UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
FORM 20-F
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| REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) or (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 | ||||||||
| OR | ||||||||
| ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 | ||||||||
For the fiscal year ended | ||||||||
| OR | ||||||||
| TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 | ||||||||
| OR | ||||||||
| SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 | ||||||||
Commission file number: 001-41313
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)
N/A
(Translation of Registrant’s name into English)
British Columbia, Canada
(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
(Address of principal executive offices)
Tel: (212) 417-7000
(Name, Telephone, Email and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act.
| Title of each class | Trading Symbols | Name of each exchange on which registered | ||||||
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act.
None
Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act.
None
Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report:
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ý
If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “accelerated filer”, “large accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
Large accelerated filer ☐ | Non-accelerated filer ☐ | Emerging growth company | ||||||||||||||||||
If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.ý
The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐
Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:
o U.S. GAAP | ý International Accounting Standards Board | o Other | ||||||||||||
If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow. Item 17 o Item 18 o
If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
Table of Contents
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F-1 | |||||||||||
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INTRODUCTION AND USE OF CERTAIN TERMS
We have prepared this Form 20-F using a number of conventions, which you should consider when reading the information contained herein. Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, in this Form 20-F all financial information is presented in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards, or IFRS, as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board, or IASB.
In this Form 20-F, unless the context suggests otherwise, references to “we”, “us”, “our” and “our company” mean Brookfield Business Corporation together with all of its subsidiaries. References to “Brookfield Business Partners” means the partnership collectively with Holding LP, the Holding Entities and the operating businesses (but excluding our company). References to “our group” mean, collectively, our company and Brookfield Business Partners.
In this Form 20-F, we use the following terms to refer to our operations, which is also the same manner in which the partnership refers to these operations:
•“our construction operation” means our interest in Multiplex;
•“our dealer software and technology services operation” means our interest in CDK Global;
•“our healthcare services” means our interest in Healthscope; and
•“our water and wastewater operation” means our interest in BRK Ambiental.
Unless the context suggests otherwise, in this Form 20-F references to:
•“articles” means the notice of articles and articles of our company;
•“Asset Management Company” means Brookfield Asset Management ULC, which is approximately 75% owned by Brookfield Corporation and approximately 25% owned by Brookfield Asset Management;
•“assets under management” means assets managed by us or by Brookfield on behalf of our third-party investors, as well as our own assets, and also include capital commitments that have not yet been drawn. Our calculation of assets under management may differ from that employed by other asset managers and, as a result, this measure may not be comparable to similar measures presented by other asset managers;
•“BBU General Partner” means Brookfield Business Partners Limited, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Brookfield Corporation;
•“BBUC” means Brookfield Business Corporation;
•“BCBCA” means the Business Corporations Act (British Columbia);
•“BRK Ambiental” means BRK Ambiental Participações S.A.;
•“Brookfield” means Brookfield Corporation and any subsidiary of Brookfield Corporation, other than our group and, unless the context otherwise requires, includes Brookfield Asset Management;
•“Brookfield Accounts” means Brookfield-sponsored vehicles, consortiums and/or partnerships (including private funds, joint ventures, co-investment vehicles, sidecar vehicles, separate accounts, region-specific vehicles, strategy-specific vehicles, sector-specific vehicles, Brookfield proprietary accounts and similar arrangements) collectively with the Related-Party Investor;
•“Brookfield Asset Management” means Brookfield Asset Management Ltd.;
•“Brookfield Brazil” means Brookfield Brasil Asset Management Investmentos Ltda.;
•“Brookfield Business Partners” means the partnership collectively with Holding LP, the Holding Entities, and any other direct or indirect subsidiary of a Holding Entity (but excluding our company);
•“Brookfield Personnel” means the partners, members, shareholders, directors, officers and employees of Brookfield;
•“Brookfield Renewable Partners” means Brookfield Renewable Partners L.P.;
•“CDK Global” means CDK Global II LLC;
•“CDOR” means the Canadian Dollar Offered Rate;
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•“CDS” means Clearing and Depository Services Inc.;
•“class B shares” means the class B multiple voting shares in the capital of our company and “class B share” means any one of them;
•“class C shares” means the class C non-voting shares in the capital of our company and “class C share” means any one of them;
•“CODM” means Chief Operating Decision Maker;
•“CRA” means the Canada Revenue Agency;
•“DTC” means the Depository Trust Company;
•“ESG” means environmental, social and governance;
•“exchangeable shares” means the class A exchangeable subordinate voting shares of BBUC;
•“general partner of the partnership” means Brookfield Business Partners Limited, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Brookfield Corporation;
•“Healthscope” means Healthscope Pty Ltd.;
•“Holding Entities” means the primary holding subsidiaries of the Holding LP, through which it indirectly holds all of our interests in our operating businesses, including Brookfield BBP Canada Holdings Inc., Brookfield BBP US Holdings LLC and Brookfield BBP Bermuda Holdings Limited;
•“Holding LP” means Brookfield Business L.P.;
•“Holding LP Limited Partnership Agreement” means the amended and restated limited partnership agreement of the Holding LP;
•“IASB” means the International Accounting Standards Board;
•“IFRIC 23” means IFRIC 23, Uncertainty over Income Tax Treatments;
•“IFRS” means the International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the IASB;
•“IFRS 3” means IFRS 3, Business combinations;
•“IFRS 16” means IFRS 16, Leases;
•“IFRS 17” means IFRS 17, Insurance contracts;
•“incentive distribution” means the distribution payable to holders of Special LP Units as described under “Related Party Transactions-Incentive Distributions”;
•“Investment Company Act” means the U.S. Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended;
•“Licensing Agreement” means the licensing agreement which the partnership and the Holding LP have entered into with Brookfield, pursuant to which Brookfield has granted a non-exclusive, royalty-free license to use the name “Brookfield” and the Brookfield logo;
•“Managing General Partner Units” means the general partner interests in the Holding LP having the rights and obligations specified in the Holding LP Limited Partnership Agreement;
•“Master Services Agreement” means the amended and restated master services agreement dated January 23, 2024 among the Service Recipients, the Service Providers, and certain other subsidiaries of Brookfield who are parties thereto;
•“MD&A” means the management’s discussion and analysis of financial conditions and results of operations;
•“MI 61-101” means Multilateral Instrument 61-101-Protection of Minority Security Holders in Special Transactions;
•“Multiplex” means Multiplex Global Limited;
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•“NIST” means National Institute of Standards and Technology;
•“Non-U.S. Holder” means a beneficial owner of one or more exchangeable shares, other than a U.S. Holder or an entity classified as a partnership or other fiscally transparent entity for U.S. federal tax purposes;
•“NYSE” means New York Stock Exchange;
•“Oaktree” means Oaktree Capital Group, LLC together with its affiliates;
•“Oaktree Accounts” means Oaktree-managed funds and accounts;
•“OEM” means original equipment manufacturer;
•“operating businesses” means the businesses in which the Holding Entities hold interests and that directly or indirectly hold our operations and assets other than entities in which the Holding Entities hold interests for investment purposes only of less than 5% of the equity securities;
•“our business” means our business of owning and operating certain services and operations, both directly and through other intermediary entities;
•“our company” means Brookfield Business Corporation;
•“our initial operations” means the initial operations acquired by our company immediately prior to the special distribution, consisting of Healthscope, Multiplex, BRK Ambiental and Westinghouse;
•“our nuclear technology services operations” means our prior interest in Westinghouse;
•“our operations” means our collective operating subsidiaries we own, including our construction operation, our dealer software and technology services operation, our healthcare services, and our water and wastewater operation;
•“partnership” means Brookfield Business Partners L.P., except as the context otherwise requires;
•“partnership limited partnership agreement” means the amended and restated limited partnership agreement of the partnership;
•“PRI” means Principles for Responsible Investment;
•“Redemption-Exchange Mechanism” means the mechanism by which Brookfield may request redemption of its Redemption-Exchange Units in whole or in part in exchange for cash, subject to the right of our company to acquire such interests (in lieu of such redemption) in exchange for units of our company;
•“Redemption-Exchange Units” means the non-voting limited partnership interests in the Holding LP that are redeemable for cash, subject to the right of our company to acquire such interests (in lieu of such redemption) in exchange for units of our company, pursuant to the Redemption-Exchange Mechanism;
•“Related-Party Investor” means an investment vehicle in which certain executives and former executives of Brookfield own a substantial majority whose investment mandate is managed by such executives, Brookfield, Oaktree and PSG;
•“Relationship Agreement” means the amended and restated relationship agreement dated January 23, 2024 by and among Brookfield, the partnership, Holding LP, the Holding Entities and the Service Providers;
•“Rights Agreement” means the rights agreement dated March 15, 2022, by and between Brookfield Corporation and Wilmington Trust, National Association;
•“Sarbanes-Oxley Act” means the U.S. Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended;
•“SEC” means the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission;
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•“Service Providers” means the affiliates of Brookfield that provide services to us pursuant to our Master Services Agreement, which are expected to be Brookfield Asset Management Private Institutional Capital Adviser (Private Equity), L.P., Brookfield Asset Management Services SRL, Brookfield Private Capital (DIFC) Limited, Brookfield BBP Canadian GP L.P. and Brookfield Global Business Advisor Limited, which are wholly-owned subsidiaries of Brookfield, and unless the context otherwise requires, any other affiliate of Brookfield that is appointed by a Service Provider from time to time to act as a Service Provider pursuant to our Master Services Agreement;
•“Service Recipients” means our company, the partnership, the Holding LP, the Holding Entities and, at the option of the Holding Entities, any wholly-owned subsidiary of a Holding Entity excluding any operating business;
•“shareholder” means a holder of exchangeable shares;
•“SOFR” means the Secured Overnight Financing Rate published by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (or a successor administrator);
•“SONIA” means Sterling Overnight Index Average;
•“special distribution” means the special distribution of exchangeable shares on March 15, 2022 by the partnership to holders of units of record as of March 7, 2022, as further described in Item 4.A, “History and Development of Our Company”;
•“special distribution date” means March 15, 2022;
•“Special LP Units” means special limited partnership units of the Holding LP;
•“Tax Act” means the Income Tax Act (Canada), together with the regulation thereunder;
•“TCFD” means the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures;
•“TSX” means the Toronto Stock Exchange;
•“unitholders” means the holders of the partnership’s units;
•“units” or “LP Units” means the non-voting limited partnership units of the partnership;
•“U.S. Exchange Act” means U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended;
•“U.S. Holder” means a beneficial owner of one or more of our exchangeable shares that is for U.S. federal tax purposes (i) an individual citizen or resident of the United States; (ii) a corporation (or other entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes) created or organized in or under the laws of the United States, any state thereof or the District of Columbia, (iii) an estate the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source; or (iv) a trust (a) that is subject to the primary supervision of a court within the United States and all substantial decisions of which one or more U.S. persons have the authority to control or (b) that has a valid election in effect under applicable Treasury Regulations to be treated as a U.S. person;
•“U.S. Securities Act” means U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended; and
•“Westinghouse” means Westinghouse Electric Company.
Historical Performance and Market Data
This Form 20-F contains information relating to our business as well as historical performance and market data. When considering this data, you should bear in mind that historical results and market data may not be indicative of the future results that you should expect from us.
Financial Information
The financial information contained in this Form 20-F is presented in United States dollars and, unless otherwise indicated, has been prepared in accordance with IFRS. All figures are unaudited unless otherwise indicated. In this Form 20-F, all references to “$” are to United States dollars, references to “£” are to British Pounds, references to “€” are to Euros, references to “C$” are to Canadian dollars, references to “A$” are to Australian dollars and references to “R$” are to Brazilian Reais.
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SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Form 20-F contains “forward-looking information” within the meaning of Canadian provincial securities laws and “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of applicable Canadian and U.S. securities laws, including the United States Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements include statements that are predictive in nature, depend upon or refer to future events or conditions, include statements regarding the operations, business, financial condition, expected financial results, performance, prospects, opportunities, priorities, targets, goals, ongoing objectives, strategies and outlook of our group, as well as regarding recently completed and proposed acquisitions, dispositions and other transactions, and the outlook for North American and international economies for the current fiscal year and subsequent periods, and include words such as “expects”, “anticipates”, “plans”, “believes”, “estimates”, “seeks”, “intends”, “targets”, “projects”, “forecasts”, “views”, “potential”, “likely” or negative versions thereof and other similar expressions, or future or conditional verbs such as “may”, “will”, “should”, “would” and “could”.
Although we believe that our anticipated future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements and information in this Form 20-F are based upon reasonable assumptions and expectations, investors and other readers should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements and information because they involve assumptions, known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, many of which are beyond our control, which may cause the actual results, performance or achievements of our group to differ materially from anticipated future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements and information. These beliefs, assumptions and expectations can change as a result of many possible events or factors, not all of which are known to us or are within our control. If a change occurs, our business, financial condition, liquidity and result of operations and our plans and strategies may vary materially from those expressed in the forward-looking statements and forward-looking information herein.
Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those contemplated or implied by forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, the following:
•the cyclical nature of our operating businesses and general economic conditions and risks relating to the economy, including unfavorable changes in interest rates, foreign exchange rates, inflation, commodity prices and volatility in the financial markets;
•business competition, including competition for acquisition opportunities;
•strategic actions including our ability to complete dispositions and achieve the anticipated benefits therefrom;
•restrictions on our ability to engage in certain activities or make distributions due to our indebtedness;
•global equity and capital markets and the availability of equity and debt financing and refinancing within these markets;
•political instability and unfamiliar cultural factors;
•changes to our credit ratings;
•technological change;
•the ability to obtain insurance for our business operations;
•labor disruptions and economically unfavorable collective bargaining agreements;
•litigation;
•investments in jurisdictions with less developed legal systems;
•our group does not have control over all of the businesses in which we own investments;
•changes to the market price of any investments in public companies;
•our compliance with environmental laws and the broader impacts of climate change;
•our group’s reliance on computerized business systems, which could expose our group to cyber-attacks;
•changes in government policy and legislation;
•the possible impact of international conflicts, wars and related developments including terrorist acts and cyber terrorism;
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•federal, state and foreign anti-corruption and trade sanctions laws and restrictions on foreign direct investment applicable to us and our group’s operating businesses create the potential for significant liabilities and penalties, the inability to complete transactions, imposition of significant costs and burdens, and reputational harm;
•operational or business risks that are specific to any of our operating businesses;
•reliance on third party service providers;
•catastrophic events, such as earthquakes, hurricanes and pandemics/epidemics;
•Brookfield’s significant influence over our group;
•the lack of an obligation of Brookfield to source acquisition opportunities to our group;
•the departure of some or all of Brookfield’s professionals;
•the Master Services Agreement and our group’s other arrangements with Brookfield do not impose on Brookfield any fiduciary duties to act in the best interests of our shareholders;
•conflicts of interest between our company and our shareholders, on the one hand, and Brookfield, on the other hand;
•our arrangements with Brookfield may contain terms that are less favorable than those which otherwise might have been with unrelated parties;
•the limited liability of, and our company’s indemnification of, the Service Providers;
•control of our company, the partnership or the general partner of the partnership may change without unitholder or shareholder consent;
•Brookfield may increase its ownership in our company;
•our company is not entitled to terminate the Master Services Agreement and the general partner of the partnership may be unable or unwilling to do so;
•Brookfield’s relationship with Oaktree;
•the ability to complete and effectively integrate acquisitions into existing operations and the ability to attain expected benefits;
•our company may become regulated as an investment company under the Investment Company Act;
•the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting;
•the market price of the exchangeable shares and units may be volatile;
•future sales or issuances of our securities will result in dilution of existing holders and even the perception of such sales or issuances taking place could depress the trading price of the exchangeable shares;
•limits on shareholders’ ability to obtain favorable judicial forum for disputes related to Brookfield Business Partners or to enforce judgements against our group;
•changes in tax law and practice; and
•other risks and factors detailed in this Form 20-F, including, but not limited to, those described under Item 3.D “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Form 20-F.
Statements relating to “reserves” are deemed to be forward-looking statements as they involve the implied assessment, based on certain estimates and assumptions, that the reserves described herein can be profitably produced in the future.
We caution that the foregoing list of important factors that may affect future results is not exhaustive. When relying on our forward-looking statements and information, investors and others should carefully consider the foregoing factors and other uncertainties and potential events.
Each exchangeable share has been structured with the intention of providing an economic return equivalent to one unit. We therefore expect that the market price of the exchangeable shares will be impacted by the market price of units and the combined business performance of our group as a whole. In addition to carefully considering the disclosure made in this Form 20-F, you should carefully consider the disclosure made by Brookfield Business Partners in its continuous disclosure filings. Copies
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of the partnership’s continuous disclosure filings will be available electronically on the Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis, and Retrieval system (“EDGAR”) on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov or SEDAR+ at www.sedarplus.ca.
In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the reader should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements or information as a prediction of actual results. These risks, uncertainties and assumptions could cause our actual results and our plans and strategies to vary from our forward-looking statements or information. We qualify any and all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary factors. Please keep this special note in mind as you read this Form 20-F. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements or information, whether written or oral, that may be as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.
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PART I
ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS
Not applicable.
ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE
Not applicable.
ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION
3.A [RESERVED]
3.B CAPITALIZATION AND INDEBTEDNESS
Not applicable.
3.C REASONS FOR THE OFFER AND USE OF PROCEEDS
Not applicable.
3.D RISK FACTORS
Your holding of exchangeable shares of our company involves substantial risks. The following summarizes some, but not all of the risks provided below. You should carefully consider the following risk factors in addition to the other information set forth in this Form 20-F. If any of the following risks were actually to occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations and the value of your exchangeable shares would likely suffer. Each exchangeable share has been structured with the intention of providing an economic return equivalent to one unit of the partnership. We therefore expect that the market price of our exchangeable shares will be significantly impacted by the market price of the units and the combined business performance of our group as a whole. In addition to carefully considering the risk factors contained in this Form 20-F and described below, you should carefully consider the risk factors applicable to Brookfield Business Partners’ business and an investment in units, described in the partnership’s annual report on Form 20-F.
Risks Relating to our Operations Generally
•Risks relating to the cyclical nature of our operations and general economic conditions.
•Risks relating to identifying acquisition opportunities and acquiring distressed companies.
•Risks relating to the accuracy of our management’s assumptions and estimates.
•Risks relating to our group’s indebtedness and our group’s ability to distribute equity.
•Risks relating to our group’s access to the credit and capital markets and our group’s ability to raise capital.
•Risks relating to the structure of our group’s operations and our level of control over our group’s operations.
•Risks relating to our technology and information systems.
Risks Relating to our Operations
•Risks relating to our healthcare services and its dependence on revenues from private health insurance funds and its relationships with accredited medical practitioners.
•Risks relating to our healthcare services reliance on suppliers and skilled labor.
•Risks relating to indemnification for our healthcare services.
•Risks relating to operating costs and maintaining operations of our healthcare services.
•Risks relating to our dealer software and technology services operation.
•Risks relating to the unpredictable award of new contracts in the construction market.
•Risks relating to reduced profits or losses under contracts if costs increase above estimates.
•Risks relating to performance guarantees and operating under various types of construction-related contracts.
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•Risks relating to macroeconomic factors and climate change affecting our construction operation.
•Risks relating to our water and wastewater operation in Brazil.
•Risks relating to the dependence on supplies of raw materials.
•Risks relating to the Brazilian government’s control over the Brazilian economy and Brazilian corporations.
Risks Relating to our Relationship with Brookfield and Brookfield Business Partners
•Risks relating to senior executives of Brookfield exercising influence over our company.
•Risks relating to our reliance on Brookfield’s ability to identify and present our company with acquisitions.
•Risks relating to our dependence on Brookfield and its personnel under our arrangements with Brookfield.
•Risks relating to Brookfield and Brookfield Business Partners’ control over a significant percentage of our outstanding securities.
•Risks relating to Brookfield’s lack of fiduciary duty to our shareholders or the partnership’s unitholders.
•Risks relating to our organizational, ownership and operational management structure potentially creating conflicts of interest.
Risks Relating to our Company
•Risks relating to the intended structural equivalence of the exchangeable shares with the units.
•Risks relating to our ability to maintain effective internal controls.
•Risks related to our company’s status as a “foreign private issuer” under U.S. securities laws.
•Risks relating to our company’s completion of new acquisitions and changes to the scale and scope of our operations.
•Risks relating to the possibility of our company becoming an investment company under U.S. securities laws.
Risks Relating to the Exchangeable Shares
•Risks relating to our group’s ability to redeem our exchangeable shares at any time.
•Risks relating to the trading price of our exchangeable shares relative to the units.
•Risks relating to the liquidity and de-listing of our exchangeable shares.
•Risks relating to possible future dilution of units upon the exchange of our exchangeable shares.
•Risks relating to additional issuances of exchangeable shares and/or units, or other securities that have rights and privileges that are more favorable than the rights and privileges afforded to our shareholders.
•Risks relating to the possibility that any dividends received by the holders of our exchangeable shares may not be equal to the distributions paid on the units.
•Risks relating to foreign currency exchanges.
•Risks relating to differing laws in effect in Canada and Bermuda.
Risks Relating to Taxation
•Risks relating to United States, Canadian and Bermuda taxation, and the effects thereof on our business.
Risks Relating to our Operations Generally
Our group’s operating businesses are highly cyclical and subject to general economic conditions and risks relating to the economy.
Many industries, including the industries in which we operate, are impacted by adverse events in the broader economy and/or financial markets. A slowdown in the financial markets and/or the global economy or the local economies of the regions in which we operate, including, but not limited to, the acceleration or reversal of key global trends such as deglobalization,
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decarbonization and digitization, new home construction, employment rates, business conditions, inflation, fuel and energy costs, commodity prices, lack of available credit, the state of the financial markets, government policies in the jurisdictions in which our company operates, interest rates and tax rates may adversely affect our growth and profitability. For example, a worldwide recession, reduction in available skilled labor, a period of below-trend growth in developed countries, a slowdown in emerging markets or significant declines in commodity factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations, if such increased levels of volatility and market turmoil were to persist for an extended duration. These and other unforeseen adverse events in the global economy could negatively impact our group’s operations and the trading price of the exchangeable shares and the units could be further adversely impacted.
The demand for products and services provided by our operating businesses is, in part, dependent upon and correlated to general economic conditions and economic growth of the regions applicable to the relevant asset. Poor economic conditions or lower economic growth in a region or regions may, either directly or indirectly, reduce demand for the products and/or services provided by our operating businesses. In particular, the sectors in which we operate are highly cyclical, and we are subject to cyclical fluctuations in global economic conditions and end-use markets. We are unable to predict the future course of industry variables or the strength, pace or sustainability of the global economic recovery and the effects of government intervention. Negative economic conditions, such as an economic downturn, a prolonged global inflationary period, a prolonged period of higher interest rates or a prolonged recovery period or disruptions in the financial markets, could have a material adverse effect on our businesses, financial condition or results or operations.
Our group’s operating businesses are impacted by heightened inflationary pressures. High inflation continued to drive tightening in monetary policies by major central banks in 2023, posing risks to economic growth. Central banks in various countries may continue to raise interest rates in response to concerns about inflation, which, coupled with reduced government spending and volatility in financial markets, may have the effect of further increasing economic uncertainty and heightening these risks. Interest rate increases or other government actions taken to reduce inflation could also result in recessionary pressures in many parts of the world. Interest rate risk poses a significant market risk to us as a result of interest rate-sensitive assets and liabilities held by us and our operating businesses. Higher interest rates or elevated interest rates for a sustained period could also result in an economic slowdown. Economic contraction or further deceleration in the rate of growth in certain industries, sectors or geographies may contribute to poor financial results at our operating businesses.
A significant portion of the upward pressure on prices has been attributed to the rising costs of labor, energy, food, motor vehicles and housing, and continuing global supply-chain disruptions. Inflation increases may or may not be transitory and future inflation may be impacted by labor market constraints reducing, supply-chain disruptions easing and commodity prices moderating. While regulated and contractual arrangements in our portfolio companies can provide significant protection against inflationary pressures, any sustained upward trajectory in the inflation rate may still have an impact on our operating businesses and our investors, and could impact our ability to source suitable investment opportunities, match or exceed prior investment strategy performance and secure attractive debt financing, all of which could adversely impact our operating businesses and our growth and capital initiatives.
Our group may acquire distressed companies and these acquisitions may subject our group to increased risks, including the incurrence of additional legal or other expenses.
As part of our group’s acquisition strategy, our group may acquire distressed companies. This could involve acquisitions of securities of companies in event-driven special situations, such as acquisitions, tender offers, bankruptcies, recapitalizations, spin-offs, corporate and financial restructurings, litigation or other liability impairments, turnarounds, management changes, consolidating industries and other catalyst-oriented situations. Acquisitions of this type involve substantial financial and business risks that can result in substantial or total losses. Among the problems involved in assessing and making acquisitions in troubled issuers is the fact that it frequently may be difficult to obtain information as to the condition of such issuer. If, during the diligence process, our group fails to identify issues specific to a company or the environment in which our company operates, our group may be forced to later write down or write off assets, restructure our group’s operations or incur impairment or other charges that may result in other reporting losses.
As a consequence of our group’s role as an acquirer of distressed companies, our group may be subject to increased risk of incurring additional legal, indemnification or other expenses, even if our group is not named in any action. In distressed situations, litigation often follows when disgruntled shareholders, creditors and other parties seek to recover losses from poorly performing investments. The enhanced litigation risk for distressed companies is further elevated by the potential that Brookfield or our group may have controlling or influential positions in these companies.
Our group operates in a highly competitive market for acquisition opportunities.
Our group’s acquisition strategy is dependent to a significant extent on Brookfield’s ability to identify acquisition opportunities that are suitable for our group. We face competition for acquisitions primarily from investment funds, operating companies acting as strategic buyers, commercial and investment banks and commercial finance companies. Many of these
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competitors are substantially larger and have considerably greater financial, technical and marketing resources than are available to our group. Some of these competitors may also have higher risk tolerances or different risk assessments, which could allow them to consider a wider variety of acquisitions and to offer terms that we are unable or unwilling to match. To finance our acquisitions, we compete for equity capital from institutional partners and other equity providers, including Brookfield, and our ability to consummate acquisitions will be dependent on such capital continuing to be available. Increases in interest rates could also make it more difficult to consummate acquisitions because our competitors may have a lower cost of capital, which may enable them to bid higher prices for assets. In addition, because of our affiliation with Brookfield, there is a higher risk that when we participate with Brookfield and others in joint ventures, partnerships and consortiums on acquisitions, we may become subject to antitrust or competition laws that we would not be subject to if we were acting alone. These factors may create competitive disadvantages for our group with respect to acquisition opportunities.
We cannot provide any assurance that the competitive pressures we face will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations or that Brookfield will be able to identify and make acquisitions on our group’s behalf that are consistent with our objectives or that generate attractive returns for our shareholders and the partnership’s unitholders. We may lose acquisition opportunities in the future if we do not match prices, structures and terms offered by competitors, if we are unable to access sources of equity or obtain indebtedness at attractive rates or if we become subject to antitrust or competition laws. Alternatively, we may experience decreased rates of return and increased risks of loss if we match prices, structures and terms offered by competitors.
Our group’s business and results of operations depend on the accuracy of our management’s assumptions and estimates, and our group could experience significant gains or losses if these assumptions and estimates differ significantly from actual results.
Our group makes and relies on certain assumptions and estimates regarding many matters related to our group’s businesses, including valuations, interest rates, investment returns, expenses and operating costs, tax assets and liabilities, tax rates, business mix, surrender activity, mortality and contingent liabilities. Our group also uses these assumptions and estimates to make decisions crucial to our group’s business operations. Similarly, our group’s management teams make similar assumptions and estimates in planning and measuring the performance of our group’s asset management business. In addition, certain investments and other assets and liabilities of our group’s asset management business and our group’s business operations must be, or at our election are, measured at fair value the determination of which involves the use of various assumptions and estimates and considerable judgment. The factors influencing these various assumptions and estimates cannot be calculated or predicted with certainty, and if our assumptions and estimates differ significantly from actual outcomes and results, our business, financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows may be materially and adversely affected.
Our group may be unable to complete acquisitions, dispositions and other transactions as planned.
Our group’s acquisitions, dispositions and other transactions typically are subject to a number of closing conditions, including, as applicable, securing the requisite financing to complete the transaction and obtaining any required security holder approval, regulatory approval (including competition authorities) and other third party consents and approvals that are beyond our group’s control and may not be satisfied. In particular, many jurisdictions in which we seek to invest (or divest) impose government consent requirements on investments by foreign persons. Consents and approvals may not be obtained, may be obtained subject to conditions which adversely affect anticipated returns, and/or may be delayed and delay or ultimately preclude the completion of acquisitions, dispositions and other transactions. Government policies and attitudes in relation to foreign investment may change, making it more difficult to complete acquisitions, dispositions and other transactions in such jurisdictions. Furthermore, interested stakeholders could take legal steps to prevent transactions from being completed. If all or some of our group’s acquisitions, dispositions and other transactions are unable to be completed on the terms agreed, our group may need to modify or delay or, in some cases, terminate these transactions altogether (which may result in the payment of significant break-up fees), the market value of our group’s respective securities may significantly decline, and our group may not be able to achieve the expected benefits of the transactions.
Our group uses leverage and such indebtedness may result in our group or our group’s operating subsidiaries being subject to certain covenants that restrict our group’s ability to engage in certain types of activities or to make distributions to equity.
Many of our group’s operating subsidiaries have entered into or will enter into credit facilities or have incurred or will incur other forms of debt, including for acquisitions. The total quantum of exposure to debt within our group is significant, and we may become more leveraged in the future.
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Leveraged assets are more sensitive to declines in revenues, increases in expenses and interest rates, and adverse economic, market and industry developments. A leveraged company’s income and net assets also tend to increase or decrease at a greater rate than would otherwise be the case if money had not been borrowed. As a result, the risk of loss associated with a leveraged company, all other things being equal, is generally greater than for companies with comparatively less debt. In addition, the use of indebtedness in connection with an acquisition may give rise to negative tax consequences to certain investors. Leverage may also result in a requirement for short-term liquidity, which may force the sale of assets at times of low demand and/or prices for such assets. This may mean that our group is unable to realize fair value for the assets in a sale.
An increase in either the general levels of interest rates or in the risk spread demanded by sources of indebtedness would make it more expensive to finance our group’s investments. Increases in interest rates could also make it more difficult to locate and consummate private equity and other investments because other potential buyers, including operating companies acting as strategic buyers, may be able to bid for an asset at a higher price due to a lower overall cost of capital or their ability to benefit from a higher amount of cost savings following the acquisition of the asset. In addition, certain of our group’s financings are, and future financings may be exposed to floating interest rate risks, and if interest rates increase, an increased proportion of our cash flow may be required to service indebtedness. In addition, a portion of the indebtedness used to finance private equity investments often includes high-yield debt securities issued in the capital markets. Disruptions and volatility in capital markets, including those caused by rising interest rates, could increase our group’s cost of capital and adversely affect our group’s ability to fund its liquidity and capital needs and the growth of the business. If our group is unable to obtain committed debt financing for potential acquisitions or can only obtain debt at high interest rates or on other unfavorable terms, our group may have difficulty completing acquisitions or may generate profits that are lower than would otherwise be the case.
Our group’s credit facilities also contain, and will contain in the future, covenants applicable to the relevant borrower and events of default. Covenants can relate to matters including limitations on financial indebtedness, dividends, acquisitions, or minimum amounts for interest coverage, cash flow or net worth. If an event of default occurs, or minimum covenant requirements are not satisfied, this can result in a requirement to immediately repay any drawn amounts or the imposition of other restrictions including a prohibition on the payment of distributions to equity.
Our group may not be able to access the credit and capital markets at the times and in the amounts needed to satisfy capital expenditure requirements, to fund new acquisitions or otherwise.
General economic and business conditions that impact the debt or equity markets could impact the availability and cost of credit for our group. Actions to reduce inflation, including raising interest rates, increase our cost of borrowing, which in turn could make it more difficult to obtain financing for our operations or investments on favorable terms. We have revolving credit facilities and other short-term borrowings and the amount of interest charged on these will fluctuate based on changes in short-term interest rates. Any economic event that affects interest rates or the ability to refinance borrowings could materially adversely impact our financial condition. Continued movements in interest rates could also affect the discount rates used to value our assets, which in turn could cause their valuations calculated under IFRS to be reduced resulting in a material reduction in our equity value.
Some of our group’s operations require significant capital expenditures, and proposed acquisitions often require significant financing. If we are unable to generate enough cash to finance necessary capital expenditures and to fund acquisitions through existing liquidity and/or operating cash flow, then we may be required to issue additional equity or incur additional indebtedness. Our group’s ability to obtain debt or equity financing to fund our group’s growth, and our group’s ability to refinance existing corporate and non-recourse indebtedness on favorable terms, if at all, is dependent on, among other factors, the level of future interest rates, the overall state of capital markets (as well as local market conditions, particularly in the case of non-recourse financings), continued operating performance of our group’s assets, lenders’ and investors’ assessment of our group’s credit risk and investor appetite for investments in infrastructure, industrials and business services in general and in our partnership’s securities in particular. If our group is unable to refinance our indebtedness on favorable terms or at all, our group would be required to repay our group’s indebtedness with cash on hand or with cash flows from our group’s operations. The issuance of additional equity would be dilutive to existing shareholders at the time. Any additional indebtedness would increase our group’s leverage and debt payment obligations, and may negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our businesses rely on continued access to capital to fund new acquisitions and capital projects. While we aim to prudently manage our capital requirements and ensure access to capital is always available, it is possible we may overcommit ourselves or misjudge the requirement for capital or the availability of capital. Such a misjudgment could result in negative financial consequences or, in extreme cases, bankruptcy.
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Changes in our group’s credit ratings may have an adverse effect on our financial position and ability to raise capital.
We cannot assure you that any credit rating assigned to our group or any of our operating subsidiaries or their debt securities will remain in effect for any given period of time or that any rating will not be lowered or withdrawn entirely by the relevant rating agency. A lowering or withdrawal of such ratings may have an adverse effect on our financial position and ability to raise capital.
Political instability and unfamiliar cultural factors could adversely impact the value of our investments.
We are subject to geographical uncertainties in all jurisdictions in which we operate, including North America. We also make investments in businesses that are based outside of North America and we may pursue investments in unfamiliar markets, which may expose our group to additional risks not typically associated with investing in North America. We may not properly adjust to the local culture and business practices in such markets, and there is the prospect that we may hire personnel or partner with local persons who might not comply with our culture and ethical business practices; either scenario could result in the failure of our initiatives in new markets and lead to financial losses for our group and our managed entities. There are risks of political instability in several of our major markets and in other parts of the world in which we conduct business, including, for example, Brazil, from factors such as political conflict, protests, income inequality, refugee migration, terrorism, the potential break-up of political or economic unions (or the departure of a union member – e.g., Brexit) and political corruption; the materialization of one or more of these risks could negatively affect our financial performance.
The transition period following the United Kingdom’s formal departure from the E.U. ended on December 31, 2020, and E.U. law no longer applies in the United Kingdom. There remains uncertainty related to the post-Brexit relationship between the United Kingdom and the E.U. and it is difficult to predict what the future economic, tax, fiscal, legal, regulatory and other implications of Brexit will be for our business services and industrial operations and the broader European economy and global financial markets generally. Future impacts could include increased legal and regulatory complexities, as well as potentially higher costs of conducting business in Europe, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
Unforeseen political events in markets where our group’s operating subsidiaries own and operate assets and may look to for further growth of our businesses, such as the U.S., Brazilian, Australian and European markets, may create economic uncertainty that has a negative impact on our financial performance. Such uncertainty could cause disruptions to our businesses, including affecting the business of and/or our relationships with our customers and suppliers, as well as altering the relationship among tariffs and currencies, including the value of the British pound and the Euro relative to the U.S. dollar. Disruptions and uncertainties could adversely affect our financial condition, operating results and cash flows. In addition, political outcomes in the markets in which we operate may also result in legal uncertainty and potentially divergent national laws and regulations, which can contribute to general economic uncertainty. Economic uncertainty impacting our group and our managed entities could be exacerbated by political events, including those in the United States, Brazil, Australia, Europe and elsewhere.
All of our group’s operating businesses are subject to changes in government policy and legislation.
Our group’s financial condition and results of operations could also be affected by changes in economic or other government policies or other political or economic developments in each country or region, as well as by regulatory changes or administrative practices, over which our group has no control such as: the regulatory environment related to our group’s business operations, concession agreements and periodic regulatory resets; interest rates; benchmark interest rate reforms; currency fluctuations; exchange controls and restrictions; inflation; tariffs; liquidity of domestic financial and capital markets; policies relating to climate change or policies relating to tax; and other political, social, economic, and environmental and occupational health and safety developments that may occur in or affect the countries in which our group’s operating businesses are located or conduct business or the countries in which the customers of our group’s operating businesses are located or conduct business or both.
It is difficult to predict government policies and what form of laws and regulations will be adopted or how they will be construed by the relevant courts, or the extent to which any changes may adversely affect our group.
Alternative technologies could impact the demand for, or use of, the businesses and assets that we own and operate and could impair or eliminate the competitive advantage of such businesses and assets.
There are alternative technologies that may impact the demand for, or use of, the businesses and assets that our group owns and operates. While some such alternative technologies are in earlier stages of development, ongoing research and development activities may improve such alternative technologies. If this were to happen, the competitive advantage of our businesses and assets may be significantly impaired or eliminated and our businesses, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow could be materially and adversely affected as a result.
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A business disruption may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
Our businesses are vulnerable to damages from any number of sources, including computer viruses, unauthorized access, energy blackouts, natural disasters, pandemics, terrorism, war and telecommunication failures. Any of these events that cause interruptions in our operations, or the operations at any of our portfolio companies, could result in a material disruption to our businesses. If we are unable to recover from a business disruption effectively or on a timely basis, our financial condition and results of operations would be adversely affected. We may also incur additional costs to remedy damages caused by such disruptions, which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
We are subject to foreign currency risk and our use of or failure to use derivatives to hedge certain financial positions may adversely affect the performance of our group’s operations.
A significant portion of our current operations are in countries where the U.S. dollar is not the functional currency. These operating businesses pay distributions in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, which we must convert to U.S. dollars prior to making distributions, and certain of our operating businesses have revenues denominated in currencies different from U.S. dollars, which is utilized in our financial reporting, thus exposing our group to currency risk. Fluctuations in currency exchange rates or a significant depreciation in the value of certain foreign currencies (for example, the Brazilian real) could reduce the value of cash flows generated by our operating businesses or could make it more expensive for our customers to purchase our services, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
When managing our exposure to such market risks, we may use forward contracts, options, swaps, caps, collars and floors or pursue other strategies or use other forms of derivative instruments. However, a significant portion of this risk may remain unhedged. We may also choose to establish unhedged positions in the ordinary course of business. The success of any hedging or other derivative transactions that we enter into generally will depend on our ability to structure contracts that appropriately offset our risk position. As a result, while we may enter into such transactions in order to reduce our exposure to market risks, unanticipated market changes may result in poorer overall investment performance than if the derivative transaction had not been executed. Such transactions may also limit the opportunity for gain if the value of a hedged position increases.
The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, or the Dodd-Frank Act, and similar laws in other jurisdictions impose rules and regulations governing federal and other governmental oversight of the over-the-counter derivatives market and its participants. These regulations may impose additional costs and regulatory scrutiny on our group. We cannot predict the effect of changing derivatives legislation on our hedging costs, our hedging strategy or its implementation or the composition of the risks we hedge.
It can be very difficult or expensive to obtain the insurance we need for our business operations.
We maintain insurance both as a corporate risk management strategy and in some cases to satisfy the requirements of contracts entered into in the course of our group’s operations. Although in the past we have generally been able to cover our insurance needs, there can be no assurances that we can secure all necessary or appropriate insurance in the future, or that such insurance can be economically secured. We monitor the financial health of the insurance companies from which we procure insurance, but if any of our third party insurers fail, abruptly cancel our coverage or otherwise cannot satisfy their insurance requirements to our group, then our overall risk exposure and operational expenses could be increased and some of our business operations could be interrupted.
Performance of our group’s operating businesses may be harmed by future labor disruptions and economically unfavorable collective bargaining agreements.
Certain of our group’s current operations have workforces that are unionized or that in the future may become unionized and, as a result, are or will be required to negotiate the wages, benefits and other terms with many of their employees collectively. If an operating business were unable to negotiate acceptable contracts with any of its unions as existing agreements expire, it could experience a significant disruption of its operations, higher ongoing labor costs and restrictions on its ability to maximize the efficiency of its operations, which could have the potential to adversely impact our financial condition.
In addition, in some jurisdictions where our group has operations, labor forces have a legal right to strike which may have an impact on our group’s operations, either directly or indirectly, for example if a critical upstream or downstream counterparty was itself subject to a labor disruption which impacted our group’s business.
Our group’s operations are exposed to occupational health and safety and accident risks.
Our group’s operations are highly exposed to the risk of accidents that may give rise to personal injury, loss of life, disruption to service and economic loss, including, for example, resulting from related litigation. Some of the tasks undertaken by employees and contractors are inherently dangerous and have the potential to result in serious injury or death.
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Our group’s operations are subject to increasingly stringent laws and regulations governing health and safety matters. Occupational health and safety legislation and regulations differ in each jurisdiction. Any breach of these obligations, or serious accidents involving our employees, contractors or members of the public, could expose us or our operating businesses to adverse regulatory consequences, including the forfeit or suspension of operating licenses, potential litigation, claims for material financial compensation, reputational damage, fines or other legislative sanction, which have the potential to adversely impact our group’s financial condition. Furthermore, where our group does not control a business, we have a limited ability to influence their health and safety practices and outcomes.
We are subject to litigation risks that could result in significant liabilities that could adversely affect our group’s operations.
Our group is, from time to time, involved in disputes and possible litigation, the extent of which cannot be ascertained. Any material or costly dispute or litigation could adversely affect the value of our assets or our future financial performance. We could be subject to various legal proceedings concerning disputes of a commercial nature, or to claims in the event of bodily injury or material damage. We may also be subject to professional liability claims, particularly in our healthcare services business, wherein current or former patients may commence or threaten litigation for medical negligence or malpractice. Such claims could result in damage awards in excess of the limits of available insurance coverage. The final outcome of any proceeding could have a negative impact on the business, financial condition or results of operations of our group.
In addition, under certain circumstances, we may ourselves commence litigation. There can be no assurance that litigation, once begun, would be resolved in our favor.
Our group will also be exposed to risk of litigation by third parties or government regulators if our management is alleged to have committed an act or acts of gross negligence, willful misconduct or dishonesty or breach of contract or organizational documents or to violate applicable law. In such actions, we would likely be obligated to bear legal, settlement and other costs (which may exceed our available insurance coverage).
Our group may have operations in jurisdictions with less developed legal systems, which could create potential difficulties in obtaining effective legal redress.
Some of our group’s operations are located in jurisdictions with less developed legal systems than those in more established economies. In these jurisdictions, our group could be faced with potential difficulties in obtaining effective legal redress; a higher degree of discretion on the part of governmental authorities; a lack of judicial or administrative guidance on interpreting applicable rules and regulations; inconsistencies or conflicts between and within various laws, regulations, decrees, orders and resolutions; and relative inexperience of the judiciary and courts in such matters.
In addition, in some jurisdictions, the commitment of local business people, government officials and agencies and the judicial system to abide by legal requirements and negotiated agreements could be uncertain, creating particular concerns with respect to permits, approvals and licenses required or desirable for, or agreements entered into in connection with, businesses in any such jurisdiction. These may be susceptible to revision or cancellation and legal redress may be uncertain or delayed. There can be no assurance that joint ventures, licenses, permits or approvals (or applications for licenses, permits or approvals) or other legal arrangements will not be adversely affected by the actions of government authorities or others and the effectiveness of and enforcement of such arrangements in these jurisdictions cannot be assured.
Our group does not control all of the businesses in which we own interests and therefore we may not be able to realize some or all of the benefits that we expect to realize from those interests.
Our group does not have control of certain of the businesses in which we own interests and we may take non-controlling positions in other businesses in the future. Such businesses may make financial or other decisions that we do not agree with. Because we do not have the ability to exercise control over such businesses, we may not be able to realize some or all of the benefits that we expect to realize from our ownership interests in them, including, for example, expected distributions. In addition, we must rely on the internal controls and financial reporting controls of such businesses and their failure to maintain effective controls or comply with applicable standards may adversely affect our group.
From time to time, we may have significant interests in public companies, and changes in the market prices of the stock of such public companies, particularly during times of increased market volatility, could have a negative impact on our financial condition and results of operations.
From time to time, our group may hold significant interests in public companies, and changes in the market prices of the stock of such public companies could have a material impact on our financial condition and results of operations. Global securities markets have been highly volatile, and continued volatility may have a material negative impact on our consolidated financial position and results of operations.
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We are exposed to the risk of environmental damage and costs associated with compliance with environmental laws.
Our group’s operating businesses are involved in using, handling or transporting substances that are toxic, radioactive, combustible or otherwise hazardous to the environment and may be in close proximity to environmentally sensitive areas or densely populated communities. If a leak, spill or other environmental incident occurred, it could pose a health risk to humans or wildlife, cause property damage or result in substantial fines or penalties being imposed by regulatory authorities, revocation of licenses or permits required to operate the business or the imposition of more stringent conditions in those licenses or permits, or legal claims for compensation (including punitive damages) by affected stakeholders. For example, such risks are present in our water and wastewater operations, which includes the largest private water and sewage treatment operations in Brazil. In addition, some of our operating businesses may be subject to regulations or rulings made by environmental agencies that conflict with existing obligations we have under concession or other permitting agreements. Resolution of such conflicts may lead to uncertainty and increased risk of delays or cost overruns on projects. In addition to fines, these laws and regulations sometimes require evaluation and registration or the installation of costly pollution control or safety equipment or costly changes in operations to limit pollution or decrease the likelihood of injuries. Certain of our current industrial manufacturing operations are also subject to increasingly stringent environmental laws and regulations relating to our current and former properties, neighboring properties and our current raw materials, products and operations. Governmental requirements relating to the protection of the environment, including solid waste management, air quality and water quality could have an impact on our group’s operations. All of these risks could require our group to incur costs or become the basis of new or increased liabilities that could be material and could have the potential to significantly impact our value or financial performance.
Our group is exposed to the risk of increasingly onerous environmental legislation and the broader impacts of climate change.
With an increasing global focus and public sensitivity to environmental sustainability and environmental regulation becoming more stringent, we could be subject to further environmental related responsibilities and associated liability. For example, many jurisdictions in which our group operates and invests are considering implementing, or have implemented, schemes relating to the regulation of carbon emissions. As a result, there is a risk that demand for some of the commodities supplied by certain of our group’s operations will be reduced. The nature and extent of future regulation in the various jurisdictions in which our group’s operations are situated is uncertain but is expected to become more complex and stringent.
Environmental legislation and permitting requirements are likely to evolve in a manner which will require stricter standards and enforcement, increased fines and penalties for non-compliance, more stringent environmental assessments of proposed projects and a heightened degree of responsibility for companies and their directors and employees.
It is difficult to assess the impact of any such changes on our group. These changes may result in increased costs to our group’s operations that may not be able to be passed onto customers and may have an adverse impact on prospects for growth of some of our group’s businesses. To the extent such regimes (such as carbon emissions schemes or other carbon emissions regulations) become applicable to our group’s operations (and the costs of such regulations are not able to be fully passed on to consumers), our financial performance may be impacted due to costs applied to carbon emissions and increased compliance costs.
Our group is also subject to a wide range of laws and regulations relating to the protection of the environment and pollution. Standards are set by these laws and regulations regarding certain aspects of environmental quality and reporting, provide for penalties and other liabilities for the violation of such standards, and establish, in certain circumstances, obligations to remediate and rehabilitate current and former facilities and locations where our group’s operations are, or were, conducted. These laws and regulations may have a detrimental impact on our group’s financial performance through increased compliance costs or otherwise. Any breach of these obligations, or even incidents relating to the environment that do not amount to a breach, could adversely affect the results of our operating businesses and their reputations and expose them to claims for financial compensation or adverse regulatory consequences.
Our group’s operations may also be exposed directly or indirectly to the broader impacts of climate change, including extreme weather events, export constraints on commodities, increased resource prices and restrictions on energy and water usage. In addition to the physical risks associated with climate change, we are also subject to transition risks, which include those risks related to the impact of climate- and ESG-related legislation and regulation, as well as risks arising from climate-related business trends.
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New climate change-related regulations or interpretations of existing laws may result in enhanced disclosure obligations that could negatively affect our group and also materially increase our group’s regulatory compliance burden. Our group also faces business trend-related climate risks. Certain investors are increasingly taking into account ESG factors, including climate risks, in determining whether to invest in our company. Moreover, certain investors have demonstrated increased activism with respect to public companies, including by urging them to take certain actions that could adversely impact the value of a business, or refrain from taking certain actions that could improve the value of a business. Increased investor focus and activism related to ESG and similar matters may constrain our group’s capital raising opportunities. Our group’s reputation and investor relationships could be damaged as a result of our group’s involvement in certain industries, operating businesses or transactions associated with activities perceived to be causing or exacerbating climate change, as well as any decisions our group makes to continue to conduct or change our group’s activities in response to considerations relating to climate change.
Some of our group’s current operations are structured as joint ventures, partnerships and consortiums or structured arrangements, and we intend to continue to operate in this manner in the future, which will reduce Brookfield’s and our control over our group’s operations and may subject our group to additional obligations.
An integral part of our group’s strategy is to participate with institutional partners in Brookfield-sponsored or co-sponsored consortiums for single asset acquisitions and as a partner in or alongside Brookfield-sponsored or co-sponsored partnerships that target acquisitions that suit our profile. Such arrangements involve risks not present where a third party is not involved, including the possibility that partners or co-venturers might become bankrupt or otherwise fail to fund their share of required capital contributions. Additionally, partners or co-venturers might at any time have economic or other business interests or goals different from our group and Brookfield. We generally owe fiduciary duties to our partners in our joint venture and partnership arrangements.
Joint ventures, partnerships and consortium investments generally provide for a reduced level of control over an acquired company because governance rights are shared with others. Accordingly, decisions relating to the underlying operations, including decisions relating to the management and operation and the timing and nature of any exit, are often made by a majority vote of the investors or by separate agreements that are reached with respect to individual decisions, or in the case of a structured investment, by agreement with the target’s management team. For example, when we participate with institutional partners in Brookfield-sponsored or co-sponsored consortiums for asset acquisitions and as a partner in or alongside Brookfield-sponsored or co-sponsored partnerships, there is often a finite term to the investment, which could lead to the business being sold prior to the date we would otherwise choose. In addition, such operations may be subject to the risk that business, financial or management decisions are made with which we do not agree or the management of the operating business at issue may take risks or otherwise act in a manner that does not serve our interests. Because we may not have the ability to exercise sole control over such operations, we may not be able to realize some or all of the benefits that we believe will be created from our and Brookfield’s involvement. If any of the foregoing were to occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations could suffer as a result. Our group may also, together with institutional partners, make structured preferred equity or debt investments (“structured investments”) in businesses that Brookfield considers attractive but which have certain downside risks, usually because the applicable business, asset class or technology is at an early stage of development. While these structured investments provide a secure, downside protected entry point into new assets classes and businesses, they do not give operational control to Brookfield or to our group.
In addition, because some of our current operations are structured as joint ventures, partnerships or consortium arrangements, the sale or transfer of interests in some of our group’s operations are subject to rights of first refusal or first offer, tag along rights or drag along rights and some agreements provide for buy-sell or similar arrangements, any of which could be exercised outside of our control and accordingly could have an adverse impact on our group.
Our group relies on the use of technology and information systems, many of which are controlled by third-party vendors, which may not be able to accommodate our group’s growth or may increase in cost and may become subject to cyber-terrorism or other compromises and shut-downs, and any failures or interruptions of these systems could adversely affect our group’s businesses and results of operations.
Our group operates in businesses that are dependent on information systems and other technology, such as computer systems used for information storage, processing, administrative and commercial functions as well as the machinery and other equipment used in certain parts of our group’s operations. In addition, our group’s businesses rely on telecommunication services to interface with their business networks and customers. The information and embedded systems of key business partners and regulatory agencies are also important to our group’s operations. Our group relies on this technology functioning as intended. Our group’s information systems and technology may not continue to be able to accommodate our group’s growth, and the cost of maintaining such systems may increase from its current level. Such a failure to accommodate growth, or an increase in costs related to such information systems, could have a material adverse effect on our group.
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Our group relies heavily on our group’s financial, accounting, communications and other data processing systems. Our group’s businesses collect, store and use large amounts of sensitive information through our group’s information technology systems, such as our healthcare services, which handles confidential health information of patients. Our information technology systems face ongoing cybersecurity threats and attacks, which could result in the failure of such infrastructure. We may in the future be subject to cyber-terrorism or other compromises and shut-downs, noting the increasing frequency, sophistication and severity of these kinds of incidents. Such attacks may result in, and in some instances in the past involved, attempts to gain unauthorized access to our group’s proprietary information or to client or third-party data stored on our group’s systems, destroy our group’s data or disable, degrade or sabotage our group’s systems, including through the introduction of computer viruses, cyber-attacks and other means. Such attacks could originate from a wide variety of sources, including internal actors or unknown third parties. Our group cannot predict what effects such cyber-attacks or compromises or shut-downs may have on our group’s business and on the privacy of the individuals or entities affected, and the consequences could be material. Cyber incidents may remain undetected for an extended period, which could exacerbate these consequences. A significant actual or potential theft, loss, corruption, exposure, fraudulent, unauthorized or accidental use or misuse of investor, policyholder, employee or other personally identifiable or proprietary business data, whether by third parties or as a result of employee malfeasance or otherwise, non-compliance with our group’s contractual or other legal obligations regarding such data or intellectual property or a violation of our group’s privacy and security policies with respect to such data could result in significant remediation and other costs, fines, litigation and regulatory actions against us by governments, various regulatory organizations or exchanges, or affected individuals, in addition to significant reputational harm and/or financial loss, and it may not be possible to recover losses suffered from such incidents under our insurance policies.
If our information systems and other technology are compromised, do not operate or are disabled, such could have a material adverse effect on our business prospects, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow. Our group has become increasingly reliant on third party service providers for certain aspects of our group’s business, including for the administration of certain funds our group manages, as well as for certain information systems and technology platforms. A disaster, disruption or compromise in technology or infrastructure that supports our group’s businesses, including a disruption involving electronic communications or other services used by our group, our vendors or third parties with whom we conduct business, may have an adverse impact on our group’s ability to continue to operate our group’s businesses without interruption which could have a material adverse effect on our group. These risks could increase as vendors increasingly offer cloud-based software services rather than software services that can be operated within our own group’s data centers. These risks also increase to the extent our group engages with vendors and third parties in jurisdictions with which our group is not familiar. In addition to the fact that these third-party service providers could also face ongoing cyber security threats and compromises of their systems, our group generally has less control over the delivery of such third-party services, and as a result, our group may face disruptions to our group’s ability to operate a business as a result of interruptions of such services. A prolonged global failure of cloud services provided by a variety of cloud services providers that our group engages could result in cascading systems failures for our group. Although we are continuing to develop measures to ensure the integrity of our systems, we can provide no assurance that our efforts or those of third parties with whom we conduct business will be successful in protecting our systems and preventing or ameliorating damage from a cyber incident.
Rapidly developing and changing global privacy laws and regulations could increase compliance costs and subject our group to enforcement risks and reputational damage.
Our group is subject to various risks and costs associated with the collection, processing, storage and transmission of personally identifiable information and other sensitive and confidential information. This data is wide ranging and relates to our group’s investors, employees, contractors and other counterparties and third parties. Our group’s compliance obligations include those in laws and regulations in jurisdictions globally, including those relating to foreign data collection and privacy laws, including, for example, the General Data Protection Regulation in the European Union. Other countries where we operate are enacting or amending data protection, AI and other technology laws to empower regulators to impose financial penalties and injunctions on certain data processing activities, which could have an adverse effect on our business. Global laws in this area are rapidly increasing in the scale and depth of their requirements, and are also often extra-territorial in nature. In addition, a wide range of regulators and private actors are seeking to enforce these laws across regions and borders. Furthermore, our group frequently has privacy compliance requirements as a result of our group’s contractual obligations with counterparties. These legal, regulatory and contractual obligations heighten our group’s privacy obligations in the ordinary course of conducting our group’s business in the U.S., Canada and internationally.
While our group has taken various measures and made significant efforts and investment to ensure that our group’s policies, processes and systems are both robust and compliant with these obligations, our group’s potential liability remains, particularly given the continued and rapid development of privacy laws and regulations around the world, and increased criminal and civil enforcement actions and private litigation. Any inability, or perceived inability, by our group to adequately address privacy concerns, or comply with applicable laws, regulations, policies, industry standards and guidance, contractual obligations or other legal obligations, even if unfounded, could result in significant regulatory and third-party liability, increased costs, disruption of our group’s business and operations, a loss of client (including investor) confidence and other reputational damage.
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Furthermore, as new privacy-related laws and regulations are implemented, the time and resources needed for our group to comply with such laws and regulations continues to increase and become a significant compliance workstream.
Federal, state and foreign anti-corruption and trade sanctions laws and restrictions on foreign direct investment applicable to us and our operating businesses create the potential for significant liabilities and penalties, the inability to complete transactions, imposition of significant costs and burdens, and reputational harm and we may also be subject to various governmental investigations.
Brookfield, the partnership and our company and our operating businesses are subject to various governmental investigations, audits and inquiries, both formal and informal. These investigations, regardless of their outcome, can be costly, divert management attention and damage our reputation. The unfavorable resolution of such investigations could result in criminal liability, fines, penalties or other monetary or non-monetary sanctions and could materially affect our business or results of operations.
Brookfield, the partnership, our company and our operating businesses are subject to a number of laws and regulations governing payments and contributions to public officials or other third parties both domestically and in respect of operations abroad, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 (the “FCPA”), various federal and state corruption laws, and similar laws in non-U.S. jurisdictions, such as the United Kingdom Bribery Act 2010, the Canadian Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act (“CFPOA”), the Canadian Criminal Code and the Brazilian Clean Company Act. This global focus on anti-bribery and corruption enforcement may also lead to more investigations, both formal and informal, in this area, the results of which cannot be predicted.
The FCPA prohibits bribery of non-U.S. officials, candidates for office and political parties, and requires U.S. companies to keep books and records that accurately and fairly reflect those companies' transactions. Similar laws in non-U.S. jurisdictions, such as the United Kingdom Bribery Act 2010 and the CFPOA, as well as other applicable anti-bribery, anti-corruption or related laws in the United States and abroad, may also impose stricter or more onerous requirements than the FCPA, and implementing them may disrupt our business or cause us to incur significantly more costs to comply with those laws. The policies and procedures we have implemented to comply with anti-bribery and corruption legislation may be inadequate. If we fail to comply with such laws and regulations, we could be exposed to claims for damages, financial penalties, incarceration of our employees, reputational harm, restrictions on our operations and other liabilities, which could negatively affect our operating results and financial condition. In addition, we may be subject to successor liability for violations under these laws and regulations or other acts of bribery committed by us or our operating businesses.
Instances of bribery, fraud, accounting irregularities and other improper, illegal or corrupt practices can be difficult to detect, in particular when conducting due diligence in connection with acquisitions, and fraud and other deceptive practices can be widespread in certain jurisdictions. Our group invests in emerging market countries that may not have established stringent anti-bribery and corruption laws and regulations, where existing laws and regulations may not be consistently enforced, or that are perceived to have materially higher levels of corruption according to international rating standards. Due diligence on investment opportunities in these jurisdictions is frequently more challenging because consistent and uniform commercial practices in such locations may not have developed or do not meet international standards. Bribery, fraud, accounting irregularities and corrupt practices can be especially difficult to detect in such locations. When acquiring assets in distress, the quality of financial information of the target may also make it difficult to identify irregularities.
Our group is also subject to laws and regulations governing trade and economic sanctions. The Office of Foreign Assets Control of the U.S. Department of the Treasury (“OFAC”), the U.S. Department of Commerce and the U.S. Department of State administer and enforce various trade control laws and regulations, including economic and trade sanctions based on U.S. foreign policy and national security goals against targeted foreign states, organizations and individuals. These laws and regulations implicate a number of aspects of our group’s business, including servicing existing investors, finding new investors, and sourcing new investments, as well as activities by the portfolio companies in our investment portfolio or other controlled investments. Some of these regulations provide that penalties can be imposed on us for the conduct of a portfolio company, even if we have not ourselves violated any regulation. Similar laws in non-U.S. jurisdictions, such as the Special Economic Measures Act (Canada), the United Nations Act (Canada) and the Justice for Victims of Corrupt Foreign Officials Act (Canada) and E.U. sanctions, may also impose restrictions or requirements on our group or our operating businesses. Applicable laws of various jurisdictions may contain conflicting provisions, making our compliance more difficult. For example, Canada has adopted measures, such as the Canadian Foreign Extraterritorial Measures Act, that could restrict certain persons and entities subject to Canadian jurisdiction from complying with sanctions imposed by other jurisdictions, such as the U.S. Beginning in February 2022, the United States and other countries began imposing sanctions targeting Russia as a result of actions taken by Russia in Ukraine. We and our portfolio companies are required to comply with these and potentially additional sanctions imposed by the United States and by other countries, for which the full costs, burdens, and limitations on our and our operating businesses and prospects are currently unknown and may become significant.
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In addition, the U.S. and many non-U.S. countries have laws designed to protect national security or to restrict foreign direct investment. For example, under the United States Foreign Investment Risk Review Modernization Act (“FIRRMA”), the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (“CFIUS”) has the authority to review, block or impose conditions on investments by non-U.S. persons in U.S. companies or real estate assets deemed critical or sensitive to the United States. Many non-U.S. jurisdictions have similar laws. For example, the E.U. has adopted an E.U.-wide mechanism to screen foreign investment on national security grounds and most E.U. member states now have a foreign investment screening mechanism in place or has initiated a consultative or legislative process expected to result in the adoption of a new mechanism or amendments to an existing mechanism, adopted a regulation aimed at regulation of foreign subsidies that could distort the internal E.U. market.
Under these laws, governments have the authority to impose a variety of actions, including requirements for the advance screening or notification of certain transactions, blocking or imposing conditions on certain transactions, limiting the size of foreign equity investments or control by foreign investors, and restricting the employment of foreigners as key personnel. These actions could limit our ability to find suitable investments, cause delays in consummating transactions, result in the abandonment of transactions, and impose burdensome operational requirements on our portfolio companies. These laws could also negatively impact our fundraising and syndication activities by causing us to exclude or limit certain investors or co-investors for our transactions. Moreover, these laws may make it difficult for us to identify suitable buyers for our investments that we want to exit and could constrain the universe of exit opportunities generally. Complying with these laws imposes potentially significant costs and complex additional burdens, and any failure by us or our portfolio companies to comply with them could expose us significant penalties, sanctions, loss of future investment opportunities, additional regulatory scrutiny, and reputational harm.
Risks Relating to our Operations
The majority of the revenues from our healthcare services are derived from private health insurance funds.
The profitability of our healthcare services is influenced by its ability to reach ongoing commercial agreements with private health insurance funds. A failure to reach a satisfactory commercial agreement with any key private health insurance fund has the potential to negatively impact the financial and operational performance of our healthcare services. Additionally, a deterioration in the economic climate, changes to economic incentives, annual increases in private health insurance premiums and other factors may affect the participation rate or the level of private health insurance coverage of members in private health insurance funds. This has the potential to reduce demand for our healthcare services, resulting in decreased revenues. If the profitability of private health insurance funds deteriorates, there is a risk of increased pricing pressures on private hospital operators such as our healthcare services.
Our healthcare services are reliant on relationships with accredited medical practitioners.
Accredited medical practitioners prefer to work at hospitals which, amongst other things, provide high quality facilities, equipment and nursing staff, exceptional clinical safety outcomes and which are conveniently located. Accredited medical practitioners could cease to practice or stop referring patients to our facilities if the hospitals become a less attractive place to work. Our healthcare services are subject to rising costs, particularly labor costs associated with attracting and retaining key personnel. Nursing labor is the most significant cost in our hospital operations. Any increase in cost or tightening of supply of accredited medical practitioners or nursing labor is likely to adversely impact the financial and operational performance of our healthcare services.
If we do not have adequate indemnification for our healthcare services, it could adversely affect our healthcare services and financial condition.
Current or former patients may commence or threaten litigation for medical negligence against our healthcare services. Subject to indemnity insurance arrangements, future medical malpractice litigation, or threatened litigation, could have an adverse impact on the financial performance and position and future prospects of our healthcare services. Insurance coverage is maintained by our healthcare services consistent with industry practice, including public liability and medical malpractice. However, no assurance can be given that such insurance will be available in the future on commercially reasonable terms or that any coverage will be adequate and available to cover all or any future claims.
Certain risks are inherent in the private hospital and healthcare provider industry.
Changes in the operating costs (including costs for maintenance and insurance), inability to obtain permits required to conduct hospital business operations, changes in health care laws and governmental regulations, and various other factors may significantly impact the ability of our healthcare services to generate revenues. Certain significant expenditures, including fees related to health and safety measures, legal fees, borrowing costs, maintenance costs, insurance costs and related charges must be made to operate our healthcare services.
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There are risks associated with our dealer software and technology services operation.
Our group’s dealer software and technology services operation faces intense competition. If our group does not continue to respond quickly to technological developments or customers’ shifting technological requirements or to compete effectively against other providers of technology solutions to automotive retailers, OEMs and other participants in the automotive retail industry, it could have a material adverse effect on our group’s business, results of operations and financial condition. The industry is highly fragmented and subject to rapidly evolving technology, shifting customer needs and frequent introductions of new solutions.
Although the automotive retail industry is fragmented, a relatively small number of OEMs, consolidated retailer groups and retailer associations exert significant influence over the market acceptance of automotive retail products and services due to their concentrated purchasing activity, their endorsement or recommendation of specific products and services and/or their ability to define technical standards and certifications. If our group is unable to establish, maintain or grow relationships with these key industry participants, our group’s dealer software and technology services operation may not perform as well as anticipated, which may adversely affect our group’s results of operations.
Our construction operation is vulnerable to the cyclical nature of the construction market.
The demand for our construction operation is dependent upon the existence of projects with engineering, procurement, construction and management needs. For example, a substantial portion of the revenues from our construction operation derives from residential, commercial and office projects in Australia and the United Kingdom. Capital expenditures by our clients may be influenced by factors such as prevailing economic conditions and expectations about economic trends, technological advances, consumer confidence, domestic and international political, military, regulatory and economic conditions and other similar factors. We have experienced slowdowns in our construction operation, impacted by inflationary pressures and reduced demand for new buildings.
Our revenues and earnings from our construction operation is largely dependent on the award of new contracts which we do not directly control.
A substantial portion of the revenues and earnings of our construction operation is generated from large-scale project awards. The timing of project awards is unpredictable and outside of our control. Awards often involve complex and lengthy negotiations and competitive bidding processes. These processes can be impacted by a wide variety of factors including a client’s decision to not proceed with the development of a project, governmental approvals, financing contingencies and overall market and economic conditions. We may not win contracts that we have bid upon due to price, a client’s perception of our ability to perform and/or perceived technology advantages held by others. Many of our competitors may be inclined to take greater or unusual risks or agree to terms and conditions in a contract that we might not deem acceptable. Because a significant portion of our construction operation revenues are generated from large projects, the results of our construction operation can fluctuate quarterly and annually depending on whether and when large project awards occur and the commencement and progress of work under large contracts already awarded. As a result, we are subject to the risk of losing new awards to competitors or the risk that revenues may not be derived from awarded projects as quickly as anticipated.
Our construction operation may experience reduced profits or losses under contracts if costs increase above estimates.
Generally, our construction operation is performed under contracts that include cost and schedule estimates in relation to our services. Inaccuracies in these estimates may lead to cost overruns that may not be paid by our clients, thereby resulting in reduced profits or in losses.
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If a contract is significant or there are one or more events that impact a contract or multiple contracts, cost overruns could have a material impact on our reputation or our financial results, negatively impacting the financial condition, results of operations or cash flow of our construction operation. A portion of our ongoing construction projects are in fixed-price contracts, where we bear a significant portion of the risk for cost overruns. Reimbursable contract types, such as those that include negotiated hourly billing rates, may restrict the kinds or amounts of costs that are reimbursable, therefore exposing us to risk that we may incur certain costs in executing these contracts that are above our estimates and not recoverable from our clients. If our construction operation fail to accurately estimate the resources and time necessary for these types of contracts, or fail to complete these contracts within the timeframes and costs we have agreed upon, there could be a material impact on the financial results as well as reputation of our construction operation. Risks under our construction contracts which could result in cost overruns, project delays or other problems can also include:
•difficulties related to the performance of our clients, partners, subcontractors, suppliers or other third parties;
•changes in local laws or difficulties or delays in obtaining permits, rights of way or approvals;
•unanticipated technical problems, including design or engineering issues;
•insufficient or inadequate project execution tools and systems needed to record, track, forecast and control cost and schedule;
•unforeseen increases in, or failures to, properly estimate the cost of raw materials, components, equipment, labor or the inability to timely obtain them;
•delays or productivity issues caused by weather conditions;
•incorrect assumptions related to productivity, scheduling estimates or future economic conditions; and
•project modifications creating unanticipated costs or delays.
These risks tend to be exacerbated for longer-term contracts because there is an increased risk that the circumstances under which we based our original cost estimates or project schedules will change with a resulting increase in costs. In many of these contracts, we may not be able to obtain compensation for additional work performed or expenses incurred, and if a project is not executed on schedule, we may be required to pay liquidated damages. In addition, these losses may be material and can, in some circumstances, equal or exceed the full value of the contract. In such circumstances, the financial condition, results of operations and cash flow of our construction operation could be negatively impacted.
We enter into performance guarantees which may result in future payments.
In the ordinary course of our construction operation, we enter into various agreements providing performance assurances and guarantees to clients on behalf of certain unconsolidated and consolidated partnerships, joint ventures and other jointly executed contracts. These agreements are entered into primarily to support the project execution commitments of these entities. The performance guarantees have various expiration dates ranging from mechanical completion of the project being constructed to a period extending beyond contract completion in certain circumstances. Any future payments under a performance guarantee could negatively impact the financial condition, results of operations and cash flow of our construction operation.
Our construction operation operates under various types of contracts.
Our construction operation performs under a variety of contract types, including lump sum, guaranteed maximum price, cost reimbursable, schedule of rates, managing contractor, construction management and design-build. Some forms of construction contracts carry more risk than others. We attempt to maintain a diverse mix of contracts to prevent overexposure to the risk profile of any particular contractual structure; however, conditions influencing both private sector and public authority clients may alter the mix of available projects and contractual structures that our construction operation undertakes.
In most instances, our construction operation guarantees to its clients that they will complete a project by a scheduled date. If the project subsequently fails to meet the scheduled date, we could incur additional costs or penalties commonly referred to as liquidated damages, which are usually capped. Although we attempt to negotiate waivers of consequential loss, on some contracts there is some liability, which is also usually capped. There can also be a liability where certain performance standards are not met. Such penalties may be significant and could impact our construction operation’s financial position or results of future operations. Furthermore, schedule delays may also reduce profitability because staff may be prevented from pursuing and working on new projects. Project delays may also reduce customer satisfaction, which could impact future awards.
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Our construction operation may be highly impacted by macroeconomic factors.
Our construction operation’s profitability is closely tied to the general state of the economy in those geographic areas in which we operate including North America, Europe, Australia and the Middle East, all of which have experienced and continue to experience varying degrees of adverse impacts due to general economic conditions and by rising inflationary pressures. More specifically, the demand for construction and infrastructure development services, which is the principal component of our construction operation, would typically be the largest single driver of our construction operation growth and profitability. In periods of strong economic growth, there is generally an increase in the number of opportunities available in the construction and infrastructure development industry as capital spending increases. In recessionary periods or periods of weak economic growth, the demand for our construction operation services from private sector and public authority clients may be adversely affected.
Climate change and transitioning to a lower carbon economy may impact our construction operation.
Many of our construction operation’s activities are performed outdoors. The probability and unpredictability of extreme weather events and other associated incidents may continue to increase due to climate change and we may continue to see longer-term shifts in climate patterns. Increases in the severity and/or frequency of weather conditions due to climate change such as earthquakes, hurricanes, tornadoes, fires, floods, droughts and similar events, may cause more regular and severe interruptions in our construction operation. Severe weather events may also impact the availability and cost of raw materials and may impact the raw materials supply chain and disrupt key manufacturing facilities.
In addition, the transition to a lower-carbon economy has the potential to be disruptive to traditional business models and investment strategies. Our construction operation’s private and/or public-sector clients may shift their infrastructure priorities due to changes in project funding, regulatory requirements or public perception. This risk can be mitigated to an extent by identifying changing market demands to offset lower demand in some sectors with opportunities in others, forming strategic partnerships and pursuing sustainable innovations. Government action to address climate change may involve economic instruments such as carbon and energy consumption taxes, restrictions on economic sectors, such as cap-and-trade, increasing efficiency standards and more stringent regulation and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions that could also impact our construction operation’s current or potential clients operating in industries that extract, distribute and transport fossil fuels.
There are risks associated with our water and wastewater operation in Brazil.
Our water and wastewater operation subjects our group to the risks incidental to the ownership and operation of such businesses in Brazil, any of which may adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, including the following risks:
•The government may impose restrictions on water usage as a response to regional or seasonal drought, which may result in decreased use of water services, even if our water supplies are sufficient to serve our customers. Moreover, reductions in water consumption, including changed consumer behavior, may persist even after drought restrictions are repealed and the drought has ended.
•Our water and wastewater operation will require significant capital expenditures and may suffer if we fail to secure appropriate funding to make investments, or if we experience delays in completing major capital expenditure projects.
•In the event that water contamination occurs, there may be injury, damage or loss of life to our customers, employees or others, in addition to government enforcement actions, litigation, adverse publicity and reputational damage.
•Water and wastewater businesses may be subject to organized efforts to convert their assets to public ownership and operation through exercise of the governmental power of eminent domain, or another similar authorized process. Moreover, there is a risk that any efforts to resist may be costly, distracting or unsuccessful.
•Water related businesses are subject to extensive governmental economic regulation including with respect to the approval of rates.
Our group’s industrial manufacturing operations are dependent on supplies of raw materials and results of operations could deteriorate if that supply is substantially disrupted for an extended period.
Raw material supply factors such as allocations, economic cyclicality, seasonality, pricing, quality, timeliness of delivery, transportation and warehousing costs may affect the raw material sourcing decisions we make. In the event of significant unanticipated increase in demand for our group’s products, we may in the future be unable to manufacture certain products in a quantity sufficient to meet customer demand in any particular period without an adequate supply of raw materials.
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The various raw materials used in our group’s industrial operations are sourced and traded throughout the world and are subject to pricing volatility. Although we try to manage our group’s exposure to raw material price volatility through the pricing of our group’s products, there can be no assurance that the industry dynamics will allow our group to continue to reduce our group’s exposure by passing on raw material price increases to our customers.
The Brazilian government has historically exercised, and continues to exercise, significant influence over the Brazilian economy. Brazilian political and economic conditions may adversely affect our water and wastewater operation in Brazil.
Political and economic conditions directly affect our water and wastewater operation and can result in a material adverse effect on our water and wastewater operation business, financial condition and results of operations. Macroeconomic policies imposed by the Brazilian government can have a significant impact on Brazilian companies or companies with significant operations in Brazil.
We cannot control or predict whether the current Brazilian government will implement changes to existing policies or the impact any such changes may have on our water and wastewater operation in Brazil. Our water and wastewater operation’s operating results, financial condition and prospects may all be affected by any change in the macroeconomic conditions in Brazil.
Risks Relating to our Relationship with Brookfield and Brookfield Business Partners
Brookfield exercises substantial influence over our group and our group is highly dependent on the Service Providers.
Brookfield, directly and indirectly, holds approximately 64.8% of our exchangeable shares. In addition, Brookfield Business Partners, which itself is controlled by Brookfield, holds all of the issued and outstanding class B shares, having a 75% voting interest, and class C shares, which entitle the partnership to all of the residual value in our group after payment in full of the amount due to holders of exchangeable shares and class B shares and subject to the prior rights of holders of preferred shares. Together, Brookfield and Brookfield Business Partners hold an approximate 91% voting interest in our group. As a result, Brookfield is able to control the appointment and removal of our directors and the directors of the partnership’s general partner and, accordingly, exercise substantial influence over our group. In addition, the Service Providers, being subsidiaries of Brookfield, provide management and administration services to our group pursuant to the Master Services Agreement. With the exception of our group’s operating subsidiaries, our group generally does not have any employees and depends on the management and administration services provided by the Service Providers. Other subsidiaries of Brookfield also provide management services to certain of our group’s operating subsidiaries. The partners, members, shareholders, directors, officers and employees of Brookfield, or Brookfield Personnel, and support staff that provide services to our group are not required to have as their primary responsibility the management and administration of our group or to act exclusively for our group. Any failure to effectively manage our group’s current operations or to implement our group’s strategy could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Brookfield has no obligation to source acquisition opportunities for our group and our group may not have access to all acquisitions that Brookfield identifies.
Our group’s ability to grow depends on Brookfield’s ability to identify and present our group with acquisition opportunities. Brookfield established the partnership to be Brookfield’s flagship company for its services and industrial operations. However, Brookfield has no obligation to source acquisition opportunities for our group. In addition, Brookfield has not agreed to commit to our group any minimum level of dedicated resources for the pursuit of acquisitions. There are a number of factors which could materially and adversely impact the extent to which suitable acquisition opportunities are made available from Brookfield, including:
•It is an integral part of Brookfield’s (and our) strategy to pursue acquisitions through consortium arrangements with institutional partners, strategic partners and/or financial sponsors and to form partnerships (including private funds, joint ventures and similar arrangements) to pursue such acquisitions on a specialized or global basis. Although Brookfield has agreed that it will not enter any such arrangements that are suitable for our group without giving our group an opportunity to participate in them, there is no minimum level of participation to which we are entitled;
•The same professionals within Brookfield’s organization that are involved in sourcing acquisitions that are suitable for our group are responsible for sourcing opportunities for the vehicles, consortiums and partnerships referred to above, as well as having other responsibilities within Brookfield’s broader asset management business. Limits on the availability of such individuals could result in a limitation on the number of acquisition opportunities sourced for our group;
•Brookfield will only recommend acquisition opportunities that it believes are suitable and appropriate for our group. Our focus is on assets where we believe that our operations-oriented strategy can be deployed to create value in our services
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and industrial operations. Accordingly, opportunities where Brookfield cannot play an active role in influencing the underlying business or managing the underlying assets may not be consistent with our group’s acquisition strategy and, therefore may not be suitable for our group, even though they may be attractive from a purely financial perspective. Legal, regulatory, tax and other commercial considerations will likewise be an important consideration in determining whether an opportunity is suitable and/or appropriate for our group and will limit its ability to participate in certain acquisitions; and
•In addition to structural limitations, the question of whether a particular acquisition is suitable and/or appropriate is highly subjective and is dependent on a number of portfolio construction and management factors including our group’s liquidity position at the relevant time, the expected risk-return profile of the opportunity, its fit with the balance of our investments and related operations, other opportunities that our group may be pursuing or otherwise considering at the relevant time, our group’s interest in preserving capital in order to secure other opportunities and/or to meet other obligations, and other factors. If Brookfield determines that an opportunity is not suitable or appropriate for our group, it may still pursue such opportunity on its own behalf, or on behalf of a Brookfield-sponsored vehicle, consortium or partnership such as Brookfield Business Partners, Brookfield Property Partners, Brookfield Infrastructure Partners, Brookfield Renewable Partners and one or more Brookfield-sponsored private funds or other investment vehicles or programs.
In making determinations about acquisition opportunities and investments, consortium arrangements or partnerships, Brookfield may be influenced by factors that result in a misalignment or conflict of interest and may take the interests of others into account, as well as our company’s own interests and the interests of Brookfield Business Partners.
Among others, we may pursue acquisition opportunities indirectly through investments in Brookfield- sponsored vehicles, consortiums and partnerships or directly (including by investing alongside such vehicles, consortiums and partnerships). Any references in this Item 3.D, “Risk Factors” to our acquisitions, investments, assets, expenses, portfolio companies or other terms should be understood to mean such items held, incurred or undertaken directly by our company or indirectly by our company through our investment in such Brookfield-sponsored vehicles, consortiums and partnerships.
We rely on related parties for a portion of our revenues, particularly in respect of our construction operation.
We may enter into contracts for services or other engagements with related parties, including Brookfield. For example, our construction operation provides construction services to properties owned and operated by Brookfield. We are subject to risks as a result of our reliance on these related parties, including the risk that the business terms of our arrangements with them are not as fair to our company and that our management is subject to potential conflicts of interest that may not be resolved in our favor. In addition, if our transactions with these related parties cease, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The departure of some or all of Brookfield’s professionals could prevent our company and Brookfield Business Partners from achieving their objectives.
Our group depends on the diligence, skill and business contacts of Brookfield’s professionals and the information and opportunities they generate during the normal course of their activities. Our group’s future success will depend on the continued service of these individuals, who are not obligated to remain employed with Brookfield. Brookfield has experienced departures of key professionals in the past and may do so in the future, and we cannot predict the impact that any such departures will have on our group’s ability to achieve its objectives. The departure of a significant number of Brookfield’s professionals for any reason, or the failure to appoint qualified or effective successors in the event of such departures, could have a material adverse effect on our group’s ability to achieve its objectives. The Master Services Agreement does not require Brookfield to maintain the employment of any of its professionals or to cause any particular professionals to provide services to our company or on our group’s behalf.
Brookfield’s and Brookfield Business Partners’ ownership position of our company entitles them to a significant percentage of our dividends, and Brookfield may increase its ownership relative to other shareholders.
Brookfield owns, directly and indirectly, approximately 64.8% of our exchangeable shares, entitling it to all dividends exchangeable shareholders will receive. In addition, Brookfield Business Partners owns all of the issued and outstanding class B shares, which represent a 75% voting interest, and all of the issued and outstanding class C shares, which entitle the partnership to all of the residual value in our company after payment in full of the amount due to holders of exchangeable shares and class B shares and subject to the prior rights of holders of preferred shares. Together, Brookfield and Brookfield Business Partners hold an approximate 91% voting interest in our company. Brookfield Business Partners’ ownership of class C shares entitles it to receive dividends as and when declared by our board of directors. Accordingly, Brookfield and Brookfield Business Partners’ ownership position of exchangeable shares and class C shares of our company allows them to receive a substantial percentage of our dividends. In addition, Brookfield may increase its ownership position in our company. Brookfield may purchase additional
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exchangeable shares of our company in the open market or pursuant to a private placement, which may result in Brookfield increasing its ownership of our exchangeable shares relative to other shareholders, which could reduce the amount of cash available for distribution to public shareholders.
None of British Columbia corporate law, the Master Services Agreement and our other arrangements with Brookfield impose on Brookfield any fiduciary duties to act in the best interests of our shareholders or the partnership’s unitholders.
None of British Columbia corporate law, the Master Services Agreement and our other arrangements with Brookfield impose on Brookfield any duty (statutory or otherwise) to act in the best interests of the Service Recipients, nor do they impose other duties that are fiduciary in nature.
Our organizational and ownership structure may create significant conflicts of interest that may be resolved in a manner that is not in the best interests of our company or the best interests of our shareholders.
Our organizational and ownership structure involves a number of relationships that may give rise to conflicts of interest between our company and our shareholders, on the one hand, and Brookfield and Brookfield Business Partners, on the other hand. For example, our board of directors mirrors the board of the general partner of the partnership, except that our board has two additional non-overlapping board members to assist our company with, among other things, resolving any conflicts of interest that may arise from our relationship with Brookfield Business Partners. David Court and Michael Warren serve as the non-overlapping members of our board of directors. Mr. Court served on the board of directors of the general partner of the partnership since February 2018 and resigned from such board of directors prior to the special distribution. In certain instances, the interests of Brookfield or Brookfield Business Partners may differ from the interests of our company and our shareholders, including with respect to the types of acquisitions made, the timing and amount of dividends by our company, the reinvestment of returns generated by our operations, the use of leverage when making acquisitions and the appointment of outside advisors and service providers. Further, Brookfield may make decisions, including with respect to tax or other reporting positions, from time to time that may be more beneficial to one type of investor or beneficiary than another, or to Brookfield rather than to our company and our shareholders.
Brookfield, directly and indirectly, holds approximately 64.8% of our exchangeable shares. In accordance with our articles, the holders of the class B shares are entitled to cast, in the aggregate, a number of votes equal to three times the number of votes attached to the exchangeable shares (which carry one vote per exchangeable share), and except as otherwise expressly provided in the articles or as required by law, the holders of exchangeable shares and class B shares vote together and not as separate classes. Brookfield Business Partners, which itself is controlled by Brookfield, holds all of our issued and outstanding class B shares, having a 75% voting interest in our company, and class C shares, which entitle the partnership to all of the residual value in our company after payment in full of the amount due to holders of exchangeable shares and class B shares and subject to the prior rights of holders of preferred shares. As a result, Brookfield is able to control the election and removal of our directors and the directors of the partnership’s general partner and, accordingly, exercises substantial influence over our company.
In addition, the Service Providers, subsidiaries of the Asset Management Company provide management services to our company pursuant to the Master Services Agreement. Pursuant to the Master Services Agreement, on a quarterly basis, Holding LP pays a quarterly base management fee to the Service Providers equal to 0.3125% (1.25% annually) of the total capitalization of our group. We pay our proportionate share of such fee. For purposes of calculating the base management fee, the total capitalization of our group is equal to the quarterly volume-weighted average trading price of a unit on the principal stock exchange for the units (based on trading volumes) multiplied by the number of units outstanding at the end of the quarter (and assuming full conversion of the Redemption-Exchange Units into units), plus the value of securities of the other Service Recipients (which following the completion of the special distribution will include the exchangeable shares) that are not held by Brookfield Business Partners, plus all outstanding third-party debt with recourse to a Service Recipient, less all cash held by such entities.
BPEG Manager Holdings LP, a subsidiary of Brookfield, also receives incentive distributions from Holdings LP based on the growth in the market value of the units quarter-over-quarter (but only after the market value exceeds the incentive distribution threshold, and adjusted at the beginning of each quarter to be equal to the greater of (i) the market value for the previous quarter and (ii) the incentive distribution threshold at the end of the previous quarter) multiplied by the number of units and other economically equivalent securities of the Service Recipients (including our exchangeable shares) outstanding at the end of the quarter (and assuming full conversion of the Redemption-Exchange Units into units). This relationship may give rise to conflicts of interest between our company and our shareholders, on the one hand, and Brookfield, on the other, as Brookfield’s interests may differ from the interests of Brookfield Business Partners, our company or our shareholders.
During the fourth quarter of 2023, the volume weighted average price per unit was $15.48, which was below the incentive distribution threshold of $31.53, resulting in no incentive distribution for the quarter. For the year ended December 31, 2023, there was no incentive distribution paid. This relationship may give rise to conflicts of interest between our company and
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our shareholders, on the one hand, and Brookfield, on the other, as Brookfield’s interests may differ from the interests of Brookfield Business Partners, our company or our shareholders.
Brookfield Business Partners’ arrangements with Brookfield, which applies to our company, were negotiated in the context of an affiliated relationship and may contain terms that are less favorable than those which otherwise might have been obtained from unrelated parties.
The terms of Brookfield Business Partners’ arrangements with Brookfield, that apply to our company, were effectively determined by Brookfield. These terms, including terms relating to compensation, contractual or fiduciary duties, conflicts of interest and Brookfield’s ability to engage in outside activities, including activities that compete with our company, our activities and limitations on liability and indemnification, may be less favorable than otherwise might have resulted if the negotiations had involved unrelated parties.
The liability of the Service Providers is limited under our arrangements with them and we and the other Service Recipients have agreed to indemnify the Service Providers against claims that they may face in connection with such arrangements, which may lead them to assume greater risks when making decisions relating to our company than they otherwise would if acting solely for their own account.
Under the Master Services Agreement, the Service Providers have not assumed any responsibility other than to provide or arrange for the provision of the services described in the Master Services Agreement in good faith and will not be responsible for any action that our company takes in following or declining to follow their advice or recommendations. In addition, under the partnership’s limited partnership agreement, the liability of the general partner of the partnership and its affiliates, including the Service Providers, is limited to the fullest extent permitted by law to conduct involving bad faith, fraud or willful misconduct or, in the case of a criminal matter, action that was known to have been unlawful. The liability of the Service Providers under the Master Services Agreement is similarly limited, except that the Service Providers are also liable for liabilities arising from gross negligence. In addition, our company and the other Service Recipients, including Brookfield Business Partners, have agreed to indemnify the Service Providers to the fullest extent permitted by law from and against any claims, liabilities, losses, damages, costs or expenses incurred by an indemnified person or threatened in connection with our operations, investments and activities or in respect of or arising from the Master Services Agreement or the services provided by the Service Providers, except to the extent that the claims, liabilities, losses, damages, costs or expenses are determined to have resulted from the conduct in respect of which such persons have liability as described above. These protections may result in the Service Providers tolerating greater risks when making decisions than otherwise would be the case, including when determining whether to use leverage in connection with acquisitions. The indemnification arrangements to which the Service Providers are a party may also give rise to legal claims for indemnification that are adverse to our company and our shareholders.
The role and ownership of Brookfield may change, and control of the partnership, general partner of the partnership or our company may change, without unitholder or shareholder consent.
Our arrangements with Brookfield do not require Brookfield to maintain any ownership level in our group, and Brookfield may sell the units or exchangeable shares that it holds in the partnership or our group. Brookfield may also sell or transfer all or part of its interests in the Service Providers without the approval of our group or holders of units or exchangeable shares, which could result in changes to the management of our group and its current growth strategy. The general partner of the partnership may also transfer its general partnership interest to a third party in a merger or consolidation or in a transfer of all or substantially all of its assets. Furthermore, at any time, the shareholder of the general partner of the partnership may sell or transfer all or part of its shares in the general partner. Unitholder or shareholder consent will not be sought in either case. If a new owner were to acquire ownership of the general partner of the partnership and to appoint new directors or officers of its own choosing, it would be able to exercise substantial influence over our policies and procedures and exercise substantial influence over management of our group and the types of acquisitions that we make. Such changes could result in our capital being used to make acquisitions in which Brookfield has no involvement or in making acquisitions that are substantially different from our targeted acquisitions.
Additionally, we cannot predict with any certainty the effect that any changes in ownership level of Brookfield of our group or any transfer in the control of our company or the general partner of the partnership would have on the trading price of the exchangeable shares or our ability to raise capital or make acquisitions in the future, because such matters would depend to a large extent on the identity of the new owner and the new owner’s intentions. As a result, our future would be uncertain and our business, financial condition and results of operations may suffer.
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Brookfield may increase its ownership of the partnership, Holding LP and/or our company relative to other unitholders and shareholders.
Brookfield currently holds approximately 48.4% of the issued and outstanding interests in Holding LP through Special LP Units and Redemption-Exchange Units. The Redemption-Exchange Units are redeemable for cash or exchangeable for units in accordance with the Redemption-Exchange Mechanism, which could result in Brookfield eventually owning approximately 65.9% of the issued and outstanding units (including other issued and outstanding units that Brookfield currently owns).
Brookfield may also reinvest incentive distributions or dividends in exchange for Redemption-Exchange Units, units or exchangeable shares, class B shares or class C shares of our company. Additional units of Holding LP acquired, directly or indirectly, by Brookfield are redeemable for cash or exchangeable for the units in accordance with the Redemption-Exchange Mechanism. Brookfield may also purchase additional units or exchangeable shares in the market. Any of these events may result in Brookfield increasing its ownership of our group or our company.
Our company is not entitled to terminate the Master Services Agreement. Only the general partner of the partnership may terminate the Master Services Agreement, and it may be unable or unwilling to do so.
Our company is not entitled to terminate the Master Services Agreement. Only the general partner of the partnership may terminate the Master Services Agreement, and it may be unable or unwilling to do so. The Master Services Agreement provides that the Service Recipients may terminate the agreement only if: (i) the Service Providers default in the performance or observance of any material term, condition or covenant contained in the agreement in a manner that results in material harm to the Service Recipients and the default continues unremedied for a period of thirty (30) days after written notice of the breach is given to the Service Providers; (ii) the Service Providers engage in any act of fraud, misappropriation of funds or embezzlement against any Service Recipient that results in material harm to the Service Recipients; (iii) the Service Providers are grossly negligent in the performance of their duties under the agreement and such negligence results in material harm to the Service Recipients; or (iv) upon the happening of certain events relating to the bankruptcy or insolvency of the Service Providers. The Master Services Agreement cannot be terminated by our group for any other reason, including if the Service Providers or Brookfield experience a change of control, and there is no fixed term to the agreement. In addition, because the general partner of the partnership is an affiliate of Brookfield, it may be unwilling to terminate the Master Services Agreement, even in the case of a default. If the Service Providers’ performance does not meet the expectations of investors, and the general partner of the partnership is unable or unwilling to terminate the Master Services Agreement, our group is not entitled to terminate the agreement and the market price of our exchangeable shares or the units could suffer. Furthermore, the termination of the Master Services Agreement would terminate our group’s rights under the Relationship Agreement and the Licensing Agreement. See Item 7.B, “Related Party Transactions - Relationship Agreement” and Item 7.B, “Related Party Transactions - Licensing Agreement” for more details.
We guarantee certain debt obligations of Brookfield Business Partners, which may adversely affect our financial health and make us more vulnerable to adverse economic conditions.
A wholly-owned subsidiary of our company has agreed to fully and unconditionally guarantee Brookfield Business Partners’ obligations under the partnership’s $2.3 billion bilateral credit facilities with global banks and its $1 billion revolving acquisition credit facility with Brookfield. In addition, our company may provide additional guarantees of Brookfield Business Partners’ debt or debt-like obligations in the future, thereby causing us to become liable for such obligations. As a result of the guarantees, our company is exposed to the credit risk of Brookfield Business Partners. If Brookfield Business Partners is unable or fails to pay any of its indebtedness in respect of which our company has provided a guarantee, we may be required to pay all amounts due under such indebtedness, which may affect our financial health and make us more vulnerable to adverse economic conditions. See Item 7.B, “Related Party Transactions - Credit Support”.
Brookfield and Oaktree operate their respective investment businesses largely independently, and do not expect to coordinate or consult on investment decisions, which may give rise to conflicts of interest and make it more difficult to mitigate certain conflicts of interest.
Brookfield and Oaktree operate their respective investment businesses largely independently pursuant to an information barrier, and Brookfield does not expect to coordinate or consult with Oaktree with respect to investment activities and/or decisions. In addition, neither Brookfield nor Oaktree is expected to be subject to any internal approvals over its investment activities and decisions by any person who would have knowledge and/or decision-making control of the investment decisions of the other. As a result, it is expected that our group, as well as Brookfield, Brookfield Accounts that our group may be invested in, directly or indirectly, and their portfolio companies, will engage in activities and have business relationships that give rise to conflicts (and potential conflicts) of interests between them, on the one hand, and Oaktree, Oaktree Accounts and their portfolio companies, on the other hand. These conflicts (and potential conflicts) of interests may include: (i) competing from time to time for the same investment opportunities; (ii) the pursuit by Oaktree Accounts of investment opportunities suitable for our group and Brookfield Accounts that we are invested in, directly or indirectly, without making such opportunities available to our group or
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those Brookfield Accounts; and (iii) the formation or establishment of new Oaktree Accounts that could compete or otherwise conduct their affairs without regard as to whether or not they adversely impact our group and/or Brookfield Accounts that we are invested in. Investment teams managing the activities of our group and/or Brookfield Accounts that we are invested in are not expected to be aware of, and will not have the ability to manage, such conflicts.
Our group and/or Brookfield Accounts that we are invested in could be adversely impacted by Oaktree’s activities. Competition from Oaktree Accounts for investment opportunities could also, under certain circumstances, adversely impact the purchase price of our group’s (direct and/or indirect) investments. As a result of different investment objectives, views and/or interests in investments, Oaktree will manage certain Oaktree Accounts in a way that is different than from the interests of our group and/or Brookfield Accounts that we may be invested in, directly or indirectly, which could adversely impact our group’s (direct and/or direct) investments. For more information, see Item 7.B, “Related Party Transactions – Conflicts of Interest and Fiduciary Duties – Oaktree”.
Brookfield and Oaktree are likely to be deemed to be affiliates for purposes of certain laws and regulations, which may result in, among other things, earlier public disclosure of investments by our company and/or Brookfield Accounts that our group may be invested in directly or indirectly.
Brookfield and Oaktree are likely to be deemed to be affiliates for purposes of certain laws and regulations, notwithstanding their operational independence and/or information barrier, and it is anticipated that, from time to time, our group and/or Brookfield Accounts that we may be invested in, directly or indirectly, and Oaktree Accounts may each have significant positions in one or more of the same issuers. As such, Brookfield and Oaktree will likely need to aggregate certain investment holdings, including holdings of our group, Brookfield Accounts that we are invested in and Oaktree Accounts for certain securities law purposes and other regulatory purposes. Consequently, Oaktree’s activities could result in earlier public disclosure of investments by our group and/or Brookfield Accounts that our group may be invested in, directly or indirectly, restrictions on transactions by our group and/or Brookfield Accounts that our group may be invested in (including the ability to make or dispose of certain investments at certain times), adverse effects on the prices of investments made by our group and/or Brookfield Accounts that we are invested in, potential short-swing profit disgorgement, penalties and/or regulatory remedies, among others.
Breaches of the information barrier and related internal controls by Brookfield and/or Oaktree could result in significant adverse consequences to Brookfield and Oaktree and/or Brookfield Accounts that our group may be invested in, directly or indirectly, amongst others.
Although information barriers were implemented to address the potential conflicts of interests and regulatory, legal and contractual requirements of our group, Brookfield and Oaktree may decide, at any time and without notice to our group or our security holders, to remove or modify the information barrier between Brookfield and Oaktree. In addition, there may be breaches (including inadvertent breaches) of the information barriers and related internal controls by Brookfield and/or Oaktree.
To the extent that the information barrier is removed or is otherwise ineffective and Brookfield has the ability to access analysis, model and/or information developed by Oaktree and its personnel, Brookfield will not be under any obligation or other duty to access such information or effect transactions for our company and/or Brookfield Accounts that our group is invested in in accordance with such analysis and models, and in fact may be restricted by securities laws from doing so. In such circumstances, Brookfield may make investment decisions for our company and/or Brookfield Accounts that our group is invested in that differ from those it would have made if Brookfield had pursued such information, which may be disadvantageous to our company and/or Brookfield Accounts that our group is invested in. The breach or failure of information barriers could result in our group obtaining material non-public information, which may restrict our group from acquiring or disposing investments and ultimately impact the returns generated for our group’s business. In addition, any such breach or failure could also result in potential regulatory investigations and claims for securities laws violations in connection with our direct and/or indirect investment activities. Any inadvertent trading on material non-public information, or perception of trading on material non-public information by one of our businesses or our personnel, could have a significant adverse effect on Brookfield’s reputation, result in the imposition of regulatory or financial sanctions, and negatively impact Brookfield’s ability to provide investment management services to its clients, all of which could result in negative financial impact to the investment activities of our group and/or Brookfield Accounts that we are invested in. For more information, see Item 7.B, “Related Party Transactions - Conflicts of Interest and Fiduciary Duties - Oaktree”.
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Risks Relating to our Company
Each exchangeable share has been structured with the intention of providing an economic return equivalent to one unit and therefore we expect that the market price of our exchangeable shares will be significantly impacted by the market price of the units and the combined business performance of our group as a whole.
Each exchangeable share has been structured with the intention of providing an economic return equivalent to one unit. Our company will target to pay dividends per exchangeable share that are identical to the distributions per unit, and each exchangeable share is exchangeable at the option of the holder for one unit (subject to adjustment to reflect certain capital events) or its cash equivalent (the form of payment to be determined at the election of our company). See Item 10.B, “Memorandum and Articles of Association - Description of Our Share Capital - Exchangeable Shares - Exchange by Holder - Adjustments to Reflect Certain Capital Events”. Our group currently intends to satisfy any exchange requests on the exchangeable shares through the delivery of units rather than cash. As a result, the business operations of Brookfield Business Partners, and the market price of the units, are expected to have a significant impact on the market price of the exchangeable shares, which could be disproportionate in circumstances where the business operations and results of our company on a standalone basis are not indicative of such market trends. Exchangeable shareholders will have no ability to control or influence the decisions or business of Brookfield Business Partners. You should therefore carefully consider the risk factors applicable to Brookfield Business Partners’ business and an investment in units, as described in the partnership’s Annual Report. For additional information regarding Brookfield Business Partners, see Item 7.B, “Related Party Transactions - Brookfield Business Partners”.
The material assets of our company consist solely of interests in our operating subsidiaries.
Our company has no independent means of generating revenue. As a result, we depend on distributions and other payments from our operating businesses to provide our company with the funds necessary to meet our financial obligations. Our operating businesses are legally distinct from our company and some of them are or may become restricted in their ability to pay dividends and distributions or otherwise make funds available to our company pursuant to local law, regulatory requirements and their contractual agreements, including agreements governing their financing arrangements. Our operating businesses will generally be required to satisfy their own working capital requirements and service any debt obligations before making distributions to our company.
Our company is a “foreign private issuer” under U.S. securities law. Therefore, we are exempt from requirements applicable to U.S. domestic registrants listed on the NYSE.
Although our company is subject to the periodic reporting requirements of the U.S. Exchange Act, the periodic disclosure required of foreign private issuers under the U.S. Exchange Act is different from periodic disclosure required of U.S. domestic registrants. Therefore, there may be less publicly available information about our company than is regularly published by or about other companies in the United States. Our company is exempt from certain other sections of the U.S. Exchange Act to which U.S. domestic issuers are subject, including the requirement to provide our shareholders with information statements or proxy statements that comply with the U.S. Exchange Act. In addition, insiders and large shareholders of our company are not obligated to file reports under Section 16 of the U.S. Exchange Act, and we are permitted to follow certain home country corporate governance practices (being Bermuda and British Columbia for the partnership and the company, respectively) instead of those otherwise required under the NYSE Listed Company Manual for domestic issuers. We currently follow the same corporate practices as would be applicable to U.S. domestic companies under the U.S. federal securities laws and NYSE corporate governance standards (being Bermuda and British Columbia for the partnership and the company, respectively); however, as our company is externally managed by the Service Providers pursuant to the Master Services Agreement and is a foreign private issuer, we will not have a compensation committee. However, we may in the future elect to follow our home country law for certain of our other corporate governance practices (being Bermuda and British Columbia for the partnership and our company, respectively), as permitted by the rules of the NYSE, in which case our shareholders would not be afforded the same protection as provided under NYSE corporate governance standards to U.S. domestic registrants. Following our home country governance practices as opposed to the requirements that would otherwise apply to a U.S. domestic company listed on the NYSE may provide less protection than is accorded to investors of U.S. domestic issuers.
Our company’s operations in the future may be different than our current business.
Our company’s current operations consist of interests in Healthscope, CDK Global, Multiplex and BRK Ambiental, representing a portion of Brookfield Business Partners’ operations. Brookfield Business Partners currently has four operating segments: (i) business services, including residential mortgage insurance services, healthcare services, road fuels operation, construction operation, entertainment operation, non-bank financial services including an Australian residential mortgage lender, real estate services and other businesses; (ii) infrastructure services, which includes lottery services operations, modular building
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leasing services, offshore oil services, and work access services; (iii) industrials, which includes advanced energy storage operation, engineered components manufacturing and other manufacturing, water and wastewater operation, natural gas production and other energy services, graphite electrode operation and a variety of other industrial operations; and (iv) corporate and other, which includes corporate cash and liquidity management, and activities related to the management of the partnership’s relationship with Brookfield. Brookfield Business Partners and our company may own interests in other operating subsidiaries in the future. The risks associated with the operations of Brookfield Business Partners, or our future operations, may differ from those associated with our company’s current operations.
The completion of new acquisitions can have the effect of significantly increasing the scale and scope of our group’s operations, including operations in new geographic areas and industry sectors, and the Service Providers may have difficulty managing these additional operations. In addition, acquisitions involve risks to our business.
A key part of our group’s strategy involves seeking acquisition opportunities. For example, a number of our group’s current operations have only recently been acquired. Acquisitions may increase the scale, scope and diversity of our operating businesses. We depend on the diligence and skill of Brookfield’s and our professionals to effectively manage our company and integrate acquired businesses with our existing operations. These individuals may have difficulty managing additional acquired businesses and may have other responsibilities within Brookfield’s asset management business. If any such acquired businesses are not effectively integrated and managed, our existing business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.
Future acquisitions will likely involve some or all of the following risks, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations: the difficulty of integrating the acquired operations and personnel into our current operations; potential disruption of our current operations; diversion of resources, including Brookfield’s time and attention; the difficulty of managing the growth of a larger organization; the risk of entering markets and regulatory regimes in which we have little experience; the risk of becoming involved in labor, commercial or regulatory disputes or litigation related to the new enterprise; risk of environmental or other liabilities associated with the acquired business; and the risk of a change of control resulting from an acquisition triggering rights of third parties or government agencies under contracts with, or authorizations held by the operating business being acquired. While it is our practice to conduct extensive due diligence investigations into businesses being acquired, it is possible that due diligence may fail to uncover all material risks in the business being acquired, or to identify a change of control trigger in a material contract or authorization, or that a contractual counterparty or government agency may take a different view on the interpretation of such a provision to that taken by our company, thereby resulting in a dispute.
Our company is not, and does not intend to become, regulated as an investment company under the Investment Company Act (and similar legislation in other jurisdictions) and, if our company were deemed an “investment company” under the Investment Company Act, applicable restrictions could make it impractical for our company to operate as contemplated.
The Investment Company Act (and similar legislation in other jurisdictions) provides certain protections to investors and imposes certain restrictions on companies that are required to be regulated as investment companies. Among other things, such rules limit or prohibit transactions with affiliates, impose limitations on the issuance of debt and equity securities and impose certain governance requirements. Our company has not been and does not intend to become regulated as an investment company and our company intends to conduct its activities so it will not be deemed to be an investment company under the Investment Company Act (and similar legislation in other jurisdictions). In order to ensure that we are not deemed to be an investment company, we may be required to materially restrict or limit the scope of our operations or plans. We will be limited in the types of acquisitions that we may make, and we may need to modify our organizational structure or dispose of assets which we would not otherwise dispose of. Moreover, if anything were to happen which would cause our company to be deemed an investment company under the Investment Company Act, it would be impractical for our company to operate as contemplated. Agreements and arrangements between and among our company and Brookfield would be impaired, the type and number of acquisitions that we would be able to make as a principal would be limited and our business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially adversely affected. Accordingly, we would be required to take extraordinary steps to address the situation, such as the amendment or termination of the Master Services Agreement, the restructuring of our company (including our operating subsidiaries), the amendment of our governing documents or the dissolution of our company, any of which could materially adversely affect the value of the exchangeable shares.
Our failure to maintain effective internal controls could have a material adverse effect on our business in the future and the price of the exchangeable shares.
As a public company in the U.S. and Canada, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the U.S. Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and stock exchange rules promulgated in response to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, as well as corresponding laws in Canada. A number of our current operating subsidiaries are, and potential future acquisitions will be, private companies and
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their systems of internal controls over financial reporting may be less developed as compared to public company requirements. In addition, the partnership routinely excludes recently acquired companies from its evaluation of internal controls. Any failure to maintain adequate internal controls over financial reporting or to implement required, new or improved controls, or difficulties encountered in their implementation, could cause material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal controls over financial reporting and could result in errors or misstatements in our consolidated financial statements that could be material. If our company were to conclude that our internal controls over financial reporting were not effective, investors could lose confidence in our reported financial information and the price of our exchangeable shares could decline. Our failure to achieve and maintain effective internal controls could have a material adverse effect on our business, our ability to access capital markets and investors’ perception of our company. In addition, material weaknesses in our internal controls could require significant expense and management time to remediate.
Risks Relating to the Exchangeable Shares
Our company may redeem the exchangeable shares at any time without the consent of the holders.
Our board of directors, in its sole discretion and for any reason, and without the consent of holders of exchangeable shares, may elect to redeem all of the then outstanding exchangeable shares at any time upon sixty (60) days’ prior written notice, including without limitation following the occurrence of any of the following redemption events: (i) the total number of exchangeable shares outstanding decreases by 50% or more over any twelve-month period; (ii) a person acquires 90% of the units in a take-over bid (as defined by applicable securities law); (iii) unitholders of the partnership approve an acquisition of the partnership by way of arrangement or amalgamation; (iv) unitholders of the partnership approve a restructuring or other reorganization of the partnership; (v) there is a sale of all or substantially all of the partnership assets; (vi) there is a change of law (whether by legislative, governmental or judicial action), administrative practice or interpretation, or a change in circumstances of our company and our shareholders, that may result in adverse tax consequences for our company or our shareholders; or (vii) our board of directors, in its sole discretion, concludes that the unitholders of the partnership or holders of exchangeable shares are adversely impacted by a fact, change or other circumstance relating to our company. For greater certainty, unitholders do not have the ability to vote on such redemption and the board’s decision to redeem all of the then outstanding exchangeable shares will be final. In addition, the holder of class B shares may deliver a notice to our company specifying a redemption date upon which our company shall redeem all of the then outstanding exchangeable shares, and upon sixty (60) days’ prior written notice from our company to holders of the exchangeable shares and without the consent of holders of exchangeable shares, our company shall be required to redeem all of the then outstanding exchangeable shares on such redemption date. In the event of such redemption, holders of exchangeable shares will no longer own a direct interest in our company and will become unitholders of the partnership or receive cash based on the value of a unit, even if such holders desired to remain holders of exchangeable shares. Such redemption could occur at a time when the trading price of the exchangeable shares is greater than the trading price of the units, in which case holders would receive units (or its cash equivalent) with a lower trading price. See Item 10.B, “Memorandum and Articles of Association - Description of Our Share Capital - Exchangeable Shares - Redemption by Issuer”.
In the event that an exchangeable share held by a holder is redeemed by our company or exchanged by the holder, the holder will be considered to have disposed of such exchangeable share for Canadian income tax purposes. See Item 10.E, “Taxation - Certain Material Canadian Federal Income Tax Considerations” for more information.
Holders of exchangeable shares do not have a right to elect whether to receive cash or units upon a liquidation, exchange or redemption event. Rather, our group has the right to make such election in its sole discretion.
In the event that (i) there is a liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our company or the partnership, (ii) our company or the partnership exercises its right to redeem (or cause the redemption of) all of the then outstanding exchangeable shares, or (iii) a holder of exchangeable shares requests an exchange of exchangeable shares, holders of exchangeable shares shall be entitled to receive one unit per exchangeable share held (subject to adjustment to reflect certain capital events described in this Form 20-F and certain other payment obligations in the case of a liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our company or the partnership) or its cash equivalent. The form of payment will be determined at the election of our group so a holder will not know whether cash or units will be delivered in connection with any of the events described above. Our company and the partnership currently intend to satisfy any exchange requests on the exchangeable shares through the delivery of units rather than cash. See Item 10.B, “Memorandum and Articles of Association - Description of Our Share Capital - Exchangeable Shares”.
Any holder requesting an exchange of their exchangeable shares for which our company or the partnership elects to provide units in satisfaction of the exchange amount may experience a delay in receiving such units, which may affect the value of the units the holder receives in an exchange.
Each exchangeable share is exchangeable at the option of the holder for one unit (subject to adjustment to reflect certain capital events) or its cash equivalent (the form of payment to be determined at the election of our group). See Item 10.B, “Memorandum and Articles of Association - Description of Our Share Capital - Exchangeable Shares - Exchange by Holder”. In
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the event cash is used to satisfy an exchange request, the amount payable per exchangeable share will be equal to the NYSE closing price of one unit on the date that the request for exchange is received by the transfer agent. As a result, any decrease in the value of the units after that date will not affect the amount of cash received. However, any holder whose exchangeable shares are exchanged for units will not receive such units for up to ten (10) business days after the applicable request is received. During this period, the market price of units may decrease. Any such decrease would affect the value of the unit consideration to be received by the holder of exchangeable shares on the effective date of the exchange.
The partnership is required to maintain an effective registration statement in the United States in order to exchange any exchangeable shares for units. If a registration statement with respect to the units issuable upon any exchange, redemption or acquisition of exchangeable shares (including in connection with any liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our company) is not current or is suspended for use by the SEC, no exchange or redemption of exchangeable shares for units may be effected during such period.
The exchangeable shares may not trade at the same price as the units.
Although each exchangeable share is structured with the intention of providing an economic return that is equivalent to one unit (subject to adjustment to reflect certain capital events), there can be no assurance that the market price of exchangeable shares is equal to the market price of units at any time. If our company redeems the exchangeable shares (which can be done without the consent of the holders) at a time when the trading price of the exchangeable shares is greater than the trading price of the units, holders will receive units (or its cash equivalent) with a lower trading price. Factors that could cause differences in such market prices may include:
•perception and/or recommendations by analysts, investors and/or other third parties that these securities should be priced differently;
•actual or perceived differences in distributions to holders of exchangeable shares versus holders of the units, including as a result of any legal prohibitions;
•business developments or financial performance or other events or conditions that may be specific to only Brookfield Business Partners or our company; and
•difficulty in the exchange mechanics between exchangeable shares and units, including any delays or difficulties experienced by the transfer agent in processing the exchange requests.
If a sufficient number of exchangeable shares are exchanged for units, then the exchangeable shares may be de-listed.
If a sufficient number of exchangeable shares are exchanged for units following the special distribution, or our company exercises our redemption right at any time including if the total number of exchangeable shares decreases by 50% or more over any twelve-month period, our company may fail to meet the minimum listing requirements on the NYSE and the TSX, and the NYSE or the TSX may take steps to de-list the exchangeable shares. Though holders of exchangeable shares will still be entitled to exchange each such share at any time for one unit (subject to adjustment to reflect certain capital events described in this Form 20-F), or its cash equivalent (the form of payment to be determined at the election of our group), a de-listing of the exchangeable shares would have a significant adverse effect on the liquidity of the exchangeable shares, and holders thereof may not be able to exit their investments in the market on favorable terms.
The market price of the exchangeable shares and units may be volatile, and holders of exchangeable shares and/or units may lose a significant portion of their investment due to drops in the market price of exchangeable shares and/or units.
The market price of the exchangeable shares and the units may be volatile and holders of such securities may not be able to resell their securities at or above the implied price at which they acquired such securities due to fluctuations in the market price of such securities, including changes in market price caused by factors unrelated to our company or Brookfield Business Partners’ operating performance or prospects. Specific factors that may have a significant effect on the market price of the exchangeable shares and the units include:
•changes in stock market analyst recommendations or earnings estimates regarding the exchangeable shares or units, other companies and partnerships that are comparable to our company or Brookfield Business Partners or are in the industries that they serve;
•with respect to the exchangeable shares, changes in the market price of the units, and vice versa;
•actual or anticipated fluctuations in our company and partnership’s operating results or future prospects;
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•reactions to public announcements by our company and Brookfield Business Partners;
•strategic actions taken by our company or Brookfield Business Partners;
•adverse conditions in the financial market or general U.S. or international economic conditions, including those resulting from pandemics, war, incidents of terrorism and responses to such events; and
•sales of such securities by our company, Brookfield Business Partners or significant stockholders.
Exchanges of exchangeable shares for units may negatively affect the market price of the units, and additional issuances of exchangeable shares would be dilutive to the units.
Each exchangeable share is exchangeable by the holder thereof for one unit (subject to adjustment to reflect certain capital events) or its cash equivalent (the form of payment to be determined at the election of our group). See Item 10.B, “Memorandum and Articles of Association - Description of Our Share Capital - Exchange by Holder - Adjustments to Reflect Certain Capital Events”. If our group elects to deliver units in satisfaction of any such exchange request, a significant number of additional units may be issued from time to time which could have a negative impact on the market price for units. Additionally, any exchangeable shares issued by our company in the future will be exchangeable for units, and, accordingly, any future exchanges satisfied by the delivery of units would dilute the percentage interest of existing holders of the units and may reduce the market price of the units.
We or the partnership may issue additional shares or units in the future, including in lieu of incurring indebtedness, which may dilute holders of our equity securities. We or the partnership may also issue securities that have rights and privileges that are more favorable than the rights and privileges accorded to our equity holders.
Subject to the terms of any of our securities then outstanding, our group may issue additional securities, including exchangeable shares, class B shares, class C shares, preferred shares, options, rights and warrants for any purpose and for such consideration and on such terms and conditions as our board of directors may determine. Subject to the terms of any of our securities then outstanding, our board of directors is able to determine the class, designations, preferences, rights, powers and duties of any additional securities, including any rights to share in our profits, losses and dividends, any rights to receive our company’s assets upon our dissolution or liquidation and any redemption, conversion and exchange rights. Subject to the terms of any of our securities then outstanding, our board of directors may use such authority to issue such additional securities, which would dilute holders of such securities, or to issue securities with rights and privileges that are more favorable than those of our exchangeable shares.
Similarly, under the partnership’s limited partnership agreement, the partnership’s general partner may issue additional partnership securities, including units, preferred units, options, rights, warrants and appreciation rights relating to partnership securities for any purpose and for such consideration and on such terms and conditions as the board of the partnership’s general partner may determine. Subject to the terms of any of the partnership securities then outstanding, the board of the partnership’s general partner is able to determine the class, designations, preferences, rights, powers and duties of any additional partnership securities, including any rights to share in the partnership’s profits, losses and dividends, any rights to receive the partnership’s assets upon its dissolution or liquidation and any redemption, conversion and exchange rights. Subject to the terms of any of the partnership securities then outstanding, the board of the partnership’s general partner may use such authority to issue such additional partnership securities, which would dilute holders of such securities, or to issue securities with rights and privileges that are more favorable than those of the units.
The sale or issuance of a substantial number of our exchangeable shares, the units or other equity securities of our company or the partnership in the public markets, or the perception that such sales or issuances could occur, could depress the market price of our exchangeable shares and impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional exchangeable shares. We cannot predict the effect that future sales or issuances of our exchangeable shares, units or other equity securities would have on the market price of our exchangeable shares. Subject to the terms of any of our securities then outstanding, holders of exchangeable shares will not have any pre-emptive right or any right to consent to or otherwise approve the issuance of any securities or the terms on which any such securities may be issued.
Our company cannot assure you that it will be able to pay dividends equal to the levels currently paid by the partnership and holders of exchangeable shares may not receive dividends equal to the distributions paid on the units and, accordingly, may not receive the intended economic equivalence of those securities.
The exchangeable shares are intended to provide an economic return per exchangeable share equivalent to one unit (subject to adjustment to reflect certain capital events). See Item 10.B, “Memorandum and Articles of Association - Description of Our Share Capital - Exchangeable Shares - Exchange by Holder - Adjustments to Reflect Certain Capital Events”. However, dividends are at the discretion of our board and unforeseen circumstances (including legal prohibitions) may prevent the same
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dividends from being paid on each security. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that dividends and distributions will be identical for each exchangeable share and unit, respectively, in the future, which may impact the market price of these securities. Dividends on our exchangeable shares may not equal the levels currently paid by the partnership for various reasons, including, but not limited to, the following:
•our company may not have enough unrestricted funds to pay such dividends due to changes in our company’s cash requirements, capital spending plans, cash flow or financial position;
•decisions on whether, when and in which amounts to make any future dividends will be dependent on then-existing conditions, including our company’s financial conditions, earnings, legal requirements, including limitations under British Columbia law, restrictions on our company’s borrowing agreements that limit our ability to pay dividends and other factors we deem relevant; and
•our company may desire to retain cash to improve our credit profile or for other reasons.
Non-U.S. shareholders are subject to foreign currency risk associated with our company’s dividends.
A significant number of our shareholders reside in countries where the U.S. dollar is not the functional currency. Our dividends are denominated in U.S. dollars but are settled in the local currency of the shareholder receiving the dividend. For each non-U.S. shareholder, the value received in the local currency from the dividend will be determined based on the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the applicable local currency at the time of payment. As such, if the U.S. dollar depreciates significantly against the local currency of the non-U.S. shareholder, the value received by such shareholder in its local currency is adversely affected.
Our articles and the partnership’s limited partnership agreement provide that the federal district courts of the United States of America are the sole and exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the U.S. Securities Act. This choice of forum provision could limit the ability of shareholders of our company and unitholders of the partnership to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with directors, officers or employees.
Our articles provide, and the partnership’s limited partnership agreement provide, that, unless our company or the partnership consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States of America shall, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the U.S. Securities Act. In the absence of these provisions, under the U.S. Securities Act, U.S. federal and state courts have been found to have concurrent jurisdiction over suits brought to enforce duties or liabilities created by the U.S. Securities Act. This choice of forum provision does not apply to suits brought to enforce duties or liabilities created by the U.S. Exchange Act, which already provides that such federal district courts have exclusive jurisdictions over such suits. Additionally, investors cannot waive the company and the partnership’s compliance with federal securities laws of the United States and the rules and regulations thereunder.
The choice of forum provision contained in the company’s articles and the partnership’s limited partnership agreement may limit a company shareholder’s or limited partnership unitholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with the company, the partnership or their directors, officers or other employees, which may discourage such lawsuits against the company, the partnership and their directors, officers and other employees. However, the enforceability of similar choice of forum provisions in other companies’ governing documents has been challenged in recent legal proceedings, and it is possible that a court in the relevant jurisdictions with respect to the company and the partnership could find the choice of forum provision contained in the company’s articles and the partnership’s limited partnership agreement to be inapplicable or unenforceable. While the Delaware Supreme Court ruled in March 2020 that U.S. federal forum selection provisions purporting to require claims under the U.S. Securities Act be brought in a U.S. federal court are “facially valid” under Delaware law, there can be no assurance that the courts in Canada (including in the Province of British Columbia) and Bermuda, and other courts within the United States, reach a similar determination regarding the choice of forum provision contained in the company’s articles and the partnership’s limited partnership agreement. If the relevant court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in the company’s articles or the partnership’s limited partnership agreement to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, the company and the partnership may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could materially adversely affect their business, financial condition and operating results.
The exchangeable shares are not units and will not be treated as units for purposes of the application of applicable Canadian or U.S. rules relating to takeover bids, issuer bids and tender offers.
Units and exchangeable shares are not securities of the same class. As a result, holders of exchangeable shares will not be entitled to participate in an offer or bid made to acquire units, and holders of units will not be entitled to participate in an offer or bid made to acquire exchangeable shares. In the event of a takeover bid for units, a holder of exchangeable shares who would like to participate would be required to tender his or her exchangeable shares for exchange, in order to receive a unit, or the cash
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equivalent, at the election of our group, pursuant to the exchange right. If an issuer tender offer or issuer bid is made for the units at a price in excess of the market price of the units and a comparable offer is not made for the exchangeable shares, then the conversion factor for the exchangeable shares may be adjusted. See Item 10.B, “Memorandum and Articles of Association - Adjustments to Reflect Certain Capital Events” for more information on the circumstances in which adjustments may be made to the conversion factor.
The Rights Agreement will terminate on the fifth anniversary of the special distribution date.
The Rights Agreement will terminate on the fifth anniversary of the special distribution date, unless otherwise terminated earlier pursuant to its terms. After such date, holders of exchangeable shares will no longer have the benefit of the protections provided for by the Rights Agreement and will be reliant solely on the rights provided for in our company’s articles. In the event that our company or the partnership fails to satisfy a request for exchange after the expiry of the Rights Agreement, a tendering holder will not be entitled to rely on the secondary exchange rights. See Item 10.B, “Memorandum and Articles of Association - Description of Our Share Capital - Exchangeable Shares - Exchange by Holder” and Item 7.B, “Related Party Transactions - Relationship with Brookfield - Rights Agreement”.
U.S. investors in our exchangeable shares may find it difficult or impossible to enforce service of process and enforcement of judgments against our company and our board of directors and the Service Providers.
The company was established under the laws of the Province of British Columbia, and most of our subsidiaries are organized in jurisdictions outside of the United States. In addition, our executive officers are located outside of the United States. Certain of our directors and officers and the Service Providers reside outside of the United States. A substantial portion of our assets are, and the assets of our directors and officers and the Service Providers may be located outside of the United States. It may not be possible for investors to effect service of process within the United States upon our directors and officers and the Service Providers. It may also not be possible to enforce against our company, or our directors and officers and the Service Providers, judgments obtained in U.S. courts predicated upon the civil liability provisions of applicable securities law in the United States.
Risks Related to Taxation
General
Changes in tax law and practice may have a material adverse effect on the operations of the partnership, our company, the Holding Entities and the operating businesses and, as a consequence, the value of the Brookfield Business Partners assets and the ability of the partnership and our company to make distributions to unitholders and holders of exchangeable shares, respectively.
The Brookfield Business Partners structure, including the structure of the Holding Entities and the operating businesses, is based on prevailing taxation law and practice in the local jurisdictions in which Brookfield Business Partners operates. Any change in tax legislation (including in relation to taxation rates) and practice in these jurisdictions could adversely affect these entities, as well as the ability of the partnership and our company to make distributions to unitholders and holders of exchangeable shares, respectively. Taxes and other constraints that would apply to the Brookfield Business Partners entities in such jurisdictions may not apply to local institutions or other parties, and such parties may therefore have a significantly lower effective cost of capital and a corresponding competitive advantage in pursuing such acquisitions.
We may be exposed to transfer pricing risks.
To the extent that the partnership, our company, the Holding LP, the Holding Entities or the operating businesses enter into transactions or arrangements with Brookfield entities, the relevant tax authorities may seek to adjust the quantum or nature of the amounts included in or deducted from taxable income by such entities if they consider that the terms and conditions of such transactions or arrangements differ from those that would have been made between persons dealing at arm’s length. This could result in more tax (and penalties and interest) being paid by such entities, and therefore the return to unitholders and holders of exchangeable shares could be reduced.
We believe that the base management fee and any other amount that is paid to the Service Providers will be commensurate with the value of the services being provided by the Service Providers and comparable to the fees or other amounts that would be agreed to in an arm’s-length arrangement. However, no assurance can be given in this regard.
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United States
The exchange of exchangeable shares for units may result in the U.S. federal income taxation of any gain realized by a U.S. Holder.
Depending on the facts and circumstances, a U.S. Holder’s exchange of exchangeable shares for units may result in the U.S. federal income taxation of any gain realized by the U.S. Holder. In general, a U.S. Holder exchanging exchangeable shares for units pursuant to the exercise of the exchange right will recognize capital gain or loss (i) if the exchange request is satisfied by the delivery of units by Brookfield pursuant to the Rights Agreement or (ii) if the exchange request is satisfied by the delivery of units by our company and the exchange is, within the meaning of Section 302(b) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), in “complete redemption” of the U.S. Holder’s equity interest in our company, a “substantially disproportionate” redemption of stock, or “not essentially equivalent to a dividend,” applying certain constructive ownership rules that take into account not only the exchangeable shares and other equity interests in our company actually owned but also other equity interests in our company treated as constructively owned by the U.S. Holder for U.S. federal income tax purposes. If an exchange request satisfied by the delivery of units by our company is not treated as a sale or exchange under the foregoing rules, then it will be treated as a distribution equal to the amount of cash and the fair market value of property received (such as units), taxable under the rules generally applicable to distributions on stock of a corporation.
In general, if the partnership satisfies an exchange request by delivering units to a U.S. Holder pursuant to the partnership’s exercise of the partnership call right, then the U.S. Holder’s exchange of exchangeable shares for units will qualify as tax-free under Section 721(a) of the Code, unless, at the time of such exchange, the partnership (i) is a publicly traded partnership treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes or (ii) would be an “investment company” if it were incorporated for purposes of Section 721(b) of the Code. In the case described in (i) or (ii) of the preceding sentence, a U.S. Holder may recognize gain upon the exchange. We understand that the general partner of the partnership believes that the partnership will be treated as a partnership and not as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes. In addition, based on the shareholders’ rights in the event of the liquidation or dissolution of our company (or the partnership) and the terms of the exchangeable shares, which are intended to provide an economic return equivalent to the economic return on units (including identical distributions), and taking into account the expected relative values of the partnership’s assets and its ratable share of the assets of its subsidiaries for the foreseeable future, we understand that the general partner of the partnership currently expects that a U.S. Holder’s exchange of exchangeable shares for units pursuant to the exercise of the partnership call right will not be treated as a transfer to an investment company for purposes of Section 721(b) of the Code. Accordingly, we understand that the general partner of the partnership currently expects a U.S. Holder’s exchange of exchangeable shares for units pursuant to the partnership’s exercise of the partnership call right to qualify as tax-free under Section 721(a) of the Code. However, no definitive determination can be made as to whether any such future exchange will qualify as tax-free under Section 721(a) of the Code, as this will depend on the facts and circumstances at the time of the exchange. Many of these facts and circumstances are not within the control of the partnership, and no assurance can be provided as to the position, if any, taken by the general partner of the partnership with regard to the U.S. federal income tax treatment of any such exchange. Nor can any assurance be given that the IRS will not assert, or that a court would not sustain, a position contrary to any future position taken by the partnership. If Section 721(a) of the Code does not apply, then a U.S. Holder who exchanges exchangeable shares for units pursuant to the partnership’s exercise of the partnership call right will be treated as if the holder had sold its exchangeable shares to the partnership in a taxable transaction for cash in an amount equal to the value of the units received.
Even if a U.S. Holder’s transfer of exchangeable shares in exchange for units pursuant to the partnership’s exercise of the partnership call right qualifies as tax-free under Section 721(a) of the Code, the U.S. Holder will be subject to special rules that may result in the recognition of additional taxable gain or income. Under Section 704(c)(1) of the Code, if appreciated property is contributed to a partnership, the contributing partner must recognize any gain that was realized but not recognized for U.S. federal income tax purposes with respect to the property at the time of the contribution (referred to as “built-in gain”) if the partnership sells such property (or otherwise transfers such property in a taxable exchange) at any time thereafter or distributes such property to another partner within seven years of the contribution in a transaction that does not otherwise result in the recognition of built-in gain by the partnership. Under Section 737 of the Code, the U.S. Holder could be required to recognize built-in gain if the partnership were to distribute any property of the partnership other than money (or, in certain circumstances, exchangeable shares) to such former holder of exchangeable shares within seven years of exercise of the partnership call right. Under Section 707(a) of the Code, the U.S. Holder could also be required to recognize built-in gain if the partnership were to make distributions (other than “operating cash flow distributions,” unless another exception were to apply) to the U.S. Holder within two years of exercise of the partnership call right. If a distribution to a U.S. Holder within two years of the transfer of exchangeable shares in exchange for units is treated as part of a deemed sale transaction under Section 707(a) of the Code, the U.S. Holder will recognize gain or loss in the year of the transfer of exchangeable shares in exchange for units, and, if the U.S. Holder has already filed a tax return for such year, the holder may be required to file an amended return. In such a case, the U.S. Holder may also be required to report some amount of imputed interest income.
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For a more complete discussion of the U.S. federal income tax consequences of the exchange of exchangeable shares for units, see “Item 10.E., “Taxation - Certain Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations - Consequences to U.S. Holders - Ownership and Disposition of Exchangeable Shares” below. The U.S. federal income tax consequences of exchanging exchangeable shares for units are complex, and U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisers regarding such consequences in light of their particular circumstances.
Canada
Canadian federal income tax considerations described herein may be materially and adversely impacted by certain events.
If BBUC ceases to qualify as a “mutual fund corporation” under the Tax Act, the income tax considerations described under the heading Item 10.E., “Taxation – Certain Material Canadian Federal Income Tax Considerations” would be materially and adversely different in certain respects. In general, there can be no assurance that Canadian federal income tax laws respecting the treatment of mutual fund corporations or otherwise respecting the treatment of our company will not be changed in a manner that adversely affects our shareholders, or that such tax laws will not be administered in a way that is less advantageous to our company or our shareholders.
ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY
4.A HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMPANY
Our company is a Canadian corporation incorporated on June 21, 2021 under, and governed by, the laws of British Columbia, Canada. Our company was established by the partnership to be an alternative investment vehicle for investors who prefer owning the partnership’s operations in a corporate entity. While our operations are primarily located in Australia, the United Kingdom, the United States and Brazil, shareholders will, on economic terms, have exposure to all regions BBU operates in as a result of the exchange feature attaching to the exchangeable shares.
On March 15, 2022, the partnership completed the special distribution of exchangeable shares to holders of units of record on March 7, 2022. Please refer to the prospectus document filed on SEDAR+ and with the SEC on March 1, 2022 for more details on the special distribution. On November 29, 2021, our company acquired our initial operations from certain of the partnership’s subsidiaries. The partnership directly and indirectly controlled the Business prior to November 29, 2021 and continues to control the Business through its interests in our company. See Item 5.A, “Operating Results - Continuity of Interest”.
Each exchangeable share has been structured with the intention of providing an economic return equivalent to one unit (subject to adjustment to reflect certain capital events). Our company will target to pay dividends per exchangeable share that are identical to the distribution on each unit, and each exchangeable share is exchangeable at the option of the holder for one unit (subject to adjustment to reflect certain capital events) or its cash equivalent (the form of payment to be determined at the election of our company), as more fully described in this Form 20-F. The partnership may elect to satisfy our company’s exchange obligation by acquiring such tendered exchangeable shares for an equivalent number of units (subject to adjustment to reflect certain capital events) or its cash equivalent (the form of payment to be determined at the election of our company). See Item 10.B, “Memorandum and Articles of Association - Description of Our Share Capital - Exchangeable Shares - Adjustments to Reflect Certain Capital Events”. Our company and the partnership currently intend to satisfy any exchange requests on the exchangeable shares through the delivery of units rather than cash. We therefore expect that the market price of exchangeable shares will be impacted by the market price of the units and the combined business performance of our group as a whole. However, there are certain material differences between the rights of holders of exchangeable shares and holders of the units under the governing documents of our company and the partnership and applicable law, such as the right of holders of exchangeable shares to request an exchange of their exchangeable shares for an equivalent number of units or its cash equivalent (the form of payment to be determined at the election of our company) and the redemption right of our company. These material differences are described in the section entitled Item 10.B, “Memorandum and Articles of Association - Comparison of Rights of Holders of Exchangeable Shares and Units”.
Further, the exchangeable shares are held by public shareholders and Brookfield, and the class B shares and class C shares are held by Brookfield Business Partners. Dividends on each exchangeable share are expected to continue to be declared and paid at the same time and in the same amount per share as distributions on each unit. Brookfield Business Partners’ ownership of class C shares entitles it to receive dividends as and when declared by our board of directors. The holders of the exchangeable shares are entitled to one vote for each exchangeable share held at all meetings of our company’s shareholders, except for meetings at which only holders of another specified class or series of shares of our company are entitled to vote separately as a class or series. The holders of the class B shares are entitled to cast, in the aggregate, a number of votes equal to three times the number of votes attached to the exchangeable shares. Except as otherwise expressly provided in our articles or as required by law, the holders of exchangeable shares and class B shares will vote together and not as separate classes. Holders of class C shares
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have no voting rights. See Item 10.B, “Memorandum and Articles of Association - Description of Our Share Capital - Exchangeable Shares”.
Our goal is to generate returns primarily through long-term capital appreciation with a modest distribution yield. Our initial operations consisted of certain services and industrial operations acquired from Brookfield Business Partners, which included a healthcare services business with operations in Australia; a construction services business with operations primarily in the United Kingdom and Australia; a global nuclear technology services provider; and a water and wastewater service provider in Brazil. Subsequent to the special distribution, our company acquired CDK Global, a leading provider of technology services and software solutions. On October 11, 2022, our company entered into an agreement to sell our nuclear technology services operation to a strategic consortium led by Cameco Corporation and Brookfield Renewable Partners. On November 7, 2023, our company completed the sale of our nuclear technology services operation. Upon Brookfield’s recommendation and allocation of opportunities to our company, we intend to seek acquisition opportunities in other sectors with similar attributes and in which we can deploy our operations-oriented approach to create value. See Item 4.B, “Business Overview” for further details.
The exchangeable shares are listed on the NYSE and the TSX under the symbol “BBUC”.
We are subject to the informational requirements of the U.S. Exchange Act. In accordance with these requirements, we file reports and other information as a foreign private issuer with the SEC. The SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information relating to our company. The site is located at http://www.sec.gov. Similar information can also be found on our website at https://bbu.brookfield.com/bbuc. In addition to carefully considering the disclosure made in this document, shareholders are strongly encouraged to carefully review the partnership’s periodic reporting. The partnership is required to file reports, including annual reports on Form 20-F, and other information with the SEC. The partnership’s SEC filings will be available to the public from the SEC’s website noted above. Copies of documents that have been filed with the Canadian securities authorities can be obtained at www.sedarplus.ca. Information about the partnership, including its SEC filings, is also available on its website at https://bbu.brookfield.com. The information found on, or accessible through, our or the partnership’s website does not form part of this annual report on Form 20-F. See also Item 10.H “Documents on Display”.
For a description of our principal capital expenditures in the last three fiscal years, see Item 5.A, “Operating Results”.
Senior Management and Board Changes
In February 2024, we announced the appointment of Anuj Ranjan as Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Ranjan was previously the Global Head of Business Development for Brookfield Asset Management and President of Brookfield Asset Management’s Private Equity business, where he was instrumental in developing and implementing our business’ growth strategy. Mr. Ranjan succeeds Cyrus Madon, who was named Executive Chairman of our board of directors. As Executive Chairman, Mr. Madon will offer guidance and strategic direction to Mr. Ranjan as he leads the growth of our company. Jeffrey Blidner, who previously served as Chair of the board of directors, stepped down from that role and continues as a member of the board of directors.
4.B BUSINESS OVERVIEW
Overview
Our company is a Canadian corporation established on June 21, 2021 under the laws of British Columbia by Brookfield Business Partners. Our company was established by the partnership to be an alternative investment vehicle for investors who prefer owning the partnership’s operations in a corporate entity.
Our goal is to generate returns primarily through long-term capital appreciation with a modest distribution yield and to continue serving as an effective alternative investment vehicle of the partnership. Our operations consist of certain services and industrial operations, which include dealer software and technology services operation; a healthcare services business with operations in Australia; a water and wastewater service provider in Brazil; and a construction services business with operations primarily in the United Kingdom and Australia.
Our company is a controlled subsidiary of the partnership. The partnership is responsible for making all investment decisions on our behalf. And although our company represents only a subset of our group’s current investments, each exchangeable share has been structured to provide an economic return equivalent to one unit. We therefore expect that the market price of our exchangeable shares will be significantly impacted by the combined business performance of our group as a whole and the market price of the units in a manner that should result in the market price of the exchangeable shares tracking the market price of the units. In making an investment decision relating to our securities, you should carefully consult the documents prepared by the partnership.
| Brookfield Business Corporation | 39 | ||||
| Regions | Assets | Revenues | |||||||||
| As at | For the year ended | ||||||||||
| (US$ MILLIONS) | December 31, 2023 | December 31, 2023 | |||||||||
| United Kingdom | $ | 449 | $ | 864 | |||||||
| United States | 9,455 | 1,734 | |||||||||
| Australia | 4,878 | 3,848 | |||||||||
| Brazil | 4,337 | 934 | |||||||||
| Other | 2,063 | 303 | |||||||||
| Total | $ | 21,182 | $ | 7,683 | |||||||
Upon the partnership’s recommendation and allocation of opportunities to us, we seek acquisition opportunities in sectors with similar attributes to our current business and in which an operations-oriented approach to create value can be deployed. Once an acquisition is made, we strive to ensure that each business has a clear, concise business strategy built on its competitive advantages, while focusing on profitability, sustainable operations, product margins and cash flows. At the same time, we ensure that the performance of the portfolio as a whole is consistent with the business and related objectives established and communicated by the partnership.
Revenue Sources
We operate globally, with a predominant focus on the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom and Brazil and our services focus on providing end-to-end solutions to customers in both the public and private sector in each of the sectors served.
We generate revenue from the following services:
•Cloud-based, software as a service (“SaaS”) solutions to dealerships and OEMs across automotive and related industries in the United States;
•The operation of 38 private hospitals in Australia;
•Private sanitation providers, including collection, treatment and distribution of water and wastewater to a broad range of residential and governmental customers in Brazil; and,
•Global construction services with a focus on high-quality construction, primarily on large scale and complex landmark buildings and social infrastructure.
Our Growth Strategy
Our growth strategy is consistent with that of the partnership as our company is an alternative investment vehicle of the partnership and is controlled by the partnership. We seek to build value by enhancing the cash flows of our businesses, pursuing an operations-oriented acquisition strategy and opportunistically recycling capital generated from operations and dispositions into our existing businesses, new acquisitions and investments. We look to ensure that each of our businesses has a clear, concise business strategy built on its competitive advantages, while focusing on profitability, sustainable operating product margins and cash flows. We emphasize downside protection by utilizing business plans that do not rely exclusively on top-line growth or excessive leverage.
We plan to grow by primarily acquiring positions of control or significant influence in businesses at attractive valuations and by enhancing earnings of the businesses we operate. In addition to pursuing accretive acquisitions within our current operations, we will opportunistically pursue transactions wherein our expertise, or the broader Brookfield platform, provide insight into global trends to source acquisitions that are not available or obvious to competitors.
We offer a long-term ownership structure to companies whose management teams are seeking additional sources of capital but prefer not to be public as a standalone business. From time to time, we will recycle capital opportunistically, but we will have the ability to own and operate businesses for the long term.
On July 6, 2022, together with institutional partners, we completed the acquisition of CDK Global, a leading provider of technology services and software solutions to automotive dealers and manufacturers. Total consideration was $8.3 billion, funded with debt and equity.
Intellectual Property
Brookfield Business Partners, as licensee, is automatically entitled to the benefits and certain obligations under the Licensing Agreement by virtue of the fact that our company is a controlled subsidiary of Brookfield Business Partners. Other than
40 | Brookfield Business Corporation | ||||
under this limited license, we do not have a legal right to the “Brookfield” name and the Brookfield logo. Brookfield may terminate the Licensing Agreement effective immediately upon termination of our Master Services Agreement.
Governmental, Legal and Arbitration Proceedings
Our group may be named as a party in various claims and legal proceedings which arise during the normal course of our business. Our group has not been in the previous 12 months and is not currently subject to any material governmental, legal or arbitration proceedings which may have or have had a significant impact on our company’s financial position or profitability, nor is our company aware of any such proceedings that are pending or threatened.
Environmental, Social and Governance Management
The company believes that environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) integration is fundamental to operating a productive, profitable and sustainable business. This is consistent with our philosophy of conducting business with a long term perspective and in an ethical manner. Accordingly, our group has a long history of incorporating ESG principles and practices into both our investment decisions and underlying business operations.
As described under Item 7.B, “Related Party Transactions - Management Services”, Brookfield will provide services to us under the Master Services Agreement. Brookfield employs a framework of having a common set of ESG principles across its business platforms, while at the same time recognizing that the geographic and sector diversity of our portfolio requires a tailored approach. The following are Brookfield’s and our company’s ESG principles:
•Mitigate the impact of our operations on the environment
◦Strive to minimize the environmental impact of our operations and improve efficient use of resources over time.
◦Support the goal of net-zero GHG emissions by 2050 or sooner.
•Ensure the well-being and safety of employees
◦Foster a positive work environment based on respecting human rights, valuing diversity and exhibiting no tolerance for workplace discrimination, violence or harassment.
◦Operate with leading health and safety practices to support the goal of zero serious safety incidents.
•Be good corporate citizens
◦Ensure the interests, safety and well-being of the communities in which we operate are integrated into our business decisions.
◦Support philanthropy and volunteerism by our employees.
•Uphold strong governance practices
◦Operate to the highest ethical standards by conducting business activities in accordance with our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics.
◦Maintain strong stakeholder relationships through transparency and active engagement.
ESG and the investment lifecycle
Our group considers ESG factors throughout the investment lifecycle. During our initial evaluation and due diligence of an acquisition, we utilize internal and external operating expertise as required to identify ESG risks and opportunities. We formally incorporate guidance from the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board, a globally recognized standard-setting organization for ESG information, into our Investment ESG Due Diligence Guidelines. Other key factors typically considered during a review of a potential acquisition include, but are not limited to, bribery and corruption risks, health and safety risks, ethical considerations and environmental matters. Our comprehensive due diligence process also incorporates climate change risks, such as the physical risks from changes to the frequency and severity of climate-related events and the risks and opportunities from transitioning to a low-carbon economy. To ensure ESG considerations are integrated in the due diligence phase, our investment team provides a detailed memorandum outlining the material risks, mitigants and significant opportunities for improvement to the Investment Committee at the time of approval.
Post-acquisition, we create a tailored integration plan that, among other things, ensures any material ESG-related matters identified in the due diligence process as requiring action and monitoring throughout our ownership. We hold onboarding sessions with the management teams of newly acquired operations to detail the ESG implementation framework. It is the responsibility of
| Brookfield Business Corporation | 41 | ||||
the management teams within each of our operations to manage ESG risks and opportunities and report key ESG performance information for assessment at regular intervals. Our operations team provides support to the management teams of our operations as needed, including providing additional ESG resources to stand-up and enhance programs at the operating company level. The combination of having local accountability and expertise in tandem with investment and operating capabilities is important when managing diverse operations across jurisdictions.
To formally demonstrate our ongoing commitment to responsible investment and ESG integration, Brookfield became a signatory to the United Nations-supported PRI in early 2020. In 2023, Brookfield submitted its inaugural assessment in line with PRI’s reporting process.
Environmental initiatives
The company recognizes that climate change poses a serious threat and addressing the climate crisis is integral to long term sustainable success. Through our relationship with Brookfield, we are a supporter of the TCFD and the Paris Agreement. As a recent signatory to the NZAM initiative, Brookfield has made a commitment to net zero emissions by 2050 by implementing science-based approaches and standardized methodologies through which to deliver these commitments.
Social initiatives
Employee health, safety and security are integral to our success. This is why we target zero serious safety incidents and encourage a culture of safe practice and leadership. As part of the onboarding process, we conduct comprehensive health and safety assessments which include a review of safety systems and safety culture. Serious safety incidents within operating companies are reported to our senior management on a real time basis and the remediation of any identified gaps between our framework and our operating companies is monitored on an ongoing basis to ensure health and safety programs align with the applicable standards our expectations.
We strive to have a diverse workforce that encourages new perspectives and ongoing development, ultimately fostering an environment that enables all employees to succeed. We encourage contributions from all employees and aim to provide equal development and career advancement opportunities. Our focus on diversity, equity and inclusion reinforces our culture of collaboration and strengthens employee engagement and career development, creating value for our investors. Our focus begins at recruitment, where we proactively seek talent that aligns with our culture and can grow and develop within the business. As our business evolves, we continuously evaluate our recruitment initiatives to ensure the hiring process is both fair and inclusive by considering a diverse slate of candidates. With our focus on diversity, we are developing objective criteria for each role to evaluate all candidates and ensure there is diverse representation within our recruitment teams.
Governance initiatives
Our governance framework for portfolio companies in which we have a controlling interest consists of five main pillars:
(i)Board of Directors and Committees
(ii)Ethics Hotline
(iii)Cybersecurity Program
(iv)Anti-Bribery and Corruption Policy
(v)Code of Conduct
In addition to the above, we also adhere to a rigorous conflict of interest policy where potential investments are screened for possible conflicts and elevated for review to a Conflicts Committee, consisting of senior Brookfield executives, if necessary. We have also adopted Brookfield’s personal trading policy that we believe exceeds standard legal requirements to ensure the restriction of trading by employees involved in the investment decision-making process.
In recent years, data privacy and cybersecurity have become key governance priorities for global companies. Our company continues to focus on strengthening our risk mitigation in this area through several measures. For example, we have established an information security program to protect the confidentiality, integrity and availability of information assets. This program is based on an internationally recognized framework and encompasses a wide range of elements from vulnerability scanning of our data systems to improving employees’ cybersecurity awareness through training. The effectiveness of the program is measured through both internal and third-party audits as part of our ongoing commitment to adopting sound governance practices. See Item 16.K, “Cybersecurity”.
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Facilities
Our company’s head office is at 250 Vesey Street, 15th Floor, New York, NY 10281 and our company’s registered office is at 1055 West Georgia Street, Suite 1500, P.O. Box 11117, Vancouver, British Columbia V6E 4N7. The partnership’s head and registered office is located at 73 Front Street, 5th Floor, Hamilton HM 12, Bermuda, +1 441 294 3304.
Our company’s operations are primarily located in the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, and Brazil. In total, we lease and own approximately 5.7 million square feet and 0.5 million square feet of space, respectively, across these locations for such operations, including office, warehouse, and manufacturing space. Our primary facilities are:
•Approximately 5.1 million square feet of hospitals in Australia related to our healthcare services;
•Approximately 0.7 million square feet of offices primarily in the United States related to our dealer software and technology services operation;
•Approximately 0.2 million square feet of offices primarily in Australia and United Kingdom related to our construction operation; and
•Approximately 0.2 million square feet of offices in Brazil related to our water and wastewater operation.
Our leases expire at various times during the coming years. We believe that our current facilities are suitable and adequate to meet our current needs and that suitable additional or substitute space will be available as needed to accommodate continuing and expanding of our operations.
Emerging Markets Operations
Brookfield and its predecessor corporations have invested in Brazil for over 100 years and Brookfield Business Partners has been invested in Brazil since 2017, with our water and wastewater operation. Brookfield Business Partners employs a number of key practices in managing the various risks associated with the emerging markets in which they operate, including Brazil. These practices include the following:
Oversight of Subsidiaries. Our company’s corporate structure has been designed to ensure that our company controls, or has an appropriate measure of direct oversight over, our water and wastewater operation. A majority of the equity interests in the operation are held in an entity externally managed by Brookfield Brazil, a subsidiary of Brookfield. Our group has the right to remove Brookfield Brazil as the manager at any time.
Local Management and Advisors. Our operations are staffed by some personnel seconded from Brookfield to the operation and resident in the local jurisdiction, which ensures a degree of oversight and control in the day-to-day operations which would not be present in a passive investment. We also retain advisors, including legal advisors, with knowledge of the local laws and regulations. Some of these advisors are employees of ours, and others are external counsel who work in the foreign jurisdiction and are fluent in English and the local languages, familiar with the local laws, and resident or formerly resident in the local jurisdictions.
Internal Audit. As part of our internal audit plan, each year our internal auditor conducts an on-site internal audit with respect to specific matters as instructed by our audit committee. The results of the internal audit are reviewed and discussed by our audit committee as appropriate.
Strategic Direction. Our board of directors and the board of directors of the general partner of the partnership are responsible for reviewing the strategic business plans, corporate objectives, acquisitions, dispositions, investments, capital expenditures and other transactions and matters that are thought to be material to the partnership and our company, respectively, including those that occur relating to our water and wastewater operation.
In addition to the above practices, many of Brookfield Business Partners’ directors and Brookfield’s directors and executive officers have acquired experience conducting business in Brazil. The board of directors of the general partner of the partnership and our company are composed of directors residing in Canada, Bermuda, the United States and the United Kingdom who have experience with various international issuers. In addition, Brookfield has a global presence and an international network of corporate and regional offices that allows it to work with local management and oversee the operations of our subsidiaries in Brazil and elsewhere in the world.
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4.C ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
Organizational Chart
The following diagram provides an illustration of the simplified corporate structure of our group. All ownership is 100% unless otherwise indicated. “GP Interest” denotes a general partnership interest and “LP Interest” denotes a limited partnership interest. This chart should be read in conjunction with the explanation of our ownership and organizational structure below.
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____________________________________
(1)Brookfield’s general partner interest is held through BBU General Partner, a Bermuda company that is indirectly wholly-owned by Brookfield Corporation.
(2)Public holders of the units currently own approximately 66.1% of the units of the partnership and Brookfield currently owns approximately 33.9% of the units. The partnership’s sole direct investment consists of Managing General Partner Units of Holding LP, through which the partnership holds all its interests in its operating businesses. Any time one unit is issued by the partnership, including any time one exchangeable share is exchanged by the holder thereof for a unit, Holding LP issues a corresponding Managing General Partner Unit to the partnership so that the aggregate number of LP Units and general partner units of the partnership outstanding remains equal to the number of Managing General Partner Units outstanding. Brookfield also owns a limited partnership interest in Holding LP through Brookfield’s ownership of Redemption-Exchange Units and Special LP Units. Brookfield indirectly owns 100% of the Redemption-Exchange Units of Holding LP, which represent 48.4% of the units assuming exchange of the Redemption-Exchange Units. The Redemption-Exchange Units are redeemable for cash or exchangeable for the units in accordance with the Redemption-Exchange Mechanism. The Special LP units entitle the holder to receive incentive distributions.
(3)Holding LP currently owns, directly or indirectly, all of the common shares or equity interests, as applicable, of the Holding Entities. Brookfield currently has an aggregate of 1% of the votes of each of the three entities.
(4)Our company indirectly holds a 28% economic interest in Healthscope. In addition, a subsidiary of our company is party to voting agreements with affiliates of Brookfield that provide our company with 100% voting control. As a result, our company consolidates Healthscope from an accounting point of view.
(5)Our company indirectly holds a 26% economic interest in BRK Ambiental. In addition, a subsidiary of our company is party to voting agreements with affiliates of Brookfield that provide our company with 70% voting control. As a result, our company consolidates BRK Ambiental from an accounting point of view.
(6)Our company indirectly holds a 26% economic interest in CDK Global. In addition, a subsidiary of our company is party to voting agreements with affiliates of Brookfield that provide our company with 100% voting control.
The following table provides the percentage of voting securities owned, or controlled or directed, directly or indirectly, by us, and our economic interest in our operating businesses.
| Significant subsidiaries | Jurisdiction of organization | Voting interest | Economic interest | |||||||||||||||||
| CDK Global II LLC | United States | 100 | % | 26 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Healthscope Pty Ltd | Australia | 100 | % | 28 | % | |||||||||||||||
| BRK Ambiental Participações S.A. | Brazil | 70 | % | 26 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Multiplex Global Limited | United Kingdom | 100 | % | 100 | % | |||||||||||||||
Brookfield Business Corporation
Our company is a Canadian corporation established by Brookfield Business Partners as a vehicle to own and operate services and operations on a global basis and an alternative vehicle for investors who prefer investing in our operations through a corporate structure. Each exchangeable share of our company is exchangeable at the option of the holder for one unit of the partnership or its cash equivalent and structured with the intention of providing an economic return equivalent to one unit. We acquired our operating subsidiaries from Brookfield Business Partners. Following completion of the special distribution, through these operating subsidiaries, we own and operate high-quality services and industrial operations that benefit from barriers to entry and/or are low-cost producers. We seek to build value by pursuing an operations-oriented approach to enhancing cash flows and opportunistically recycling capital to grow our existing operations and make new acquisitions. We strive to ensure that all our operations have a clear, concise business strategy built on competitive advantages, while focusing on profitability and the sustainability of cash flows.
Brookfield Business Partners L.P.
The partnership is a Bermuda exempted limited partnership that was established on January 18, 2016 under the provisions of the Bermuda Partnership Acts. The partnership’s registered head office is 73 Front Street, 5th Floor, Hamilton HM 12, Bermuda, and its telephone number is +1 441-294-3309.
The partnership is Brookfield’s flagship public company for its services and operations and the primary entity through which Brookfield owns and operates these businesses on a global basis. The partnership is positioned to provide unitholders with the opportunity to benefit from Brookfield’s global presence, operating experience, execution capabilities and relationships.
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The Service Provider and Brookfield
The Service Recipients have engaged the Service Provider, an affiliate of Brookfield, to provide management and administration services pursuant to the Master Services Agreement. See Item 6.A, “Directors and Senior Management - Our Management” for more information on Brookfield and these arrangements.
4.D PROPERTY, PLANTS, AND EQUIPMENT
See Item 4.B, “Business Overview”.
ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Not applicable.
ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS
5.A OPERATING RESULTS
Introduction
This MD&A included in Item 5.A of this Form 20-F of our company covers the financial position of our company as at December 31, 2023 and 2022, and results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021. The information in this MD&A should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements as at December 31, 2023 and 2022, and for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 included elsewhere in this Form 20-F, which are prepared in accordance with IFRS.
On November 29, 2021, a subsidiary of the partnership transferred its direct and indirect interests in Healthscope, Multiplex, BRK Ambiental, a portion of its indirect interest in Westinghouse and a related receivable to our company for consideration which included non-interest bearing demand promissory notes of our company of approximately $1.9 billion and approximately 7 million common shares of our company (the “BBUC Reorganization”). The non-interest bearing demand promissory notes to a subsidiary of the partnership were settled on March 15, 2022, as part of the special distribution.
On March 15, 2022, the partnership completed a special distribution whereby unitholders of the partnership as of March 7, 2022 received one exchangeable share for every two units held.
On July 6, 2022, together with institutional partners, we completed the acquisition of CDK Global, a leading provider of technology services and software solutions to automotive dealers and manufacturers. Total consideration was $8.3 billion, funded with debt and equity.
On November 7, 2023, we completed the sale of our nuclear technology services operation to a strategic consortium led by Cameco Corporation and Brookfield Renewable Partners, a related party to the company, for total consideration of approximately $3.8 billion, net of transaction closing costs.
Immediately prior to the special distribution, the partnership received exchangeable shares through a distribution by the Holding LP, or the Holding LP Distribution, to all the holders of its equity units. As a result of the Holding LP Distribution, (i) Brookfield and its subsidiaries (other than entities within the group) received approximately 35 million exchangeable shares and (ii) the partnership received approximately 38 million exchangeable shares, which it subsequently distributed to its unitholders pursuant to the special distribution. Immediately following the special distribution, (i) holders of units, excluding Brookfield, held approximately 35.3% of the issued and outstanding exchangeable shares of our company, (ii) Brookfield and its affiliates held approximately 64.7% of the issued and outstanding exchangeable shares, and (iii) a subsidiary of the partnership owned all of the issued and outstanding class B multiple voting shares, or class B shares, which represent a 75% voting interest in our company, and all of the issued and outstanding class C non-voting shares, or class C shares, of the company. The class C shares entitle the partnership to all of the residual value in our company after payment in full of the amount due to holders of exchangeable shares and class B shares.
Holders of exchangeable shares hold an aggregate 25% voting interest in our company. Immediately after the special distribution, Brookfield, through its ownership of exchangeable shares, hold an approximate 16% voting interest in our company. Holders of exchangeable shares, excluding Brookfield, hold an approximate 9% aggregate voting interest in our company. Together, Brookfield and Brookfield Business Partners hold an approximate 91% voting interest in our company.
Each exchangeable share has been structured with the intention of providing an economic return equivalent to one unit of the partnership (subject to adjustment to reflect certain capital events). Our company will target to pay dividends per exchangeable share that are identical to the distributions per unit of the partnership, and each exchangeable share will be exchangeable at the option of the holder for one unit of the partnership (subject to adjustment to reflect certain capital events) or
46 | Brookfield Business Corporation | ||||
its cash equivalent (the form of payment to be determined at the election of our company), as more fully described in this Form 20-F. Given the economic equivalence, we expect that the market price of the exchangeable shares will be significantly impacted by the market price of the partnership’s units and the combined business performance of our group as a whole. In addition to carefully considering the disclosures made in this document, shareholders are strongly encouraged to carefully review the partnership’s periodic reporting. The partnership is required to file reports, including annual reports on Form 20-F, and other information with the SEC. The partnership’s SEC filings are available to the public from the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov. Copies of documents that have been filed with the Canadian securities authorities can be obtained at www.sedarplus.ca. Information about the partnership, including its SEC filings, is also available on its website at https://www.bbu.brookfield.com. The information found on, or accessible through, https://bbu.brookfield.com is not incorporated into and does not form a part of this MD&A.
In addition to historical information, this MD&A contains forward-looking statements. Readers are cautioned that these forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those reflected in the forward-looking statements. See “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” in the forepart of this Form 20-F.
Continuity of Interests
The partnership directly and indirectly controlled our initial operations prior to the BBUC Reorganization and continues to control our initial operations through its interests in our company. To reflect this continuity of interests, this MD&A provides comparative information of our company for the periods prior to the BBUC Reorganization. Accordingly, the financial information for the periods prior to November 29, 2021 are presented based on the historical financial information for our company as previously reported by the partnership. For the period after the BBUC Reorganization, the results are based on the actual results of our company. As the partnership holds all of the class C shares of our company, net income and equity attributable to common equity have been allocated to Brookfield Business Partners prior to and after the BBUC Reorganization.
Basis of Presentation
The audited annual consolidated financial statements of the company have been prepared in accordance with IFRS. The audited annual consolidated financial statements are prepared on a going concern basis and have been presented in U.S. dollars rounded to the nearest million unless otherwise indicated. The audited annual consolidated financial statements include the accounts of our company and its consolidated subsidiaries, which are the entities over which our company has control. Certain comparative figures have been reclassified to conform to the current year’s presentation.
For the periods prior to the BBUC Reorganization, the financial statements include a combined carve-out of the assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses, and cash flows of the Business that were contributed to our company. Effective November 29, 2021, the assets and liabilities were transferred to our company at their carrying values. All intercompany balances, transactions, revenues and expenses within our company have been eliminated. Additionally, certain corporate costs have been allocated on the basis of direct usage where identifiable, with the remainder allocated based on management’s best estimate of costs attributable to our company. Management believes the assumptions underlying the historical financial information, including the assumptions regarding allocated expenses, reasonably reflect the utilization of services provided to, or the benefit received by, our company during the periods presented. However, due to the inherent limitations of carving out the assets, liabilities, operations and cash flows from larger entities, the historical financial information may not necessarily reflect our company’s financial position, operations and cash flow for future periods, nor do they reflect the financial position, results of operations and cash flow that would have been realized had our company been a stand-alone entity during the periods presented.
Subsequent to the BBUC Reorganization, our company is no longer allocated general corporate expenses of the partnership. Pursuant to the Master Services Agreement, our company receives management services comparable to the services currently provided to Brookfield Business Partners by the Service Providers. Our company is responsible for its proportionate share of the base management fee paid for by the partnership pursuant to the Master Services Agreement.
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Overview of our Business
Our company is a Canadian corporation established by Brookfield Business Partners as an alternative vehicle for investors who prefer investing in our group’s operations through a corporate structure. Each exchangeable share of our company is exchangeable at the option of the holder for one unit of the partnership or its cash equivalent and structured with the intention of providing an economic return equivalent to one unit of the partnership. Through these operating subsidiaries, we own and operate high-quality services and industrial operations that benefit from barriers to entry and/or are low-cost producers. We seek to build value by pursuing an operations-oriented approach to enhancing cash flows and opportunistically recycling capital to grow our existing operations and make new acquisitions. We strive to ensure that all our operations have a clear, concise business strategy built on competitive advantages, while focusing on profitability and the sustainability of cash flows. Our goal is to generate returns primarily through capital appreciation with a modest distribution yield, and to continue serving as an effective alternative investment vehicle of the partnership.
Refer to Item 4.B, ‘Business Overview’ for additional information about our businesses.
Our company had total assets of $21.2 billion as at December 31, 2023 and total revenues of $7.7 billion for the year ended December 31, 2023.
OPERATING RESULTS
Review of Consolidated Results of Operations
The following table summarizes our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:
| Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (US$ MILLIONS) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||||||
| Continuing operations | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Revenues | $ | 7,683 | $ | 6,803 | $ | 6,375 | ||||||||||||||
| Direct operating costs | (6,794) | (6,163) | (5,983) | |||||||||||||||||
| General and administrative expenses | (268) | (203) | (167) | |||||||||||||||||
| Interest income (expense), net | (878) | (523) | (210) | |||||||||||||||||
| Equity accounted income (loss), net | 3 | 8 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||
| Impairment reversal (expense), net | (606) | (21) | — | |||||||||||||||||
| Gain (loss) on acquisitions/dispositions, net | 87 | — | — | |||||||||||||||||
| Remeasurement of exchangeable and class B shares | (264) | 836 | — | |||||||||||||||||
| Other income (expense), net | 126 | (75) | (1) | |||||||||||||||||
| Income (loss) before income tax | (911) | 662 | 17 | |||||||||||||||||
| Income tax (expense) recovery | ||||||||||||||||||||
Current | (167) | (59) | (29) | |||||||||||||||||
| Deferred | 95 | 93 | 24 | |||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) from continuing operations | $ | (983) | $ | 696 | $ | 12 | ||||||||||||||
| Discontinued operations | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) from discontinued operations | 3,812 | 380 | 81 | |||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) | $ | 2,829 | $ | 1,076 | $ | 93 | ||||||||||||||
| Attributable to: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Brookfield Business Partners | $ | 519 | $ | 911 | $ | 36 | ||||||||||||||
| Non-controlling interests | 2,310 | 165 | 57 | |||||||||||||||||
| $ | 2,829 | $ | 1,076 | $ | 93 | |||||||||||||||
Comparison of the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022
For the year ended December 31, 2023, net loss from continuing operations was $983 million, compared to a net income of $696 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in net income from continuing operations was primarily due to remeasurement losses on the exchangeable shares and impairment expenses recognized within our healthcare services.
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For the year ended December 31, 2023, net income from discontinued operations was $3,812 million, compared to a net income of $380 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in net income from discontinued operations was primarily due to the gain on the disposition of our nuclear technology services operation.
For the year ended December 31, 2023, net income was $2,829 million, with $519 million of net income attributable to Brookfield Business Partners. For the year ended December 31, 2022, net income was $1,076 million, with $911 million of net income attributable to Brookfield Business Partners. The increase was primarily due to the factors described above.
Revenues
For the year ended December 31, 2023, revenues increased by $880 million to $7,683 million, compared to $6,803 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to a full period of contributions from our dealer software and technology services operation which was acquired in the third quarter of 2022 and growth of subscription revenues, combined with increased revenues at our water and wastewater operation due to contributions from recently constructed concession assets and higher pricing due to the inflation indexation of our contracts.
Direct operating costs
For the year ended December 31, 2023, direct operating costs increased by $631 million to $6,794 million, compared to $6,163 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to a full period of contributions from our dealer software and technology services operation which was acquired during the third quarter of 2022, combined with higher costs at our water and wastewater operation.
General and administrative expenses
For the year ended December 31, 2023, general and administrative expenses increased by $65 million to $268 million, compared to $203 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in general and administrative expenses was primarily due to a full period of contributions from our dealer software and technology services operation which was acquired during the third quarter of 2022.
Interest income (expense), net
For the year ended December 31, 2023, interest expense, net increased by $355 million to $878 million, compared to $523 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to higher interest rates, combined with a full period of contributions from our dealer software and technology services operation acquired in the prior year of approximately $245 million. Interest expense includes $18 million of dividends accrued on exchangeable shares.
Impairment reversal (expense), net
For the year ended December 31, 2023, net impairment expense was $606 million. This primarily relates to an impairment of goodwill recognized within our healthcare services due to revised expectations of hospital admissions and operating costs.
Other income (expense), net
For the year ended December 31, 2023, other income, net increased by $201 million to $126 million, compared to $75 million of other expense, net for the year ended December 31, 2022. Other income (expense), net corresponds to amounts that are not directly related to revenue earning activities and are not normal, recurring income or expenses necessary for business operations. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the components of other income (expense), net include $270 million of net gains on debt extinguishment and modifications, $71 million of business separation expenses, stand-up costs and restructuring charges, $9 million in transaction costs, and $64 million of other expense. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the components of other income (expense), net include $94 million of business separation expenses, stand-up costs and restructuring charges, $27 million in transaction costs, partially offset by $5 million of net gains on the sale of property, plant and equipment, and $41 million of other income.
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Income tax (expense) recovery
For the year ended December 31, 2023, current income tax expense increased by $108 million to $167 million, compared to $59 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Deferred tax recovery increased by $2 million to $95 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $93 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in current income tax expense was primarily due to an increase in profitability and realized gains within our dealer software and technology services operation. The increase in deferred tax recovery was primarily due to the reduction of the deferred tax liability recognized on acquisition of our dealer software and technology services operation, partially offset by the remeasurement of liabilities related to certain leased hospitals within our healthcare services.
Comparison of the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021
For the year ended December 31, 2022, net income from continuing operations increased by $684 million to $696 million, compared to $12 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase in net income from continuing operations was primarily due to remeasurement gains on the exchangeable shares and class B shares which are classified as liabilities in accordance with IFRS.
For the year ended December 31, 2022, net income from discontinued operations increased by $299 million to $380 million, compared to $81 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase in net income from discontinued operations was primarily due to a deferred income tax recovery in our nuclear technology services operation.
For the year ended December 31, 2022, net income was $1,076 million, with $911 million of net income attributable to Brookfield Business Partners. For the year ended December 31, 2021, net income was $93 million, with $36 million of net income attributable to Brookfield Business Partners.
Revenues
For the year ended December 31, 2022, revenues increased by $428 million to $6,803 million, compared to $6,375 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Our dealer software and technology services operation acquired in the third quarter of 2022 contributed revenues of $889 million. Revenues from our water and wastewater operation increased by $232 million, supported by organic growth from recently constructed concession assets and higher pricing due to the inflation indexation of our contracts. These factors were partially offset by a decrease in revenues from our construction operation primarily driven by lower contributions in the first half of the year due to the impact of severe wet weather at our construction sites in Australia combined with reduced contributions from our healthcare services as a result of government mandated restrictions in the first quarter of 2022 on elective surgeries in Victoria and New South Wales.
Direct operating costs
For the year ended December 31, 2022, direct operating costs increased by $180 million to $6,163 million, compared to $5,983 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase was primarily due to contributions from our dealer software and technology services operation acquired during the third quarter of 2022, partially offset by decreased costs at our construction operation due to lower activity.
General and administrative expenses
For the year ended December 31, 2022, general and administrative expenses increased by $36 million to $203 million, compared to $167 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase in general and administrative expenses was primarily due to contributions from our dealer software and technology services operation acquired during the third quarter of 2022.
Interest income (expense), net
For the year ended December 31, 2022, interest expense, net increased by $313 million to $523 million, compared to $210 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase was primarily due to acquisitions completed during the year, combined with higher interest expense at our water and wastewater operation.
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Other income (expense), net
For the year ended December 31, 2022, other expense, net increased by $74 million to $75 million, compared to $1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Other income (expense), net corresponds to amounts that are not directly related to revenue earning activities and are not normal, recurring income or expenses necessary for business operations. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the components of other income (expense), net include $94 million of business separation expenses, stand-up costs and restructuring charges, $27 million in transaction costs, partially offset by $5 million of net gains on the sale of property, plant and equipment, and $41 million of other income. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the components of other income (expense), net include $11 million of business separation expenses, stand-up costs and restructuring charges, and $10 million of other income.
Summary of Results
Quarterly results
Total revenues and net income (loss) for the eight most recent quarters were as follows:
| 2023 | 2022 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (US$ MILLIONS) | Q4 | Q3 | Q2 | Q1 | Q4 | Q3 | Q2 | Q1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Revenues | $ | 1,946 | $ | 1,964 | $ | 1,908 | $ | 1,865 | $ | 1,906 | $ | 1,929 | $ | 1,516 | $ | 1,452 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Direct operating costs | (1,749) | (1,760) | (1,669) | (1,616) | (1,704) | (1,712) | (1,385) | (1,362) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| General and administrative expenses | (78) | (66) | (63) | (61) | (67) | (60) | (41) | (35) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest income (expense), net | (206) | (227) | (233) | (212) | (194) | (187) | (82) | (60) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity accounted income (loss), net | 2 | 1 | 2 | (2) | 5 | 2 | 1 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Impairment reversal (expense), net | (602) | 1 | (6) | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||