all participants, regardless of their geographical location, can actively engage in the educational process. They can participate in discussions, engage in group activities, and receive instant feedback, thereby bridging the gap between traditional in-person learning environments and virtual classrooms. This innovative approach fosters a cohesive, interactive learning experience that promotes inclusivity and equal participation among all learners. We believe HybriU is redefining the educational landscape, providing an integrated classroom experience that caters to the diverse needs of today’s students and educators.

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However, some of our existing and potential competitors may have more resources than us. These competitors may be able to devote greater resources than we can to the development, promotion and sale of their programs, services and products and respond more quickly than we can to changes in customer demands, market needs or new technologies. In addition, we face competition from many different organizations that focus on some of our targeted markets, which may be more responsive to changes in student preferences in these markets.

In addition, the spread of the Internet and advancements in Internet and information technologies are eliminating geographic and cost-entry barriers to providing private educational and career enhancement services. As a result, many smaller companies are able to use the Internet to quickly and cost-effectively offer their programs, services and products to a large number of students with less capital expenditure than was previously required.

Seasonality

Our business is subject to seasonal variations. Historically, there are fewer educational service activities during the third quarter due to the summer break.

Regulations

Our business activities are subject to various federal, state, local and foreign laws, rules and regulations. Compliance with these laws, rules and regulations has not had and is not expected to have, a material effect on our capital expenditures, results of operations, and competitive position as compared to prior periods. Nevertheless, compliance with existing or future governmental regulations, including, but not limited to, those pertaining to consumer and data protection, and taxes, could have a material impact on our business in subsequent periods. For more information on the potential impacts of government regulations affecting our business, see “Risk Factors” under “Item 3 – Key Information.”

The diagrams below illustrate our corporate structure with respect to each of our significant subsidiaries and the place of incorporation of each named entity as of December 31, 2023, and as of the date of this annual report.

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Ambow, Ambow Education Inc., Ambow NSAD Inc., Ambow BSC Inc., Bay State College, NewSchool are the offshore principal operating entities. Their functional currency is US$.

See “Item 3. Key Information — D. Risk Factors — General Risk Factors - Our subsidiaries and affiliated entities in China are subject to restrictions on making dividends and other payments to us or any other affiliated company.”, and “Item 8. Financial Information — A. Consolidated Financial Statements and other Financial Information —Dividends.”

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Our headquarters are located in California, USA, where we lease approximately 70,190 square feet of office and campus space. In addition, we lease certain properties for our career-enhancement college campuses. We believe that our existing facilities are adequate for our current business operations and will be able to enter into lease arrangements on commercially reasonable terms for future expansion.

Item 4A     Unresolved Staff Comments

Not applicable.

Item 5.     Operating and Financial Review and Prospects

The following discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements for the periods specified including the notes thereto included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F as well as “Item 3.A Key Information—Selected Consolidated Financial Data.” We undertake no obligation to update publicly any forward-looking statements in this annual report on Form 20-F. We are omitting the discussion of the 2021 results of operations. Our financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2021 can be found under Item 5A in our Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, filed on May 2, 2022, and is available for review at www.sec.gov.

A.      Operating Results

Overview

We position ourselves at the future of education innovation by delivering AI and connectivity solutions specifically crafted for the educational sector, empowering educational institutions, educators and students. Through our HybriU technology and partnership with the esteemed NewSchool of Architecture & Design in San Diego, Ambow is committed to offering personalized, impactful vocational education services, as well as AI-driven digital education technology and solutions.

Our proprietary AI-driven digital education solution HybriU is specifically tailored to address the evolving challenges in blended learning and course recording. Acknowledging trends toward seamless integration of face-to-face and remote learning, Ambow has innovated the HybriU platform, significantly improving educational outcomes and increasing enrollment numbers, transforming the blended classroom model.

Our net revenues from continuing operations decreased from $14.8 million in 2022 to $9.2 million in 2023. The decrease from 2022 to 2023 was primarily attributed to the conclusion of its operation of Bay State College in August 2023.

Our net loss from continuing operations narrowed in 2023 to $3.2 million from $9.3 million in 2022.

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Recent Developments

Bay State College Accreditation

On January 19, 2023, the New England Commission of Higher Education (“NECHE”) informed Bay State College (“BSC”) of its intention to withdraw BSC’s accreditation as of August 31, 2023. Following the rejection of Ambow’s appeal, on April 11, 2023, the Board of Trustees voted to permanently close Bay State College at the end of the 2022-2023 academic year, and this permanent closure was completed on August 31, 2023. The College provided academic, support and transitional services to students through August 31, 2023, and signed agreements with several area universities to provide program completion pathways to BSC students, often with enhanced transfer and other opportunities.

Factors affecting our results of operations

While our business is influenced by factors affecting the education industries in the U.S. generally, we believe our business is more directly affected by Company-specific factors, including, among others:

Effects of disposals and other strategic plans

As a result of the 2021 Implementing Rules, which prohibited foreign investments into or foreign parties from controlling private schools in China, on November 23, 2022, we entered a share purchase agreement to dispose of all equity interest of Ambow China for a cash consideration of $12.0 million. The Sale of Ambow China was completed on December 31, 2022. After the Sale of Ambow China, we sold all our assets and operations in China and ceased the control of all the VIEs.

There were no other material acquisitions and disposals during the years 2022 and 2023.

Key financial performance indicators

Our key financial performance indicators consist of our net revenues, cost of revenues gross profit and operating expenses, which are discussed in greater detail below. The following table sets forth our net revenues, cost of revenues and gross profit from continuing operations, both in absolute amounts and as a percentage of net revenues, for the periods indicated.

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Net revenues

In 2022 and 2023, we generated net revenues from continuing operations of $14.8 million and $9.2 million, respectively. The decrease in revenue was primarily due to the permanent closure of Bay State College on August 31, 2023.

Ambow is providing career-focused higher education services for undergraduate students through NewSchool of Architecture & Design in San Diego.

Cost of revenues

Cost of revenues for our educational and career enhancement programs and services primarily consists of:

Gross profit

Gross profit as a percentage of our net revenues was 1.9% and 27.2% in 2022 and 2023, respectively. The increase in gross profit margin from 2022 to 2023 was primarily attributable to a decrease in the cost of revenues due to rental expense allocated to G&A based on square footage usage by administrative offices, and decrease in payroll expenses and teaching cost upon closure of BSC.

Operating expenses

Our operating expenses consist of selling and marketing expenses, general and administrative expenses and research and development. The following table sets forth the components of our operating expenses from continuing operations, both in absolute amounts and as a percentage of revenues, for the years indicated.

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Selling and marketing expenses. Our selling and marketing expenses primarily consist of expenses related to advertising, seminars, marketing and promotional trips and other community activities for brand promotion purposes. The change in selling and marketing expenses from 2022 to 2023 was insignificant.

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General and administrative expenses. Our general and administrative expenses primarily consist of compensation and benefits of administrative staff, amortization of intangibles, costs of third-party professional services, rental and utility payments relating to office and administrative functions, and depreciation and amortization of property and equipment used in our general and administrative activities, as well as bad debt provision. Our general and administrative expenses from continuing operations decreased from $7.6 million in 2022 to $5.3 million in 2023, which was mainly due to the reduction in payroll expenses, approximately 10 administrative staff were terminated associated with BSC closure.

Research and development. Our research and development consisted of personnel-related expenses directly associated with our research and development organization, depreciation of equipment used in research and development, and allocated overhead. Our research and development expenses from continuing operations increased from 2022 to 2023, mainly due to a $0.5 million increase associated with the development of our new product, HybriU.

Share-based compensation expenses. The following table sets forth the allocation of our share-based compensation expenses from continuing operations, both in absolute amount and as a percentage of total share-based compensation expenses, among our employees based on the nature of work that they were assigned to perform.

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Our predecessor entity, Ambow Education Co., Ltd., adopted the 2010 Equity Incentive Plan in June 2010 and became effective upon completion of our 2010 IPO. On December 21, 2018, we adopted the Amended 2010 Plan, which became effective upon approval from the Board of Directors and shareholders. See “Item 6 — Directors, Senior Management and Employees — Compensation—Equity-based compensation plans.” From 2015 to 2020, we only granted restricted shares to our employees. No options were granted. We have adopted the provisions of ASC 718 “Stock Compensation” for the restricted shares we granted. For restricted shares granted to our employees, we record share-based compensation expenses based on the fair value of the award as of the date of grant and amortize the expenses over the vesting periods of the restricted shares.

Taxation

We are a Cayman Islands company that currently conducts operations primarily through our U.S. subsidiaries. Under the current laws of the Cayman Islands, Ambow is not subject to taxes on its income or capital gains. In addition, the payment of dividends, if any, is not subject to withholding taxes in the Cayman Islands.

A significant component of our provision of income tax is generated from operating through our U.S. subsidiaries, which have a federal statutory income tax rate of 21%. Current income taxes are provided for in accordance with the laws and regulations in the U.S. Deferred income taxes are recognized when temporary differences exist between the tax bases and their reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements.

Critical accounting estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. The SEC has defined a company’s critical accounting policies as the ones that are most important to the portrayal of the company’s financial condition and results of operations, and which require the company to make its most difficult and subjective judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates of matters that are inherently uncertain. Based on this definition, we have identified the critical accounting policies and judgments addressed below. We also have other key accounting policies, which involve the use of estimates, judgments and assumptions that are significant to understanding our results. Although we believe that our estimates, assumptions and judgments are reasonable, they are based upon information presently available. Actual results may differ significantly from these estimates under different assumptions, judgments or conditions.

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Revenue recognition

Our revenue is generated from delivering educational programs.

The core principle of ASC 606 is that an entity recognizes revenue when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. To achieve that principle, the Group applies the following steps:

Step 1: Identify the contract(s) with a customer;

Step 2: Identify the performance obligations in the contract;

Step 3: Determine the transaction price;

Step 4: Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract;

Step 5: Recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation.

We have Bay State College and NewSchool of Architecture & Design in the U.S. which offer career-focused post-secondary educational services to undergraduate students.

For undergraduate students, usually there are no written formal contracts between us and the students according to business practice. Records with the student’s name, grades, tuition and fees collected are signed or confirmed by students. Academic requirements and each party’s rights are communicated with students through enrollment brochures or daily teaching and academic activities.

For undergraduate students, our performance obligations are to provide acknowledged academic education within academic years, and post-secondary education with associate and bachelor’s programs within agreed-upon periods. The transaction price is the tuition fee received and circumstances like other variable considerations, significant financing components, noncash considerations, and considerations payable to a customer do not exist. As there is only one performance obligation, the transaction price is allocated to the one performance obligation. The Group satisfies the performance obligation to students over time, and recognizes revenue according to school days consumed in each month of a semester.

Contract Balances

Accounts receivable represents revenue recognized for the amounts invoiced and/or prior to invoicing when we have satisfied its performance obligation and have an unconditional right to the payment. Under Topic 606, our right to consideration in exchange for goods or services that we have transferred to a customer is recognized as a contract asset. We had no contract assets as of December 31, 2022 and 2023.

The contract liabilities consist of deferred revenue, which relates to unsatisfied performance obligations at the end of each reporting period and consists of tuition received in advance from students. As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, our deferred revenue amounted to $0.8 million and $0.5 million for each period, respectively.

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Allowance for Credit Losses

In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 326, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses, the Company estimates and records an expected lifetime credit loss on accounts receivable and long-term receivable included in other non-current assets by utilizing historical write-off rates as a starting point for determining expected credit losses and has considered all available relevant information, including details about past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts, as well as their impact on the expected credit losses. The allowance for expected credit losses is adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The Company recognized a provision for expected credit losses on accounts receivable of $1.1 million and $0.5 million in 2022 and 2023, respectively, and on long-term receivable of $0.8 million in 2023.
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Intangible assets, net

Intangible assets, net represent brand, software, trade name and accreditation. The software was initially recorded at historic acquisition costs or cost directly incurred to develop the software during the application development stage that can provide future benefits, and amortized on a straight-line basis over estimated useful lives.

Other finite-lived intangible assets are initially recorded at fair value when acquired in a business combination, in which the finite intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis, except student populations and customer relationships, which are amortized using an accelerated method to reflect the expected departure rate over the remaining useful life of the asset. We review identifiable amortizable intangible assets to be held and used for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the assets may not be recoverable. Determination of recoverability is based on the lowest level of identifiable estimated undiscounted cash flows resulting from use of the asset and its eventual disposition. Measurement of any impairment loss is based on the excess of the carrying value of the asset over its fair value. The intangible assets have original estimated useful lives as follows (see Note 8-Intangible Assets, Net to the audited consolidated financial statements for additional information):

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We have determined that trade names and brand have the continued ability to generate cash flows indefinitely. There are no legal, regulatory, contractual, economic or other factors limiting the useful life of the respective trade names and brands. Consequently, the carrying amounts of trade names and brands are not amortized but are tested for impairment annually in the third quarter or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that the assets may be impaired. Such impairment test consists of a comparison of the fair values of the trade names and brand with their carrying amounts and an impairment loss is recognized if and when the carrying amounts of the trade names and brand exceed their fair values.

We performed impairment testing of indefinite-lived intangible assets in accordance with ASC 350 as of September 30 every year, which requires an entity to evaluate events and circumstances that may affect the significant inputs used to determine the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible assets when performing qualitative assessment. When these events occur, we estimate the fair value of these trade names and brands with the Relief from Royalty method (“RFR”), which is one of the income approaches. The RFR method is generally applied for assets that are frequently licensed in exchange for royalty payments. As the owner of the asset is relieved from paying such royalties to a third party for using the asset, economic benefit is reflected by notional royalty savings. An impairment loss is recognized for any excess in the carrying value over the fair value of trade names and brands. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, we performed impairment tests on the trade name and brand and recognized impairment loss of $0.7 million and nil on brand, respectively.

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Impairment of long-lived assets

We review our long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may no longer be recoverable. When these events occur, we measure impairment by comparing the carrying value of the long-lived assets to the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of the assets and their eventual disposition. If the sum of the expected undiscounted cash flow is less than the carrying amount of the assets, we will recognize an impairment loss based on the fair value of the assets, using the expected future discounted cash flows. There is no impairment loss from other long-lived assets during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023.

Income taxes

Deferred income taxes are recognized for temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the financial statements, net of operating loss carry forwards and credits, by applying enacted statutory tax rates applicable to future years. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Income taxes are provided for in accordance with the laws of the relevant taxing authorities.

We adopted the guidance on accounting for uncertainty in income taxes, which prescribes a more likely than not threshold for financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. Guidance was also provided on the de-recognition of income tax assets and liabilities, classification of current and deferred income tax assets and liabilities, accounting for income taxes in interim periods, and income tax disclosures. Significant judgment is required in evaluating our uncertain tax positions and determining its provision for income taxes. We establish reserves for tax-related uncertainties based on estimates of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes will be due. These reserves are established when we believe that certain positions might be challenged despite its belief that its tax return positions are in accordance with applicable tax laws. We adjust these reserves in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as the closing of a tax audit, new tax legislation, or the change of an estimate. To the extent that the final tax outcome of these matters is different than the amounts recorded, such differences will affect the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made. The provision for income taxes includes the effect of reserve provisions and changes to reserves that are considered appropriate.

Lease

We adopted ASC 842 Leases as of January 1, 2019, using the non-comparative transition option pursuant to ASU 2018-11. Therefore, we have not restated comparative period financial information for the effects of ASC 842 and will not make the new required lease disclosures for comparative periods beginning before January 1, 2019. We selected the package of practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance within the new standard, which, among other things, (i) allowed us to carry forward the historical lease classification; (ii) did not require us to reassess whether any expired or existing contracts are or contain leases; (iii) did not require us to reassess initial direct costs for any existing leases.

We identify a lease as a contract or part of a contract that conveys the right to control the use of identified property, plant, or equipment (an identified asset) for a period of time in exchange for consideration. For all operating leases except for short-term leases, we recognize operating right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are short-term leases and are not recognized as right-of-use assets and lease liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. We recognize lease expenses for short-term leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. For finance leases, we recognize finance lease right-of-use assets. The operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the lease payments not yet paid, discounted using our incremental borrowing rate over a similar term of the lease payments at lease commencement. Some of our lease agreements contain renewal options; however, we do not recognize right-of-use assets or lease liabilities for renewal periods unless it is determined that we are reasonably certain of renewing the lease at inception or when a triggering event occurs. The right-of-use assets consist of the amount of the measurement of the lease liabilities and any prepaid lease payments. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Our lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material-restrictive covenants.

Operating lease

When none of the criteria of finance lease are met, a lessee shall classify the lease as an operating lease.

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Finance lease

We classify a lease as a finance lease when the lease meets any of the following criteria at lease commencement:

a.The lease transfers ownership of the underlying asset to the lessee by the end of the lease term;

b.The lease grants the lessee an option to purchase the underlying asset that the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise;

c.The lease term is for the major part of the remaining economic life of the underlying asset;

d.The present value of the sum of the lease payments and any residual value guaranteed by the lessee that is not already reflected in the lease payments in accordance with ASC 842 paragraph 842-10-30-5(f) equals or exceeds substantially all of the fair value of the underlying asset;

e.The underlying asset is of such a specialized nature that it is expected to have no alternative use to the lessor at the end of the lease term.

Share-based compensation

We grant restricted shares to our employees and directors. Cost of employee services received is measured at the grant-date using the fair value of the equity instrument issued net of an estimated forfeiture rate, and therefore only recognizes compensation costs for those shares expected to vest over the service period of the award. Share-based compensation expense is recorded on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, generally ranging from one year to four years.

Forfeitures are estimated at the time of grant and revised in the subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates.

Foreign currency translation

The Group uses US$ as its reporting currency. The functional currency of the Company and its subsidiaries incorporated in the Cayman Islands, United States, is US$. In the consolidated financial statements, the financial information of the Company and its subsidiaries, which use US$ or their respective local currency as their functional currency, have been translated into US$. Assets and liabilities are translated at the exchange rates on the balance sheet date, equity amounts are translated at historical exchange rates, and revenues, expenses, gains, and losses are translated using the average exchange rate for the period. Translation adjustments arising from these are reported as foreign currency translation adjustments and are shown as a component of other comprehensive income or loss in the statement of comprehensive income.

Foreign currency transactions denominated in currencies other than functional currency are translated into functional currency using the exchange rates prevailing at the dates of the transactions. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at the balance sheet date are remeasured at the applicable rates of exchange in effect at that date. Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of such transactions and from remeasurement at year-end are recognized in foreign currency exchange gains/losses, net in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income.

Historically, we presented our financial results in Renminbi. Starting from January 1, 2023, we changed our reporting currency from Renminbi to U.S. dollars since a majority of our revenues and expenses are now denominated in U.S. dollars. We believe the alignment of the reporting currency with the underlying operations would better illustrate our results of operations for each period. The historical results of operations and financial statements included in this report are presented based on what were presented in the previous filed Form 20-F.

Results of operations

The following table sets forth a summary of our consolidated statements of operations for the periods indicated. This information should be read together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this annual report. We believe that period-to-period comparisons of results of operations should not be relied upon as indicative of future performance.

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Summary of Consolidated Statements of Operations

Year ended December 31, 2023 compared with year ended December 31, 2022

Net revenues. Our net revenues from continuing operations decreased by 37.8% from $14.8 million in 2022 to $9.2 million in 2023. The decrease was primarily due to the permanent closure of Bay State College on August 31, 2023.

Cost of revenues. Our cost of revenues from continuing operations decreased by 53.8% from $14.5 million in 2022 to $6.7 million in 2023. The decrease was primarily due to the closure of Bay State College on August 31, 2023.

Gross profit. Gross profit as a percentage of our net revenues from continuing operations increased from 1.9% in 2022 to 27.2% in 2023. The increase in gross profit was mainly attributable to lower cost of revenues.

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Operating expenses. Our total operating expenses from continuing operations decreased by 30.6% from $9.8 million in 2022 to $6.8 million in 2023. This decrease was mainly due to stringent expense controls to improve operating efficiency during 2023.

Other income, net. We recorded other net income from continuing operations of $1.1 million in 2023, compared to other net income of $0.2 million in 2022. The increase was mainly due to the $1.4 million gain on disposal of assets from the BSC curriculum in 2023.

Net loss. In accordance with the above-mentioned factors, our net loss improved from $14.3 million in 2022 to $3.2 million in 2023.

As of December 31, 2023 our consolidated current assets exceeded our consolidated current liabilities by $2.7 million. Our consolidated net assets were $6.4 million as of December 31, 2023.

Our principal sources of liquidity has been cash provided by operating activities, financing activities and investing activities. We had net cash used in operating activities of $0.3 million, $5.6 million and $3.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, we had $4.8 million in unrestricted cash and cash equivalents. We are currently focusing on cost control measures to enhance operational efficiency by reducing leasing and labor costs.

Our operating results for future periods are subject to numerous uncertainties and it is uncertain if we will be able to achieve a net income position for the foreseeable future. If management is not able to increase revenue and/or manage cost and operating expenses, we may not be able to achieve profitability.

We believe that available cash and cash equivalents, cash provided by operating activities, together with cash available, should enable us to meet presently anticipated cash needs for at least the next 12 months after the date that the financial statements are issued and we have prepared the consolidated financial statements on a going concern basis. However, we continue to have ongoing obligations and we expect that we will require additional capital in order to execute its longer-term business plan. If we encounter unforeseen circumstances that place constraints on its capital resources, management will be required to take various measures to conserve liquidity, which could include, but not necessarily be limited to, initiating additional public offerings, curtailing our business development activities, suspending the pursuit of its business plan, obtaining credit facilities, controlling overhead expenses and seeking to further dispose of non-core assets. Management cannot provide any assurance that we will raise additional capital if needed.

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Condensed summary of our cash flows

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Operating activities

Net cash used in operating activities, continuing operations amounted to $0.3 million in the year ended December 31, 2023, compared with $5.6 million in the year ended December 31, 2022. Net cash used in operating activities, discontinued operations were nil in the year ended December 31, 2023, compared with net cash provided by operating activities, discontinued operations of $3.6 million in the year ended December 31, 2022.

Net cash used in operating activities from continuing operations in the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily attributable to net loss of $3.2 million, a decrease in operating lease liabilities of $1.2 million, a decrease in accounts receivable of $1.4 million, a decrease in accrued and other liabilities of $2.3 million, and a decrease in accounts payable of $1.0 million. These were partially offset by amortization of operating lease right of use asset of $2.1 million, disposal loss from property and equipment of $0.3 million, a increase in prepaid and other current assets of $6.0 million and bad debt provision of $0.4 million.

Net cash used in operating activities from continuing operations in the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily attributable to net loss from continuing operations of $9.3 million, a decrease in operating lease liabilities of $2.4 million, a decrease in deferred revenue of $0.8 million, lease termination and modification gain of $0.8 million, an increase in accounts receivable of $0.4 million, a decrease in accounts payable of $0.2 million, partially offset by amortization of operating lease right of use asset of $3.5 million, share-based compensation of $1.1 million, an increase in accrued and other liabilities of $0.9 million, a decrease in prepaid and other current assets of $0.8 million, a decrease in other non-current assets of $0.7 million, impairment loss of $0.7 million, depreciation and amortization of $0.2 million, bad debt provision of $0.2 million, and loss on disposal of subsidiaries of $0.2 million.

Investing activities

Net cash provided by investing activities, continuing operations was nil for each of the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. Net cash used in investing activities, discontinued operations was nil for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared with net cash used in investing activities, discontinued operations of $19.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Financing activities

Our financing activities consist primarily of proceeds from minority shareholder capital injections, short-term borrowings and funding provided to discontinued operations. Net cash provided by financing activities, continuing operations was $2.8 million in the year ended December 31, 2023, compared with net cash provided by financing activities, continuing operations of $3.0 million in the year ended December 31, 2022. Net cash provided by financing activities, discontinued operations amounted to nil and $2.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

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Net cash provided by financing activities, continuing operations for the year ended December 31, 2023 was mainly attributable to $2.4 million in proceeds from short-term borrowing and $1.9 million in proceeds from issuance of ordinary shares and warrants to purchase ordinary shares , net of expenses, partially offset by $1.5 million in repayments of short-term borrowing.

Net cash provided by financing activities, continuing operations in the year ended December 31, 2022 was mainly attributable to $3.0 million in short-term borrowing proceeds.

Equity financing

We raised an aggregate amount of $2.0 million through private investments of ordinary shares and warrants in February 2023.

Short-term borrowings

Loan agreements for short-term borrowings consisted of the following:

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In October 2022 and January 2023, we pledged a restricted cash amount of $3.9 million to obtain a line of credit of $3.9 million from Cathy Bank and EAST WEST BANK, respectively.

On October 11, 2022, we received a loan from Cathy Bank in the amount of $1.5 million with a maturity date on October 11, 2023. On November 6, 2023, we renewed the loan from Cathy Bank with a maturity date on October 11, 2024 and bearing interest at 6.29% per annum. On January 6, 2023, we received a loan from EAST WEST BANK in the amount of $2.4 million with a maturity date of January 6, 2024, and bearing interest at 2.50% per annum. The pledge shall be terminated once all borrowings are repaid and pledge cancellation registration procedures are completed.

The weighted average interest rate of the borrowings outstanding was 3.45% and 4.40% per annum as of December 31, 2022 and 2023. The fair values of the borrowings approximate their carrying amounts. The weighted average borrowings for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023 were $0.5 million and $2.7 million, respectively.

The borrowings incurred interest expenses were $0.1 million and $0.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023. There was neither capitalization as additions to construction in progress nor guarantee fees for each of three years ended December 31, 2023.

Capital expenditures

Our capital expenditures were nil in each of the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023.

Holding company structure

Ambow is not an operating company incorporated in the United States but rather a Cayman Islands holding company. We conduct our operations primarily through our subsidiaries in the United States. If our subsidiaries or any newly formed subsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing their debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends to us.

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Inflation

Inflation has not materially impacted our results of operations in recent years. Although we were not materially affected by inflation in the past, we can provide no assurance that we will not be affected in the future by higher rates of inflation.

Recent accounting standards

See of Notes 3(y) to the audited consolidated financial statements for recent accounting standards that could have an effect on us.

As of December 31, 2023, we employed eight full-time and part-time software and educational professionals. In 2022 and 2023, we spent nil and $0.5 million on research and development expenses, respectively.

For a discussion of significant recent trends in our financial condition and results of operations, please see “Item 5.A Operating and Financial Review and Prospects-Operating Results” and “5.B Operating and Financial Review and Prospects-Liquidity and Capital Resources.” Other than as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, we are not aware of any trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments or events for the year ended December 31, 2023 that are reasonably likely to have a material and adverse effect on our total revenues, income, profitability, liquidity or capital resources, or that would cause the disclosed financial information to be not necessarily indicative of future results of operations or financial conditions.

We have not entered into any financial guarantees or other commitments to guarantee the payment obligations of any third parties. We have not entered into any derivative contracts that are indexed to our shares and classified as shareholders’ equity, or that are not reflected in our consolidated financial statements. Furthermore, we do not have any retained or contingent interest in assets transferred to an unconsolidated entity that serves as credit, liquidity or market risk support to such entity. We do not have any variable interest in any unconsolidated entity that provides financing, liquidity, market risk or credit support to us or engages in leasing, hedging or research and development services with us.

There were no new off-balance sheet arrangements as of December 31, 2022 and 2023.

The following table presents a summary of our contractual long-term obligations and payments, by period, as of December 31, 2023.

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For our critical accounting estimates, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects-A. Operating Results-Critical accounting policies and estimates.”

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Item 6.     Directors, Senior Management and Employees

The table below sets forth certain information relating to our directors and executive officers as of December 31, 2023.

Jin Huang has served as our President and Chief Executive Officer and as a member of our board of directors since our inception in August 2000 and served as our Acting Chief Financial Officer since September 2022. Dr. Huang has over 15 years of academic and industry experience in Silicon Valley. Prior to founding Ambow, Dr. Huang was a founding engineer at Avant, where she was responsible for product design and engineering management. Dr. Huang holds a bachelor’s degree in Computer Science, a master’s degree in Computer Science and a Ph.D. in Electronic Engineering from the University of Electronic Science & Technology of China. From 1990 to 1993, Dr. Huang was doing research and completed her Ph.D. dissertation at the University of California, Berkeley.

Chiao-Ling Hsu has served as our Chief Operating Officer since June 2015. She took on the role of Interim President at NewSchool of Architecture & Design starting in 2022 and became the President in October 2023. Ms. Hsu has over 15 years of operating and management experience in the education industry. Since 2011, she has served as Chief Executive Officer of Hwa Kang Foundation, and as Executive Director of the Innovative Biz Group in the School of Continuing Education (SCE) at Chinese Culture University in Taipei. From 2012 to 2014, Ms. Hsu also was Vice Chairperson at the Center for Credentialing & Education in Greensboro, North Carolina in the United States. Previously, Ms. Hsu held several positions in the SCE at Chinese Culture University, including Chief Operating Office, Director of the Customer Contact Center, and Director of the E-learning Development Center. Ms. Hsu is a graduate of Chinese Culture University, and also holds a master’s degree in Business Education from New York University.

Yanhui Ma joined the board of directors in May 2014. Dr. Ma is an independent non-executive director of the company. Dr. Ma has been involved in the creation, funding and development of several healthcare companies, especially joint venture corporations between China and the United States. Dr. Ma also served on the board of directors of several healthcare related corporations he founded or co-founded in the U.S. and China, including Sinocare and SinoMed. Dr. Ma organized and co-founded the International Drug Delivery Society and served as Vice Chairman of the Society previously. He also served as the Vice President of US Silicon Valley Chinese Business Association.

Justin Chen has served as a member of our board of directors since March, 2013. Mr. Justin Chen is a counsel at PacGate Law Group. He is a California licensed attorney and is qualified to practice before the United States Patent and Trademark Office. Justin Chen graduated from the University of Iowa, College of Law in 1998, with a Juris Doctor degree and graduated from Peking University, Department of Biochemistry with a bachelor’s degree in 1992 and obtained his master’s degree in Biochemistry and Juris Doctor degrees, both from the University of Iowa in 1995 and 1998, respectively.

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Mingjun Wang has served as a member of our board of directors since September 2022 and is an independent non-executive director of the Company. Mr. Mingjun Wang has over 30 years of operating and management experience in the education and publishing industries. Since 2003, he has served as Chairman of the board directors of Beijing Century Oriental Science and Technology Inc. Since 2017, he has been an executive partner of Edtech Venture, a U. S. venture capital firm. Mr. Wang is also an entrepreneur and independent investor in the United States and China, with investment portfolios including Splashtop, Homatch, Century Oriental, OSA Technologies, 100E Inc. etc. Previously, Mr. Wang held Editor in Chief and Vice President positions of the Publishing House of Electronics Industry of China, and served as a member of the board of directors of China Electronics Association. Mr. Wang joined Pearson Education as an international rights manager in 1999. Mr. Wang graduated from Stanford University, School of Business in 1998 with a Master of Science in Management degree, obtained his Master of Electronics Engineering degree from Xidian University in 1988 and a Bachelor of Science degree from Shandong University, Department of Mathematics in 1983.

The business address of each of our executive officers and directors is Ambow Education Holding Ltd., 19925 Stevens Creek Blvd, Cupertino, CA 95014, United States of America.

There are no family relationships among any of our directors and executive officers.

None of our non-executive directors has any employment or service contract with our company.

Terms of executive officers

Our executive officers are appointed by, and serve at the discretion of, our board of directors.

B.Compensation

During 2023, the aggregate cash compensation that we paid to our executive officers as a group was $0.1 million, which includes bonuses, salaries and other benefits that were earned in 2022 and paid in 2023.

There were no share-based compensation expenses for the share options during the years from 2021 to 2023. As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, all share options were vested.

On November 22, 2018, the Board of Directors approved to grant 200,000 shares of the restricted stock to senior employees of the Company. Twenty-five percent of the awards shall vest on the one-year anniversary of the vesting commence date, and the remainder shall vest in equal and continuous monthly installments over the following thirty-six months thereafter, subject to participants’ continuing service of the Company through each vesting date. During 2022 and 2023, 45,833 and nil shares of restricted stock were vested, respectively.

On June 30, 2022, the Board of Directors approved to grant 5.2 million fully vested Class A ordinary shares of the restricted stock to senior employees of the Group for their services rendered in the past years.

Employment agreements

Service agreement with Dr. Jin Huang

We entered into a service agreement dated August 28, 2007 with Dr. Jin Huang, our Chief Executive Officer. The initial employment term under this service agreement was two years, automatically extending by successive periods of 12 months, unless we or Dr. Huang give the other party a written notice three months prior to the commencement of the next 12-month period indicating that the notifying party does not wish to extend the employment term, in which case the employment term will expire at the end of such three-month notice period.

In the event that we terminate Dr. Huang’s employment for cause, or if Dr. Huang voluntarily resigns (other than a resignation for good cause following a change of control), Dr. Huang will not be entitled to receive any severance benefits; provided, that Dr. Huang will be able to exercise any vested and unexercised awards under our equity incentive plans in accordance with the terms set forth therein.

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In the event that we terminate Dr. Huang’s employment under circumstances other than a change of control and for any reason other than for cause or voluntary termination, or if within 24 months after a change of control Dr. Huang is involuntarily terminated (other than for cause) or voluntarily resigns for good cause, Dr. Huang will be entitled to certain severance benefits, including:

Pursuant to the service contract, Dr. Huang also has agreed to certain non-competition undertakings during the term of her employment and for a period of one-year following any termination of her employment. These non-competition undertakings include that Dr. Huang may not, during the one-year period following any termination of her employment, (i) solicit or entice away any of our clients or prospective clients, (ii) have any business dealings with any of our clients or prospective clients, (iii) solicit or entice away any individual who is employed by us as a director or in a managerial, executive or technical capacity, or employ or engage any such individual, or (iv) carry on, set up, be employed, engaged or interested in a business anywhere in the PRC which is in competition with our business as of the termination date. These non-competition undertakings will not prohibit Dr. Huang from seeking or doing any business that is not in direct or indirect competition with our business, nor will they prevent Dr. Huang from holding shares or other capital not amounting to more than 5% of the total issued share capital of any company which is listed on a regulated market. Dr. Huang is entitled to receive one-half her annual base salary over the post-termination non-competition period as consideration for her non-competition undertakings, which are subject to our making such payments.

“Cause” means that Dr. Huang habitually neglects her duties to us or engages in gross misconduct during the term of the service agreement and “gross misconduct” means her misappropriation of funds, securities fraud, insider trading, unauthorized possession of corporate property, the sale, distribution, possession or use of a controlled substance, conviction of any criminal offense or entry of a plea of nolo contendere (or similar plea) to a charge of such an offense or a breach of the service agreement and failure to cure such breach within ten days after written notice thereof.

“Good cause” means, without Dr. Huang’s express prior written consent, (i) she is assigned duties materially inconsistent with her position, duties, responsibilities, or status with the company which substantially vary from that which existed immediately prior to the change of control, and such reassignment is not directly related to her incapacity, disability or any “cause”; (ii) she experiences a change in her reporting levels, titles, or business location (more than 50 miles from her current business location or residence, whichever is closer to the new business location) which substantially varies from that which existed immediately prior to the change of control, and such change is not directly related to her incapacity, disability or any “cause”; (iii) she is removed from any position held immediately prior to the change of control, or if she fails to obtain reelection to any position held immediately prior to the change of control, which removal or failure to reelect is not directly related to her incapacity or disability, “cause” or death; (iv) she experiences a reduction in salary of more than ten percent below that which existed immediately prior to the change of control, and such reduction is not directly related to her incapacity, disability or any “cause”; (v) she experiences an elimination or reduction of any employee benefit, business expenses, reimbursement or allotment, incentive bonus program, or any other manner or form of compensation available to her immediately prior to the change of control and such change is not otherwise applied to others in the company with her position or title and is not directly related to her incapacity, disability or any “cause”; or (vi) we fail to obtain from any successor, before the succession takes place, a written commitment obligating the successor to perform the service agreement in accordance with all of its terms and conditions.

“Change in control” means (i) any merger, consolidation, or sale of the company such that any individual, entity or group acquires beneficial ownership of 50 percent or more of our voting capital stock, (ii) any transaction in which we sell substantially all of our material assets, (iii) our dissolution or liquidation, (iv) any change in the control of the composition of our board of directors such that the shareholders who as of the date of the service agreement controlled the composition of our board of directors shall cease to have such control, or (v) there has occurred a “change of control”, as such term (or any term of like import) is defined in any of the following documents which is in effect with respect to us at the time in question: any note, evidence of indebtedness or agreement to lend funds to us, any option, incentive or employee benefit plan of us or any employment, severance, termination or similar agreement with any person who is then our employee.

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Employment Agreements with our other Executive Officers

We have entered into employment agreements with most of our executive officers. Under these agreements, most of our executive officers is employed for a specified time period subject to renewal. As stipulated under the applicable laws, we may be required to provide severance compensation as expressly required by applicable law. In certain cases, in the event of termination without cause, we are also required to provide severance compensation in accordance with the terms of the applicable employment agreement.

Confidential information and invention assignment agreements

We have also entered into a confidential information and invention assignment agreement with each of our executive officers. We require all of our employees to execute the same confidential information and invention assignment agreement or an agreement on substantially similar terms. Under the terms of the agreement, each executive officer has agreed to hold, both during and after such executive officer’s term of employment, in strictest confidence and not to use, except for our benefit, or to disclose to any person, firm or corporation without written authorization, any confidential information. Confidential information does not include any information which has become publicly known and made generally available through no wrongful act of our executive officers. Each executive officer has also agreed during such officer’s term of employment not to improperly use or disclose any proprietary information or trade secrets of any former or current employer or other person or entity unless consented to in writing by such employer, person or entity. In addition, each executive officer has agreed to disclose to us, hold in trust for the sole right and benefit of us and assign to us, all right, title and interest in and to, any and all inventions, original works of authorship, developments, concepts, improvements or trade secrets, whether or not patentable or registerable under copyright or similar laws, which such executive officer may solely or jointly conceive, develop or reduce to practice or cause to be conceived, developed or reduced to practice, during the period of employment. Furthermore, each executive officer has agreed to not directly or indirectly solicit, induce, recruit or encourage any employees to leave their employment during the twelve-month period immediately following such executive officer’s termination of employment.

Equity-based compensation plans

2010 Equity Incentive Plan

On June 1, 2010, we adopted the 2010 Equity Incentive Plan, or the “2010 Plan,” which became effective upon the completion of our IPO on August 5, 2010 and terminated automatically 10 years after its adoption.

Amended and Restated 2010 Equity Incentive Plan

On December 21, 2018, we amended and restated the 2010 Plan, which became effective upon the approval of the shareholders at the Annual Meeting of Shareholders on December 21, 2018. The Amended 2010 Plan will continue in effect for 10 years from the date adopted by the Board, unless terminated earlier under section 18 of the Plan.

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Share reserve. The maximum aggregate number of our ordinary shares that may be issued under our Amended 2010 Plan is such number of shares as shall be equal to 6,500,000 Class A ordinary shares, plus any shares that subject to stock options or similar awards granted under the 2005 Stock Plan that expire or otherwise terminate without having been exercised in full, and shares issued pursuant to awards granted under the 2005 Stock Plan that are forfeited to or converted by the Company, with the maximum number of shares to be added to the Amended 2010 Plan equal to 293,059 Class A ordinary shares. In addition, our Amended 2010 Plan provides for increases in the number of shares available for issuance thereunder on the closing day of each future registration before the fiscal years ending December 31, 2020, in the amount equal to 15% of the Class A ordinary shares issued in each registration.

Shares issued pursuant to awards under the Amended 2010 Plan that we repurchase or that are forfeited, as well as shares used to pay the exercise price of an award or to satisfy the tax withholding obligations related to an award, will become available for future grant under the Amended 2010 Plan. In addition, to the extent that an award is paid out in cash rather than shares, such cash payment will not reduce the number of shares available for issuance under the Amended 2010 Plan. As of December 31, 2023, the Group granted up to 7,305,222 Class A ordinary shares of the company to its employees, outside directors and consultants.

Administration. Our board of directors or a committee of our board of directors administers our Amended 2010 Plan. Different committees with respect to different groups of service providers may administer our Amended 2010 Plan. Subject to the provisions of our Amended 2010 Plan, the administrator has the power to determine the terms of the awards, including the recipients, the exercise price, the number of shares subject to each such award, the vesting schedule applicable to the awards, together with any vesting acceleration, and the form of consideration payable upon exercise. The administrator also has the authority to modify or amend awards, to prescribe rules and to construe and interpret the Amended 2010 Plan and to institute an exchange program whereby the exercise prices of outstanding awards may be reduced, outstanding awards may be surrendered in exchange for awards with a higher or lower exercise price, or outstanding awards may be transferred to a third party.

Options. The administrator may grant incentive stock options (“ISOs”) or non-statutory stock options (“NSOs”) under our Amended 2010 Plan. The exercise price of options granted under our Amended 2010 Plan must at least be equal to the fair market value of our ordinary shares on the date of grant and its term may not exceed 10 years, except that with respect to any participant who owns more than 10% of the total combined voting power of all classes of our outstanding shares, or of certain of our parent or subsidiary corporations, the term of an ISO must not exceed five years and the exercise price of such ISO must equal at least 110% of the fair market value on the grant date. The administrator determines the term of all other options.

After termination of an employee, director or consultant, he or she may exercise his or her option, to the extent vested as of such date of termination, for the period of time stated in the option agreement. In the absence of a specified period of time in the option agreement, the option will remain exercisable for a period of three months following termination (or 12 months in the event of a termination due to death or disability). However, in no event may an option be exercised later than the expiration of its term.

Share appreciation rights. Share appreciation rights may be granted under our Amended 2010 Plan. Share appreciation rights allow the recipient to receive the appreciation in the fair market value of our ordinary shares between the exercise date and the date of grant. The exercise price of share appreciation rights granted under our Amended 2010 Plan must at least be equal to the fair market value of our ordinary shares on the date of grant. The administrator determines the terms of share appreciation rights, including when such rights vest and become exercisable and whether to settle such awards in cash or with our ordinary shares, or a combination thereof. Share appreciation rights expire under the same rules that apply to options.

Restricted shares. Restricted shares may be granted under our Amended 2010 Plan. Restricted share awards are ordinary shares that are subject to various restrictions, including restrictions on transferability and forfeiture provisions. Restricted shares will vest and the restrictions on such shares will lapse, in accordance with terms and conditions established by the administrator. The administrator will determine the number of restricted shares granted to any employee. The administrator may impose whatever conditions to vesting it determines to be appropriate. For example, the administrator may set restrictions based on the achievement of specific performance goals and/or continued service to us. Recipients of restricted share awards generally will have voting and dividend rights with respect to such shares upon grant without regard to vesting, unless the administrator provides otherwise. Restricted shares that do not vest for any reason will be forfeited by the recipient and will revert to us.

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Restricted share units. Restricted share units may be granted under our Amended 2010 Plan. Each restricted share unit granted is a bookkeeping entry representing an amount equal to the fair market value of an ordinary share. Restricted share units are similar to awards of restricted shares, but are not settled unless the award vests. The awards may be settled in shares, cash, or a combination of both, as the administrator may determine. The administrator determines the terms and conditions of restricted share units including the vesting criteria and the form and timing of payment.

Performance units and performance shares. Performance units and performance shares may be granted under our Amended 2010 Plan. Performance units and performance shares are awards that will result in a payment to a participant only if performance goals established by the administrator are achieved or the awards otherwise vest. The administrator will establish organizational or individual performance goals in its discretion, which, depending on the extent to which they are met, will determine the number and/or the value of performance units and performance shares to be paid out to participants. Performance units will have an initial dollar value established by the administrator prior to the grant date. Performance shares will have an initial value equal to the fair market value of our ordinary shares on the grant date. Payment for performance units and performance shares may be made in cash or in our ordinary shares with equivalent value, or in some combination, as determined by the administrator.

Transferability. Unless the administrator provides otherwise, our Amended 2010 Plan does not allow for the transfer of awards other than by will or the laws of descent and distribution and only the recipient of an award may exercise an award during his or her lifetime.

Certain adjustments. In the event of certain changes in our capitalization, to prevent diminution or enlargement of the benefits or potential benefits available under the Amended 2010 Plan, the administrator will make adjustments to one or more of the numbers and class of shares that may be delivered under the plan and/or the number, class and price of shares covered by each outstanding award and the numerical share limits contained in the plan. In the event of our proposed liquidation or dissolution, the administrator will notify participants as soon as practicable and all awards will terminate immediately prior to the consummation of such proposed transaction.

Change in control transactions. Our Amended 2010 Plan provides that in the event of our merger or change in control, as defined in the Amended 2010 Plan, each outstanding award will be treated as the administrator determines, except that if the successor corporation or its parent or subsidiary does not assume or substitute an equivalent award for each outstanding award without the prior written consent of the participant, then such award will fully vest, all restrictions on such award will lapse, all performance goals or other vesting criteria applicable to such award will be deemed achieved at 100% of target levels and such award will become fully exercisable, if applicable, for a specified period prior to the transaction. The award will then terminate upon the expiration of the specified period of time.

Term, Amendment and Termination. Our Amended 2010 Plan will become effective upon its adoption by the Board. It will continue in effect for a term of ten (10) years from the date adopted by the Board, unless terminated earlier under Section 18 of the Plan. Our board of directors has the authority to amend, suspend or terminate the 2010 Equity Incentive Plan provided such action does not impair the rights of any participant with respect to any outstanding awards.

The following table summarizes, as of December 31, 2023, the share options and other equity awards granted to our executive officers under our Amended 2010 Plan or pursuant to other arrangements approved by our board of directors:

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On June 30, 2022, the Board of Directors approved to grant 5.2 million fully vested Class A ordinary shares of the restricted stock to senior employees of the Group for their services rendered in the past years.

As of December 31, 2023, our board of directors consisted of four directors:

Dr. Jin Huang, Mr. Justin Chen, Mr. Mingjun Wang and Dr. Yanhui Ma. Our directors are elected for three-year terms.

We believe that each of the non-executive members of our board of directors is an “independent director” as that term is used in the NYSE corporate governance rules.

No shareholder has the contractual right to designate persons to be elected to our board of directors, and our Sixth Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association provides that directors will be elected upon a resolution passed at a duly convened shareholders meeting by holders of a majority of our outstanding shares being entitled to vote in person or by proxy at such meeting, to hold office until the expiration of their respective terms. There is no minimum shareholding or age limit requirement for qualification to serve as a member of our board of directors.

We have a staggered board. The Directors are divided into Class I, Class II and Class III, respectively and are assigned to each class in accordance with a resolution or resolutions adopted by the Board of Directors.

The following table sets forth the names and classes of our directors as of the date of this annual report:

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A director may be removed for negligence or other reasonable cause at any time before the expiration of his or her term by a special resolution passed at a duly convened shareholder meeting by the holders of at least two-thirds of our outstanding shares being entitled to vote in person or by proxy at such meeting or by a unanimous written consent of our shareholders. Vacancies on our board of directors created by such a removal or by resignation may be filled by resolution passed at a duly convened shareholder meeting by the holders of a majority of our outstanding shares entitled to vote in person or by proxy at such meeting or by a majority vote of the remaining directors in office. A director so elected or appointed shall hold office until the next succeeding annual shareholder meeting and may be nominated for reelection at that time.

A director may vote on a proposal, arrangement or contract in which the director is interested, provided that such director has disclosed his interest in such matter to the board of directors at a meeting of the board of directors.

In addition, our board of directors may exercise all the powers of the company to borrow money, mortgage or charge its undertaking, property and uncalled capital, and issue debentures, debenture stock and other securities whenever money is borrowed or as a security for any debt, liability or obligation of the company or of any third party.

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Board Meetings and Executive Sessions

Once a quarter, and more often if circumstances require, our Board of Directors holds meetings. In addition to regularly scheduled Board meetings, the independent directors of the Board meet on a regular basis to fulfill their responsibilities on each of the Board committees. The independent directors also meet annually in executive sessions without the presence of management and non-independent directors.

Duties of directors

In general, under Cayman Islands law, our directors have a duty of loyalty to act honestly, in good faith and in our best interests. Our directors also have a duty to exercise the care, diligence and skills that a reasonably prudent person would exercise in comparable circumstances. In fulfilling their duty of care to us, our directors must ensure compliance with our memorandum and articles of association then in effect. In certain limited circumstances, our shareholders have the right to seek damages through a derivative action in the name of the company if a duty owed by our directors is breached.

Committees of our board of directors

We have established an audit committee and a compensation committee. We have adopted a charter for each of these committees. These committees’ members and functions are briefly described below. As a Cayman Islands company, we are not required to have a separate nominating and corporate governance committee of the board. Our full board of directors will perform the functions performed by such committee.

Audit committee

Our audit committee consists of Yigong Justin Chen, Mingjun Wang and Yanhui Ma, each of whom meets the independence standards of the NYSE and the SEC. Yigong Justin Chen is the Chairperson of our audit committee. Mr. Yanhui Ma serves as our audit committee financial expert. The responsibilities of our audit committee include, among other things:

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Compensation committee

Our compensation committee consists of Dr. Yanhui Ma and Mr. Mingjun Wang, each of whom is an “independent director” as that term is used in the NYSE corporate governance rules. Mingjun Wang is the Chairperson of our compensation committee. Our compensation committee assists the board of directors in reviewing and approving the compensation structure of our directors and officers, including all forms of compensation to be provided to our directors and officers. The responsibilities of our compensation committee include, among other things:

As of December 31, 2023, we and our subsidiaries had 37 full-time employees, and 124 part-time employees, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, we had the following numbers of full-time employees by cost nature: 19 in general and administrative functions, and 18 in cost of revenues. None of our employees are represented by collective bargaining arrangements. We consider our relations with our employees to be good.

The following table sets forth, as of March 10, 2024, certain information concerning the beneficial ownership of the Class A Ordinary Shares and Class C Ordinary Shares by (i) each shareholder known by the company to own beneficially five percent or more of the outstanding Class A Ordinary Shares and Class C Ordinary Shares; (ii) each director and the nominee for director of the company; (iii) each executive officer of the company; and (iv) all executive officers and directors of the company as a group, and their percentage ownership and voting power.

We have determined beneficial ownership in accordance with the rules of the SEC. Except as indicated in the footnotes below, we believe, based on the information furnished to us, that the persons named in the following table have sole voting and investment power with respect to all ordinary shares that they beneficially own, subject to applicable community property laws. As of March 10, 2024, the percentage of beneficial ownership for holders of Class A ordinary shares is based on 52,019,109 Class A Ordinary Shares issued and outstanding and the percentage of beneficial ownership for holders of Class C ordinary shares is based on 4,708,415 Class C Ordinary Shares issued and outstanding, both of which classes of ordinary shares exclude unvested restricted shares. On all matters subject to vote at general meetings of the company, the holders of Class A ordinary shares are entitled to one vote per share and the holders of Class C ordinary shares are entitled to ten votes per share.

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Unless otherwise indicated, the address of such individual is c/o Ambow Education Holding Ltd., 19925 Stevens Creek Blvd, Cupertino, CA 95014.

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