CELESTICA INC [CLS] Filings

20-F 1 cls-20231231.htm 20-F cls-20231231

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

___________________________________________________________________

FORM 20-F

☐ Registration statement pursuant to Section 12(b) or (g) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

☒ Annual report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023

☐ Transition report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the transition period from to

☐ Shell company report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

Date of event requiring this shell company report:

Commission file number: 1-14832

___________________________________________________________________

CELESTICA INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Ontario, Canada

(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

5140 Yonge Street, Suite 1900

Toronto, Ontario, Canada M2N 6L7

(Address of principal executive offices)

Craig Oberg

416-448-2211

clsir@celestica.com

5140 Yonge Street, Suite 1900

Toronto, Ontario, Canada M2N 6L7

(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

___________________________________________________________________

SECURITIES REGISTERED OR TO BE REGISTERED

PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OF THE ACT:


Title of each class:	Trading Symbol	Name of each exchange on which registered:
Subordinate Voting Shares	CLS	The Toronto Stock Exchange
		New York Stock Exchange

___________________________________________________________________

SECURITIES REGISTERED OR TO BE REGISTERED

PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(g) OF THE ACT:

N/A

__________________________________________________________________

SECURITIES FOR WHICH THERE IS A REPORTING OBLIGATION

PURSUANT TO SECTION 15(d) OF THE ACT:

N/A

___________________________________________________________________

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer's classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report.


118,952,174	Subordinate Voting Shares	0	Preference Shares
0	Multiple Voting Shares

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer ☒ Accelerated filer ☐ Non-accelerated filer ☐ Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

†The term "new or revised financial accounting standard" refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b) ☐

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

U.S. GAAP ☐ International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ☒ Other ☐

If "Other" has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow. Item 17 ☐ Item 18 ☐

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

TABLE OF CONTENTS


			Page
Part I.			1
Item 1.	Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers		5
Item 2.	Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable		5
Item 3.	Key Information		5
	A.	[Reserved]	5
	B.	Capitalization and Indebtedness	5
	C.	Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds	5
	D.	Risk Factors	5
Item 4.	Information on the Company		29
	A.	History and Development of the Company	29
	B.	Business Overview	30
	C.	Organizational Structure	43
	D.	Property, Plants and Equipment	44
Item 4A.	Unresolved Staff Comments		45
Item 5.	Operating and Financial Review and Prospects		46
Item 6.	Directors, Senior Management and Employees		93
	A.	Directors and Senior Management	93
	B.	Compensation	97
	C.	Board Practices	138
	D.	Employees	141
	E.	Share Ownership	142
	F.	Disclosure of a Registrant's Action to Recover Erroneously Awarded Compensation	142
Item 7.	Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions		142
	A.	Major Shareholders	143
	B.	Related Party Transactions	143
	C.	Interests of Experts and Counsel	144
Item 8.	Financial Information		144
	A.	Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information	144
	B.	Significant Changes	145
Item 9.	The Offer and Listing		145
	A.	Offer and Listing Details	145
	B.	Plan of Distribution	145
	C.	Markets	145
	D.	Selling Shareholders	145
	E.	Dilution	145
	F.	Expenses of the Issue	145
Item 10.	Additional Information		145
	A.	Share Capital	145
	B.	Memorandum and Articles of Incorporation	145
	C.	Material Contracts	147
	D.	Exchange Controls	147
	E.	Taxation	147
	F.	Dividends and Paying Agents	152
	G.	Statements by Experts	152


			Page
	H.	Documents on Display	152
	I.	Subsidiary Information	152
	J.	Annual Report to Security Holders	153
Item 11.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk		153
Item 12.	Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities		156
	A.	Debt Securities	156
	B.	Warrants and Rights	156
	C.	Other Securities	156
	D.	American Depositary Shares	156
Part II.			156
Item 13.	Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies		156
Item 14.	Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds		156
Item 15.	Controls and Procedures		157
Item 16.	[Reserved]		157
Item 16A.	Audit Committee Financial Expert		157
Item 16B.	Code of Ethics		157
Item 16C.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services		157
Item 16D.	Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees		158
Item 16E.	Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers		159
Item 16F.	Change in Registrant's Certifying Accountant		159
Item 16G.	Corporate Governance		160
Item 16H.	Mine Safety Disclosure		160
Item 16I.	Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections		160
Item 16J.	Insider Trading Policies		160
Item 16K.	Cybersecurity		160
Part III.			162
Item 17.	Financial Statements		162
Item 18.	Financial Statements		163
Item 19.	Exhibits		164

Part I.

In this Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2023 (referred to herein as "this Annual Report"), "Celestica," the "Corporation," the "Company," "we," "us" and "our" refer to Celestica Inc. and its subsidiaries.

In this Annual Report, the United States is referred to as the "U.S." Unless we indicate otherwise: (i) all dollar amounts are expressed in U.S. dollars; (ii) all references to "U.S.$" or "$" are to U.S. dollars and all references to "C$" are to Canadian dollars; and (iii) any references to a conversion between U.S.$ and C$ is a conversion at the average of the exchange rates in effect for the year ended December 31, 2023. During that period, based on the relevant noon buying rates in New York City for cable transfers in Canadian dollars, as certified for customs purposes by the Board of Governors of the U.S. Federal Reserve System, the average daily exchange rate was U.S.$1.00 = C$1.3494. Note that use of the word "including" in this Annual Report means "including, without limitation."

Unless we indicate otherwise, all information in this Annual Report is stated as of February 20, 2024.

Forward-Looking Statements and Risk Factor Summary

Item 3(D), "Key Information — Risk Factors," Item 4, "Information on the Company," Item 5, "Operating and Financial Review and Prospects" and other sections of this Annual Report contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the U.S. Securities Act, Section 21E of the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the U.S. Exchange Act, and forward-looking information within the meaning of applicable Canadian securities laws (collectively, forward-looking statements), including, without limitation, statements related to: our priorities, intended areas of focus, targets, objectives and goals (including, but not limited to, those set forth under the caption "Celestica's Strategy" in Item 4(B), the captions "Operating Goals and Priorities" and "Our Strategy" in Item 5, "Operating and Financial Review and Prospects," and the objectives described in Item 16K, "Cybersecurity"); trends in the electronics manufacturing services (EMS) industry and our segments (and/or their constituent businesses), and their anticipated impact; the anticipated impact of current market conditions on each of our segments (and/or their constituent businesses) and near-term expectations; anticipated and potential restructuring and potential divestiture actions; our anticipated financial and/or operating results and outlook; our expectations with respect to insurance recoveries for tangible losses in connection with a 2022 fire at our Batam facility in Indonesia (Batam Fire); our strategies; our credit risk; the potential impact of acquisitions, or program wins, transfers, losses or disengagements; materials, component and supply chain constraints; coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) resurgences or mutations; shipping delays; anticipated expenses, capital expenditures and other working capital requirements and contractual obligations (and intended methods of funding such items); anticipated sublease recoveries; our intended repatriation of certain undistributed earnings from foreign subsidiaries (and amounts we do not intend to repatriate in the foreseeable future); diversity and inclusion, employee engagement, and other environmental, social and governance (ESG) matters; the estimated near-term impact of international tax reform; the potential impact of tax and litigation outcomes; our ability to use certain tax losses; intended investments in our business; the potential impact of the pace of technological changes, customer outsourcing, program transfers, and the global economic environment; the intended method of funding subordinate voting share (SVS) repurchases; the impact of our outstanding indebtedness; liquidity and the sufficiency of our capital resources; our intention to settle outstanding equity awards with SVS; our financial statement estimates and assumptions; recently-issued accounting pronouncements and amendments; the impact of price reductions and longer payment terms; our compliance with covenants under our credit facility; refinancing debt at maturity; interest rates and expense; the potential adverse impacts of events outside of our control (including those described under "External Factors that May Impact our Business" in Item 5) (External Events); mandatory prepayments under our credit facility; pension plan funding requirements and obligations, and the impact of annuity purchases; income tax incentives; accounts payable cash flow levels; accounts receivable sales; our cash generating units with goodwill; our future warranty obligations; cybersecurity threats and incidents; our intentions with respect to environmental assessments for newly-leased or acquired properties; our expectations with respect to expiring leases; the pay-for-performance alignment of our executive compensation program; our intention to retain earnings for general corporate purposes; and costs in connection with our pursuit of acquisitions and strategic transactions. Such forward-looking statements may, without limitation, be preceded by, followed by, or include words such as "believes," "expects," "anticipates," "estimates," "intends," "plans," "continues," "target," "objective," "goal," "project," "potential," "possible," "contemplate," "seek," or similar expressions, or may employ such future or conditional verbs as "may," "might," "will," "could," "should" or "would," or may otherwise be indicated as forward-looking statements by grammatical construction, phrasing or context. For those statements, we claim the protection of the safe harbor for forward-looking statements contained in the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, where applicable, and applicable Canadian securities laws.

Risk Factor Summary

•customer and segment concentration;

•challenges of replacing revenue from completed, lost or non-renewed programs or customer disengagements;

•managing our business during uncertain market, political and economic conditions, including among others, global inflation and/or recession, and geopolitical uncertainty and other risks associated with our international operations, including the impact of military actions and conflicts (e.g., the Russia/Ukraine conflict and/or conflicts in the Middle East area, including the Israel/Hamas conflict and those related to the Houthi attacks in the Red Sea (Middle East Conflicts)), increased tensions between mainland China and Taiwan, protectionism and reactive countermeasures, economic or other sanctions, and/or trade barriers;

•shipping delays and increased shipping costs (including as a result of shipping disruptions in the Red Sea);

•managing changes in customer demand;

•our customers' ability to compete and succeed using products we manufacture and services we provide;

•delays in the delivery and availability of components, services and/or materials, as well as their costs and quality, including the scope, duration and impact of materials constraints;

•our inventory levels and practices;

•the cyclical and volatile nature of our semiconductor business;

•changes in our mix of customers and/or the types of products or services we provide, including negative impacts of higher concentrations of lower margin programs;

•price, margin pressures, and other competitive factors and adverse market conditions affecting, and the highly competitive nature of, the EMS and original design manufacturer (ODM) industries in general and our segments in particular (including the risk that anticipated market conditions do not materialize);

•challenges associated with new customers or programs, or the provision of new services;

•interest rate fluctuations;

•rising commodity, materials and component costs, as well as rising labor costs and changing labor conditions;

•changes in U.S. policies or legislation;

•customer relationships with emerging companies;

•recruiting or retaining skilled talent;

•our ability to adequately protect intellectual property and confidential information;

•the variability of revenue and operating results;

•unanticipated disruptions to our cash flows;

•deterioration in financial markets or the macro-economic environment, including as a result of global inflation and/or recession;

•maintaining sufficient financial resources to fund currently anticipated financial actions and obligations and to pursue desirable business opportunities;

•the expansion or consolidation of our operations;

•the inability to maintain adequate utilization of our workforce;

•integrating and achieving the anticipated benefits from acquisitions and "operate-in-place" arrangements;

•execution and/or quality issues (including our ability to successfully resolve these challenges);

•non-performance by counterparties;

•negative impacts on our business resulting from any significant uses of cash, securities issuances, and/or additional increases in third-party indebtedness (including as a result of an inability to sell desired amounts under our uncommitted accounts receivable sales program or supplier financing programs);

•disruptions to our operations, or those of our customers, component suppliers and/or logistics partners, including as a result of External Events;

•defects or deficiencies in our products, services or designs;

•compliance with customer-driven policies and standards, and third-party certification requirements;

•negative impacts on our business resulting from our third-party indebtedness;

•declines in U.S. and other government budgets, changes in government spending or budgetary priorities, or delays in contract awards;

•changes to our operating model;

•foreign currency volatility;

•our global operations and supply chain;

•competitive bid selection processes;

•our dependence on industries affected by rapid technological change;

•rapidly evolving and changing technologies, and changes in our customers' business or outsourcing strategies;

•increasing taxes (including as a result of global tax reform), and potential ineffectiveness of related operational adjustments;

•tax audits, and challenges of defending our tax positions;

•obtaining, renewing or meeting the conditions of tax incentives and credits;

•the management of our information technology systems, and the fact that while we have not been materially impacted by computer viruses, malware, ransomware, hacking incidents or outages, we have been (and may in the future be) the target of such events;

•the impact of our restructuring actions and/or productivity initiatives, including a failure to achieve anticipated benefits therefrom;

•the incurrence of future restructuring charges, impairment charges, other unrecovered write-downs of assets (including inventory) or operating losses;

•the inability to prevent or detect all errors or fraud;

•compliance with applicable laws and regulations;

•our pension and other benefit plan obligations;

•changes in accounting judgments, estimates and assumptions;

•our ability to maintain compliance with applicable credit facility covenants;

•our total return swap agreement;

•our ability to refinance our indebtedness from time to time;

•our credit rating;

•current or future litigation, governmental actions, and/or changes in legislation or accounting standards;

•volatility in our SVS price;

•the impermissibility of SVS repurchases or a determination not to repurchase SVS under any normal course issuer bid (NCIB);

•potential unenforceability of judgments;

•negative publicity;

•the impact of climate change;

•our ability to achieve our ESG targets and goals, including with respect to climate change and greenhouse gas emissions reduction;

•activist shareholders;

•our eligibility for foreign private issuer status; and

•our potential vulnerability to take-over or tender offer.

The foregoing and other material risks and uncertainties are discussed in our public filings, which can be found at www.sedarplus.com and www.sec.gov, including in this Annual Report, and subsequent reports on Form 6-K furnished to, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), and as applicable, the Canadian Securities Administrators.

Our forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report are based on various assumptions, many of which involve factors that are beyond our control. Our material assumptions include:

•no significant decline in the global economy or in economic activity in our end markets due to a major recession or otherwise;

•growth in manufacturing outsourcing from customers in diversified markets;

•continued growth in the advancement and commercialization of artificial intelligence technologies and cloud computing, supporting sustained high levels of capital expenditure investments by leading hyperscaler customers;

•no unforeseen disruptions due to geopolitical factors (including war) causing significant negative impacts to economic activity, global or regional supply chains or normal business operations;

•no unexpected transfers, losses or disengagements; no unforeseen adverse changes in our mix of businesses;

•no unforeseen adverse changes in the regulatory environment;

•no undue negative impact on our customers' ability to compete and succeed using products we manufacture and services we provide;

•continued growth in our end markets;

•no significant unforeseen negative impacts to our operations (including from mutations or resurgences of COVID-19);

•no unforeseen materials price increases, margin pressures, or other competitive factors affecting the EMS or ODM industries in general or our segments in particular;

•our ability to fully recover our tangible losses caused by the Batam Fire through insurance claims;

•our ability to retain programs and customers;

•the stability of currency exchange rates;

•compliance by third parties with their contractual obligations;

•that our customers will retain liability for product/component tariffs and countermeasures;

•our ability to keep pace with rapidly changing technological developments;

•the successful resolution of quality issues that arise from time to time;

•our ability to successfully diversify our customer base and develop new capabilities;

•the availability of capital resources for, and the permissibility under our credit facility of, repurchases of outstanding SVS under our current NCIB, and compliance with applicable laws and regulations pertaining to NCIBs;

•compliance with applicable credit facility covenants;

•that global inflation and/or recession will not have a material impact on our revenues or expenses;

•our maintenance of sufficient financial resources to fund currently anticipated financial actions and obligations and to pursue desirable business opportunities;

as well as assumptions related to the following:

•the scope and duration of materials constraints (i.e., that they do not materially worsen), and their impact on our sites, customers and suppliers;

•fluctuation of production schedules from our customers in terms of volume and mix of products or services;

•the timing and execution of, and investments associated with, ramping new business;

•supplier performance and quality, pricing and terms;

•the costs and availability of components, materials, services, equipment, labor, energy and transportation;

•global tax legislation changes (including accelerated applicability of Pillar Two global minimum tax legislation) and anticipated related operational adjustments;

•the timing, execution and effect of restructuring actions;

•the components of our leverage ratio (as defined in our credit facility);

•anticipated demand levels across our businesses; and

•the impact of anticipated market conditions on our businesses.

Although management believes its assumptions to be reasonable under current circumstances, they may prove to be inaccurate, which could cause actual results to differ materially (and adversely) from those that would have been achieved had such assumptions been accurate.

Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which they are made, and we disclaim any intention or obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or

otherwise, except as required by applicable law. You should read this Annual Report, and the documents, if any, that we incorporate herein by reference, with the understanding that our actual results may be materially different from what we expect.

All forward-looking statements attributable to us are expressly qualified by the cautionary statements included in this Annual Report.

Item 1. Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers

Not applicable.

Item 2. Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable

Not applicable.

Item 3. Key Information

A. [Reserved]

B. Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not applicable.

C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

D. Risk Factors

Each of the following risk factors, or any combination of them, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and/or operating results. Our shareholders and prospective investors should carefully consider each of the following risks and all of the other information set forth in this Annual Report.

We are dependent on a limited number of customers and end markets. A decline in revenue from, or the loss of, any significant customer, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and operating results.

We depend upon a small number of customers for a substantial portion of our revenue. Our top 10 customers represented 64% of our total revenue in 2023 (each of 2022 and 2021 — 66%). We also remain dependent upon revenue from our Connectivity and Cloud Solutions (CCS) segment, which represented 58% of our consolidated revenue in 2023 (each of 2022 and 2021 — 59%). Notwithstanding the expansion of our Advanced Technology Solutions (ATS) segment and growth in our Hardware Platform Solutions (HPS) business and high-value EMS programs (including with hyperscalers), we remain dependent on our traditional CCS business for a portion of our revenue, which continues to experience slower growth rates, increased pricing pressures and a highly competitive marketplace, including from original design manufacturers (ODMs).

A decline in revenue from, or the loss of, any significant customer could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and operating results. We cannot assure: (i) the replacement of completed, delayed, cancelled or reduced orders with new business; (ii) that our current customers will continue to utilize our services consistent with historical volumes or at all; and/or (iii) that our customers will renew their long-term manufacturing or services contracts with us on acceptable terms or at all. There can also be no assurance that our efforts to secure new customers and programs will succeed in reducing our customer concentration. Failure to secure business from existing or new customers in any of our end markets would adversely impact our operating results.

Any of the foregoing may adversely affect our margins, cash flow, and our ability to grow our revenue, and may increase the variability of our operating results from period to period. See "Our revenue and operating results may vary significantly from period to period."

We continue to operate in an uncertain global economic and political environment.

Concerns over global economic conditions, financial markets, geopolitical issues, energy costs, inflation, and the availability and cost of credit, have contributed to increased global economic and political uncertainty. The political

environment in the U.S., tensions between the U.S. and other countries (including threats of retaliatory action from the Chinese government due to continuing tensions between the U.S. and China), the continuing Russia/Ukraine conflict, Middle East Conflicts, and increased tensions between mainland China and Taiwan, have contributed to such uncertainty. All of the foregoing factors are outside of our control. See "Our operations have been and could continue to be adversely affected by events outside our control," "U.S. policies or legislation could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition," and "Geopolitical uncertainty, including as a result of the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine and/or the Middle East Conflicts, may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations." Uncertain global economies have adversely impacted, and may continue to unpredictably impact, currency exchange rates. See "We are exposed to translation and transaction risks associated with foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations; hedging instruments may not be effective in mitigating such risks." Financial market instability may result in lower returns on our financial investments, and lower values on some of our assets.

Our operating costs have increased, and may continue to increase, as a result of the recent growth in inflation due to, among other things, the Russia/Ukraine conflict and related international response, and the uncertain economic environment. Although we have been successful in offsetting the majority of our increased costs with increased pricing for our products and services to date, unrecovered increased operating costs in future periods would adversely impact our margins. We cannot predict future trends in the rate of inflation or other negative economic factors or associated increases.

In the event of a further economic slowdown or recession, we may experience declines in revenues, profitability and cash flows from lower customer demand, including as a result of payment delays, collection difficulties, increased pricing pressures and other factors caused by the impact of adverse economic conditions on our customers. Adverse conditions in the financial and credit markets, lower consumer confidence and spending, inflation, higher labor, healthcare, and insurance costs, fluctuating fuel and commodities costs and their effects on the U.S. and global economies and markets are all examples of negative factors which could cause customers to delay or forgo use of our services. These economic conditions may also reduce our customers' operating budgets or ability to commit funds to purchase our solutions or renew their existing contracts with us. If an economic recession is followed by a slow and relatively weak recovery, the effects from a broadening or protracted extension of these negative economic conditions on our customers could have a significant adverse effect on our revenues, cash flows and results of operations.

General uncertainty surrounding the global economic environment and geopolitical outlook may impact current and future demand for some of the products we manufacture or services we provide, the financial condition of our customers and/or suppliers, as well as the number and pace of customer consolidations. If any of the foregoing impacts the financial condition of our customers, they may delay payments to us or request extended payment terms, which could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and working capital. If any of the foregoing impacts the financial condition of our suppliers, this may have an adverse effect on our operations, financial condition and/or customer relationships. We cannot predict the precise nature, extent, or duration of these economic or political conditions or if they will have any impact on our financial results. A deterioration in the economic environment may exacerbate the effect of the various risk factors described in this Annual Report and could result in other unforeseen events that may adversely impact our business and financial condition.

Inherent challenges in managing changes in customer demand may impact our planning, supply chain execution and manufacturing, and may adversely affect our operating performance and results.

Our customers typically do not commit to production schedules for more than 30 to 90 days in advance (however, due to global supply shortages, some customers have provided us with longer commitments), and we often experience volatility in customer orders and inventory levels. Customers may terminate their agreements with us prior to scheduled expiration, fail to renew such agreements upon expiration, or significantly change, reduce or delay the volume of manufacturing or other services they order from us, any of which adversely affect our operating results when they occur. For example, we experienced demand reductions within our Capital Equipment business during 2023. Customers may also shift business to our competitors, in-source programs, or adjust the concentration of their supplier base. The global economic environment, adverse market conditions, political and geopolitical pressures, negative sentiment from our customers' customers or changes made by local governments (such as tax benefits, tariffs or export controls) may also impact our customers' business decisions. These and other factors could adversely affect the rate of outsourcing to EMS providers generally or to us in particular. A significant portion of our revenue can occur in the last month of the quarter, and purchase orders may be subject to change or cancellation, all of which affect our operating results when they occur. Because we cannot predict customer behavior, or if or when adverse market conditions will reverse, our forecasts of customer orders may be inaccurate, and may make it difficult to order appropriate levels of materials, schedule production, and maximize utilization of our manufacturing capacity and resources.

Our customers from time to time change their forecasts, production quantities or product type requirements, or accelerate, delay or cancel production quantities. When customers change production volumes or request different products to

be manufactured from those in their original forecast, the unavailability of components and materials for such changes could also adversely impact our revenue and working capital performance. See "We are dependent on third parties to supply certain materials, and our results were negatively affected by the availability of such materials in the past and may be negatively affected by the quality, availability and cost of such materials in the future."

Further, to guarantee continuity of supply for many of our customers, we are required to manufacture and warehouse specified quantities of finished goods. The uncertainty of demand in our customers' end markets, intense competition in our customers' industries and general order volume volatility from time to time result in customers delaying or canceling the delivery of products we manufacture for them or placing purchase orders for lower volumes of products than previously anticipated. This may result in higher than expected levels of inventory, which could in turn have a material adverse impact on our operating results and working capital performance. Although the levels of inventory we carry in any period reflect inventory required to support new program ramps and business growth, inventory levels are also impacted by demand volatility and significant product mix changes, including late changes from customers, as well as materials constraints from suppliers (which persisted in 2023, but to a lesser extent than in 2022). We may not be able to return or re-sell excess inventory resulting from these factors, or we may be required to hold such inventory for a period of time, any of which may result in higher working capital needs (offset in part by customer cash deposits), and/or a requirement to record additional (and higher-than-typical) reserves for excess or obsolete inventory (as occurred in 2022 and 2023). Order cancellations and delays could also lower our asset utilization, resulting in higher levels of unproductive assets, lower inventory turns, and lower margins. See "Our products and services involve inventory risk."

We are dependent on our customers' ability to compete and succeed in the marketplace using products we manufacture and services we provide.

Our operating results are highly dependent upon our customers' ability to compete and succeed in the marketplace using products we manufacture and services we provide. Factors that may adversely affect our customers include: rapid changes in technology; evolving industry standards; seasonal demand; their failure to successfully market, and/or a lack of widespread commercial acceptance of, their products and services; supply chain issues; dramatic shifts in demand which may cause them to lose market share or exit businesses; recessionary periods in our customers' markets; short product lifecycles resulting from continuous improvements in products and services, commoditization of certain products, changes in preferences by end customers, and the emergence of new entrants or competitors with disruptive products, services, or new business models that de-emphasize traditional original equipment manufacturer (OEM) solutions and distribution channels. In addition, certain of our customers have experienced, and may in the future experience, severe revenue erosion, pricing, margin and cash flow pressures, and excess inventories that, in turn, have adversely affected (and in the future may adversely affect) our operating results. If technologies or standards supported by our customers' products and services or their business models become obsolete, are delayed due to regulatory certification, fail to gain widespread acceptance or are canceled, our business would be adversely affected. For example, declines in end-market demand for customer-specific proprietary systems in favor of open systems with standardized technologies has had an adverse impact on certain of our customers, and consequently, our business. See "Our revenue and operating results may vary significantly from period to period."

We are dependent on third parties to supply certain materials, and our results were negatively affected by the availability of such materials in the past and may be negatively affected by the quality, availability and cost of such materials in the future.

The purchase of materials and electronic components represents a significant portion of our costs. We rely on third parties to provide such items. Materials shortages or other issues affecting timely access to these materials (which often occur in our industry) may impact our ability to successfully complete a program. A delay or interruption in supply from a component supplier, especially for single-sourced components, could have a significant impact on our operations and on our customers if we are unable to deliver finished products in a timely manner. If the amount we are required to pay for equipment and supplies exceeds what we have estimated, especially in a fixed price contract, we may suffer losses on these contracts. If a supplier or manufacturer fails to provide components, supplies or equipment as required under a contract, we may be required to source these items from other third parties on a delayed basis or on less favorable terms, which could impact our profitability. Additionally, quality or reliability issues at any of our component providers, or financial difficulties that affect their production and ability to supply us with components, could halt or delay production of a customer's product, or result in claims against us for failure to meet required customer specifications, which could materially adversely impact our operating results. Shortages may also result in our carrying higher levels of inventory and extended lead-times, or result in increased component prices, which may require price increases in the products and services that we provide. Any increase in our costs that we are unable to

recover would negatively impact our margins and operating results. Changes in forecasted volumes or in our customers' requirements can also negatively affect our ability to obtain components and adversely impact our operating results.

We have experienced materials constraints from certain suppliers in recent years, due in part to industry-wide shortages for certain electronic components. These constraints were significantly exacerbated by COVID-19 (including as a result of COVID-19-related workforce constraints on the factories of certain of our suppliers) in 2020 to 2022. As we are dependent on our suppliers to prioritize their manufacturing to produce the products we need to fulfill our customer orders, these shortages caused delays in the production of customer products in both of our segments, and in combination with volatile market demand, resulted in adverse impacts on our margins and higher-than-expected levels of inventory in recent years. As global supply shortages for certain components continued during 2023 (although to a lesser extent than in recent prior years), we have been placing purchase orders with longer-than-usual lead times (in some cases in excess of one year), in order to secure materials needed for production. Combined with other supply chain management techniques and collaboration with our customers and suppliers, materials constraints did not have a material impact on our revenues or expenses during 2023. However, we continue to experience extended lead-times for certain components, and adverse impacts of materials constraints will remain a risk to us for at least the near term. Some sub-tier suppliers providing raw materials such as palladium, neon gas and high-grade aluminum are partially dependent on supply from Russia/Ukraine region. In addition, we source some parts from certain suppliers located in Israel. Although the impact of the Russia/Ukraine conflict and the Middle East Conflicts on our supply chain has not been significant to date, we cannot assure that this will continue to be the case, and we may experience, among other impacts, export restrictions and further increases to fuel costs. See "Geopolitical uncertainty, including as a result of the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine and/or the Middle East Conflicts, may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations," and "Our products and services involve inventory risk," as well as Item 5, Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A) — "Recent Developments – Segment Environment" and "Liquidity — Contractual Obligations."

Our products and services involve inventory risk.

For most of our products and services, we purchase some, or all, of the required materials and components based on customer forecasts or orders. Although our commercial contracts often obligate our customers to ultimately purchase inventory ordered to support their forecasts or orders, we typically finance these purchases initially. Suppliers may also require us to purchase materials and components in minimum order quantities that may exceed current customer forecast requirements. In addition, a customer's cancellation, delay or reduction of forecasts or orders can result in excess, surplus or obsolete inventory or additional expense to us. Engineering changes by a customer may result in obsolete materials or components. While we attempt to cancel, return or otherwise mitigate excess and obsolete inventory, require customers to reimburse us for these items, put up cash deposits and/or price our services to address related risks, we may not actually be reimbursed in a timely manner or in full, receive adequate cash deposits, be able to collect on these obligations, or fully protect against such risks in our pricing. In addition to increasing inventory in certain instances to support new program ramps and the growth of our business, we have also increased inventory to mitigate the impact of component shortages and longer lead times in recent periods in order to maintain a high level of customer service. This has also led to additional excess and/or obsolete inventory, which has resulted in increased inventory provisions in 2022 and 2023 compared to prior periods, and may result in the need for additional inventory provisions in future periods. Excess or obsolete inventory, the need to acquire increasing amounts of inventory due to shortages, customer demand or otherwise, has and may continue to adversely affect our operating results.

In addition, we provide managed inventory programs for some of our customers under which we hold and manage finished goods or work-in-process inventories. These managed inventory programs may result in higher inventory levels, further reduce our inventory turns and increase our financial exposure with such customers. In addition, our inventory may be held at a customer's facility or warehouse, or elsewhere in a location outside of our control, which may increase the risk of loss. Even though our customers generally have contractual obligations to purchase such inventories from us, we remain subject to customers' credit risks as well as the risk of potential customer default and the need to enforce those obligations.

The semiconductor industry is cyclical and volatile in nature.

The semiconductor industry is highly cyclical and is currently experiencing, and in the past has experienced, significant economic downturns, often in connection with, or in anticipation of, maturing product cycles or a decline in general economic conditions. These downturns are characterized by diminished product demand, lower volumes and rapid erosion of average selling prices, resulting in revenue declines, production overcapacity, and excess inventory. The timing, length and volatility of these cycles are difficult to predict. The quick onset of demand changes, as well as the high level of fixed costs associated with this business, exacerbate the adverse impact of these downturns on our operating results. Actions taken to reduce our costs may be insufficient to align our structure with prevailing business conditions, and we may be unable to invest

in R&D and engineering at the levels we believe are necessary to maintain our competitive position. On the other hand, in the event of a significant upturn, we may not be able to expand our workforce and operations in a sufficiently timely manner, procure adequate resources and raw materials, or locate suitable third-party suppliers to respond effectively to changes in demand for our existing products or to the demand for new products requested by our customers. Any of the foregoing may adversely affect our margins, cash flow, and our ability to grow our revenue, and may increase the variability of our operating results from period to period.

A change in the mix of customers and/or the types of products or services we provide could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and operating results.

The mix of our customers and the type of products or services we provide may have an impact on our financial condition and operating results from period-to-period. For example, a higher concentration of lower-margin programs will have an adverse impact on our operating results in the relevant period. The mix of customers and the products we manufacture from period-to-period is also impacted by, among other things, the pace of technological change, the frequency of customers transferring business among EMS and/or ODM competitors, the constantly changing dynamics of the global economy, the impact of new program wins or program losses or non-renewals, overall demand variability, and limited visibility in technology end markets. See "Our revenue and operating results may vary significantly from period to period." See Item 5, "Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — MD&A — Recent Developments" for a discussion of the impact on our operating results of customer and service mix during 2023. In addition, certain customer agreements require us to provide specific price reductions over the contract term, which negatively impact our financial condition and operating results if they are not offset.

We operate in an industry comprised of numerous competitors and aggressive pricing dynamics.

We operate in a highly competitive industry. Our competitors include large global EMS companies, ODMs that specialize in providing internally-designed products and manufacturing services, smaller EMS companies that often have a regional, product, service or industry-specific focus, as well as component and sub-system suppliers, distributors and/or systems integrators. In addition, our HPS offering may compete with our traditional customers' hardware offerings. Offering products or services that compete with the offerings of our customers may negatively impact our relationship with, or result in a loss of business from, such customers. We face indirect competition from current and prospective customers who decide to manufacture products internally, or insource previously outsourced business. In addition to the foregoing, we face competition from distribution and logistics providers expanding their services across the supply chain.

The competitive environment in our industry is intense and aggressive pricing is a common business dynamic. Some of our competitors have greater scale and offer a broader range of services. Additionally, our current and/or future competitors may: be more effective than we are in increasing or shifting their presence in new lower-cost, lower-tariff or tariff-free regions to try to offset continuous competitive pressure and increasing labor costs or to secure new business; develop or acquire services comparable or superior to ours; consolidate to form larger competitors; have greater name recognition, critical mass and/or geographic market presence; have greater manufacturing, research and development (R&D) and/or marketing resources; be better able to take advantage of acquisition opportunities; be willing to, or able to make sales or provide services at lower margins than we do; or adapt more quickly than we do to new technologies, evolving industry trends and changing customer requirements. In addition, our competitors may be more effective than we are in investing in information technology solutions to differentiate their offerings. Some of our competitors have increased their vertical capabilities by manufacturing modules or components used in the products they assemble. Although we have also expanded our capabilities, including through acquisitions and "operate-in-place" arrangements, our competitors' expansion efforts may be more successful than ours. Competition may cause pricing pressures, reduced profits or a loss of market share (for example, from program losses, non-renewals or customer disengagements). We may not be able to compete successfully against our current and/or future competitors.

Challenges associated with new customers or programs, or the provision of new services, could adversely affect our operations and financial results.

In determining whether to pursue a potential new customer, program or service, we evaluate whether it fits with our value proposition as well as its potential end-market success. Where we proceed, our goal is to ensure that our terms of engagement appropriately reflect anticipated costs, risks and rewards. The failure to make prudent engagement decisions or to establish appropriate contractual terms could adversely affect our profitability and margins.

There are also risks associated with the timing and ultimate realization of anticipated revenue from a new program or service. Certain new programs or services require us to devote significant capital and personnel to new technologies and competencies. We may not meet customer expectations, which could damage our relationships with such customers and impact our ability to timely deliver conforming products or services. The success of new programs may also depend heavily on factors

including product reliability, supply chain dynamics, market acceptance, regulatory approvals and/or economic conditions. Any failure to meet expectations on these factors could adversely affect our results of operations.

The addition of new customers has also introduced different demand cycles. For example, cloud-based service providers have increased their use of products in our CCS segment in recent periods. These customers and markets are cyclically different from our traditional OEM customers, creating changes to our historical revenue patterns and increasing the complexity of the management of our working capital requirements.

We are subject to interest rate fluctuations.

Borrowings under our credit agreement generally bear interest at a selected rate (depending on the currency of the borrowing and our election for such currency), plus a margin (based on the rate we select and a defined consolidated leverage ratio). Our term loans currently bear interest at term Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) plus 0.1% (Adjusted Term SOFR) plus a specified margin (2.125% for one term loan and 1.75% for the other). These borrowings expose us to interest rate risks due to fluctuations in these rates and margins, and our interest rate swap agreements only apply to a portion of the total borrowings under our term loans. Significant interest rate fluctuations may adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition. Also see "We have entered into a total return swap (TRS) agreement in respect of our SVS, which exposes us to certain risks, including SVS price decrease risk, counterparty risk and interest rate risk, any of which could adversely affect our financial condition and/or financial results."

Our results may be negatively affected by rising labor costs.

There is some uncertainty with respect to the pace of rising labor costs (including minimum wage increases that are government-mandated from time to time), and increasing competition for specific talent/resources in various regions in which we operate. Any increase in labor costs that we are unable to recover in our pricing to our customers would negatively impact our margins and operating results.

U.S. policies or legislation could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The former U.S. administration created uncertainty with respect to, among other things, trade agreements and free trade generally, and imposed significant increases on tariffs on goods imported into the U.S. from specified countries, each of which has imposed retaliatory tariffs on specified items. These actions, and/or other governmental actions related to tariffs or international trade agreements, have increased (and could further increase) the cost to our U.S. customers who use our non-U.S. manufacturing sites and components, and vice versa, which may materially and adversely impact demand for our services, our results of operations or our financial condition.

In addition, in 2022, the U.S. government imposed additional export controls on certain advanced computing semiconductor chips, integrated circuits, semiconductor manufacturing items and related transactions. These export controls are, in part, intended to restrict China's ability to obtain advanced computing chips, develop and maintain supercomputers, and manufacture advanced semiconductors. The implementation, interpretation and impact on our business of these rules and other regulatory actions taken by the U.S. government is uncertain and evolving. These actions have adversely impacted our Capital Equipment business, and to a lesser extent, our CCS segment. The future adverse impact of these and/or other actions taken by the governments of either the U.S. or China, or both (including in response to continuing tensions), could be material.

Given the uncertainty regarding the scope and duration of these (or further) trade and export actions, whether trade tensions will escalate further, and whether our customers will continue to bear the cost of the tariffs and/or avoid such costs by in-sourcing or shifting business to other providers, their impact on the demand for our services, our operations and results for future periods cannot be currently quantified, but may be material. See Item 5, "Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — MD&A — External Factors that May Impact our Business" for further detail.

In addition, we cannot predict whether new U.S. laws will be passed or new regulatory proposals will be adopted, if any (or whether current laws or regulations will be rolled back), or the effect that such events may have on the economy and/or our business. However, changes in U.S. social, political, regulatory and economic conditions or laws and policies governing foreign trade and exports, taxes, manufacturing, clean energy, the healthcare industry, development and investment in the jurisdictions in which we and/or our customers or suppliers operate, could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. See "We are subject to the risk of increasing income and other taxes, tax audits, and the challenges of successfully defending our tax positions, and obtaining, renewing or meeting the conditions of tax incentives and credits, any of which may adversely affect our financial performance."

Volatility in commodity prices may negatively impact our operating results.

We rely on various energy sources in our production and transportation activities. Increases in prices for energy and other commodities have resulted in, and may result in further increased raw material and component costs and transportation costs. Any increase in our costs that we are unable to recover in our pricing to our customers would negatively impact our margins and operating results.

Customer relationships with emerging companies may present more risks than with established companies.

Customer relationships with emerging companies present special risks because we do not have an extensive product or customer relationship history. There is less demonstration of market acceptance of their products making it harder for us to anticipate requirements than with established customers. Our credit risk on these customers, especially in accounts receivable (A/R) and inventories, and the risk that these customers will be unable to fulfill indemnification obligations to us, are potentially increased.

If we are unable to recruit or retain highly skilled talent, our business could be adversely affected.

The recruitment of personnel in the EMS and ODM industries is highly competitive. We believe that our future success depends, in part, on our ability to attract and retain highly skilled executive, technical and management talent in the various geographies in which we operate. Competitive dynamics, as well as the time required to replace or redistribute responsibilities related to the loss of the services of certain executive, management and technical employees, individually or in the aggregate, could have a material adverse effect on our operations, and there can be no assurance that we will be able to retain their services. Regional competitive dynamics may also impact our ability to retain and acquire talent. Organizational changes may impact our relationships with customers, vendors, and employees, potentially resulting in loss of business, loss of vendor relationships, and the loss of key employees or declines in employee productivity. Uncertainties associated with any senior management transitions could lead to concerns from current and potential third parties with whom we do business, any of which could hurt our business prospects. Turnover in key leadership positions within the Company, or any failure to successfully integrate key new hires or promoted employees, may adversely impact our ability to manage the Company efficiently and effectively, could be disruptive and distracting to management and may lead to additional departures of existing personnel, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial results and/or internal control over financial reporting.

We may not adequately protect our intellectual property or the intellectual property of others.

We believe that certain of our proprietary intellectual property rights and information provide us with a competitive advantage. Accordingly, we take steps to protect this proprietary information, including obtaining patents to safeguard our HPS intellectual property, entering into non-disclosure agreements with customers, suppliers, employees and other parties, and by implementing security measures. However, these measures may not be sufficient to prevent or detect the misappropriation or unauthorized use or disclosure of our intellectual property or information. We also conduct business in some countries where the extent of effective legal protection for intellectual property rights is uncertain. Even if we have intellectual property rights, there is no guarantee that such rights will provide adequate protection of items we consider to be proprietary. We may also be required to compromise protections or yield rights to technology, data or intellectual property in order to conduct business in or access markets in certain jurisdictions, either through formal written agreements or due to legal or administrative requirements in the host nation. If we are not able to protect our intellectual property rights, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

There is also a risk that claims of intellectual property infringement could be brought against us, our customers and/or our suppliers. If such claims are successful, we may be required to spend significant time and financial resources to develop non-infringing processes, technology or information or to obtain appropriate licenses from the owner. We may not be successful in such development, or any such licenses may not be available on commercially acceptable terms, if at all. In addition, any litigation could be lengthy and costly and could adversely affect us even if we are successful. As we expand our service offerings, we may be less effective in anticipating or mitigating the intellectual property risks related to new manufacturing, design and other services, which could be significant.

Our revenue and operating results may vary significantly from period to period.

Our quarterly and annual results may vary significantly depending on various factors, certain of which are described below, and many of which are beyond our control:

•the volume and timing of customer demand relative to our capacity;

•the typical short life cycle, and success in the marketplace, of our customers' products;

•the cyclical nature of customer demand in several of our businesses;

•customers' financial condition;

•changes to our mix of customers, programs and/or end market demand;

•how well we execute on our operational strategies, and the impact of changes to our business model;

•varying revenues and gross margins among geographies and programs for the products or services we provide;

•pricing pressures, the competitive environment and contract terms and conditions;

•upfront investments and challenges associated with the ramping of programs for new or existing customers;

•provisions or charges resulting from unexpected changes in market conditions impacting our industry or the end markets we serve;

•customer disengagements or terminations or non-renewal of customer programs, arrangements or agreements;

•the timing of expenditures in anticipation of future orders;

•our effectiveness in planning production and managing inventory, fixed assets and manufacturing processes;

•operational inefficiencies and disruptions in production at individual sites;

•unanticipated disruptions to our cash flows;

•changes in cost and availability of commodities, materials, components, services and labor;

•current or future litigation;

•governmental actions or changes in legislation;

•currency fluctuations; and

•changes in global economic and political conditions and world events, including the impact of External Events.

See Item 5, "Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — MD&A — Overview" for a discussion of additional factors, including rapid shifts in technology, model obsolescence, commoditization of certain products, and the emergence of new business models, that contribute to the complexity of managing our operations and fluctuations in our financial results.

Deterioration in financial markets or in the macro-economic environment may adversely affect our ability to raise funds or increase the cost of raising funds.

Our ability to borrow or raise capital, or refinance or increase our third-party indebtedness may be impacted if financial markets are unstable. Disruptions in the capital and credit markets could adversely affect our ability to draw on our revolver (or any successor or additional facility), or our ability to sell desired amounts of A/R under our A/R sales program or customer supplier financing programs. Our access to funds under our credit facility (or any successor or additional facility) will be dependent on the ability of our senior lenders to meet their funding commitments. They may not be able to meet their funding commitments to us if they experience shortages of capital and liquidity or if they experience excessive volumes of borrowing requests from us and other borrowers within a short period of time. Longer term disruptions in the capital and credit markets as a result of uncertainty, changing or increased regulation, reduced alternatives, or failures of significant financial institutions could adversely affect our access to liquidity needed for our business. Any disruption could require us to take measures to conserve cash until the markets stabilize or until alternative credit arrangements or other funding sources can be arranged. Such measures could include deferring capital expenditures, and reducing or eliminating discretionary uses of cash.

We may encounter difficulties expanding or consolidating our operations or introducing new competencies or new offerings, which could adversely affect our operating results.

As we expand our business, open new sites, enter into new markets, products and technologies, invest in research, design and development, acquire new businesses or capabilities, transfer business within our network, consolidate certain operations, and/or introduce new business models or programs, we may encounter difficulties that result in higher than expected costs associated with such activities. Potential difficulties related to such activities include our ability: to manage growth effectively; to maintain existing business relationships during periods of transition; to anticipate disruptions in our operations that may impact our ability to deliver to customers on time, produce quality products and ensure overall customer satisfaction; and to respond rapidly to changes in customer demand or volumes. For example, our profitability was adversely impacted during 2021 as a result of significant reduced demand in our aerospace and defense (A&D) business, due in part to COVID-19, requiring cost reduction actions to appropriately adjust our cost base.

We may also encounter difficulties in ramping and executing new programs. Ramping new programs can range from several months to over a year before production starts, and often requires significant up-front investments and increased

working capital. These programs may generate lower margins or losses during and/or following the ramp period, or may not achieve the expected financial performance, due to production ramp inefficiencies, lower than expected volume, or delays in ramping to volume. In addition, our customers may significantly change these programs, or even cancel them altogether, due to decreases in their end-market demand or in the actual or anticipated success of their products in the marketplace. We may incur increased ramping costs as we further expand our business and ramp new programs. There can be no assurance that our increased investments will benefit us or result in business growth. As we pursue opportunities in new markets or technologies, we may encounter challenges due to our limited knowledge or experience in these areas. In addition, the success of new business models or programs depends on a number of factors including: understanding the new business or markets; timely and successful product development; market acceptance; the effective management of purchase commitments and inventory levels in line with anticipated demand; the development or acquisition of appropriate intellectual property and capital investments, to the extent required; the availability of materials in adequate quantities and at appropriate costs to meet anticipated demand; and the risk that new offerings may have quality or other defects in the early stages of introduction. Any of these factors could prevent us from realizing the anticipated benefits of growth in new markets or technologies, which could materially adversely affect our business and operating results.

As part of our strategy to enhance our end-to-end service offerings, we intend to expand our design and engineering capabilities. Providing these services may expose us to different or greater potential risks than those we face when providing our manufacturing services. Our design services require significant investments in R&D, technology licensing, testing and tooling equipment, patent applications and talent recruitment. Our margins may be adversely impacted if we incur higher than expected investment costs, or if our customers are not satisfied with our progress, or do not approve our completed designs. In addition, our design activities often require the purchase of inventory for initial production runs before we have a firm purchase commitment from a customer. Furthermore, we face increased competition with respect to this offering, as well as the recruitment of our HPS talent, from ODMs and other companies providing similar services. As we continue to grow our HPS business globally to increase capacities and capabilities for network resilience, costs required to support our design and engineering capabilities are expected to increase and may adversely impact our profitability. In addition, some of the products we design and develop must satisfy safety and regulatory standards and/or receive government certifications. If we fail to obtain these approvals or certifications on a timely basis, we would be unable to sell these products, which would harm our revenues, profitability and reputation.

There can be no assurance that our expansion into new markets or new business will be successful, or that we will achieve the anticipated benefits.

In addition, there is no assurance that we will find suitable new acquisition targets, that we will be able to consummate any such transactions on terms and conditions acceptable to us, or that we will be able to fund any such acquisitions with existing cash resources or through financing provided by external lenders. We may be unable to obtain additional capital if and when required on terms acceptable to us or at all. If we are unable to consummate an acquisition we have deemed desirable, we may not be able to implement our intended business plan, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, we may incur costs to support our pursuit of acquisitions and/or other strategic opportunities, which may adversely impact our operating results, and may not result in the consummation of any such transactions. See "We have incurred substantial third-party debt to fund acquisitions, which has increased our debt service requirements, may reduce our ability to fund future acquisitions and/or to respond to unexpected capital requirements, and may have other adverse impacts on our business."

Our profitability could suffer if we are not able to maintain adequate utilization of our workforce.

The cost of providing our services, including the extent to which we utilize our workforce, affects our profitability. Our workforce utilization rate is affected by a number of factors, including: our ability to transition employees from completed projects to new programs and to hire and assimilate new employees; our ability to forecast demand for our services and thereby maintain an appropriate headcount in each of our geographies and operating sites; our ability to manage attrition; our need to devote time and resources to training and development; and our ability to match the skill sets of our employees to the needs of the marketplace. If we over-utilize our workforce, our employees may become disengaged, which could impact employee attrition. If we under-utilize our workforce, our margins and profitability could suffer.

We may encounter integration and other significant challenges with respect to our acquisitions and strategic transactions which could adversely affect our operating results.

We have expanded (and may continue to expand) our network, capabilities and presence in new regions and end markets through acquisitions and/or strategic transactions, including multi-year "operate-in-place" arrangements, where we manage certain production, assembly or other services for customers directly from their locations, acquire their inventory,

equipment and/or other assets, hire their employees, and lease or acquire their manufacturing sites. Potential challenges related to these acquisitions and transactions include: integrating acquired operations, systems and businesses (which may include transferring production from acquired operations to our existing network, or downsizing or closing acquired locations, in each case to obtain anticipated operational synergies); meeting customers' expectations as to volume, product quality and timeliness; supporting legacy contractual obligations; retaining customer, supplier, employee or other business relationships of acquired operations; addressing unforeseen liabilities of acquired businesses; limited experience with new technologies and markets; failure to realize anticipated benefits, such as cost savings and revenue enhancements; failure to achieve anticipated business volumes or operating margins; valuation methodologies not accurately capturing the value of the acquired business; the effects of diverting management's attention from day-to-day operations to matters involving the integration of acquired businesses; incurring potentially substantial transaction costs associated with these transactions; increased burdens on our staff and on our administrative, internal control and operating systems, which may hinder our legal and regulatory compliance activities; overpayment for an acquisition; and potential impairments resulting from post-acquisition deterioration in, or reduced benefit from, an acquired business. While we often obtain indemnification rights from the sellers of acquired businesses, such rights may be difficult to enforce, the losses may exceed any dedicated escrow funds, and the indemnitors may not have the ability to financially support the indemnity. Any of these factors may prevent us from realizing the anticipated benefits of an acquisition, including additional revenue, operational synergies, and/or economies of scale. Any delay or failure to realize the anticipated benefits of acquisitions may adversely affect our business and operating results and may require us to write-down the carrying value of any related goodwill and intangible assets in periods subsequent to the acquisitions. Acquisitions may also involve businesses we are not familiar with, and expose us to additional business risks that are different than those we have traditionally experienced or anticipated at the time of acquisition.

Quality and execution issues may reduce demand for our services, damage our reputation, and/or have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results.

In any given quarter, we can experience quality and process variances related to materials, testing, or other manufacturing or supply chain activities. Although we are successful in resolving the majority of such issues, the existence of these variances could cause us to incur significant costs in relation to corrective actions, have a material adverse impact on the demand for our services in future periods from any affected customers, damage our reputation, and/or have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results.

We are subject to financial and reputational risk due to non-performance by counterparties.

A failure by counterparties, including customers, suppliers, financial institutions (including the issuers of our purchased annuities and the counterparty to our total return swap agreement), or other third parties with whom we conduct business, to fulfill their contractual obligations, may result in financial loss to us and may have adverse effects on our business.

If a key supplier, or any company within such supplier's supply chain, experiences financial or other difficulties, such difficulties may affect their ability to supply us with materials, components or services, which could halt or delay the production of a customer's products, and/or have a material adverse impact on our operations, financial results, and customer relationships. In addition, our ability to collect outstanding A/R depends, in part, on the financial strength of our customers. See Item 5, "Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — MD&A — External Factors that May Impact our Business" for further detail. At December 31, 2023, two customers individually represented 10% or more of total A/R (December 31, 2022 — one customer; December 31, 2021 — two customers). If a customer bankruptcy occurs, our profitability may be adversely impacted if affected A/R are in excess of our allowance for doubtful accounts. Additionally, our future revenues could be adversely impacted by a customer bankruptcy. Inability to collect A/R and/or the loss of one or more major customers could adversely impact our operating results, financial position and cash flows. We cannot reasonably determine the extent to which a customer or supplier may have financial difficulties, or whether we will be required to adjust customer pricing, payment terms and/or the amounts we pay to suppliers for materials and components.

To mitigate the actuarial and investment risks of our defined benefit pension plans, we purchase annuities (using existing plan assets) from time to time from third party insurance companies for certain, or all, of our obligations under specified pension plans. Failure by the insurance companies to fulfill their contractual obligations would result in a significant financial loss to us, as we retain ultimate responsibility for the payment of benefits to plan participants unless and until such pension plans are wound-up.

We may use cash on hand, issue debt or equity securities, and/or incur additional third-party debt (or any combination thereof) to complete future acquisitions or otherwise fund our operations, which may adversely affect our liquidity, credit ratings, financial condition and/or results of operations.

Any significant use of cash (for future acquisitions or otherwise) would adversely impact our cash position and liquidity. In addition, we may choose to issue debt securities or otherwise incur additional debt to fund future acquisitions or otherwise fund our operations. Any additional incurrence of debt (either through the issuance of debt securities or through a new or refinanced credit facility) would increase our debt leverage and debt service requirements (necessitating the use of additional cash flow for this purpose), may reduce our debt agency ratings, may further adversely impact our ability to fund future acquisitions and/or respond to unexpected capital requirements, may impose additional restrictions on our operations, and may have a variety of additional adverse effects, including, but not limited to, those described in "We have incurred substantial third-party debt to fund acquisitions, which has increased our debt service requirements, may reduce our ability to fund future acquisitions and/or to respond to unexpected capital requirements, and may have other adverse impacts on our business." To the extent we sell equity or convertible debt securities, the issuance of these securities (the pricing of which would be subject to market conditions at the time of issuance) could result in material dilution to our stockholders. Sales of our equity securities or convertible debt, or the perception that these sales could occur, could also cause the market price for our SVS to fall, and new securities could have rights, preferences and privileges senior to the holders of our SVS.

Our operations have been and could continue to be adversely affected by events outside our control.

Our operations and those of our customers, component suppliers and/or our logistics partners may be disrupted by global or local events outside our control, including: natural disasters, fires and related disruptions (including the Batam Fire); political instability; increased political tension between countries (including threats of retaliatory action from the Chinese government due to continuing tensions between the U.S. and China, and increased tensions between mainland China and Taiwan); geopolitical dynamics; terrorism; armed conflict (including the Russia/Ukraine conflict and the Middle East Conflicts); labor or social unrest; criminal activity; disease or illness (including mutations or resurgences of COVID-19) that affects local, regional, national or international economies; unusually adverse weather conditions (including those caused by climate change), such as hurricanes, tornados, other extreme storms, wildfires, droughts and floods; cybersecurity incidents (see "Our operations and our customer relationships may be adversely and materially affected by disruptions to our information technology (IT) systems, including disruptions from cybersecurity breaches of our IT infrastructure"); and other risks present in the jurisdictions in which we, our customers, our suppliers and/or our logistics partners operate. These types of events could disrupt operations at one or more of our sites or those of our customers, component suppliers and/or our logistics partners, with the impact of the event potentially magnified in areas where we or they have multiple facilities in close proximity. These events could also lead to higher costs or supply shortages, and may disrupt the delivery of components to us or our ability to provide finished products or services to our customers, any of which could (and in the case of materials constraints, have in the past and may in the future) adversely affect our operating results materially. We carry insurance to cover damage to our sites and interruptions to our operations, including those that may occur as a result of natural disasters, such as flooding, earthquakes or other events. Our insurance policies, however, are subject to deductibles, coverage limitations and exclusions, and may not provide adequate (or any) coverage should such events occur. Such events could also impact our insurance premiums. In addition, some of our facilities possess certifications or unique equipment necessary to work on specialized products that our other locations lack. If work is disrupted at one of these facilities as a result of the foregoing events or otherwise, it may be impractical or we may be unable to transfer such specialized work to another facility without significant costs and delays. Thus, any disruption in operations at a facility possessing specialized certifications or equipment could adversely affect our ability to provide products and services to our customers, and potentially have a negative affect our relationships and financial results.

Our business and operations could be materially and adversely affected by the effects of a widespread outbreak of a contagious disease or other adverse public health developments. These effects could (and with respect to COVID-19, did) include disruptions or restrictions on our employees' and other service providers' ability to travel, as well as temporary closures of our facilities or the facilities of our customers, suppliers, or other vendors in our supply chain, including single source suppliers, and shipping delays and premiums. In addition, a significant outbreak of contagious diseases in the human population could (and with respect to COVID-19, did) result in a widespread health crisis that adversely affects the economies and financial markets of many countries, resulting in an economic downturn that affects demand for our end customers' products and in turn adversely impacts our operating results.

Increased international political volatility, including changes to previously accepted trading or other government policies or legislation in the U.S. and Europe, instability in parts of Europe and the Middle East, as well as the ongoing refugee crisis, anti-immigrant activities, social unrest and fears of terrorism, enhanced national security measures, armed conflicts (including those between Russia and Ukraine, and the Middle East Conflicts), security issues at the U.S./Mexico border related

to illegal immigration or criminal activities associated with illegal drug activities, labor or social unrest, strained international relations, including tensions between the U.S. and other countries, and any related decline in consumer confidence arising from these and other factors may materially hinder our ability to conduct business, or may reduce demand for our products or services. Any escalation in these events or similar future events may disrupt our operations or those of our customers and suppliers and could adversely affect the availability of materials needed to manufacture our products or further disrupt the means to transport those materials to manufacturing sites and finished products to customers. Changes in policies by the U.S. or other governments could negatively affect our operating results due to changes in duties, tariffs or taxes, or limitations on currency or fund transfers, as well as government-imposed restrictions on producing certain products in, or shipping them to, specific countries.

The foregoing events have had and may in the future have an adverse impact on the U.S. and global economy in general, and on consumer confidence and spending, which may adversely affect our revenue and financial results. Such events could increase the volatility of the market price of our securities and may limit the capital resources available to us and/or our customers and suppliers. Also see "We continue to operate in an uncertain global economic and political environment," "U.S. policies or legislation could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition," "Our ability to successfully manage unexpected changes or risks inherent in our global operations and supply chain may adversely impact our financial performance," "Geopolitical uncertainty, including as a result of the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine and/or the Middle East Conflicts, may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations," and Item 5, "Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — MD&A — External Factors that May Impact our Business."

We rely on a variety of contracted or common carriers to transport raw materials and components from our suppliers to us, and to transport our products to our customers. The use of contracted or common carriers is subject to a number of risks, including increased costs due to rising energy prices and labor, vehicle and insurance costs; hijacking and theft resulting in lost shipments; delivery delays resulting from port congestion and labor shortages and/or strikes; and other factors beyond our control. Although we attempt to mitigate our liability for any losses resulting from these risks through the use of multiple carriers and modes of transport, as well as insurance, any costs or losses relating to shipping or shipping delays that cannot be mitigated, avoided or passed on to our customers could reduce our profitability, require us to manufacture replacement products or damage our relationships with our customers. Although we have incurred some increased shipping expenses and delays as a result of the Middle East Conflicts, such increases and delays have not been significant to date. However, we cannot assure that this will continue to be the case.

There may be problems with the products we design or manufacture that could result in liability/warranty claims against us, which may reduce demand for our services, damage our reputation, and/or cause us to incur significant costs.

In most of our sales contracts, we provide warranties against defects or deficiencies in our products, services, or designs. We generally design and manufacture products to our customers' specifications, many of which are highly complex, and include products for regulated industries, such as HealthTech and A&D. The customized design solutions that form a part of our HPS offering also subject us to the risk of liability claims if defects are discovered or alleged. Despite our quality control and assurance efforts, problems may occur or be alleged, in or resulting from the design and/or manufacture of these products. Whether or not we are responsible, problems in the products we design and/or manufacture, or in products which include components we manufacture, whether real or alleged, whether caused by faulty customer specifications, the design or manufacturing processes or a component defect, may result in increased costs to us, as well as delayed shipments to our customers, and/or reduced or canceled customer orders. These potential claims may include damages for the recall of a product and/or injury to person or property, including consequential and/or punitive damages.

Even if customers or third parties, such as component suppliers, are responsible for defects, they may not, or may not be able to, assume responsibility for any such costs or required payments to us. While we seek to insure against many of these risks, insurance coverage may be inadequate, not cost effective or unavailable, either in general or for particular types of products or issues.

As we expand our service offerings (including our HPS offerings) and pursue business in new end markets, our warranty obligations have increased and we may not be successful in pricing our products to appropriately cover our warranty costs. A successful claim for damages arising from defects or deficiencies for which we are not adequately insured, and for which indemnification from a third party is not timely (or otherwise) available, could have a material adverse effect on our reputation and/or our operating results and financial condition.

Any failure to comply with customer-driven policies and standards, and third party certification requirements could adversely affect our business and reputation.

In addition to government regulations and industry standards, our customers may require us to comply with their own climate change, social responsibility, conflict minerals, quality or other business policies or standards, which may be more restrictive than current laws and regulations and our pre-existing policies. Such policies or standards may be customer-driven, established by the industries in which we operate, or imposed by third party organizations. For example, we are a member of the Responsible Business Alliance (RBA). The RBA is a non-profit coalition of companies that, among other things, establishes standards for its members in responsible and ethical practices in the areas of labor, environmental compliance, employee health and safety, ethics and social responsibility. Our compliance with these policies, standards and third-party certification requirements could be costly, and our failure to comply could adversely affect our operations, customer relationships, reputation and profitability.

We have incurred substantial third-party debt to fund acquisitions, which has increased our debt service requirements, may reduce our ability to fund future acquisitions and/or to respond to unexpected capital requirements, and may have other adverse impacts on our business.

Our outstanding indebtedness, together with the mandatory prepayment provisions of our credit facility, require us to dedicate a portion of our cash flow to make interest and principal payments on such indebtedness, thereby limiting the availability of our cash flow for other purposes, and may reduce our ability to fund future acquisitions and/or to respond to unexpected capital requirements. Such indebtedness (which may increase if we are unable to sell desired amounts under our uncommitted A/R sales program or supplier financing programs) may also: require us to pursue additional term financing for potential investments, which may not be available on acceptable terms or at all; limit our ability to obtain additional financing for working capital, business activities, and other general corporate requirements; limit our ability to refinance our indebtedness on terms acceptable to us or at all; limit our flexibility to plan for and adjust to changing business and market conditions; and increase our vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions. In addition, such indebtedness could have a variety of other adverse effects, including: (i) default and foreclosure on our assets if we have insufficient funds to repay the debt obligations; (ii) acceleration of such indebtedness or cross-defaults if we breach financial or other covenants under applicable debt agreements and such breaches are not waived; (iii) increased vulnerability to adverse changes in competitive conditions or government regulation; and (iv) other disadvantages compared to our competitors who have less debt. Our credit facility also prohibits share repurchases for cancellation if our leverage ratio (as defined in such facility) exceeds a specified amount.

In addition, our credit ratings impact the cost and availability of future borrowings and, accordingly, our cost of capital. Our ratings reflect the opinions of the ratings agencies of our financial strength, operating performance and ability to meet our debt obligations. There can be no assurance that we will achieve a particular rating or maintain a particular rating in the future, which could place us at a disadvantage compared to our competitors and prevent us from taking actions that could benefit us in the long term. Any negative change in our credit rating or outlook may make it more expensive for us to raise additional capital in the future on terms that are acceptable to us, if at all. We may not be able to obtain financing arrangements on acceptable terms or in amounts sufficient to meet our needs in the future, which could harm our ability to grow our business, internally or through acquisitions.

A decline in the U.S. and other government budgets, changes in spending or budgetary priorities, or delays in contract awards may significantly and adversely affect our future revenue and limit our growth prospects.

Because we generate a portion of our revenue from contracts with the U.S. government and government agencies, our results of operations could be adversely affected by relevant spending caps or changes in budgetary priorities, as well as by delays in the budget process, program starts, or the award of contracts or orders. Current U.S. government spending levels for defense-related and other programs may not be sustained in future periods, including as a result of budgetary constraints, spending cuts, and/or uncertain funding of programs. Spending and program authorizations may not increase or may decrease or shift to programs in areas in which we do not provide services or are less likely to be awarded contracts. Such changes in spending authorizations and budgetary priorities may occur as a result of shifts in spending priorities from defense-related and other programs as a result of competing demands for federal funds and the number and intensity of military conflicts or other factors. A significant decline in overall U.S. government spending, a significant shift in spending priorities, the substantial reduction or elimination of particular defense-related programs, or significant budget-related delays in contract or task order awards for large programs could adversely affect our future revenue and limit our growth prospects.

Geopolitical uncertainty, including as a result of the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine and/or the Middle East Conflicts, may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The Russia/Ukraine conflict, the Middle East Conflicts, other hostilities or armed conflicts, or any related interruption or curtailment of trade or transport among the countries where our and our customers' facilities are located, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Further, political, economic and military instability in these or other regions could lead to an increase in cyberattacks and disruptions and instability in global markets (including increases in inflation rates, increases in energy prices and adverse effects on currency exchange rates and financial markets), supply chains and industries that could negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. Although the impact of the Russia/Ukraine conflict and the Middle East Conflicts on our supply chain has not been significant to date, we cannot assure that this will continue to be the case. It is not possible to predict the long-term implications of these or other conflicts. Further, tensions between mainland China and Taiwan have escalated in recent periods. Geopolitical changes in China-Taiwan relations, or conflict between China and Taiwan could disrupt our supply chain for semiconductors and other electronic components or the operations of our suppliers, limit access to key ports, and/or result in potential international sanctions, any of which could adversely affect our results of operations or increase our costs. Any such disruptions may also magnify the impact of other risks described in this "Risk Factors" section.

Changes to our operating model may adversely affect our business.

We continuously work to improve our productivity, quality, delivery performance and flexibility through various operational initiatives. Implementation of these initiatives, however, presents a number of risks, including: (i) failure to achieve anticipated margin improvements from such actions; (ii) actual or perceived disruption of service or reduction in service levels to customers; (iii) potential adverse effects on our internal control environment with respect to general and administrative functions during transitions resulting from such initiatives; (iv) actual or perceived disruption to suppliers, distribution networks and other important operational relationships and the inability to resolve potential conflicts in a timely manner; (v) diversion of management attention from ongoing business activities and strategic objectives; and (vi) failure to retain key employees. Because of these and other factors, we cannot predict whether we will fully realize the purpose and anticipated benefits or cost savings of these initiatives and, if we do not, our business and results of operations may be adversely affected. Furthermore, adverse changes to our business may require additional restructuring or reorganization activities in the future. See "We have incurred significant restructuring charges in the past, and expect to incur further restructuring charges during 2024; we may not achieve some or all of the expected benefits from our restructuring activities, these activities may adversely affect our business, and additional restructuring actions may be required once currently-contemplated actions are complete."

We are exposed to translation and transaction risks associated with foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations; hedging instruments may not be effective in mitigating such risks.

Global currency markets can be volatile. Although we conduct the majority of our business in U.S. dollars, our global operations subject us to translation and transaction risks associated with fluctuations in currency exchange rates that could have a material adverse impact on our operating results and/or financial condition. A significant portion of our operational costs (including payroll, pensions, site costs, costs of locally sourced supplies and inventory, and income taxes) are denominated in various currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Fluctuations in currency exchange rates may significantly increase the amount of translated U.S. dollars required for costs incurred in other currencies or significantly decrease the U.S. dollars received from non-U.S. dollar revenues.

Although our functional currency is the U.S. dollar, currency risk on our income tax expense arises as we are generally required to file our tax returns in the local currency for each particular country in which we have operations. A weakening of the local currency against the U.S. dollar could have a negative impact on our income taxes payable (related to increased local-currency taxable profits) and on our deferred tax costs (primarily related to the revaluation of non-monetary foreign assets from historical average exchange rates to the period-end exchange rates). See note 20 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 18. While our hedging program is designed to mitigate currency risk vis-à-vis the U.S. dollar, we remain subject to taxable foreign exchange impacts in our translated local currency financial results relevant for tax reporting purposes.

As part of our risk management program, we enter into foreign currency forward and swap contracts to lock in the exchange rates for future foreign currency transactions, which is intended to reduce the foreign currency risk related to our operating costs and future cash flows denominated in local currencies. While these contracts are intended to reduce the effects of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, our hedging strategy does not mitigate the longer-term impacts of changes to foreign exchange rates. In addition, these instruments are subject to transaction costs, credit requirements and counterparty risk. If our hedging program is not successful, or if we change our hedging activities in the future, we may experience significant unexpected expenses from fluctuations in exchange rates.

Our financial results have been adversely impacted by negative foreign currency translation effects, and such adverse effects, some of which may be substantial, are likely to recur in the future.

Our ability to successfully manage unexpected changes or risks inherent in our global operations and supply chain may adversely impact our financial performance.

We have sites in the following countries: Canada, the U.S., China, Ireland, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Mexico, Romania, Singapore, South Korea, Spain, Indonesia, India, the Philippines and Thailand. During 2023, approximately 80% of our revenue was produced at locations outside of North America. We also purchase the majority of our components and materials from international suppliers.

Global operations are subject to inherent risks which may adversely affect us, including:

•changes in local tax rates and tax incentives and the adverse tax consequences of repatriating earnings;

•labor unrest and differences in regulations and statutes governing employee relations, including increased scrutiny of labor practices within our industry;

•cultural differences and/or differences in local business customs;

•negative impacts, or ineffectiveness, of our restructuring activities;

•changes in regulatory requirements;

•inflationary trends and rising costs;

•changes in international political relations;

•difficulty in staffing (including skilled labor availability and cost) and managing foreign operations;

•challenges in building and maintaining infrastructure to support operations;

•compliance with a variety of foreign laws, including import and export tariffs and regulations;

•adverse changes in trade policies and/or agreements between countries in which we maintain operations;

•limitations on imports or exports of components or products, or other trade sanctions;

•changes in logistics costs;

•changes in the availability, lead time, and cost of components and materials;

•weaker laws protecting intellectual property rights and/or greater difficulty enforcing such rights;

•global economic, political and/or social instability, including armed conflict and military actions (including the Russia/Ukraine conflict and the Middle East Conflicts), protectionism and reactive countermeasures, economic or other sanctions or trade barriers;

•potential restrictions on the transfer of funds and/or other restrictive actions by foreign governments;

•the effects of terrorist activity;

•natural disasters, fires and epidemics (including mutations or resurgences of COVID-19); and

•global currency fluctuations.

Any of these risks could disrupt the supply of our components or materials, slow or stop our production, and/or increase our costs. Although we have incurred some increased shipping expenses and delays as a result of the Middle East Conflicts, such increases and delays have not been significant to date. However, there can be no assurance that this will continue to be the case. Compliance with trade and foreign tax laws may increase our costs and actual or alleged violations of such laws could result in enforcement actions or financial penalties that could result in substantial costs. In addition, the introduction or expansion of certain social programs in foreign jurisdictions may increase our costs, and certain supplier's costs, of doing business.

In particular, a portion of our manufacturing, design, support and storage operations are conducted in our facilities in China. Revenues associated with our China operations account for 7% of total revenue in 2023 (2022 — 11%; 2021 — 16%). Therefore, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by economic, political, legal, regulatory, competitive and other factors in China. The Chinese economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including the level of government involvement and control over economic growth. In addition, our

operations in China are governed by Chinese laws, rules and regulations, some of which are relatively new. The Chinese legal system continues to rapidly evolve, which may result in uncertainties with respect to the interpretation and enforcement of Chinese laws, rules and regulations that could have a material adverse effect on our business. China experiences high turnover of direct labor in the manufacturing sector, and engineers in our design centers, due to the intensely competitive and fluid market for labor, and the retention of adequate labor is a challenge. If our labor turnover rates are higher than we expect, or we otherwise fail to adequately manage our labor needs, then our business and results of operations could be adversely affected. We are also subject to risks associated with our subsidiaries organized in China. For example, regulatory and registration requirements and government approvals affect the financing that we can provide to our subsidiaries. If we fail to receive required registrations and approvals to fund our subsidiaries organized in China, or if our ability to remit currency out of China is limited, then our business and liquidity could be adversely affected.

In addition, international trade disputes with China have resulted in increased tariffs and other measures that have, and may continue to, adversely affect the Company's business. U.S. technology export controls with respect to China have adversely impacted our Capital Equipment business, and to a lesser extent, our CCS segment. More generally, changes to, among other things, laws or policies in the U.S. regarding foreign trade, import/export duties and controls, tariffs or taxes, manufacturing and/or investments, or other events outside of our control, could materially adversely affect our U.S. and foreign operations. See "U.S. policies or legislation could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition," "Our operations have been and could continue to be adversely affected by events outside our control," and Item 5, "Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — MD&A — External Factors that May Impact our Business."

Our business is dependent on us winning competitive bid selection processes.

These selection processes are typically lengthy and can require us to dedicate significant development expenditures and engineering resources in pursuit of a single customer opportunity. Failure to obtain a particular design win may prevent us from obtaining design wins in subsequent generations of a particular product. This can result in lost revenue and could weaken our position in future competitive bid selection processes.

We may not keep pace with rapidly evolving technology.

Many of the markets for our manufacturing and engineering services are characterized by rapidly changing technology and evolving process development, and we cannot assure that we will maintain or develop the capabilities required by our customers in the future. The emergence of new technologies, industry standards or customer requirements may render our equipment, designs, inventory or processes obsolete or noncompetitive. In addition, we may have to invest in new processes, capabilities or equipment to support new technologies used in our customers' current or future products, and to support their supply chain processes. Additionally, as we expand our service offerings or pursue business in new markets where our experience may be limited, we may be less effective in adapting to technological change. Our manufacturing, engineering, supply chain processes, and test development efforts and design capabilities may not be successful due to rapid technological shifts in any of these areas. The acquisition and implementation of new technologies and equipment and the offering of new or additional services to our customers may require significant expense or capital investment, which could reduce our operating margins and our operating results. Our failure to anticipate and adapt to our customers' changing technological needs and requirements or to hire and retain a sufficient number of engineers and maintain our engineering, technological and manufacturing expertise could have a material adverse effect on our operations.

Various industry-specific standards, qualifications and certifications are required to produce certain types of products for our customers. Failure to obtain or maintain those certifications may adversely affect our ability to maintain existing levels of business or win new business.

We are subject to the risk of increasing income and other taxes, tax audits and the challenges of successfully defending our tax positions, and obtaining, renewing or meeting the conditions of tax incentives and credits, any of which may adversely affect our financial performance.

We conduct business operations in a number of countries where tax incentives have been extended to encourage foreign investment or where income tax rates are low. Our income tax expense could increase significantly if certain tax incentives from which we benefit are retracted or are rendered ineffective as a result of applicable global minimum tax legislation. A retraction could occur if we fail to satisfy the conditions on which these tax incentives are based, or if they are not renewed or replaced upon expiration. Our income tax expense could also increase if tax rates applicable to us in such jurisdictions are otherwise increased, or due to changes in legislation or administrative practices. Changes in our outlook in any particular country could impact our ability to meet the required conditions. See Item 5, "Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — MD&A — Operating Results — Income taxes" and note 19 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 18 for a discussion of our existing tax incentives, and a challenge to our Romanian tax position.

We develop our tax filing positions based upon the anticipated nature and structure of our business and the tax laws, administrative practices and judicial decisions currently in effect in the jurisdictions in which we have assets or conduct business, all of which are subject to change or differing interpretations, possibly with retroactive effect. If the global minimum tax rules are substantively enacted in Canada, they are expected to, among other things, increase our cash tax expense, audit risk, and our worldwide corporate effective tax rate. In addition, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development continues to issue guidelines and proposals related to Base Erosion and Profit Shifting which may result in further legislative changes that could reshape international tax rules in numerous countries and negatively impact our effective tax rate. We cannot predict the outcome or timing of any specific legislative proposals or initiatives, and we cannot provide assurance that any such legislation or initiative will not apply to us. In addition, we cannot assure that operational adjustments will be sufficient to mitigate the impact of such legislation, in part or at all. Legislation or other changes in U.S. and/or international tax laws could increase our tax liability or adversely affect our overall profitability and results of operations. See Item 5, "Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — MD&A — Operating Results — Income taxes" and note 19 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 18 for a discussion of the estimated incremental impact of global minimum tax (Pillar Two) legislation on our income tax expense for Q1 2024 should such legislation become applicable to our reporting periods commencing January 1, 2024.

Certain of our subsidiaries provide financing or products and services to, and may from time-to-time undertake certain significant transactions with, other subsidiaries in different jurisdictions. Moreover, several jurisdictions in which we operate have tax laws with detailed transfer pricing rules which require that all transactions with non-resident related parties be priced using arm's-length pricing principles, and that contemporaneous documentation must exist to support such pricing.

We are subject to tax audits in various jurisdictions, which could result in additional tax expense in future periods related to prior results. Any such increase in our income tax expense and related interest and/or penalties could have a significant adverse impact on our future earnings and future cash flows. The successful pursuit of assertions made by any tax authority could result in our owing significant amounts of tax, interest, and possibly penalties. We believe we adequately accrue for any probable potential adverse tax ruling. However, there can be no assurance as to the final resolution of any claims and any resulting proceedings. If any claims and any ensuing proceedings are determined adversely to us, the amounts we may be required to pay could be material, and in excess of amounts accrued.

At December 31, 2023, a significant portion of our cash and cash equivalents was held by foreign subsidiaries outside of Canada, a large part of which may be subject to withholding taxes upon repatriation under current tax laws. We repatriated in 2023, and currently expect to repatriate in the foreseeable future, an aggregate of approximately $480 million from various foreign subsidiaries (2022 — approximately $320 million).

Our operations and our customer relationships may be adversely and materially affected by disruptions to our information technology (IT) systems, including disruptions from cybersecurity breaches of our IT infrastructure.

As a complex, global company, we are heavily dependent on our IT systems to support our customers' requirements and to successfully manage our business. Any inability to successfully manage the procurement, development, implementation, execution or maintenance of such systems, including matters related to system and data security, cybersecurity, privacy, reliability, compliance, performance and access, as well as any inability of these systems to fulfill their intended purpose, could have an adverse and material effect on our business.

We are increasingly reliant on IT networks and systems, including our own, those of third-party service providers and those of our customers (through "operate-in-place" arrangements), to process, transmit and store electronic information. In particular, we depend on our IT infrastructure for a variety of functions, including (among others), product manufacturing, worldwide financial reporting, inventory and other data management, procurement, invoicing, employee payroll and benefits administration, and email communications. All of these systems are susceptible to outages due to fire, floods, power loss, telecommunications failures, terrorist attacks, sabotage and similar events. These systems are also susceptible to cybersecurity threats and incidents, ranging from uncoordinated individual attempts to gain unauthorized access to our IT systems to sophisticated and targeted measures known as 'advanced persistent threats', and may include industrial espionage attacks, data theft, malware, phishing, ransomware attacks (which are becoming increasingly prevalent), or other cybersecurity threats or incidents. Similarly, third parties and infrastructure in our supply chain may become compromised or contain exploitable defects (of which we may be unaware) that could result in a breach or disruption of our systems and networks or the systems or networks of third parties that support us. Our ability to monitor these third parties’ information security practices is limited, and these third parties may not have adequate information security measures in place. While we may be entitled to damages if our third-party service providers fail to satisfy their privacy or security-related obligations to us, any award may be insufficient to cover our damages, or we may be unable to recover such award. Moreover, supply chain attacks have increased in frequency and severity, and we cannot guarantee that third parties in our supply chain have not been compromised or that their systems or

networks are free from exploitable defects or bugs that could result in a breach of or disruption to our platform, systems, and networks or the systems and networks of third parties that support us and our services. We are also reliant on third-party and open source software that may contain bugs, vulnerabilities, or errors that could be exploited or disclosed before a patch or fix is available. We believe attempts to gain unauthorized access through the Internet or to introduce malicious software to our information systems are increasing in number and in technical sophistication.

If our security measures are compromised, or the security, confidentiality, integrity or availability of, our IT, software, services, communications or data is compromised, limited or fails, it could result in: damage to our system infrastructure; significant business interruption, delays or outages, either internally or at our third-party providers; significant data loss or leakage (including exposure to unauthorized persons or the public of sensitive data, including our intellectual property, trade secrets or personal information of our employees, customers or other business partners); significant extra expense to restore data or systems; reputational loss; significant fines, penalties and liability; breach or triggering of data protection laws, privacy policies and/or data protection obligations (discussed below); loss of customers or sales, and in the case of our defense business, debarment from future participation in U.S. government programs. In addition, we may be required to expend significant resources, change our business practices or modify our operations in an effort to protect against security breaches and to mitigate, detect, and remediate actual and potential vulnerabilities that could adversely affect our business and operations and/or result in the loss of critical or sensitive information. If we are perceived to be unable to prevent or promptly identify and remedy such outages and breaches, this could result in reputational loss and/or loss of customers or sales.

While we have invested, and continue to invest, in the protection of our data and IT infrastructure, we regularly face attempts by others to access our information systems in an unauthorized manner, to introduce malicious software to such systems or both, and while we have not been materially impacted by computer viruses, malware, ransomware, hacking incidents, outages, or unauthorized access to data, we have been (and may in the future be) the target of such events. In addition, there can be no assurance that our efforts will prevent further service interruptions or identify breaches in our systems that could adversely affect our business and operations and/or result in the loss of critical or sensitive information, which could result in financial, legal, business or reputational harm to us (as described above). Although this has not been an issue to date, our liability insurance may not be sufficient in type or amount to cover us against claims related to security breaches, cybersecurity attacks and other related breaches.

We expect that risks and exposures related to cybersecurity attacks will remain high for the foreseeable future due to the rapidly evolving nature and sophistication of these threats, and the enhanced risk resulting from the increased number of employees that work remotely, through the increased use of home networks that may lack encryption or secure password protection, virtual meeting/conference security concerns and increase of phishing/cyber-attacks around digital resources.

We are also subject to increasing expectations and data security requirements from our customers, including those related to the U.S. Federal Acquisition Regulation, U.S. Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement, and U.S. Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification. In addition, we must comply with increasingly complex and rigorous regulatory standards enacted to protect business and personal data in various jurisdictions. For example, the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation, and similar legislation in other jurisdictions in which we operate, impose additional obligations on companies regarding the handling of personal data and provide certain individual privacy rights to persons whose data is stored. Compliance with customer expectations and existing, proposed and recently enacted laws and regulations can be costly; any failure to comply with these expectations and regulatory standards could subject us to legal and reputational risks. Misuse of or failure to secure personal information could also result in violation of data privacy laws and regulations, proceedings against the Company by governmental entities or others, fines and penalties, damage to our reputation and credibility and could have a negative impact on our business and results of operations.

We have incurred significant restructuring charges in the past, and expect to incur restructuring charges during 2024; we may not achieve some or all of the expected benefits from our restructuring activities, these activities may adversely affect our business, and additional restructuring actions may be required once currently-contemplated actions are complete.

Implementation of our restructuring activities may be costly and disruptive to our business, and we may not achieve the cost savings and benefits anticipated from such activities. We may not be able to retain or expand existing business due to execution issues relating to anticipated headcount reductions, plant closures or product/service transfers, and we may incur higher operating expenses during the periods of transition. Additionally, restructuring actions may result in a loss of continuity and accumulated knowledge in our workforce and related operational inefficiencies, as well as negative publicity. Headcount reductions can also have a negative impact on morale and our ability to attract and hire new qualified personnel in the future. Our restructuring activities require a significant amount of management and other employees' time and focus, which may divert attention from operating and growing our business. Any failure to achieve some or all of the expected benefits of our restructuring activities, including any delay in implementing planned related restructuring actions, may have a material adverse

effect on our competitive position and operating results. In addition, we may implement additional future restructuring actions or divestitures as a result of changes in our business, the marketplace and/or our exit from less profitable, under-performing, non-core or non-strategic operations.

We have incurred impairment charges and operating losses in certain of our businesses, and may incur such charges and losses in future periods.

We record impairment charges when we determine that the carrying amount of our assets, or related cash generating unit or units (CGUs), may not be recoverable (last recorded in 2015). We have also recorded charges (including during 2021 — 2023) to accelerate the depreciation of specified assets in connection with our restructuring actions (described in note 15 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 18). Determining the recoverable amount of our assets and CGUs is subjective and requires management to exercise significant judgment in estimating future growth, profitability, discount and terminal growth rates, and in projecting future cash flows, among other factors, including the impact of market conditions on management's assumptions. Future events and changing market conditions may impact our assumptions as to prices, costs, or other factors that may result in changes to our estimates of future cash flows, which may in turn result in impairment charges, which could be substantial and adversely affect our financial results. Factors that might reduce the recoverable amount of these assets below their respective carrying values include declines in our stock price and market capitalization, reduced future cash flow estimates, slower growth rates, or significant operating losses in any of our businesses. Sustained market price decreases, demand softness, and/or failure to realize future revenue at an appropriate profit margin in any CGU could negatively impact our operating results, including the incurrence of restructuring charges and/or impairment losses for such CGU or operating losses for the relevant business. Similar risks apply to assessing the recoverability of our deferred tax assets.

We may not be able to prevent or detect all errors or fraud.

Due to the inherent limitations of internal control systems, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and may not be detected in a timely manner or at all. Accordingly, we cannot provide absolute assurance that all control issues, errors or instances of fraud, if any, impacting us have been or will be prevented or detected. In addition, over time, certain aspects of a control system may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate, which we may not be able to address quickly enough to prevent all instances of error or fraud. In connection with our on-going assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, we may discover "material weaknesses" in our internal controls. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company's annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The existence of any material weakness may require management to devote significant time and incur significant remediation expense. The existence of any material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting may result in errors in our financial statements that could require us to make corrective adjustments, restate our financial statements, cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations, and cause shareholders to lose confidence in our reported financial information, all of which could materially and adversely affect the market price of our securities. If we are unable to successfully identify and remediate any material weaknesses that may arise in a timely manner, the accuracy and timing of our financial reporting may be adversely affected, and we may be unable to maintain compliance with securities law requirements regarding timely filing of periodic reports and applicable stock exchange listing requirements.

Compliance with governmental laws and obligations could be costly and may negatively impact our financial performance; any failure to comply may negatively impact our financial performance.

We are subject to various federal/national, state/provincial, local, foreign and supra-national environmental laws and regulations. Maintaining compliance with and responding to increasingly stringent environmental regulations requires a significant investment of time and resources and may restrict our ability to modify or expand our manufacturing sites or to continue production. Although our environmental management systems and practices have been designed to provide for compliance with these laws and regulations, such compliance cannot be assured, and any failure to comply with these laws and regulations may result in significant fines and penalties, our operations may be suspended or subjected to increased oversight, and our cost of related investigations could be material in any period.

More complex and stringent environmental legislation continues to be imposed globally, including laws that place increased responsibility and requirements on the "producers" of electronic equipment and, in turn, their providers and suppliers. Such laws may relate to product inputs (such as hazardous substances and energy consumption), product use (such as energy efficiency and waste management/recycling), and/or operational outputs/by-products from our manufacturing processes that can result in environmental contamination (such as waste water, air emissions and hazardous waste). Noncompliance with these

requirements could result in substantial costs, including fines and penalties, and we may incur liability to our customers and consumers.

Even where compliance responsibility rests primarily with our customers, they may request our assistance in meeting their obligations. Our customers remain focused on issues such as waste management (including recycling), climate change (including the reduction of carbon emissions) and product stewardship, and expect their EMS providers to be environmental leaders. We strive to meet such customer expectations, although these demands may extend beyond our regulatory obligations and require significant investments of time and resources to attract and retain customers.

We generally conduct environmental assessments, or review assessment reports undertaken by others, for our manufacturing sites at the time of acquisition or leasing. However, such assessments may not reveal all environmental liabilities, and assessments have not been obtained for all sites. In addition, some of our operations involve the use of hazardous substances that could cause environmental impacts. While we have operational systems to provide environmental management, we cannot rule out all risk of non-compliance and could incur substantial costs to comply. Although if deemed necessary, we may investigate, remediate or monitor emissions and site conditions at some of our owned or leased sites (such as air, soil and/or groundwater conditions), we may not be aware of, or adequately address, all such emissions and conditions, and we may incur significant costs should such work be required. In many jurisdictions in which we operate, environmental laws impose liability for the costs of removal, remediation or risk assessment of hazardous or toxic substances on an owner, occupier or operator of real estate, even if such person or company was unaware of or not responsible for the discharge or migration of such substances. In some instances, where soil or groundwater contamination existed prior to our ownership or occupation, landlords or former owners may have retained some contractual responsibility or regulatory liability, but this may not provide sufficient protection to reduce or eliminate our liability. Third-party claims for damages or personal injury are also possible and could result in significant costs to us. If more stringent compliance or cleanup standards under environmental laws or regulations are imposed, or the results of future testing and analyses at our current or former operating sites indicate that we are responsible for the release of hazardous substances into the air, ground and/or water, we may be subject to additional liability. Additional environmental matters may arise in the future at sites where no problem is currently known or at sites that we may acquire in the future.

Our HealthTech business is subject to regulation by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Health Canada, the European Medicines Agency, and similar regulatory bodies in other jurisdictions, relating to the medical devices and hardware we manufacture for our customers. Our sites that deliver products to the healthcare industry are certified or registered in applicable quality management standards. We are required to comply with various statutes and regulations related to the design, development, testing, manufacturing and labeling of our medical devices. Any failure to comply with these regulations could result in fines, injunctions, product recalls, import detentions, additional regulatory controls, suspension of production, and/or the shutting down of one or more of our sites, among other adverse outcomes. Failure to comply with these regulations may also materially affect our reputation and/or relationships with customers and regulators.

We provide design, engineering and manufacturing related services to our customers in the A&D business. As part of these services, we are subject to substantial regulation from government agencies including the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) and the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration. Our A&D sites are certified in quality management standards applicable to the A&D industry. Failure to comply with these regulations or the loss of any of our quality management certifications may result in fines, penalties and injunctions, and could prevent us from executing on current or winning future contracts, any of which may materially adversely affect our financial condition and operating results. In addition to quality management standards, there are several other U.S. regulations with which we are required to comply, including the Federal Acquisition Regulations (FAR), which provides uniform policies and procedures for acquisition; the Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement, a DOD agency supplement to the FAR that provides DOD-specific acquisition regulations that DOD government acquisition officials, and those contractors doing business with DOD, must comply with in the procurement process for goods and services; and the Truth in Negotiations Act, which requires full and fair disclosure by contractors in the conduct of negotiations with the government and its prime contractors. These rules are complex, our performance under them is subject to audit by the U.S. Defense Contract Audit Agency, the U.S. Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs and other government regulators, and in most cases must be complied with by our suppliers. If an audit or investigation reveals a failure to comply with regulations, we could become subject to civil or criminal penalties and administrative sanctions by either the government or the prime customer, including government pre-approval of our government contracting activities, termination of the contract, payment of fines and suspension or debarment from doing further business with the U.S. government. Any of these actions could increase our expenses, reduce our revenue and damage our reputation as a reliable U.S. government supplier. We are also subject to the export control laws and regulations of the countries in which we operate, including, but not limited to, the U.S. International Traffic in Arms Regulations and the Export Administration Regulations.

Our international operations require us to comply with various anti-bribery laws, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) and the Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act (Canada) (CFPOA). In some countries in which we operate, it may be customary for businesses to engage in business practices that are prohibited by the FCPA, CFPOA or other laws and regulations. Although we have implemented policies and procedures designed to ensure compliance with the FCPA, CFPOA and similar laws in other jurisdictions, there can be no assurance that all of our employees and agents, as well as those companies to which we outsource certain business operations, will not be in violation of these laws and our policies or procedures. In addition to the difficulty of monitoring compliance, any suspected or alleged activity would require a costly investigation by us and may result in the diversion of management's time, resources and attention. Failure to comply with these laws may subject us to, among other things, adverse publicity, penalties and legal expenses that may harm our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.

As a public company, we are subject to stringent laws, regulations and other requirements, including the U.S. Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the U.S. Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (Dodd-Frank), affecting, among other areas, our accounting, internal controls, corporate governance practices, securities disclosures and reporting. For example, due to our complex supply chain, compliance with Dodd-Frank diligence, disclosure and reporting requirements with respect to defined "conflict minerals" is time-consuming and costly. If we are unable to ascertain the origins of all such minerals used in the manufacturing of our products through the due diligence procedures we implement, we may be unable to satisfy our customers' certification requirements. This may harm our reputation, damage our customer relationships and result in a loss of revenue. If the SEC rules or other new social or environmental standards limit our pool of suppliers in order to produce "conflict free" or "socially responsible" products, or otherwise adversely affect the sourcing, supply and pricing of materials used in our products, we could also experience cost increases and a material adverse impact on our operating results. Further, on March 6, 2024, the SEC adopted broad rules requiring significant new climate-related information in specified SEC filings. Although we have not yet assessed the impact of the new rules, as with any increase in reporting requirements, they can be expected to require increased compliance costs, management attention and administrative effort. We cannot currently assess whether these requirements will also have an impact on our environmental goals or targets..

In addition, whenever we pursue business in new end markets, or our customers pursue new technologies or businesses, we are required to navigate the potentially heavy regulatory and legislative burdens of such end markets or technologies, as well as applicable quality standards with respect thereto.

The regulatory climate can itself affect the demand for our services. For example, government reimbursement rates and other regulations, as well as the financial health of healthcare providers, changes in how healthcare in the U.S. is structured, and how medical devices are taxed, could affect the willingness and ability of end customers to purchase the products of our customers in this market as well as impact our margins.

Our customers are also required to comply with various government regulations, legal requirements and industry standards, including many of the industry-specific regulations discussed above. Our customers' failure to comply could affect their businesses, which in turn would affect our sales to them. In addition, if our customers are required by regulation or other requirements to make changes in their product lines, these changes could significantly disrupt particular programs for these customers and create inefficiencies in our business.

In addition, a failure by a supplier or manufacturer to comply with applicable laws, regulations or customer requirements could negatively impact our business, and for governmental customers, could result in fines, penalties, suspension or even debarment being imposed on us, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Compliance or the failure to comply with employment laws and regulations may negatively impact our financial performance.

We are subject to a variety of domestic and foreign employment laws, including those related to: workplace safety, discrimination, harassment, whistle-blowing, wages and overtime, personal taxation, classification of employees, work authorizations and severance. Compliance with such laws may increase our costs. In addition, such laws are subject to change, and enforcement activity relating to these laws, particularly outside of the U.S., may increase as a result of greater media attention due to alleged violations by other companies, changes in law, political and other factors. There can be no assurance that, in the future, we will not be found to have violated elements of such laws. Any such violations could lead to the assessment of fines or damages against us by regulatory authorities or claims by employees, any of which could adversely affect our operating results and/or our reputation.

We may be required to make larger contributions to our defined benefit pension and other benefit plans in the future.

We maintain defined benefit and defined contribution pension plans, as well as other benefit plans globally. Our pension obligations are based on certain assumptions relating to plan asset performance, salary changes, employee turnover, retirement ages, life expectancy, expected healthcare costs, the performance of the financial markets, future interest rates, and plan and legislative changes. If actual results or future expectations differ from these assumptions or if statutory funding requirements change, the amounts we are obligated to contribute to the pension plans may increase and such increase could be significant. We are also required to contribute amounts to our other benefit plans to meet local statutory or such plans' funding requirements. The amounts we are obligated to contribute may increase due to legislative or other changes.

There are inherent uncertainties involved in the judgments, estimates, and assumptions used in the preparation of our financial statements. Any changes in judgments, estimates and assumptions could have a material adverse effect on our financial position and results of operations.

Our Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 18 are prepared in accordance with IFRS, which requires management to make judgments, estimates, and assumptions that affect the application of accounting policies and the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. Judgments, estimates, and assumptions are inherently subject to change in future periods, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial position and results of operations.

Our credit agreement contains restrictive and financial covenants that may impair our ability to conduct business, and the failure to comply with such covenants could cause our outstanding debt to become immediately payable.

Our credit agreement contains restrictive covenants that limit our management's discretion with respect to certain business matters. Among other factors, these covenants limit our ability and our subsidiaries' ability to incur additional debt, create liens or other encumbrances, change the nature of our business, sell or otherwise dispose of assets, make certain investments and payments, repurchase SVS for cancellation if a defined leverage ratio exceeds a specified amount, merge or consolidate with other entities, or effect specified changes in control. This agreement also contains certain financial covenants related to indebtedness and interest coverage. If we are not able to comply with these covenants, our outstanding debt could become immediately due and payable, and the incurrence of additional debt under our revolving credit facility may not be allowed, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity and ability to conduct our business.

We have entered into a total return swap (TRS) agreement in respect of our SVS, which exposes us to certain risks, including SVS price decrease risk, counterparty risk and interest rate risk, any of which could adversely affect our financial condition and/or financial results.

Under our TRS agreement, the counterparty is obligated to make a payment to us based on the increase in the value of the TRS (as defined in such agreement) over the agreement's term, in exchange for specified periodic payments based on a variable interest rate. However, if the value of the TRS decreases over the agreement's term, we are obligated to pay the amount of such decrease to the counterparty, which could be material. In addition, an increase in the variable interest rate would result in an increase in interest payment amounts payable by us to the counterparty. Our TRS agreement is also subject to the risk that the counterparty will default on its payment obligations thereunder, or that we will not be able to meet our obligations to the counterparty. Further, if the counterparty chooses to exercise its termination rights under the TRS, it is possible that, because of adverse market conditions existing at the time of such termination, we will owe more to the counterparty (or will be entitled to receive less from the counterparty) than we would otherwise have if we controlled the timing of such termination.

We anticipate that we will refinance outstanding indebtedness from time to time, and an inability to refinance on favorable terms, or at all, would have a material adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition.

We anticipate that we will repay outstanding debt from time to time through refinancing. The amount of our existing indebtedness may impede our ability to obtain such refinancing on acceptable terms, or at all. If we cannot refinance, extend, or pay principal payments due at maturity with the proceeds of other capital transactions, our cash flows may not be sufficient to repay our debt upon maturity. In such event, we may be forced to dispose of one or more assets on disadvantageous terms. In addition, refinanced debt may carry higher interest rates and have more restrictive covenants than our current outstanding indebtedness. Although we anticipate that we will be able to repay or refinance our existing indebtedness when it matures, there can be no assurance we will be able to do so, or that the terms of any such refinancing will be favorable. An inability to refinance, extend or otherwise satisfy our debt as it matures would have a material adverse effect on our business, contracts, financial condition, operating results, cash flow, liquidity and prospects.

Our credit rating may be downgraded.

Any negative change in our credit rating or outlook may make it more expensive for us to raise additional capital in the future on terms that are acceptable to us, if at all.

We are subject to litigation and proceedings, which may result in substantial expenses, settlement costs or judgments, require the time and attention of key management resources, and result in adverse publicity, any of which may negatively impact our financial performance.

We are from time to time party to various copyright, patent and trademark infringement, unfair competition, breach of contract, customs, employment and other legal actions incidental to our business, as plaintiff or defendant, as well as various other claims, suits, investigations and legal or governmental proceedings (including securities class action and shareholder derivative lawsuits which have been settled or dismissed). Additional legal claims or regulatory matters may arise in the future and could involve matters relating to commercial disputes, government regulation and compliance, intellectual property, antitrust, tax, employment or shareholder issues, product liability claims and other issues on a global basis. Regardless of the merits of the claims, litigation or governmental proceedings may be both time-consuming and disruptive to our business. The defense and ultimate outcome of any lawsuits or other legal proceedings may result in higher expenses, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations. We cannot predict the final outcome of such lawsuits or proceedings or the likelihood that other proceedings will be initiated against us. Accordingly, the cost of defending against such lawsuits or proceedings, or any future lawsuits or proceedings may be high and, in any event, these legal proceedings may result in the diversion of our management's time and attention away from our business. In the event that there is an adverse ruling in any legal proceeding, we may be required to make payments to third parties that could be in excess of any amounts accrued, and could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, financial condition and/or results of operations.

Changes in accounting standards enacted by the relevant standard-setting bodies may adversely affect our reported operating results, profitability and financial performance.

Accounting standards are revised periodically and/or expanded upon by applicable standard-setting bodies. While these accounting changes do not typically affect the economics of our business, such standards have in the past, and may in the future, have a significant effect on our accounting methods and reported results. Our Consolidated Financial Statements are prepared in accordance with IFRS, and as such, may not be comparable to the information reported by our competitors or other public companies that use different accounting standards.

The market price of our SVS has been volatile.

Volatility in our business can result in significant SVS price and volume fluctuations. Factors such as changes in our financial estimates or operating results, buy/sell recommendations by securities analysts, the timing of announcements by us or our competitors concerning significant product developments, acquisitions or financial performance, other events affecting companies in the electronics industry, currency fluctuations, general market fluctuations, macro-economic conditions, general stock market conditions, substantial sales of our SVS and/or other external factors may cause the market price of our SVS to decline. In addition, if our operating results do not meet the expectations of securities analysts or investors, the price of our SVS could decline. Furthermore, the existence of our NCIB may cause our SVS price to be higher than it would be in the absence of such a program, and repurchases under the NCIB expose us to risks resulting from a reduction in the size of our "public float," which may reduce our trading volume as well as our SVS price.

There can be no assurance that we will continue to repurchase SVS for cancellation.

Although we currently have an NCIB in effect, whether we repurchase SVS under such NCIB for cancellation, and the amount and timing of any such repurchases, is subject to the restrictions under our credit facility, capital availability and periodic determinations by our Board of Directors (Board) that SVS repurchases are in the best interest of our shareholders and are in compliance with all applicable laws and agreements. Any future permitted SVS repurchases, including their timing and amount, may be affected by, among other factors: our consolidated leverage ratio (as defined in our credit facility); our views on potential future capital requirements for strategic transactions, including acquisitions; debt service requirements; our credit rating; changes to our business model; and/or changes to applicable tax laws or corporate laws. Canada has proposed legislation that would impose a 2% equity buyback tax for net equity repurchase transactions that occur on or after January 1, 2024, subject to certain exceptions and anti-avoidance provisions. The impact of this legislation, if and when enacted (or other changes in Canadian tax laws), cannot be predicted with certainty, but may, among other things, limit the number of shares we repurchase under our NCIBs. In addition, the amount we spend and the number of SVS we are able to repurchase for cancellation under any NCIB or substantial issuer bid may further be affected by a number of other factors, including the SVS we arrange to be purchased by non-independent brokers to satisfy stock-based compensation awards, the price of our SVS and blackout periods in which we are restricted from repurchasing SVS. Our SVS repurchases may change from time to time, and

even if permitted under our credit facility, we cannot provide assurance that we will continue to repurchase SVS for cancellation in any particular amounts or at all. A reduction in or elimination of our SVS repurchases could have a negative effect on our stock price.

Potential unenforceability of judgments.

We are incorporated under the laws of the Province of Ontario, Canada. Two of our directors, and one of our executive officers are residents of Canada. Also, a substantial portion of our assets and the assets of these persons are located outside of the U.S. As a result, it may be difficult to effect service of process within the U.S. upon those directors or officers who are not residents of the U.S, or to enforce judgments in the U.S. obtained in courts of the U.S. It may also be difficult for shareholders to enforce a U.S. judgment in Canada predicated upon the civil liability provisions of U.S. federal or state securities laws or to succeed in a lawsuit in Canada based only on U.S. federal or state securities laws.

Negative publicity could adversely affect our reputation as well as our business, financial results and share price.

Unfavorable media related to our industry, company, brand, marketing, personnel, operations, business performance, or prospects may affect our share price and the performance of our business, regardless of its accuracy or inaccuracy. The speed at which negative publicity can be disseminated has increased dramatically with the capabilities of electronic communication, including social media outlets, websites, blogs, and newsletters. Our success in maintaining, extending, and expanding our brand image depends on our ability to adapt to this rapidly changing media environment. Adverse publicity or negative commentary from any media outlet could damage our reputation and reduce the demand for our products, which would adversely affect our business.

Climate change could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

There is increasing concern that a gradual increase in global average temperatures due to increased concentration of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has, and will continue to, cause significant changes in weather patterns around the globe and an increase in the frequency and severity of natural disasters. Changes in weather patterns and an increased frequency, intensity and duration of extreme weather conditions could, among other things, impair our production capabilities, disrupt the operation of our supply chain, and impact our customers and their demand for our services. There are inherent climate-related risks regardless of where we conduct our business. Climate-change-related weather events could negatively impact any of our locations or the locations of our customers, and may cause us to experience work stoppages, project delays, financial losses and/or additional costs to resume operations, including increased insurance costs or loss of coverage, legal liability and reputational losses. Further, the risks caused by climate change span across the industry sectors we serve, including A&D, Industrial, HealthTech, Capital Equipment, Communications and Enterprise. The direct physical risks that climate change poses to infrastructure through chronic environmental changes, such as rising sea levels and temperatures, and acute events, such as hurricanes, droughts and wildfires, is common to each of these sectors. Infrastructure owners could face increased costs to maintain their assets, which could result in reduced profitability and fewer resources for strategic investment. These types of physical risks could in turn lead to transitional risks, including market and technology shifts, including decreased demand for our services and solutions, reputational risks, such as how our sustainability practices are viewed by external and internal stakeholders, and policy and legal risks, including the extent to which climate-change-related initiatives are driven by the governments in which we operate around the globe. As a result, the effects of climate change could have a long-term material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition. See "Our operations have been and could continue to be adversely affected by events outside our control," and "Our business and operations could be adversely impacted by environmental, social and governance (ESG) initiatives."

Our business and operations could be adversely impacted by environmental, social and governance (ESG) initiatives.

Concern over climate change has led to international legislative and regulatory initiatives directed at limiting carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Proposed and existing efforts to address climate change by reducing GHG emissions could directly or indirectly affect our costs of energy, materials, manufacturing, distribution, packaging and other operating costs, which could adversely impact our business and financial results. In addition, governmental bodies are increasingly adopting and proposing additional mandatory climate-related reporting obligations. Complying with any new applicable reporting requirements will require increased corporate, operational, and administrative efforts, and result in increased costs and expenses.

Further, certain investors are placing a greater emphasis on non-financial factors, including ESG factors, when evaluating investment opportunities. Although we actively manage a broad range of ESG matters, including the potential impact of our business on society and the environment, and matters relating to diversity and inclusion, there can be no certainty that we will manage such issues effectively, or that we will successfully meet society's expectations in this regard. The

perception of our operations held by our shareholders, potential investors, suppliers, customers, other stakeholders, or the communities in which we do business may depend, in part, on the ESG standards we have chosen to aspire to meet, whether or not we meet these standards on a timely basis or at all, and whether or not we meet external ESG factors they deem relevant. In addition, notwithstanding our achievements in these regards, the subjective nature and wide variety of methods and processes used by various stakeholders, including investors, to assess a company with respect to ESG criteria can result in the perception of negative ESG factors or a misrepresentation of our ESG policies and practices. In addition, by electing to set and publicly share our ESG standards, our business may face increased scrutiny related to ESG activities. As a result, our reputation could be harmed if we fail to act effectively in the areas in which we report. In addition, our failure to achieve progress on our ESG policies and practices on a timely basis, or at all, or to meet ESG criteria set by third parties, could adversely affect our SVS price, business, financial performance, or growth.

Our business could be impacted as a result of actions by activist shareholders or others.

We may be subject, from time to time, to legal and business challenges in the operation of our company due to actions instituted by activist shareholders or others. Responding to such actions could be costly and time-consuming, may not align with our business strategies and could divert the attention of our Board and senior management from the pursuit of our business strategies. Perceived uncertainties as to our future direction as a result of shareholder activism may lead to the perception of a change in the direction of the business or other instability and may make it more difficult to attract and retain qualified personnel and business partners and may affect our relationships with vendors, customers and other third parties.

We may lose our foreign private issuer status.

We are a foreign private issuer, and are therefore not required to comply with all of the periodic disclosure and current reporting requirements of the Exchange Act applicable to U.S. domestic issuers. If more than 50% of our outstanding voting securities are directly or indirectly owned of record by residents of the U.S., we would lose our foreign private issuer status. If we lose our foreign private issuer status, we would be required to comply with the Exchange Act reporting and other requirements applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, which are more detailed and extensive than the requirements for foreign private issuers. For example, we would be required to change our basis of accounting from IFRS to U.S. GAAP, which could also result in potentially material changes to historical financial statements previously prepared on the basis of IFRS. We would also be required to comply with U.S. federal proxy requirements; our officers, directors, and more than 10% shareholders will become subject to the disclosure and short-swing profit recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act; and we would lose our ability to rely upon exemptions from certain corporate governance rules of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE).

We are no longer a controlled company, and may therefore become more vulnerable to take-over or tender offer.

Following the completion of an underwritten secondary public offering in August 2023, Onex Corporation (Onex) is no longer our controlling shareholder. As a result, the Company has lost the benefit of the stability afforded to it by having a committed, long-term controlling shareholder. In addition, voting power is spread out among a wide shareholder base and the inherent protection from an unsolicited take-over bid afforded by a dual class share structure no longer exists. Accordingly, we may become more vulnerable to a take-over bid or a tender offer.

Item 4. Information on the Company

A. History and Development of the Company

We were incorporated in Ontario, Canada on September 27, 1996. Our legal and commercial name is Celestica Inc. We are a corporation domiciled in the Province of Ontario, Canada and operate under the Business Corporations Act (Ontario) (OBCA). Our principal executive offices are located at 5140 Yonge Street, Suite 1900, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M2N 6L7. Our telephone number is (416) 448-5800, and our internet address is www.celestica.com. Information on our website is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report.

Prior to our incorporation, we were an IBM manufacturing unit that provided manufacturing services to IBM for more than 75 years. In 1993, we began providing electronics manufacturing services to non-IBM customers. In October 1996, we were purchased from IBM by an investor group led by Onex, and in 1998, we completed our initial public offering. In each of June 2023 and August 2023, Onex (our then-controlling shareholder), completed an underwritten secondary public offering of our SVS (for an aggregate of approximately 18.8 million SVS). In connection with such offerings, we converted all of our outstanding multiple voting shares (MVS) into SVS. Subsequent to the August 2023 secondary offering, we have no MVS outstanding and Onex is no longer our controlling shareholder.

A description of our acquisition activities (including our acquisition of PCI in November 2021), our principal capital expenditures (including property, plant and equipment), and our financing activities over the last three financial years is set

forth in notes 3, 4, 6, 8, 11, 21, and 24 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 18, and Item 5, "Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — MD&A."

A description of our significant commitments for capital expenditures at December 31, 2023 and those planned for 2024 is set forth in Item 5, "Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — MD&A — Liquidity — Contractual Obligations: Additional Commitments." From January 1, 2024 to date, our capital expenditures total approximately $8 million.

A description of our divestiture activities (including our restructuring activities) over the last three financial years is set forth in notes 6, 7, and 15 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 18, and Item 5, "Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — MD&A." No material divestiture activities have occurred from January 1, 2024 to date, nor are any currently in progress.

See "Overview — Celestica's business" and "Recent Developments" in Item 5, "Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — MD&A" for a discussion of recent trends impacting our businesses, including the impact of global supply constraints.

There were no public takeover offers by third parties in respect of the Corporation's SVS or MVS or by the Corporation in respect of other companies' shares which occurred during the last or current financial year.

The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) maintains an internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. The address of that site is http://www.sec.gov.

B. Business Overview

General

We deliver innovative supply chain solutions globally to customers in two operating and reporting segments: Advanced Technology Solutions (ATS) and Connectivity & Cloud Solutions (CCS).

Our ATS segment consists of our ATS end market, and is comprised of our A&D, Industrial, HealthTech, and Capital Equipment businesses. Our Capital Equipment business is comprised of our semiconductor and display businesses. Our CCS segment consists of our Communications and Enterprise end markets. Our Enterprise end market is comprised of our servers and storage businesses. All period percentages and financial information in this Annual Report reflect the current presentation. See note 25 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 18.

Our customers include OEMs, cloud-based and other service providers, including hyperscalers, and other companies in a wide range of industries. Our global headquarters is located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. We operate a network of sites and centers of excellence (discussed below) strategically located in North America, Europe and Asia, with specialized end-to-end supply chain capabilities tailored to meet specific market and customer product lifecycle requirements.

We offer a comprehensive range of product manufacturing and related supply chain services to customers in both of our segments, including design and development, new product introduction, engineering services, component sourcing, electronics manufacturing and assembly, testing, complex mechanical assembly, systems integration, precision machining, order fulfillment, logistics, asset management, product licensing, and after-market repair and return services. Our HPS offering, within our CCS segment, includes the development of infrastructure platforms, hardware and software design solutions, including open-source software that complements our hardware offerings, and services that can be used as-is, or customized for specific applications in collaboration with our customers, and management of program design and aspects of the supply chain, manufacturing, and after-market support, including IT asset disposition (ITAD) and asset management services.

We believe our services and solutions create value for our customers by enabling their strategies, while accelerating their time-to-market, and by providing higher quality, lower cost, and reduced cycle times (as compared to insourcing) in our customers' supply chains. We believe this results in lower total cost of ownership, greater flexibility, higher returns on invested capital and improved competitive advantage for our customers in their respective markets.

We depend on a small number of customers for a substantial portion of our revenue. In the aggregate, our top 10 customers represented 64% of our total revenue in 2023 (each of 2022 and 2021 — 66%). In 2023, one customer (in our CCS segment) individually represented 10% or more of total revenue (22%). In 2022, two customers (each in our CCS segment) individually represented 10% or more of total revenue (11% for each customer). No customer individually represented 10% or more of total revenue in 2021. Significant reductions in, or the loss of, revenue from these or any of our

major customers may have a material adverse effect on us. See Item 3(D), Key Information — Risk Factors — "We are dependent on a limited number of customers and end markets. A decline in revenue from, or the loss of, any significant customer, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and operating results."

Products and services in our ATS segment are extensive and are often more regulated than in our CCS segment, and can include the following: government-certified and highly-specialized manufacturing, electronic and enclosure-related services for A&D customers; high-precision semiconductor and display equipment and integrated subsystems; a wide range of industrial automation, controls, test and measurement devices; engineering-focused engagements, including full product development in the areas of telematics, human machine interface, Internet-of-Things and embedded systems; advanced solutions for surgical instruments, diagnostic imaging and patient monitoring; and efficiency products to help manage and monitor the energy and power industries. Our ATS segment businesses typically have higher margin profiles and margin volatility, higher working capital requirements, and longer product life cycles than the traditional businesses in our CCS segment. Products and services in our CCS segment consist predominantly of enterprise-level data communications and information processing infrastructure products and systems, and can include routers, switches, data center interconnects, edge solutions, servers and storage-related products used by a wide range of businesses and cloud-based and other service providers to manage digital connectivity, commerce and social media applications. Our traditional CCS segment businesses typically have lower margin profiles, lower working capital requirements, and higher volumes than the businesses in our ATS segment. Within our CCS segment, however, our HPS business (which includes firmware/software enablement across all primary IT infrastructure data center technologies, open source software offerings that complement our hardware platforms, and after-market services, including ITAD) typically has a higher margin profile than our traditional CCS businesses, but also requires specific investments (including R&D) and higher working capital. Our CCS segment generally experiences a high degree of volatility in terms of revenue and product/service mix, and as a result, our CCS segment margin can fluctuate from period to period. In recent periods, we have experienced an increasing shift in the mix of our programs towards cloud-based and other service providers, which are cyclically different from our traditional OEM customers, creating more volatility and unpredictability in our revenue patterns, and additional challenges with respect to the management of our supply chain and working capital requirements.

We remain committed to making the investments we deem necessary to support our long-term growth strategy, strengthen our competitive position, enhance customer satisfaction, and increase long-term shareholder value. Within both of our segments, we are focused on: increased penetration in our end markets; diversifying our customer mix and product portfolios, including increasing design and development, engineering, and after-market services (higher value-added services); and diversifying our capabilities and supply chains. In response to slower long-term growth rates and increased pricing pressures in our traditional markets, which continue to account for a portion of our revenue, we intend to continue to concentrate on expanding our business beyond such traditional markets, through CCS segment growth initiatives focused on our HPS business, high-value EMS programs (including with hyperscalers) and services, and by continuing to pursue new customers and acquisition opportunities in our ATS segment. See "Celestica's Strategy" below for a discussion of our strategy, and Item 5, "Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — MD&A — Operating Goals and Priorities" for a discussion of our current priorities.

Electronics Manufacturing Services Industry

Overview

Leading EMS companies manage global networks that are capable of delivering customized supply chain solutions. They offer end-to-end services for the entire product lifecycle, including design and engineering services, manufacturing, assembly, testing, systems integration, fulfillment and after-market services. Our customers, which include OEMs, cloud-based and other service providers (including hyperscalers), and other companies in a wide range of industries, outsource these services to address challenges related to cost, asset utilization, quality, time-to-market, demand volatility, customer support, and rapidly changing technologies. In particular, service providers have utilized our services to expand and optimize their data centers to enable their strategies.

We believe outsourcing by these companies will continue across a number of industries as a means to:

Reduce Operating Costs and Invested Capital. Global EMS companies can provide access to a network of manufacturing sites with supply chain management expertise, advanced engineering capabilities, flexible capacity and economies of scale. As a result, outsourcing to such companies can reduce customers' overall product lifecycle and operating costs, working capital, and property, plant and equipment investment requirements.

Focus Resources on Core Competencies. EMS customers are able to prioritize their resources on product development, sales, marketing and customer service by outsourcing design, engineering, manufacturing, supply chain, product lifecycle management, and other product support requirements.

Improve Time-to-Market. We believe that companies can significantly improve their product development cycles and enhance time-to-market by benefiting from the expertise and infrastructure of EMS providers, including their capabilities relating to design and engineering services, prototyping and the rapid ramp-up of new products to high-volume production, all with the critical support of global supply chain management and manufacturing networks.

Utilize EMS Companies' Procurement, Inventory Management and Logistics Expertise. We believe that the successful manufacturing of electronic products requires significant resources to manage the complexities in planning, procurement and inventory management, frequent design changes, short product lifecycles and product demand fluctuations. Companies can help manage these complexities by outsourcing to those EMS providers that (i) possess sophisticated IT systems and global supply chain management capabilities and (ii) can leverage significant component procurement advantages to lower product costs.

Access Leading Engineering Capabilities and Technologies. EMS providers can assist companies in the development of new product concepts, the re-design of existing products, and improvements with respect to the performance, cost and time required to bring products to market. In addition, companies can gain access to high-quality manufacturing expertise and capabilities in the areas of advanced process, interconnect and test technologies.

Improve Access to Global Markets. EMS companies with global infrastructure and support capabilities help to provide customers with efficient world-wide manufacturing solutions, distribution capabilities and after-market services.

Access Value-Added Service Offerings. EMS providers strive to expand their offerings to include services such as design, fulfillment and after-market services, including repair and recycling, to encourage companies to outsource more of their cost of goods sold.

Celestica's Strategy

We constantly seek to advance our quality, engineering, manufacturing, HPS, and supply chain capabilities. We will continue to focus on our pursuit of the following, intended to strengthen our competitive position and enhance customer satisfaction and shareholder value:

Increase Penetration in our End Markets/Offerings. We continually strive to further diversify our portfolio. Our goal is to increase our presence across our high-value markets, with particular emphasis on expanding our ATS segment, HPS business and high-value EMS programs (including with hyperscaler customers). Our ATS segment revenue in 2023 increased 11% compared to 2022. Within our CCS segment, our Enterprise end market revenue increased 40% in 2023 compared to 2022, and revenue from hyperscaler customers increased 32% in 2023 compared to 2022. We intend to continue to pursue expansion of our portfolio in higher-margin service offerings.

Our end market revenue as a percentage of total revenue is as follows:


	2021		2022		2023
ATS	41	%	41	%	42	%
Communications	40	%	40	%	33	%
Enterprise	19	%	19	%	25	%

Selectively Pursue Acquisitions and Strategic Transactions. We will continue to selectively seek acquisition opportunities and strategic transactions in order to (i) profitably grow our revenue, (ii) further develop strategic relationships with customers in our end markets; (iii) enhance the scope of our capabilities and service offerings, (iv) enhance our intellectual property portfolio, and (v) expand our capabilities and offerings to include further after-market services and product licensing opportunities.

Continuously Improve Operational Performance. We will continue to focus on: (i) managing our mix and volume of business and service offerings to improve our overall margins, (ii) leveraging our supply chain practices globally to lower materials costs, minimize lead times and improve our planning cycle to better meet volatility in customer demand and improve asset utilization and inventory levels, (iii) successfully ramping new programs, and (iv) improving operating efficiencies to reduce costs and improve margins. In order to help us streamline our processes, we continue to invest in our "digital factory," which automates and connects our equipment, people and systems throughout our global network, including our customers and suppliers. Our mix of programs, and volume leverage across several of our businesses had a favorable impact on our gross margin in 2023. In addition, our cost reductions initiatives, intended to further streamline our business, increase operational efficiencies and improve our productivity, had a favorable impact on our profitability in 2023.

Develop and Grow Trusted Relationships with Leading Customers. We continue to pursue profitable, strategic relationships with industry leaders that we believe can benefit from our services and solutions. We strive to respond to our customers' needs with speed, flexibility and predictability. We have established and maintain strong relationships with a diverse mix of leading OEMs, cloud-based and other service providers and other companies across our end markets. We believe that our customer base is a strong potential source of growth for us as we seek to strengthen these relationships through the delivery of additional services.

Expand Range of Service Offerings and Continue to Invest in Developing New Technology, Quality Products and Supply Chain Solutions and Services. We continually seek to expand the services we offer to our customers, and we are committed to meeting our customers' needs in the areas of technology, engineering, quality, product lifecycle management and supply chain management. We believe our expertise in these areas enables us to meet the rigorous demands of our customers, allows us to produce a variety of electronic products ranging from high-volume electronics to highly complex technology infrastructure products used in a broad array of industries, and allows us to deliver consistently reliable products to our customers. We also believe the systems and collaborative processes associated with our expertise in supply chain management help us to adjust our operations to meet customer lead time requirements, and quickly and effectively deliver products directly to end customers. We collaborate with our suppliers to influence component design for the benefit of our customers. As a result of the successes that we have had in these areas, we have been recognized with numerous customer and industry achievement awards.

See Item 5, "Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — MD&A — Operating Goals and Priorities" for a discussion of our current priorities and areas of focus.

Celestica's Business

Innovative Supply Chain Solutions and Services

We are a global provider of innovative supply chain solutions. We offer a range of services including design and development, engineering services, supply chain management, new product introduction, component sourcing, electronics manufacturing, assembly, testing, complex mechanical assembly, systems integration, precision machining, order fulfillment, logistics, asset management, product licensing, and after-market repair and return services. Our design and development services include our HPS offering, which consists of developing infrastructure platforms, hardware and software design solutions, including open-source software that complements our hardware offerings, and services in collaboration primarily with CCS segment customers, as well as managing aspects of the supply chain and manufacturing, including firmware/software enablement across all primary IT infrastructure data center technologies, and after-market support, including ITAD and asset management services. We believe that our HPS offering helps to differentiate us from other EMS providers, by encompassing advanced technology design solutions that customers can tailor to their specific platform applications. We execute our business in our global network of sites, including our designated centers of excellence, strategically located in North America, Europe and Asia. We leverage these sites and centers of excellence, IT, and our supply chain expertise using collaborative processes and a team of highly skilled, customer-focused employees. We believe that our ability to deliver a range of supply chain and hardware solutions to our customers provides them with a competitive lead time, and advantages in quality, flexibility and total cost of ownership.

The objective of our centers of excellence program is to help ensure that our operations reflect a solid understanding of the markets we serve, have current capabilities and standardized practices, and are positioned to provide efficiency, consistency, and value to our customers around the globe. To obtain "center of excellence" status, our sites must meet our defined criteria pertaining to quality, supply chain capabilities, Lean and Six Sigma, market specific certifications (to the extent applicable), and other matters regarding their operations.

Quality, Lean and Six Sigma Culture

We believe one of our strengths is our ability to consistently deliver high-quality services and products. We have an extensive quality management system that focuses on continual process improvement and achieving high levels of customer satisfaction. We employ a variety of advanced statistical engineering techniques and other tools to assist in improving product and service quality. Our principal sites are ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 certified (international quality management standards), and have other required industry-specific certifications.

Our Celestica Operating System (COS) consists of the application of global standard processes to all critical aspects of our operations, including quality, supply and operations planning, new product introduction, daily visual performance management, and continuous operational improvement through a "Plan Do Check Adjust" cycle. The COS is intended to improve cost productivity, create accountable teams, and assure consistent performance.

In addition to these standards, we deploy Lean initiatives to help drive manufacturing efficiencies, cycle times velocities and improved product quality, and use Six Sigma extensively in an effort to reduce process variation and to drive root cause problem-solving. Lean and Six Sigma methods are also used in non-production areas to streamline our processes and eliminate waste. We apply the knowledge we gain in our after-market services to help improve the quality and reliability of next-generation products. We believe that success in these areas helps our customers to lower their costs, positioning them more competitively in their respective markets.

Design and Engineering Services

Our global design teams are focused on delivering flexible solutions and expertise, intended to help customers reduce overall product costs, improve time-to-market, introduce competitively differentiated products, and drive hardware innovations. For customer-owned designs, we augment their design teams, and utilize our proprietary design analysis tools to minimize design revisions and to achieve improved manufacturing yields. Our HPS offering includes the development of infrastructure platforms and hardware and software design solutions in collaboration with customers, managing aspects of the supply chain, manufacturing their products and providing asset management services (including ITAD). Our HPS offering is an engineering-led, intellectual-property-based offering that allows us to drive hardware innovation and solutions for our customers and further broaden our value proposition by leveraging our ecosystem partners and broad range of capabilities across the product lifecycle. We continue to invest in leading-edge product roadmaps and design capabilities aligned with both market standards and emerging technologies in support of our HPS offering. We deliver both partially customized HPS products, and complete hardware platform solutions to customers in the storage, servers, and communications markets. These products and solutions are intended to help our customers reach their markets faster and enable their strategies, while reducing total costs, increasing supply chain resilience and building valuable intellectual property for their product portfolios and/or data centers. Through our collective experience with common technologies across multiple industries and product groups, we believe we provide quality and cost-focused solutions for a wide range of our customers' design needs and strategies.

We collaborate with some of our core customers' product designers in the early stages of product development, using advanced tools to enable new product ideas to progress from electrical and application-specific integrated circuit design, to simulation, physical layout and design review, all intended to ensure readiness for manufacturing. We use our design expertise to create innovative technologies and hardware product solutions, and leverage key ecosystem partners to drive both innovation and supply chain leverage. Our HPS offering encompasses advanced technology infrastructure platforms, and hardware and software design solutions that customers can tailor to their specific applications. We believe that collaboration between our customers' teams, key ecosystem partners, and our design and manufacturing groups helps to ensure that new designs are released rapidly, smoothly and cohesively into production.

Our engineering services team works with our customers throughout the product life-cycle. We believe our engineering expertise and experience in product and process design, design review, product test solutions, assembly technology, automation, and quality and reliability, position us to deliver the services required to address the challenges facing our customers. We maintain ties with key industry associations and engineering firms to help us stay apprised of advances in technical knowledge.

Prototyping and New Product Introduction

Prototyping is a critical early-stage process in the development of new products. Our engineers collaborate with our customers' engineers to provide quick responses in the early stages of the product development lifecycle.

Supply Chain Management and Services

We use advanced planning, analytics, enterprise resource planning, and supply chain management systems to optimize materials management from suppliers to our customers' customers. We believe that the effective management of the supply chain is critical to our customers' success, as it directly impacts the time and cost required to deliver products to market and the capital requirements associated with carrying inventory.

We strive to reduce our customers' total cost of ownership by providing lower costs and reduced cycle times in their supply chain, and by delivering higher quality products. We also strive to align our preferred suppliers in close proximity to our

centers of excellence to increase the speed and flexibility of our supply chain, to deliver higher quality products and to reduce time-to-market.

Through our global supply chain management processes and integrated IT tools, we endeavor to provide our customers with enhanced visibility to balance their global demand and supply requirements, including inventory and order management.

Manufacturing Services

Printed Circuit Board Assembly

Printed circuit board (PCB) assembly includes the attachment of electronic components, such as capacitors, microprocessors, resistors and memory modules, to PCBs. Our global network of engineers helps us to provide our customers with full PCB assembly technology capabilities. These capabilities include design for manufacturing, PCB layout, packaging, assembly (circuit card assembly or CCA), lead-free soldering, test development, and data analytics for complex flexible and rigid-flex circuits and hybrid PCBs.

Complex Mechanical Assembly

We provide systems integration and precision machined components to our Capital Equipment customers. Complex mechanical systems integration consists of multiple interconnected subsystems that interact with various materials, e.g., fluids, solids, particles and rigid bodies. Such systems are often used in advanced manufacturing applications such as semiconductor manufacturing, display manufacturing (including LCD, OLED, QLED and other displays), medical applications using robotics, and other applications such as cash handling machines where precise standards are required. We also provide complex mechanical assembly primarily to our aerospace customers, including wire harness assembly, systems integration, sheet metal fabrication, welding and machining.

Precision Machining

We utilize specialized computer-controlled machines to manufacture high quality components to tight tolerance requirements. Such components are often used in applications similar to those noted above for complex mechanical assembly.

Energy Services

We provide integrated solutions and services to our renewable energy customers in the areas of power generation, conversion and monitoring. Our energy portfolio includes power inverters, energy storage products, smart meters and other electronic componentry, and encompasses complete product lifecycle solutions, including design, manufacturing and reliability services.

Systems Assembly and Testing

We use sophisticated technologies in the assembly and testing of our products. We continue to make investments in the development of automated solutions, as well as new assembly and test process techniques intended to enhance product quality, reduce cost and improve delivery time to customers. We work independently and also collaborate with customers and suppliers to develop assembly and test technologies. Systems assembly and testing require sophisticated logistics capabilities to rapidly procure components, assemble products, perform complex testing and distribute products to customers around the world. Our full systems assembly services involve combining and testing a wide range of sub-assemblies and components before shipping them to their final destination. Some customers require custom build-to-order system solutions with very short lead times, and we are focused on using our advanced supply chain management capabilities to respond to our customers' needs.

Quality and Product Assurance

We provide complete product reliability testing, inspection and qualification capabilities to support our customers' full product lifecycle requirements. Our quality and product assurance teams perform product testing to ensure that designs meet or exceed required specifications. We are capable of testing to various industry standards, and we work closely with our customers to execute unique test protocols. We believe that this service allows our customers to assess certification risks early in the product development lifecycle, reducing cost and time-to-market.

Failure Analysis and After-Market Services

Our extensive failure analysis capabilities concentrate on identifying the root cause of product failures and determining corrective actions. Products are subjected to various environmental extremes, including temperature, humidity, vibration, voltage and contamination. Field conditions are simulated in failure analysis laboratories which employ electron microscopes, spectrometers and other advanced equipment. Our engineers work proactively in partnership with suppliers and customers in an effort to discover product failures before products are shipped, and to develop and implement solutions if required.

We also seek to provide value to our customers through our after-market services offerings which include repair, fulfillment, reverse logistics, asset management and disposition (including ITAD), reclamation and returns processing and prevention. Our fulfillment offering includes the design and management of integrated supply chain and materials management for light manufacturing and final assembly and reclamation. Our reverse logistics offering includes the design and management of transportation networks, warehousing and distribution of products, asset recovery services, and transportation and supply chain event monitoring. Our asset management and disposition offering is a single source solution to dispose of IT assets with optimal sustainability including hardware buyback, remarketing/resale, data erasure and destruction, parts harvesting, redeployment and donations. Our returns processing and prevention offering provides our customers with product screening and testing and product design and process analysis. Our reclamation offering includes product disassembly, reassembly and re-use, as well as certified scrap disposition processing. We offer these services individually or integrated through a 'Control Tower' model which coordinates our people, systems and processes with those of our customers to improve service levels by providing an increased level of visibility and analytics throughout the entire after-market value chain.

Product Licensing

With respect to our partners that are seeking to rationalize their product lines, licensing to us provides them with an alternative to sale or discontinuation. Celestica manages the entire business process for the licensed product or product line, including order acceptance, customer service, engineering, supply chain, obsolescence management, manufacturing, logistics, service parts offering, and after-market services. This allows our partners to continue to serve their customers while maintaining ownership of their intellectual property, and to redeploy their resources for other uses.

Geographies

For each of 2021, 2022 and 2023, approximately 70% of our revenue was produced in Asia and approximately 20% of our revenue was produced in North America. Revenue produced in Canada represented 5% of revenue in 2023 (2022 — 5%; 2021 — 7%). Our property, plant and equipment in Canada represented 4% of our property, plant and equipment at December 31, 2023 (December 31, 2022 — 6%; December 31, 2021 — 7%). A listing of our principal locations is included in Item 4(D), "Information on the Company — Property, Plants and Equipment." Certain geographic information for countries with 10% or more of our external revenue, property, plant and equipment and right-of-use (ROU) assets, and intangible assets and goodwill is set forth in note 25 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 18.

Marketing and Customer Experience

We structure our business development teams by end market, with a focus on offering market insight and expertise, and complete manufacturing, HPS (in the case of our CCS segment) and supply chain solutions to our customers. We have customer-focused teams, each headed by a group general manager who oversees the global relationship with our key customers. These teams work with our subject matter experts to meet the requirements of each customer's product or supply chain. Our global network is comprised of such customer-focused teams, as well as operational and project managers, supply chain management teams, and senior executives.

We provide comprehensive support before, during and after the delivery of our products and services. We seek to deepen and grow our customer relationships by providing consistent, high-quality implementation and customer support services, which we believe drives customer retention and additional opportunities within our existing customer base.

Customer Concentration and Relationship Management

We target industry-leading customers in each of our segments. Our current CCS segment customers include Amazon Fulfillment Services, Inc., Ciena Corporation, Dell Technologies, Google Inc., Hewlett-Packard Enterprise, Hewlett-Packard Inc., IBM Corporation, Juniper Networks, Inc., Meta Platforms, Inc., NEC Corporation, and Polycom, Inc. Our current ATS segment customers include Applied Materials, Inc., LAM Research and Honeywell Inc. We are focused on strengthening our relationships with strategic customers through the delivery of new and expanding end-to-end solutions.

One customer (in our CCS segment) individually represented 10% or more of total revenue in 2023 (22%). Two customers (each in our CCS segment) individually represented 10% or more of total revenue in 2022 (11% for each customer). No customer individually represented 10% or more of total revenue in 2021. Our top 10 customers represented 64% of total revenue for 2023 (2022 and 2021 — 66%).

We generally enter into master supply agreements with our customers that provide the framework for our overall relationship, although such agreements do not typically guarantee a particular level of business or fixed pricing. Instead, we bid on a program-by-program basis and typically receive customer purchase orders for specific quantities and timing of products. We believe that our customer-focused factories are flexible and can be reconfigured as needed to meet customer-specific product requirements and fluctuations in volumes (although we do incur increased production costs from time to time in connection with unexpected demand changes). A majority of these supply agreements also require the customer to purchase unused inventory that we have purchased to fulfill that customer's forecasted manufacturing demand. Some of these agreements require us to provide specific price reductions to our customers over the term of the contracts, which has had (and is expected to continue to have) a significant adverse impact on our revenues, gross margin and operating results. Also see Item 3(D), Key Information — Risk Factors — "Inherent challenges in managing changes in customer demand may impact our planning, supply chain execution and manufacturing, and may adversely affect our operating performance and results."

Research and Technology Development

We use advanced technology to design, assemble and test the products we manufacture. We continue to invest in our global design services and capabilities to conceive differentiated HPS product solutions for our customers.

We have extensive capabilities across a broad range of specialized assembly, configuration and test processes. We work with a variety of substrates based on the products we build for our customers, from thin, flexible PCBs to highly complex, dense multi-layer PCBs, as well as a broad array of advanced component and attachment technologies employed in our customers' products and our own product designs. We believe that increasing demand for full-system solutions continues to drive technical advancement in complex design, including power, thermal and mechanical assembly, manufacturability, serviceability and sustainability. We also develop and manufacture sub-components, such as optical modules and complex machined parts, intended to drive targeted technical advancements to support these opportunities.

Our automated electronics assembly lines are routinely refreshed with the latest generation technology, with a focus on flexible lines with quick changeover, large board capability, and small component capability. Our assembly capabilities are complemented by advanced test capabilities. The technologies we use include high-speed functional testing, optical, burn-in, vibration, radio frequency, and in-circuit and in-situ dynamic thermal cycling stress testing. Our inspection technology includes X-ray computed tomography, advanced automated optical inspection, three-dimensional paste volumetric inspection and scanning electron microscopy. We work directly with leaders in the equipment industry to optimize products and solutions or to jointly design solutions to meet the needs of our customers. We apply automation solutions, where possible, to help improve product quality, lower product costs, and increase manufacturing efficiencies.

Our ongoing R&D activities include the development of processes, test technologies, and hardware platform solutions, spanning core data center technologies, that can be used as-is or customized to optimize a customer's specific applications. Our HPS offering is focused on developing design solutions and subsequently managing the other aspects of the supply chain, including product manufacturing and after-market services. We focus our solutions on developing current and next-generation storage, server and communications products (in particular, elements of data centers, which include the development of complete platform solutions to reduce product costs and accelerate time to market, and which we believe will continue to grow). We work directly with our customers to understand their product roadmaps and requirements, and to develop technology solutions intended to meet their particular needs. We are proactive in developing manufacturing techniques that take advantage of the latest component, product and packaging designs. We have worked with, and have taken leadership roles in, industry and academic groups that strive to advance the state of technology in the industry. As we continue to pursue deeper relationships with our customers, and participate in additional services and revenue opportunities with them, we anticipate an increase in our spending in these areas.

Supply Chain Management

We share data electronically with our key suppliers, and help ensure speed of supply through strong relationships with our component suppliers and logistics partners. We view the size and scale of our procurement activities, including our IT systems, as an important competitive advantage, as they enhance our ability to obtain better pricing, influence component packaging and designs, and obtain a supply of components in constrained markets. We procure substantially all of our materials and components on behalf of our customers pursuant to individual purchase orders that are generally short-term in nature.

Components and raw materials are sourced globally, with a majority of electronic components originating from Asian countries. See Item 3(D), Key Information — Risk Factors — "Our ability to successfully manage unexpected changes or risks inherent in our global operations and supply chain may adversely impact our financial performance" for a discussion of various risks related to our foreign operations. All of the products we manufacture or assemble require one or more components. In many cases, there may be only one supplier of a particular component. Some of these components could be rationed in response to supply shortages. We work with our suppliers and customers to attempt to ensure continuity in the supply of these components. In cases where unanticipated customer demand or supply shortages occur, we attempt to arrange for alternative sources of supply, where available, or defer planned production in response to the availability of the critical components. Notwithstanding these efforts, however, we experienced materials constraints from certain suppliers in recent years, which caused delays in the production of customer products in both of our segments. However, materials constraints did not have a material impact on our revenues or expenses during recent quarters. See Item 5, "Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — MD&A — Recent Developments — Segment Environment" for a discussion of the impact of materials constraints on our business during recent years. See Item 3(D), Key Information — Risk Factors, "We are dependent on third parties to supply certain materials, and our results were negatively affected by the availability of such materials in the past and may be negatively affected by the quality, availability and cost of such materials in the future." While the prices of principal raw materials are generally not volatile, price increases have resulted from materials shortages and inflation in recent periods. Although we have been successful in offsetting the majority of our increased costs with increased pricing for our products and services to date, price increases resulting from such shortages and/or other factors which we cannot recover from our customers have, and may continue to, adversely impact our results of operations.

We utilize our enterprise systems, as well as specific supply chain IT tools, to provide comprehensive information on our logistics, financial and engineering support functions. These systems provide management with the data and analytics required to manage the logistical complexities of our business and are augmented by and integrated with other applications, such as shop floor controls, component and product database management, and design tools.

To minimize the risk associated with inventory, we primarily order materials and components only to the extent necessary to satisfy existing customer orders and forecasts covered by the applicable customer contract terms and conditions. However, in light of the constrained materials environment in recent years, we have also been placing additional orders to secure supply, offset in part by the receipt of cash deposits from the relevant customers. We have implemented specific inventory management strategies with certain suppliers, such as "supplier managed inventory" (pulling inventory at the production line on an as-needed basis) and on-site stocking programs. Our initiatives in Lean and Six Sigma also focus on eliminating excess inventory throughout the supply chain.

Intellectual Property

We hold licenses to various technologies which we have acquired in connection with acquisitions. In addition, we believe that we have secured access to technology sufficient for the current conduct of our business.

We regard our manufacturing processes and certain designs as proprietary trade secrets and confidential information. We rely largely upon a combination of trade secret laws, non-disclosure agreements with our customers, suppliers, employees and other parties, and upon our internal security systems, confidentiality procedures and employee confidentiality agreements to maintain the trade secrecy of our designs and manufacturing processes. Although we take steps to protect our trade secrets and other intellectual property, we cannot assure that misappropriation will not occur. See Item 3(D), Key Information — Risk Factors, "We may not adequately protect our intellectual property or the intellectual property of others."

Our increased research and design activities have resulted in the growth of our dependence on our patent portfolio. We have approximately 250 hardware and software patents that are integral to our HPS business. We anticipate that such growth (and importance) will continue as we expand this business. In addition, we currently have a limited number of other patents and patent applications pending to protect our intellectual property. Other factors significant to our proprietary rights include the knowledge and experience of management and personnel, and our ability to develop, enhance and market electronics manufacturing services.

Each of our customers typically provides us with a license to its technology for use in providing electronics manufacturing services to such customer. Generally, the agreements governing such technology grant to us non-exclusive, worldwide licenses with respect to the subject technologies, are typically provided without charge, and terminate upon a material breach by us of the terms of such agreements, or termination of the program to which such licenses relate.

We also license some technology from third parties that we use in providing electronics manufacturing services to our customers. We believe that such licenses are generally available on commercial terms from a number of licensors. Generally,

the agreements governing such technology grant to us non-exclusive, worldwide licenses with respect to the subject technologies and terminate upon expiration, or a material breach by us of the terms, of such agreements.

Competition

The EMS industry is highly competitive with multiple global EMS providers competing for customers and programs. Our competitors include Benchmark Electronics, Inc., Flex Ltd., Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., Ltd., Jabil Inc., Plexus Corp., and Sanmina Corporation, as well as smaller EMS companies that often have a regional, product, service or industry-specific focus, and ODMs (including Quanta Computer Inc., Wistron Corp., Delta Network, Inc., and Accton Technology Corp.) that provide internally designed products and manufacturing services. We provide hardware platform solutions as part of our HPS offering. There may be instances where our hardware platform solutions compete with a customer's hardware offerings.

We also face indirect competition from current and prospective customers who evaluate our capabilities and commercial models against the merits of manufacturing products internally, and from distribution and logistics providers expanding their services across the supply chain, including assembly, fulfillment, logistics and in some cases, engineering services. We compete with different companies depending on the type of service or geographic area. Some of our competitors have greater scale and provide a broader range of services than we provide. We believe our competitive advantage is our track record in manufacturing technology, quality, complexity, responsiveness and cost-effective, value-added services. To remain competitive, we believe we must continue to provide technologically advanced manufacturing services and solutions, maintain quality levels, offer flexible delivery schedules, deliver finished products and services on time and compete favorably on price.

The competitive landscape in our CCS segment remains aggressive, as demand growth continues to move from traditional OEMs to cloud-based and other service providers, resulting in aggressive bidding from EMS providers and increased competition from ODMs as they further penetrate these markets. As a result of the high concentration of our business in the CCS marketplace, these competitive pressures, aggressive pricing and technology-driven demand shifts, have negatively impacted, and in future periods may negatively impact, our CCS businesses. We intend to continue to monitor these dynamics and focus on cost and portfolio management, in response to these factors. To enhance our competitiveness, we continue to focus on expanding our service offerings and capabilities beyond our traditional areas of EMS expertise, including expanding our HPS, integration, and after-market services offerings.

See Item 3(D), Key Information — Risk Factors — "We operate in an industry comprised of numerous competitors and aggressive pricing dynamics," and Item 5, "Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — MD&A — Overview — Overview of business environment and Recent Developments."

Environmental Matters

We are subject to various federal/national, state/provincial, local, foreign and supra-national laws and regulations, including environmental measures relating to the release, use, storage, treatment, transportation, discharge, disposal and remediation of contaminants, hazardous substances and waste, and health and safety measures related to practices and procedures applicable to the construction and operation of our sites. We have management systems in place designed to maintain compliance with such laws and regulations.

Our past operations and the historical operation by others of our sites may have resulted in soil and groundwater contamination on our sites, and in many jurisdictions in which we operate, environmental laws impose liability for the costs of removal, remediation or risk assessment of hazardous or toxic substances on an owner, occupier or operator of real property even if such person or company was unaware of or not responsible for the discharge or migration of such substances. From time-to-time we investigate, remediate and monitor soil and groundwater contamination at certain operating sites. We generally obtain Phase I or similar environmental assessments (which involve general inspections without soil sampling or groundwater analysis), or review assessment reports undertaken by others, for our manufacturing sites at the time of acquisition or leasing. However, such assessments may not reveal all environmental liabilities (due, for example, to limited available information about prior operations at the properties or other gaps in information at the time we acquire or lease such sites), and assessments have not been obtained for all sites. Where contamination is suspected at sites being acquired or leased, Phase II intrusive environmental assessments (that can include soil and/or groundwater testing) are usually performed. We expect to conduct Phase I or similar environmental assessments in respect of future property acquisitions or leases and intend to perform Phase II assessments where we deem it appropriate. Past environmental assessments have not revealed any environmental liability that we believe will have a material adverse effect on our operating results or financial condition, in part because of contractual retention of liability by landlords and former owners at certain sites. However, any such contractual retention of liability may not provide sufficient protection to reduce or eliminate our liability. Third‑party claims for damages or personal injury are also possible and could result in significant costs to us. If more stringent compliance or cleanup standards under environmental laws

or regulations are imposed, or the results of future testing and analyses at our current or former sites indicate that we are responsible for the release of hazardous substances into the air, ground and/or water, we may be subject to additional liability. Environmental matters may arise at sites where no problem is currently known or at sites that we may acquire in the future. See Item 3(D), Key Information — Risk Factors — "Compliance with governmental laws and obligations could be costly and may negatively impact our financial performance; any failure to comply may negatively impact our financial performance."

Environmental legislation also occurs at the product level. Celestica works with its customers in connection with compliance with applicable product-level environmental legislation in the jurisdictions where products are manufactured and/or offered for use and sale by our customers.

Backlog

Our A&D business continued to be negatively impacted by materials shortages in 2023 (although to a lesser extent than in 2022), most significantly with respect to the availability of certain high reliability electronic parts and machined components, resulting in, among other things, a continued backlog of orders.

Although we obtain purchase orders from our customers, they typically do not commit to delivery of products more than 30 to 90 days in advance. However, due to global supply shortages, some customers have provided us with longer commitments. We do not believe that the backlog of expected product sales covered by purchase orders is a meaningful measure of future sales, since generally orders may be rescheduled or canceled.

Seasonality

Seasonality does not currently have a material impact on either of our segments.

Former Controlling Shareholder

In each of June 2023 and August 2023, Onex (our then-controlling shareholder), completed an underwritten secondary public offering, for an aggregate of approximately 18.8 million of our SVS. In connection with such offerings, we converted all of our outstanding MVS into SVS. Subsequent to the August 2023 secondary offering, we have no MVS outstanding and we no longer have a controlling shareholder.

Government Regulation

Information regarding material effects of government regulations on Celestica's business is provided in the risk factors entitled "We are subject to the risk of increasing income and other taxes, tax audits and the challenges of successfully defending our tax positions, and obtaining, renewing or meeting the conditions of tax incentives and credits, any of which may adversely affect our financial performance," "Compliance with governmental laws and obligations could be costly and may negatively impact our financial performance; any failure to comply may negatively impact our financial performance," "Compliance or the failure to comply with employment laws and regulations may negatively impact our financial performance," "U.S. policies or legislation could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition," and "Our business and operations could be adversely impacted by environmental, social and governance (ESG) initiatives" in Item 3(D), Key Information — Risk Factors.

Sustainability

We are committed to driving sustainability initiatives through collaboration with our employees, customers, suppliers and local communities. Our Sustainability Report, which is published annually, outlines our sustainability strategy, the progress we have made as a socially responsible organization, and the key activities and milestones we are working to achieve for each of our focus areas: our planet, our products and services, our people and our communities. Our most recent Sustainability Report, as well as our Corporate Values, can be found on our website: www.celestica.com (information on our website is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report).

We strive to minimize the impact of our operations on the environment by working to make our infrastructure sustainable and by reducing our GHG emissions. In 2020, we set a new GHG emissions reduction target in alignment with the Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi). We committed to a 30% reduction in absolute Scope 1 and Scope 2 GHG emissions by 2025 from a 2018 base year. We also committed to a 10% reduction in absolute Scope 3 GHG emissions from fuel and energy-related activities, purchased goods and services, and upstream and downstream transportation and distribution by 2025 from a 2018 base year. As of December 31, 2022, we reduced our Scope 1 and 2 emissions by 81% compared to our 2018 baseline.

We are committed to reporting our GHG emissions annually, and have included third-party assurance of our GHG emissions in our annual Sustainability Report since 2013. Since 2010, we have responded to the CDP Climate Change questionnaire, which enables engagement on environmental issues worldwide. We currently report in accordance with the guidance of the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), and our most recent Sustainability Report includes disclosures aligned with the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) and the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD). We remain committed to the UN Global Compact and submitted our Communication on Progress directly with the UN Global Compact. As part of our sustainability strategy, we have adopted the ten (of 17) United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that we believe present opportunities for us to affect the greatest change. We determine this annually through our materiality assessment and during stakeholder conversations. The SDGs we have adopted reflect our commitment to diversity and inclusion, investments in our employees, continued focus on climate action and increased focus on water. We have an established Conflict Minerals Policy in accordance with Dodd-Frank. We fully support the objectives of the conflict minerals legislation, which aims to minimize violence in the Democratic Republic of Congo and adjoining countries, and expect our suppliers to provide all requested declarations.

Diversity and Inclusion

We believe in building an inclusive culture that encourages diversity of thought and attributes while allowing employees to thrive, be valued and celebrated. In our view, diversity includes, but is not limited to, gender or gender identity, race, age, ethnicity, religious or cultural background, disability, marital or family status, sexual orientation, education, skills, experiences, perspectives, language and other areas of potential difference. In furtherance of these beliefs, we maintain a Diversity and Inclusion Policy, under which we are committed to providing a work environment in which everyone feels accepted and valued, by being treated fairly and with respect across the enterprise. We seek to listen, learn and understand from our employees, through whom we continuously strive to improve our culture of inclusivity.

In furtherance of the foregoing, we maintain both a Diversity and Inclusion Steering Committee (D&I Steering Committee) and a Diversity and Inclusion Committee (D&I Committee). The D&I Steering Committee, which is comprised of members of senior management and co-chaired by our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Human Resources Officer, oversees diversity and inclusion at Celestica and seeks to ensure that diversity and inclusion are incorporated into our culture, workplace and talent practices. The D&I Committee is responsible for developing and promoting diversity and inclusion initiatives. We have also appointed a Diversity and Inclusion Leader to drive Celestica's diversity and inclusion strategy. Management periodically updates the Human Resources and Compensation Committee on the Corporation's progress towards its diversity and inclusion objectives. We maintain five employee-led resource groups (Celestica Women’s Network, Celestica Black Employee Network, Celestica Pride Network, Celestica Indigenous Affinity Group and Celestica NextGen), each of which is championed by a senior leader.

Some of the key diversity and inclusions initiatives undertaken by Celestica in 2023 include:

•expansion of the “Your Voice” employee engagement survey to include questions related to diversity and inclusion;

•execution of “Leading Inclusively” training to our global leaders in order to raise awareness of the importance of inclusion, awareness of bias and micro-aggression, and how leaders can create a more inclusive environment;

•diversity and inclusion training programs for all people leaders and employees, including instructor-led training for all people leaders to raise awareness of the importance of inclusion, awareness of bias and micro-aggression, and how leaders can create a more inclusive environment; and

•held our third consecutive “Celestica Day for Diversity and Inclusion Awareness” to highlight the value of equity and reveal issues of inequity that may be unnoticed and unaddressed, understand diverse teams, cultural differences to develop intercultural fluency, spark ways of thinking about inclusion within Celestica and reinforce the value of diverse teams in the workplace.

During 2023, our Chief Executive Officer and executive leadership team considered the ways in which, as a leadership team, they could drive meaningful impact in the area of diversity and inclusion at Celestica. They set goals for 2023 and beyond, including a long-term objective to strengthen diversity in our workforce, and agreed to take visible leadership roles in our diversity and inclusion initiatives.

The Board maintains a Diversity Policy, which includes a goal of maintaining a Board composition in which at least 30% of the Board identify as women and at least one Board member identifies as an Indigenous person, is a member of a visible minority, has a disability, or is LGBTQ+. When identifying candidates for election or appointment to the Board of Directors, the Board and its Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee will:

•consider candidates who are qualified based on a balance of skills, background, experience and knowledge;

•take into account diversity considerations such as age, geographical representation from the regions in which Celestica operates, and representation from underrepresented groups;

•ensure that diverse candidates are brought forth for consideration;

•ensure that the initial candidate list is comprised of no less than 50% people who identify as women; and

•periodically review recruitment and selection protocols to ensure diversity remains an important component of the Board.

The Board believes that the composition and number of director nominees will allow the Board to perform effectively and act in the best interests of the Company and its stakeholders, and we further believe the Board is successfully addressing diversity.

Three of the nine director nominees at our upcoming 2024 Annual and Special Meeting of Shareholders (2024 Meeting) self-identify as women (33%). Three other director nominees self-identify as members of visible minorities (33%), while no director nominees self-identify as Indigenous peoples, persons with disabilities or LGBTQ+.

Employee Engagement

At Celestica, we know our success depends on our talented people and their commitment to excellence. We believe employee engagement is crucial for employee performance and productivity, and strong business outcomes. We therefore continually strive to enhance employee engagement to ensure that we continue to attract and retain talent.

In support of our efforts to foster a high-performing and engaged workforce, we launched a global employee engagement survey in 2023 in order to measure overall engagement and identify our strengths and areas for improvement. This survey was expanded to include diversity and inclusion-related questions. The results of the survey were reviewed by management and compared against the last employee engagement survey conducted in 2021. Participation in the survey was at a company-high of 91%, increasing by 3% from the 2021 survey. Management reviewed the survey results, together with management’s strategy to continue to improve engagement levels in response to the survey feedback, with the Human Resources and Compensation Committee (HRCC).

Employee engagement activities during 2023 included:

l enhanced our “Grow Together” talent strategy with new programs to support ongoing talent development, emphasizing growth opportunities for employees by providing leadership development programs, a peer-mentorship program, career development and global speaking events aligned to Celestica's culture and overall topics of interest, and increased access to online learning;

l continued to coach managers with inclusivity and engagement practices through training and education sessions;

l built a continuous feedback culture through training and education sessions; and

l conducted employee focus groups to understand factors impacting work-life balance in order to develop and implement wellness resources and work prioritization guidelines.

Celestica's rewards and recognition programs acknowledge employees who are achieving business results by living our brand and values, and embracing the characteristics of our Leadership Imperatives. We encourage business and people leaders to acknowledge individual and team success in quarterly town halls, and in more formal ways through our Bravo! and Ignition Awards programs.

We believe that employee engagement and well-being is strengthened through healthy, supportive and safe workplaces. Globally, we have established a framework whereby all sites are required to measure and report on their environmental, health and safety performance regularly.

Community Engagement

We strive to support the local communities in which we live and work. We encourage all full-time employees to take up to 16 hours of paid time off per year to volunteer through our Time Off to Volunteer program. This program gives employees the opportunity to become involved in their communities in a meaningful way and to help those in need.

United Way is a federated network of 67 local United Way Centraide offices serving more than 5,000 communities across Canada, each registered as its own non-profit organization. In 2023, Celestica's annual United Way fundraising campaign raised C$256,854, which brings Celestica’s lifetime fundraising amount to C$12.8 million.

Ethical Labor Practices

We maintain a Business Conduct Governance (BCG) Policy, which outlines the ethics and practices we consider necessary for a positive working environment, as well as the high legal and ethical standards to which our employees are held accountable. 100% of our employees have completed BCG Policy training, and we conduct annual re-certifications. Our BCG Policy is available on our website: www.celestica.com (information on our website is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report).

In addition, we have well-established policies regarding fair labor practices and guidelines intended to create a respectful, safe and healthy work environment for our employees globally.

We are a founding (and remain a) member of the RBA, a non-profit coalition of companies that, among other things, establishes standards for its members in responsible and ethical practices in the areas of labor, environmental compliance, employee health and safety, ethics and social responsibility. The RBA Code of Conduct outlines industry standards intended to ensure that working conditions in the supply chain are safe, workers are treated with respect and dignity, and manufacturing processes are environmentally responsible. We continually work to implement, manage and audit our compliance with the RBA Code of Conduct.

We are committed to the development and fair treatment of our global workforce, including promotion of a diverse workforce, an inclusive work environment, equal employment opportunity hiring practices and policies, and anti-harassment, workforce safety and anti-reprisal policies.

Financial Information Regarding Geographic Areas

Details of our financial information regarding geographic areas are disclosed in note 25 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 18, in Item 4(B) "Information on the Company — Business Overview — Geographies," and in Item 4(D) "Information on the Company — Property, Plants and Equipment." Risks associated with our foreign operations are disclosed in Item 3(D), Key Information — Risk Factors, including "Our ability to successfully manage unexpected changes or risks inherent in our global operations and supply chain may adversely impact our financial performance."

C. Organizational Structure

Celestica conducts its business through subsidiaries operating on a worldwide basis. The following companies are considered significant subsidiaries of Celestica, and each of them is wholly-owned, directly or indirectly, by Celestica:

Celestica Cayman Holdings 1 Limited, a Cayman Islands corporation;

Celestica LLC, a Delaware, U.S. limited liability company;

Celestica (Thailand) Limited, a Thailand corporation;

Celestica (USA) Inc., a Delaware, U.S. corporation;

2480333 Ontario Inc., an Ontario, Canada corporation; and

Celestica Holdings Pte Limited, a Singapore corporation.

D. Property, Plants and Equipment

The following table summarizes our principal owned and leased properties as of February 20, 2024. These sites are used to provide manufacturing services and solutions, including the manufacture of PCBs, assembly and configuration of final systems, complex mechanical assembly, precision machining, as well as other related services and customer support activities, including design and development, warehousing, distribution, fulfillment and after-market services, with a total of approximately 7.3 million square feet of productive capacity.

Major locations

Square Footage(1)

Segment

Owned/Leased

Lease Expiration Dates

Canada (2)(3)

341

ATS/CCS

Leased

between 2025 and 2028

Arizona

111

ATS

Leased

2027

California(3)

198

ATS/CCS

Leased

between 2024 and 2028

China(3)(4)

976

ATS/CCS

Owned/Leased

between 2024 and 2056

India

CCS

Leased

2024

Indonesia(3)(4)

228

ATS

Owned/Leased

between 2024 and 2028

Ireland(3)

ATS/CCS

Leased

between 2024 and 2030

Japan(3)

594

ATS/CCS

Owned/Leased

2026

Laos

121

CCS

Leased

2026

Malaysia(3)(4)(5)(7)

1,451

ATS/CCS

Owned/Leased

between 2024 and 2060

Massachusetts(5)

ATS

Owned

N/A

Minnesota(3)

111

ATS/CCS

Leased

between 2024 and 2032

Mexico(3)

839

ATS/CCS

Leased

between 2026 and 2032

Oregon(3)

217

ATS

Leased

2026

Romania

286

ATS/CCS

Owned

N/A

Singapore(3)(4)

188

ATS/CCS

Owned/Leased

between 2024 and 2053

South Korea(3)

207

ATS

Owned/Leased

2026

Spain

109

ATS

Owned

N/A

Texas(6)

153

CCS

Leased

2032

Thailand(3)(4)(7)

1,005

ATS/CCS

Owned/Leased

between 2024 and 2048

(1)Represents estimated square footage (in thousands) being used.

(2)In connection with our March 2019 Toronto real property sale, we entered into a 10-year lease with the purchaser of such property for our then-anticipated corporate headquarters, to be built by such purchaser on the site of our former location (Purchaser Lease). However, due to construction issues, the commencement date of such lease was delayed beyond the prior target of May 2023 (currently expected to commence in June 2024). In November 2022, we extended (on a long-term basis) the lease on our current corporate headquarters, and in 2023, we executed a sublease for a portion of the space under the Purchaser Lease. As a result, the Purchaser Lease is not included in this table. See Item 5, "Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — MD&A — Liquidity — Cash requirements — Contractual Obligations," and note 15 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 18 for additional information with respect to the Purchaser Lease.

(3)Represents multiple locations.

(4)With respect to these locations, the land is leased, and the buildings are either owned or leased by us.

(5)Owned real properties at these locations are pledged as security under our credit facility.

(6)We are committed to leasing additional space at this site starting April 2027. See Item 5, "Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — MD&A — Liquidity — Cash requirements — Contractual Obligations."

(7)We are currently expanding our facilities in Thailand to add approximately 100,000 square feet of capacity (commenced in 2023 and expected to be completed in the first half of 2025) to support the demand for highly-specialized data center products. In Malaysia, we are also adding approximately 80,000 square feet of capacity (commenced in 2023 and expected to be completed in the first half of 2024) to support strong demand from our CCS segment including HPS. We expect to fund both expansions with cash on hand.

We consider each of the properties in the table above to be adequate for its purpose and suitably utilized according to the individual nature and requirements of the relevant operations. We currently expect to be able to extend the terms of expiring leases or to find replacement sites on commercially acceptable terms. Also see "Environmental Matters" in Item 4(B) above. Our principal executive office is located at 5140 Yonge Street, Suite 1900, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M2N 6L7. Our material tangible fixed assets (of which approximately one-third is pledged as security under our credit agreement) are described in note 6 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 18.

Item 4A. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects

CELESTICA INC.

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2023

The following Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A) should be read in conjunction with our 2023 audited consolidated financial statements (2023 AFS), which we prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). Unless otherwise noted, all dollar amounts are expressed in United States (U.S.) dollars. The information in this discussion is provided as of February 20, 2024 unless we indicate otherwise. As used herein, "Q1," "Q2," "Q3," and "Q4" followed by a year refers to the first quarter, second quarter, third quarter and fourth quarter of such year, respectively.

Certain statements contained in this MD&A constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended (U.S. Securities Act), and Section 21E of the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (U.S. Exchange Act), and contain forward-looking information within the meaning of Canadian securities laws. Such forward-looking information includes, without limitation, statements related to: our priorities, intended areas of focus, targets, objectives, and goals; trends in the electronics manufacturing services (EMS) industry and our segments (and/or their constituent businesses) and their anticipated impact; the anticipated impact of current market conditions on each of our segments (and/or their constituent businesses) and near term expectations; potential restructuring and divestiture actions; our anticipated financial and/or operating results and outlook, including expected revenue increases and decreases, as well as growth in certain businesses and end markets; our expectations with respect to insurance recoveries for tangible losses in connection with a 2022 fire at our Batam facility in Indonesia (Batam Fire); our strategies; our credit risk; the potential impact of acquisitions, or program wins, transfers, losses or disengagements; materials, component and supply chain constraints; anticipated expenses, capital expenditures and other working capital requirements and contractual obligations (and intended methods of funding such items); anticipated sublease recoveries; the impact of our price reductions and longer payment terms; our intended repatriation of certain undistributed earnings from foreign subsidiaries (and amounts we do not intend to repatriate in the foreseeable future); the estimated near-term impact of international tax reform; the potential impact of tax and litigation outcomes; our intention to settle employee share unit awards in subordinate voting shares (SVS); our ability to use certain tax losses; intended investments in our business; the potential impact of the pace of technological changes, customer outsourcing, program transfers, and the global economic environment; the impact of our outstanding indebtedness; liquidity and the sufficiency of our capital resources; financial statement estimates and assumptions; potential adverse impacts of events outside of our control (including those described under "External Factors that May Impact our Business" below) (External Events); mandatory prepayments under our credit facility; our compliance with covenants under our credit facility; refinancing debt at maturity; income tax incentives; accounts payable cash flow levels; expectations with respect to cash generating units with goodwill; pension plan funding requirements and obligations; and expectations regarding the acceptance of offers to sell accounts receivable (A/R) under our A/R sales programs and supplier financing programs. Such forward-looking statements may, without limitation, be preceded by, followed by, or include words such as “believes,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “estimates,” “intends,” “plans,” “continues,” “project,” “target,” "objective," “goal,” “potential,” “possible,” “contemplate,” “seek,” or similar expressions, or may employ such future or conditional verbs as “may,” “might,” “will,” “could,” “should,” or “would,” or may otherwise be indicated as forward-looking statements by grammatical construction, phrasing or context. For those statements, we claim the protection of the safe harbor for forward-looking statements contained in the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, and for forward-looking information under applicable Canadian securities laws.

Forward-looking statements are provided to assist readers in understanding management's current expectations and plans relating to the future. Readers are cautioned that such information may not be appropriate for other purposes. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to risks that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied in such forward-looking statements, including, among others, risks related to: customer and segment concentration; challenges of replacing revenue from completed, lost or non-renewed programs or customer disengagements; managing our business during uncertain market, political and economic conditions, including among others, global inflation and/or recession, and geopolitical uncertainty and other risks associated with our international operations, including the impact of military actions and conflicts (e.g., the Russia/Ukraine conflict and/or conflicts in the Middle East area, including the Israel/Hamas conflict and those related to the Houthi attacks in the Red Sea (Middle East Conflicts)), increased tensions between mainland China and Taiwan, protectionism and reactive countermeasures, economic or other sanctions, and/or trade barriers; shipping delays and increased shipping costs (including as a result of shipping disruptions in the Red Sea); managing changes in customer demand; our customers' ability to compete and succeed using products we manufacture and services we provide; delays in the delivery and availability of components, services and/or

materials (including the scope, duration and impact of materials constraints), as well as their costs and quality; our inventory levels and practices; the cyclical and volatile nature of our semiconductor business; changes in our mix of customers and/or the types of products or services we provide, including negative impacts of higher concentrations of lower margin programs; price, margin pressures, and other competitive factors and adverse market conditions affecting, and the highly competitive nature of, the EMS and original design manufacturer (ODM) industries in general and our segments in particular (including the risk that anticipated market conditions do not materialize); challenges associated with new customers or programs, or the provision of new services; interest rate fluctuations; rising commodity, materials and component costs, as well as rising labor costs and changing labor conditions; changes in U.S. policies or legislation; customer relationships with emerging companies; recruiting or retaining skilled talent; our ability to adequately protect intellectual property and confidential information; the variability of revenue and operating results; unanticipated disruptions to our cash flows; deterioration in financial markets or the macro-economic environment, including as a result of global inflation and/or recession; maintaining sufficient financial resources to fund currently anticipated financial actions and obligations and to pursue desirable business opportunities; the expansion or consolidation of our operations; the inability to maintain adequate utilization of our workforce; integrating and achieving the anticipated benefits from acquisitions and "operate-in-place" arrangements; execution and/or quality issues (including our ability to successfully resolve these challenges); non-performance by counterparties; negative impacts on our business resulting from any significant uses of cash, securities issuances, and/or additional increases in third-party indebtedness (including as a result of an inability to sell desired amounts under our uncommitted accounts receivable sales program or supplier financing programs); disruptions to our operations, or those of our customers, component suppliers and/or logistics partners, including as a result of External Events; defects or deficiencies in our products, services or designs; volatility in the commercial aerospace industry; compliance with customer-driven policies and standards, and third-party certification requirements; negative impacts on our business resulting from our third-party indebtedness; declines in U.S. and other government budgets, changes in government spending or budgetary priorities, or delays in contract awards; changes to our operating model; foreign currency volatility; our global operations and supply chain; competitive bid selection processes; our dependence on industries affected by rapid technological change; rapidly evolving and changing technologies, and changes in our customers' business or outsourcing strategies; increasing taxes (including as a result of global tax reform) and potential ineffectiveness of related operational adjustments; tax audits, and challenges of defending our tax positions; obtaining, renewing or meeting the conditions of tax incentives and credits; the management of our information technology systems, and the fact that while we have not been materially impacted by computer viruses, malware, ransomware, hacking incidents or outages, we have been (and may in the future be) the target of such events; the impact of our restructuring actions and/or productivity initiatives, including a failure to achieve anticipated benefits therefrom; the incurrence of future restructuring charges, impairment charges, other unrecovered write-downs of assets (including inventory) or operating losses; the inability to prevent or detect all errors or fraud; compliance with applicable laws and regulations; our pension and other benefit plan obligations; changes in accounting judgments, estimates and assumptions; our ability to maintain compliance with applicable credit facility covenants; our total return swap agreement; our ability to refinance our indebtedness from time to time; our credit rating; our eligibility for foreign private issuer status; activist shareholders; current or future litigation, governmental actions, and/or changes in legislation or accounting standards; volatility in our SVS price; the impermissibility of SVS repurchases, or a determination not to repurchase SVS, under any normal course issuer bid (NCIB); potential unenforceability of judgments; negative publicity; the impact of climate change; our ability to achieve our environmental, social and governance (ESG) targets and goals, including with respect to climate change and greenhouse gas emissions reduction; and our potential vulnerability to take-over or tender offer. The foregoing and other material risks and uncertainties are discussed in our public filings at www.sedarplus.com and www.sec.gov, including in this MD&A, our Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2023 (of which this MD&A is a part) filed with, and subsequent reports on Form 6-K furnished to, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), and as applicable, the Canadian Securities Administrators.

Our forward-looking statements are based on various assumptions, many of which involve factors that are beyond our control. Our material assumptions include: no significant decline in the global economy or in economic activity in our end markets due to a major recession or otherwise; growth in manufacturing outsourcing from customers in diversified markets; continued growth in the advancement and commercialization of artificial intelligence technologies and cloud computing, supporting sustained high levels of capital expenditure investments by leading hyperscaler customers; no unforeseen disruptions due to geopolitical factors (including war) causing significant negative impacts to economic activity, global or regional supply chains or normal business operations; no unexpected transfers, losses or disengagements; no unforeseen adverse changes in our mix of businesses; no unforeseen adverse changes in the regulatory environment; no undue negative impact on our customers' ability to compete and succeed using products we manufacture and services we provide; continued growth in our end markets; no significant unforeseen negative impacts to our operations (including from mutations or resurgences of COVID-19); no unforeseen materials price increases, margin pressures, or other competitive factors affecting the EMS or ODM industries in general or our segments in particular; our ability to fully recover our tangible losses caused by the Batam Fire through insurance claims; our ability to retain programs and customers; the stability of currency exchange rates; compliance by third parties with their contractual obligations; that our customers will retain liability for product/

component tariffs and countermeasures; our ability to keep pace with rapidly changing technological developments; the successful resolution of quality issues that arise from time to time; our ability to successfully diversify our customer base and develop new capabilities; the availability of capital resources for, and the permissibility under our credit facility of, repurchases of outstanding SVS under NCIBs, and compliance with applicable laws and regulations pertaining to NCIBs; compliance with applicable credit facility covenants; that global inflation will not have a material impact on our revenues or expenses; our maintenance of sufficient financial resources to fund currently anticipated financial actions and obligations and to pursue desirable business opportunities; as well as those related to the following: the scope and duration of materials constraints (i.e., that they do not materially worsen), and their impact on our sites, customers and suppliers; fluctuation of production schedules from our customers in terms of volume and mix of products or services; the timing and execution of, and investments associated with, ramping new business; supplier performance and quality, pricing and terms; the costs and availability of components, materials, services, equipment, labor, energy and transportation; global tax legislation changes (including accelerated applicability of Pillar Two global minimum tax legislation) and anticipated related operational adjustments; the timing, execution and effect of restructuring actions; the components of our leverage ratio (as defined in our credit facility); anticipated demand levels across our businesses; and the impact of anticipated market conditions on our businesses. Although management believes its assumptions to be reasonable under the current circumstances, they may prove to be inaccurate, which could cause actual results to differ materially (and adversely) from those that would have been achieved had such assumptions been accurate. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which they are made, and we disclaim any intention or obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by applicable law.

All forward-looking statements attributable to us are expressly qualified by these cautionary statements.

Overview

Celestica's business:

We deliver innovative supply chain solutions globally to customers in two operating and reportable segments: Advanced Technology Solutions (ATS) and Connectivity & Cloud Solutions (CCS). Our ATS segment consists of our ATS end market, and is comprised of our Aerospace and Defense (A&D), Industrial, HealthTech, and Capital Equipment businesses. Our CCS segment consists of our Communications and Enterprise (servers and storage) end markets. Additional information regarding our segments is included in note 25 to the 2023 AFS.

Our customers include original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), cloud-based and other service providers, including hyperscalers, and other companies in a wide range of industries. Our global headquarters are located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. We operate a network of sites and centers of excellence strategically located in North America, Europe and Asia, with specialized end-to-end supply chain capabilities tailored to meet specific market and customer product lifecycle requirements.

We offer a comprehensive range of product manufacturing and related supply chain services to customers in both of our segments, including design and development, new product introduction, engineering services, component sourcing, electronics manufacturing and assembly, testing, complex mechanical assembly, systems integration, precision machining, order fulfillment, logistics, asset management, product licensing, and after-market repair and return services. Our Hardware Platform Solutions (HPS) offering (within our CCS segment) includes the development of infrastructure platforms, hardware and software design solutions, including open-source software that complements our hardware offerings, and services that can be used as-is, or customized for specific applications in collaboration with our customers, and management of program design and aspects of the supply chain, manufacturing, and after-market support, including IT asset disposition (ITAD) and asset management services.

Products and services in our CCS segment consist predominantly of enterprise-level data communications and information processing infrastructure products and systems, and can include routers, switches, data center interconnects, edge solutions, and servers and storage-related products used by a wide range of businesses and cloud-based and other service providers to manage digital connectivity, commerce and social media applications. Our CCS segment is subject to negative pricing pressures driven by the highly competitive nature of this market and is experiencing technology-driven demand shifts, which are not expected to abate. Our traditional CCS segment businesses typically have lower margin profiles, lower working capital requirements, and higher volumes than the businesses in our ATS segment. Within our CCS segment, however, our HPS business (which includes firmware/software enablement across all primary IT infrastructure data center technologies, open source software offerings that complement our hardware platforms, and aftermarket services including ITAD) typically has a higher margin profile than our traditional CCS businesses, but also requires specific investments (including research and development (R&D)) and higher working capital. Our CCS segment generally experiences a high degree of volatility in terms of revenue and product/service mix, and as a result, our CCS segment margin can fluctuate from period to period. In recent periods, we have experienced an increasing shift in the mix of our programs towards cloud-based and other service providers, which are cyclically different from our traditional OEM customers, creating more volatility and unpredictability in our revenue patterns, and additional challenges with respect to the management of our supply chain and working capital requirements.

Overview of business environment:

The EMS industry is highly competitive. Demand can be volatile from period to period, and aggressive pricing is a common business dynamic. Customers may shift production between EMS and original design manufacturing (ODM) providers for a variety of reasons, including changes in demand for their products, pricing concessions, more favorable terms and conditions, execution or quality issues, their preference or need to modify or consolidate their supply chain capacity or change their supply chain partners, tax benefits, new trade and/or export policies or legislation, or consolidation among customers. Customers may also change the amount of business they outsource, or the concentration or location of their EMS suppliers. As a result, customer and segment revenue and mix, as well as overall profitability, are difficult to forecast. The loss of one or more major customers could have a material adverse effect on our operating results, financial position and cash flows.

Managing our operations is complex, and our financial results often fluctuate, in each case as a result of, among other factors, product lifecycles in the markets we serve, production lead times required by our customers, our ability to secure materials and components, our ability to manage staffing and talent dynamics, rapid shifts in technology, model obsolescence, commoditization of certain products, the emergence of new business models, shifting patterns of demand, the proliferation of software-defined technologies enabling the disaggregation of software and hardware, product oversupply, changing supply chains and customer supply chain requirements, and the build-up by customers of inventory buffers. For example, the shift from traditional network and data center infrastructures to highly scalable, virtualized, cloud-based environments, have adversely impacted some of our traditional CCS segment customers, and favorably impacted our service provider customers and our HPS business. In 2023, operational challenges as a result of global supply chain constraints were not material to our revenues or expenses, and the negative impacts of global supply chain constraints have been diminishing. However, such supply chain constraints still remain a risk to us in the near term (see "External Factors that May Impact our Business" below).

Capacity utilization, customer mix and the types of products and services we provide are important factors affecting our financial performance. The number of sites, the location of qualified personnel, the manufacturing and engineering capacity and network, and the mix of business through that capacity are also vital considerations for EMS and ODM providers in terms of generating appropriate returns. Because the EMS industry is working capital intensive, we believe that non-IFRS adjusted return on invested capital (ROIC), which is primarily based on non-IFRS operating earnings (each discussed in "Non-IFRS Financial Measures" below) and investments in working capital and equipment, is an important metric for measuring an EMS provider's financial performance.

Recent Developments

Segment Environment:

ATS Segment

ATS segment revenue for 2023 increased 11% ($0.3 billion) to $3.3 billion compared to $3.0 billion for 2022, driven by the ramping of new programs in our Industrial business, improving demand in our A&D business and solid growth in our

HealthTech business, which more than offset demand softness in our Capital Equipment business. We expect ATS segment revenue to grow in the mid single-digit percentage range in 2024 compared to 2023.

ATS segment margin remained flat at 4.7% for 2023 compared to 2022, as the benefits of volume leverage and program ramps in our Industrial business were offset by softness in our Capital Equipment business.

Our Industrial business revenue increased 29% in 2023 compared to 2022, driven by ramping smart energy and EV charging programs. However, due to market softness commencing towards the end of 2023, we expect our Industrial business revenue to decrease in the first half of 2024 and return to growth in the second half of the year compared to the prior year periods, resulting in modest revenue growth in 2024 compared to 2023.

Our Capital Equipment business continued to be impacted by market softness during 2023. We currently expect modest revenue growth in 2024 compared to 2023, supported by new program wins and our expectation that market demand remains steady.

Our A&D business revenue increased 32% in 2023 compared to 2022 due to a sustained recovery in the commercial aerospace market and solid growth in our defense business. We expect A&D revenue in 2024 to increase in the low double-digit percentage range compared to 2023, driven by the solid demand in the commercial aerospace market and growth in our defense business, supported by new program wins and increased government investment in military capabilities.

We expect our HealthTech business to grow in 2024 compared to 2023, as we ramp new programs.

In general, we continue to pursue new customers and invest in our ATS segment to expand our market share, diversify our end market mix, and enhance our offerings with the addition of new capabilities.

CCS Segment

CCS segment revenue for 2023 increased 9% ($0.3 billion) to $4.6 billion compared to $4.3 billion in 2022, driven by growth in our Enterprise end market (supported by strong demand for artificial intelligence/machine learning (AI/ML) compute from our hyperscaler customers), partially offset by anticipated demand softness in our Communications end market, due primarily to the strong comparatives in 2022. Our HPS business revenue for 2023 decreased 7% compared to 2022, due to particularly strong HPS revenue in 2022. However, revenue from hyperscalers increased 32% in 2023 compared to 2022, accounting for 62% of total CCS segment revenues in 2023, up from 51% in the prior year.

CCS segment margin improved to 6.2% in 2023 compared to 5.1% in 2022, driven by higher volumes and improved mix.

We currently expect: (i) HPS revenue to increase in Q1 2024 and 2024 compared to the prior year periods, driven by new program wins; (ii) Communications end market revenue to increase in Q1 2024 compared to Q1 2023 due to an anticipated increase in networking demand from hyperscalers; and (iii) strong growth in our Enterprise end market in 2024 compared to 2023 as hyperscaler customers increase deployment of AI/ML compute capacity. Overall, we expect CCS segment revenue to grow in the low double-digit percentage range in 2024 compared to 2023.

Operational Impacts

Global supply chain constraints have negatively impacted our business in prior periods, resulting in extended lead times for certain components, and impacting the availability of materials required to support customer programs. Although supply chain constraints continued to exist in 2023, their adverse impacts have been diminishing. We had no material adverse revenue impacts in 2023 as a result of supply chain constraints that prevented us from fulfilling customer orders (2022 — approximately $17 million, all within our ATS segment, and all within Q1 2022). In 2023, we incurred no material Constraint Costs1 as a result of supply chain constraints, periodic lockdowns or workforce constraints (Workforce Constraints), or COVID-19-related expenses (2022 — approximately $4 million, all within our ATS segment, and all within Q1 2022).

1 Constraint Costs consist of both direct and indirect costs, including manufacturing inefficiencies related to lost revenue due to our inability to secure materials, idled labor costs, and incremental costs for labor, expedite fees and freight premiums, cleaning supplies, personal protective equipment, and IT related services to support our work-from-home arrangements.

As some sub-tier suppliers providing raw materials such as high-grade aluminum are partially dependent on supply from Russia/Ukraine, we will continue to closely monitor the supply availability and price fluctuations of these raw materials. However, the impact of the current Russia/Ukraine conflict on our supply chain has not been significant. In addition, as certain of our suppliers are located in the Middle East, and we source certain parts from the Middle East, we are closely monitoring the impact on our supply chain of the conflicts in the area, including the Israel/Hamas conflict and those related to Houthi attacks in the Red Sea (Middle East Conflicts). We are in close contact with our suppliers and logistics providers in the area, and neither we nor they (to our knowledge) have experienced any significant impact to date.

Future Uncertainties:

Global supply chain constraints have impacted our operations in the past and remain a risk for us in the near future. The ultimate magnitude of the impact of global supply chain constraints on our business will depend on future developments which cannot currently be predicted, including the speed at which our suppliers and logistics providers return to and/or maintain full production, the impact of supplier prioritization of backlog, COVID-19 resurgences, government responses, and the status of labor shortages. As a result, we cannot currently estimate the overall severity or duration of the impact of these matters, which may be material. While we have been successful in largely mitigating the impact of supply constraints on our productivity, the continued spread, resurgence and mutation of COVID-19 may make our mitigation efforts more challenging. Even after these issues have subsided, we may experience significant adverse impacts to our businesses as a result of their global economic impact, including any related recession, as well as lingering impacts on our suppliers, third-party service providers and/or customers. Also see Item 3(D), Key Information — Risk Factors, "We are dependent on third parties to supply certain materials, and our results were negatively affected by the availability of such materials in the past and may be negatively affected by the quality, availability and cost of such materials in the future" of our Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2023 (2023 Annual Report), of which this MD&A is a part.

Restructuring Update:

We recorded $11.2 million in net restructuring charges during 2023. Our restructuring activities consisted primarily of actions to adjust our cost base to address reduced levels of demand in certain of our businesses and geographies.

Corporate Headquarters Leases:

In March 2019, as part of our Toronto real property sale, we entered into a 10-year lease with the purchaser of such property for our then-anticipated headquarters, to be built by such purchaser on the site of our former location (Purchaser Lease). However, as previously disclosed, we were informed that due to construction issues, the commencement date of the Purchaser Lease would be delayed beyond the prior target of May 2023. As a result, in November 2022, we extended (on a long-term basis) the lease on our current corporate headquarters. Subsequently, we were informed that the Purchaser Lease would commence in June 2024. In Q3 2023, we executed a sublease for a portion of the space under the Purchaser Lease (Sublease). Consistent with our prior treatment of duplicate costs incurred as a result of our 2019 Toronto real property sale, we recorded $3.9 million (Purchaser Lease Charge) of Transition Costs (defined in "Non-IFRS Financial Measures" below) in Q3 2023, representing the excess of rental expenses under the Purchaser Lease (with respect to the subleased space) over anticipated rental recoveries under the Sublease. See "Liquidity — Cash requirements — Contractual Obligations" below for a description of our lease obligations under the Purchaser Lease. Also see "Operating Results — Other charges, net of recoveries" below.

Subordinate Voting Share (SVS) Repurchases:

On December 12, 2023, the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX) accepted our notice to launch a new normal course issuer bid (NCIB). This NCIB (2023 NCIB) allows us to repurchase, at our discretion, from December 14, 2023 until the earlier of December 13, 2024 or the completion of purchases thereunder, up to approximately 11.8 million SVS in the open market, or as otherwise permitted, subject to the normal terms and limitations of such bids. The maximum number of SVS we are permitted to repurchase for cancellation under the 2023 NCIB will be reduced by the number of SVS we arrange to be purchased by any non-independent broker in the open market during its term to satisfy delivery obligations under our stock-based compensation (SBC) plans. From the commencement of the 2023 NCIB through February 20, 2024, we paid a total of: (i) $16.5 million (including transaction fees) to repurchase 0.5 million SVS, at a weighted average price of $35.96 per share, for cancellation; and (ii) $101.6 million (including transaction fees) to repurchase 2.8 million SVS, at a weighted average price of $36.33 per share, for delivery obligations under our SBC plans.

During 2023, we paid an aggregate of $35.6 million (including transaction fees) to repurchase a total of 2.6 million SVS for cancellation under a previous NCIB launched in December 2022 (2022 NCIB), at a weighted average price of $13.83 per share. We also paid an aggregate of $82.3 million in 2023 to purchase 3.7 million SVS in the open market through an independent broker during the term of the 2022 NCIB for delivery obligations under our SBC plans. No SVS were purchased in 2023 in the open market during the term of the 2023 NCIB.

See note 12 to our 2023 AFS for details regarding automatic share purchase plans (ASPPs) we entered into in 2023 and 2022, and SVS purchases made thereunder.

Secondary Offerings and Related Matters:

On June 8, 2023, Onex Corporation (Onex), our then-controlling shareholder, completed an underwritten secondary public offering of 12 million of our SVS (June Secondary Offering). On August 4, 2023, Onex completed another underwritten secondary public offering of approximately 6.8 million of our SVS (August Secondary Offering, and collectively with June Secondary Offering, the Secondary Offerings). We did not sell any shares in, and did not receive any proceeds from, either such offering.

In connection with the June Secondary Offering, the Company and Onex entered into an underwriting agreement (June Underwriting Agreement) with RBC Capital Markets, LLC (June Underwriter) on June 5, 2023. In connection with the August Secondary Offering, the Company and Onex entered into an underwriting agreement (August Underwriting Agreement) with BofA Securities, Inc. and Merrill Lynch Canada Inc. (August Underwriters) on August 1, 2023. Each of the June Underwriting Agreement and the August Underwriting Agreement contains customary representations, warranties, covenants and other customary provisions for agreements of this type. In addition, we agreed to indemnify the June Underwriter and Onex (in connection with the June Secondary Offering) and the August Underwriters and Onex (in connection with the August Secondary Offering) against certain claims, including claims under the U.S. Securities Act and applicable Canadian securities laws, based on the relevant U.S. registration statement and related U.S. and Canadian prospectuses. The Company paid approximately $0.95 million of the aggregate fees and expenses of the June 2023 Secondary Offering, and approximately $0.65 million of the aggregate fees and expenses of the August Secondary Offering.

In connection with the June Secondary Offering and August Secondary Offering, we issued approximately 11.8 million SVS and approximately 6.8 million SVS, respectively, in each case upon conversion of an equivalent number of our multiple voting shares (MVS). Subsequent to the August Secondary Offering, we have no MVS outstanding and Onex is no longer our controlling shareholder.

Our Services Agreement with Onex for the services of Mr. Tawfiq Popatia (an officer of Onex) as a director of our Board of Directors (Board), terminated automatically on September 3, 2023. In accordance with the provisions of such agreement, we paid Onex approximately $9.2 million in cash in October 2023 to settle Onex’s outstanding deferred share units (DSUs). Mr. Popatia resigned from our Board on September 3, 2023. Also see “Related Party Transactions.”

Board member retirement:

Dan DiMaggio retired from our Board of Directors (Board) on January 29, 2024, and is not standing for re-election to our Board at our 2024 Annual and Special Meeting of Shareholders. In accordance with the Directors' Share Compensation Plan, the DSUs held by Mr. DiMaggio will be redeemed and payable on March 15, 2024. Mr. DiMaggio currently holds 0.3 million DSUs.

Operating Goals and Priorities

Our current operating goals and priorities are set forth below.

Evolving our Revenue Portfolio — To evolve our revenue portfolio, we intend to continue to focus on: (i) pursuing revenue growth in attractive markets where we believe we can establish a competitive presence, (ii) driving sustainable, profitable revenue growth, (iii) growing our aggregate ATS segment revenue organically by an average of 10% per year over the long term, (iv) supplementing our organic growth with disciplined and targeted acquisitions intended to expand capabilities, and (v) optimizing our portfolio to drive more consistent returns and profitability.

Margins and Non-IFRS adjusted earnings per share (EPS)* — Our goal is to: (i) grow non-IFRS adjusted EPS* at 10%+ CAGR** over the long-term, and (ii) continue to focus on improvements to our segment margins† and non-IFRS operating margin*.

The duration and impact of global supply constraints, other industry market conditions, and other external factors described herein are not within our control, and may therefore impact our ability to achieve the foregoing goals.

Balanced Approach to Capital Allocation — We are focused on maintaining a strong balance sheet, generating non-IFRS adjusted free cash flow* and balancing our debt and capital levels, while maintaining optimal financial flexibility. In terms of capital allocation, our goal is to: (i) return approximately 50% of non-IFRS adjusted free cash flow* to shareholders, on average and when permitted, over the long term, (ii) generally invest 1.5% to 2.0% of annual revenue in capital expenditures to support our organic growth over the long term, and (iii) pursue potential strategic acquisitions as part of a disciplined capital allocation framework.

The foregoing priorities and areas of intended focus constitute our objectives and goals, and are not intended to be projections or forecasts of future performance. Our future performance is subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause actual outcomes and results to differ materially from the goals and priorities described above.

† Segment performance is evaluated based on segment revenue, segment income and segment margin (segment income as a percentage of segment revenue), each of which is defined in "Operating Results — Segment income and margin" below.

* Non-IFRS adjusted EPS, non-IFRS operating margin (each a ratio based on a non-IFRS financial measure), and non-IFRS adjusted free cash flow are non-IFRS financial measures without standardized meanings, and may not be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. See "Non-IFRS Financial Measures" below for the definitions and uses of these non-IFRS financial measures, and a reconciliation of these non-IFRS financial measures to the most directly-comparable financial measures determined under IFRS for specified periods. We do not provide reconciliations for forward-looking non-IFRS financial measures, as we are unable to provide a meaningful or accurate calculation or estimation of reconciling items and the information is not available without unreasonable effort.

** CAGR (compound annual growth rate), is calculated using the formula: (Ending Value / Beginning Value)^(1/number of years) -1.

Our Strategy