E-Home Household Service Holdings Ltd [EJH] Filings

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

☐ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR 12(g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☒  ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2023

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ___________ to ___________

OR

☐ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Date of event requiring this shell company report _________________________

Commission file number: 001-40375

E-Home Household Service Holdings Limited 

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

Not Applicable

(Translation of Registrant’s Name Into English)

Cayman Islands

(Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)

E-Home, 18/F, East Tower, Building B,

Dongbai Center, Yangqiao Road,

Gulou District, Fuzhou City 350001,

People’s Republic of China

+86-591-87590668

(Address of Principal Executive Offices)

Mr. Wenshan Xie, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer

E-Home, 18/F, East Tower, Building B,

Dongbai Center, Yangqiao Road,

Gulou District, Fuzhou City 350001,

People’s Republic of China

Tel: +86-591-87590668 

(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act.

None

(Title of Class)

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act.

None

(Title of Class)

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report (June 30, 2023): There were 27,248,959 shares of the registrant’s Ordinary Shares outstanding, par value $0.02 per share. (The Company effected a 1 for 10 reverse stock split in September 2023)

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes ☐  No ☒

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. 

Yes ☐  No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes ☒  No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).

Yes ☒  No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer.

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.

☐ Item 17  ☐ Item 18

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes ☐  No ☒

(APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court.

Yes  ☐  No  ☐

Annual Report on Form 20-F

Year Ended June 30, 2023

INTRODUCTORY NOTES

Use of Certain Defined Terms

Except as otherwise indicated by the context and for the purposes of this report only, references in this report to:

Our reporting currency is U.S. dollar and our functional currency is Renminbi. This annual report contains translations of certain foreign currency amounts into U.S. dollars for the convenience of the reader. We make no representation that the Renminbi or U.S. dollar amounts referred to in this annual report could have been or could be converted into U.S. dollars or Renminbi, as the case may be, at any particular rate or at all. On June 30, 2023, the noon buying rate was RMB7.2258 to US$1, as set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the U.S. Federal Reserve Board.

Forward-Looking Information

In addition to historical information, this annual report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Exchange Act. We use words such as “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “project,” “target,” “plan,” “optimistic,” “intend,” “aim,” “will” or similar expressions which are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Such statements include, among others, those concerning market and industry segment growth and demand and acceptance of new and existing products; any projections of sales, earnings, revenue, margins or other financial items; any statements of the plans, strategies and objectives of management for future operations; and any statements regarding future economic conditions or performance, as well as all assumptions, expectations, predictions, intentions or beliefs about future events. You are cautioned that any such forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve risks and uncertainties, as well as assumptions, which, if they were to ever materialize or prove incorrect, could cause the results of the Company to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Potential risks and uncertainties include, among other things, the possibility that third parties hold proprietary rights that preclude us from marketing our products and services, the emergence of additional competing technologies, changes in domestic and foreign laws, regulations and taxes, changes in economic conditions, uncertainties related to legal system and economic, political and social events in China, a general economic downturn, a downturn in the securities markets, and other risks and uncertainties which are generally set forth under Item 3 “Key information—D. Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this annual report.

Readers are urged to carefully review and consider the various disclosures made by us in this report and our other filings with the SEC. These reports attempt to advise interested parties of the risks and factors that may affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and prospects. The forward-looking statements made in this report speak only as of the date hereof and we disclaim any obligation, except as required by law, to provide updates, revisions or amendments to any forward-looking statements to reflect changes in our expectations or future events.

PART I

ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS

Not applicable for annual reports on Form 20-F.

ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

Not applicable for annual reports on Form 20-F.

ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION

Our Holding Company Structure and Their Respective Individual Shareholders

E-Home is not an operating company but rather a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. Because E-Home has no operations of its own, we conduct substantially all of our business in mainland China (which is also referred to as “PRC,” and for the purpose of this report, excluding Taiwan and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau) and generate revenue for the years ended June 30, 2021, 2022 and 2023 through E-Home’s subsidiaries, particularly, E-Home (Pingtan) Home Service Co., Ltd. and Fuzhou Bangchang Technology Co. Ltd., and their respective subsidiaries.

As used in this annual report, unless the context indicates otherwise, references to “E-Home” refer to E-Home Household Service Holdings Limited, a holding company and references to “we,” “us,” “our,” the “Company” or “our company” are to E-Home and its consolidated subsidiaries, including E-Home Household Service Holdings Limited (Hong Kong), Fujian Chuangying Business Science and Technology Co., Ltd. and its wholly owned subsidiaries Fuzhou Funeng Enterprise Management Consulting Co., Ltd. and Fujian Weizhixing Technology Co., Ltd, Zhongrun (Fujian) Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., E-Home Household Service Technology Co., Ltd., E-Home (Pingtan) Home Service Co., Ltd., Fuzhou Bangchang Technology Co. Ltd., Fuzhou Yongheng Xin Electric Co., Ltd., Fujian Happiness Yijia Family Service Co., Ltd., and Danyang Fumao Health Development Co., Ltd, as a whole.

There are significant legal and operational risks associated with having substantially all of our business operations in China, including that changes in the legal, political and economic policies of the Chinese government, the relations between China and the United States, or Chinese or United States regulations may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Moreover, the Chinese government may exercise significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of our business and may intervene in or influence the PRC subsidiaries’ operations in China at any time. Recent statements by the Chinese government indicate an intent to exert more oversight and more control over offerings conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers. Any such actions by the Chinese government could significantly limit or completely hinder E-Home’s ability to offer or continue to offer its securities to investors and cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or become worthless. Although we believe our operating structure is legal and permissible under the Chinese law and regulations currently in effect, Chinese regulatory authorities could take a different position on the interpretation and enforcement of laws and regulations and disallow our holding company structure, which would likely result in a material adverse change in our operations and/or the value of E-Home’s securities, including that it could cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or become worthless. For a detailed description of the risks associated with doing business in China, please refer to risks disclosed under “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China.”

The PRC government recently initiated a series of regulatory actions and made a number of public statements on the regulation of business operations in China, including cracking down on illegal activities in the securities market, enhancing supervision over China-based companies listed overseas using variable interest entity (“VIE”) structure, adopting new measures to extend the scope of cybersecurity reviews, and expanding efforts in anti-monopoly enforcement. We do not believe that our PRC subsidiaries are directly subject to these regulatory actions or statements, as our PRC subsidiaries have not carried out any monopolistic behavior and the business of our PRC subsidiaries does not involve the collection of user data or implicate cybersecurity.

We dissolved the VIE structure in October 2021 as the business of our PRC subsidiaries does not involve any type of restricted industry. As advised by our PRC legal counsel, Tian Yuan Law Firm, the risk that we may face penalties associated with our prior VIE structure if such structures are invalidated in the PRC in the future is minimal.

On February 17, 2023, China Securities Regulatory Commission (“CSRC”) released Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (the “New Overseas Listing Rules”) with five interpretive guidelines, which took effect on March 31, 2023. The New Overseas Listing Rules require Chinese domestic enterprises to complete filings with CSRC and report related information under certain circumstances, such as: a) an issuer making an application for initial public offering and listing in an overseas market; b) an issuer making an overseas securities offering after having been listed on an overseas market; c) a domestic company seeking an overseas direct or indirect listing of its assets through single or multiple acquisition(s), share swap, transfer of shares or other means. According to the Notice on Arrangements for Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Enterprises, published by the CSRC on February 17, 2023, a company that (i) has already completed overseas listing or (ii) has already obtained the approval for the offering or listing from overseas securities regulators or exchanges but has not completed such offering or listing on or before effective date of the new rules and also completes the offering or listing before September 30, 2023 will be considered as an existing listed company and is not required to make any filing until it conducts a new offering in the future. Furthermore, upon the occurrence of any of the material events specified below after an issuer has completed its offering and listed its securities on an overseas stock exchange, the issuer shall submit a report thereof to the CSRC within 3 business days after the occurrence and public disclosure of the event: (i) change of control; (ii) investigations or sanctions imposed by overseas securities regulatory agencies or other competent authorities; (iii) change of listing status or transfer of listing segment; or (iv) voluntary or mandatory delisting. The New Overseas Listing Rules stipulate the legal consequences to the companies for breaches, including failure to fulfill filing obligations or filing documents having false statement or misleading information or material omissions, which may result in administrative penalties such as order to rectify, warnings and a fine ranging from RMB1 million to RMB10 million, and in cases of severe violations, the controlling shareholders, actual controllers, the person directly in charge and other directly liable persons may also be subject to administrative penalties, such as warnings and fines and may be barred from entering the securities market. On February 24, 2023, the CSRC, the Ministry of Finance, the National Administration of State Secretes Protection and the National Archives Administration released the Provisions on Strengthening the Confidentiality and Archives Administration Related to the Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies, or the Confidentiality and Archives Administration Provisions, which took effect on March 31, 2023. PRC domestic enterprises seeking to offer securities and list in overseas markets, either directly or indirectly, shall establish and improve the system of confidentiality and archives work, and shall complete approval and filing procedures with competent authorities, if such PRC domestic enterprises or their overseas listing entities provide or publicly disclose documents or materials involving state secrets and work secrets of state organs to relevant securities companies, securities service institutions, overseas regulatory agencies and other entities and individuals. It further stipulates that (i) providing or publicly disclosing documents and materials which may adversely affect national security or public interests, and accounting records or photocopies thereof to relevant securities companies, securities service institutions, overseas regulatory agencies and other entities and individuals shall be subject to corresponding procedures in accordance with relevant laws and regulations; and (ii) any working papers formed in the territory of the PRC by securities companies and securities service agencies that provide domestic enterprises with securities services relating to overseas securities issuance and listing shall be stored in the territory of the PRC, the outbound transfer of which shall be subject to corresponding procedures in accordance with relevant laws and regulations. As of the date of this report, these new laws and guidelines have not impacted the Company’s ability to conduct its business, accept foreign investments, or list and trade on a U.S. or other foreign exchange other than the filing requirement with CSRC within three business days after we make any oversea securities offering under New Overseas Listing Rules. As advised by our PRC counsel, Tian Yuan Law Firm, our offerings will be subject to the New Overseas Listing Rules but such offerings are not contingent upon receipt of approval from the CSRC as the new rules only require the Company to file with CSRC within three business days after the completion of the overseas offering since the Company is already listed on an oversea exchange before the effective date of the New Overseas Listing Rules. According to the New Overseas Listing Rules, Chinese domestic enterprises shall be made in compliance with national secrecy laws and regulations concerning national security, foreign investment, cybersecurity and data security. Our subsidiaries in China provide home appliance services and housekeeping services and their business activities do not affect national security and they don’t have documents and materials which may adversely affect national security or public interests. However, there are uncertainties in the interpretation and enforcement of these new laws and guidelines, which could materially and adversely impact our business and financial outlook, may impact our ability to accept foreign investments, offer our securities to investors or continue to list on a U.S. or other foreign exchange, and could impact our ability to conduct our business.

As further advised by our PRC counsel, as of the date of this annual report, no relevant laws or regulations in the PRC explicitly require E-Home or our PRC subsidiaries to seek approval from the China Securities Regulatory Commission, or the CSRC, or any other PRC governmental authorities for the offering, other than the filing requirement under New Overseas Listing Rules, nor has E-Home, our Cayman Islands holding company or any of our subsidiaries received any inquiry, notice, warning or sanctions regarding the offering from the CSRC or any other PRC governmental authorities. However, since these statements and regulatory actions by the PRC government are newly published and detailed official guidance and related implementation rules have not been issued or taken effect, it is uncertain how soon the regulatory bodies in China will finalize implementation measures, and the impact the modified or new laws and regulations will have on the daily business operations of our PRC subsidiaries, our ability to accept foreign investments and list on an U.S. or other foreign exchange. For more information on various risks related to doing business in China, see “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China”.

Risks and uncertainties arising from the legal system in China, including risks and uncertainties regarding the enforcement of laws and quickly evolving rules and regulations in China, could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ordinary shares. For more details, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors— There are uncertainties regarding the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws, rules and regulations.”

The Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act

Our securities will be prohibited from trading if our auditor cannot be fully inspected by the PCAOB for three consecutive years pursuant to the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, which was enacted on December 18, 2020. On December 29, 2022, a legislation entitled “Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023” (the “Consolidated Appropriations Act”) was signed into law by President Biden, which has shortened the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act’s timeline for a potential trading prohibition from three years to two years, thus reducing the time period before our securities may be prohibited from trading or delisted if our auditor is unable to meet the PCAOB inspection requirement. Our independent registered public accounting firm, Enrome LLP, is not headquartered in mainland China or Hong Kong and was not identified in the report as a firm subject to the PCAOB’s determination on December 16, 2021, which determinations were vacated on December 15, 2022. However, if it is determined in the future that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate our auditor completely, or if our future audit reports are prepared by auditors that are not completely inspected by the PCAOB, our ordinary shares may be delisted or trading in our ordinary shares may be prohibited under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act. For more details, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China”.

Permissions Required from the PRC Authorities for Our Operations

We conduct our business primarily through our subsidiaries in China. Our operations in China are governed by PRC laws and regulations. As of the date of this annual report, none of our PRC subsidiaries is required to obtain additional licenses or permits beyond a regular business license for their operations and business permits for certain medical devices and products that are required for the business of Zhongrun. Each of our PRC subsidiaries is required to obtain a regular business license from the local branch of the State Administration for Market Regulation. Each of our PRC subsidiaries has obtained a valid business license for its respective business scope, and no application for any such license has been denied. Zhongrun has valid business permit for certain medical devices through March 16, 2027 and valid business permit for distribution of certain medical products through April 28,2027. Zhongrun also completed the filing requirement and received permit for online business for sales of its medical devices on August 30, 2022.

Cybersecurity Review

As advised by our PRC counsel, Tian Yuan Law Firm, and based on their interpretation of the revised Cybersecurity Review Measures which were released for comments in July 2021 and became effective on February 15, 2022, E-Home or any of its PRC subsidiaries are not required to apply for a cybersecurity review with the CAC, because E-Home’s Ordinary Shares we relisted on Nasdaq before the effective date of the revised Cybersecurity Review Measures on February 15, 2022 and the requirement that “online platform operators with personal information of more than 1 million users which intends to go public abroad must apply to the Cybersecurity Review Office of the CAC for a cybersecurity review” set forth in Article 7 of the revised Cybersecurity Review Measures should not be applicable to E-Home or any of its subsidiaries. Further, we do not believe that E-Home or any of its subsidiaries constitutes an online platform operator under the draft Regulations on Network Data Security which were published for comments on November 14, 2021 by the CAC. However, there remains uncertainty as to the interpretation and implementation of the revised Cybersecurity Review Measures and we cannot assure you that the CAC will reach the same conclusion as our PRC counsel.

Transfer of Cash Through Our Organization

Holding Company Structure

Our equity structure is a direct holding structure, that is, E-Home, the Cayman Islands entity listed in the U.S., controls E-Home Pingtan and Fuzhou Bangchang and other Chinese operating entities through E-Home HK. See “Item 4 Information of the Company – A. History and Development of the Company – Corporate Structure” for more details.

Cash and Other Assets Transfers Between the Holding Company and Its Subsidiaries

As a result of E-Home’s IPO closed in May 2021, E-Home received net proceeds of approximately $21.66 million. On December 20, 2021, E-Home issued the Convertible Note to an institutional investor in the principal amount of $5,275,000, before deducting original discount, investor’s legal and other transaction costs and placement agent fees. On May 13, 2022, E-Home issued an unsecured convertible note with 8% interest two-year maturity for a principal amount of $3,170,000. On January 6, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with eleven investors, including two entities and nine individuals, pursuant to which the Company received an aggregate of US$20 million proceeds in connection with the investment. On January 27, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with certain investors, pursuant to which the Company received an aggregate of US$70,118,618 before deducting offering expenses. As of June 30, 2023, with respect to the net proceeds from the IPO, registerer direct offerings and notes, E-Home had transferred approximately $35.00 million to E-Home Pingtan through E-Home HK and separately sent approximately $13.58 million to E-Home HK.

E-Home, as a holding company, may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by its Chinese subsidiaries for E-Home’s cash and financing requirements, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to its shareholders or to pay any expenses and other obligations it may incur. To date, there have not been any dividends or other distributions from our Chinese subsidiaries to our subsidiary located outside of mainland China, namely E-Home HK, or the Cayman Islands holding company, E-Home.

Within our direct holding structure, the cross-border transfer of funds from E-Home to its Chinese subsidiaries is permitted under laws and regulations of the PRC currently in effect. Foreign investors’ funds for purchasing E-Home’s securities being offered can be remitted to our subsidiaries in China, through E-Home HK. Specifically, E-Home is permitted to provide funding to its PRC subsidiaries in the form of shareholder loans or capital contributions, subject to satisfaction of applicable government registration, approval and filing requirements in China. There are no quantity limits on E-Home’s ability to make capital contributions to its PRC subsidiaries under the PRC regulations. However, the PRC subsidiaries may only procure shareholder loans from E-Home HK to the extent of the difference between their respective registered capital and total investment amount as recorded in the Chinese Foreign Investment Comprehensive Management Information System.

Dividends and Other Distributions to U.S. Investors and Tax Consequences

As of the date of this report, neither E-Home nor any of its subsidiaries have paid dividends or made distributions to U.S. investors. We intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to the development and growth of our business in China. We do not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future.

Subject to the passive foreign investment company rules, the gross amount of any distribution that we make to investors with respect to E-Home’s securities (including any amounts withheld to reflect PRC withholding taxes) will be taxable as a dividend, to the extent paid out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under United States federal income tax principles.

The PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules provide that a withholding tax at a rate of 10% will be applicable to dividends payable by Chinese companies to non-PRC-resident enterprises unless reduced under treaties or arrangements between the PRC central government and the governments of other countries or regions where the non-PRC resident enterprises are tax resident. Pursuant to the tax agreement between mainland China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, the withholding tax rate in respect to the payment of dividends by a PRC enterprise to a Hong Kong enterprise may be reduced to 5% from a standard rate of 10%. However, if the relevant tax authorities determine that our transactions or arrangements are for the primary purpose of enjoying a favorable tax treatment, the relevant tax authorities may adjust the favorable withholding tax in the future. Accordingly, there is no assurance that the reduced 5% withholding rate will apply to dividends received by our Hong Kong subsidiary from our PRC subsidiaries. This withholding tax will reduce the amount of dividends we may receive from our PRC subsidiaries.

Restrictions on Our Ability to Transfer Cash Out of Mainland China and Hong Kong

Our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to distribute dividends is based upon their distributable earnings. Current PRC regulations permit our PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends to their respective shareholders only out of their accumulated profits, if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, under PRC law, each of our PRC subsidiaries is required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund certain statutory reserve funds until such reserve funds reach 50% of its registered capital. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends. If any of our Chinese subsidiaries incurs debt on its own behalf in the future, the instruments governing such debt may restrict its ability to pay dividends to E-Home.

To address persistent capital outflows and the RMB’s depreciation against the U.S. dollar in the fourth quarter of 2016, the People’s Bank of China and the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE, implemented a series of capital control measures in the subsequent months, including stricter vetting procedures for China-based companies to remit foreign currency for overseas acquisitions, dividend payments and shareholder loan repayments. The PRC government may continue to strengthen its capital controls and our PRC subsidiaries’ dividends and other distributions maybe subject to tightened scrutiny in the future. The PRC government also imposes controls on the conversion of RMB into foreign currencies and the remittance of currencies out of the PRC. Therefore, we may experience difficulties in completing the administrative procedures necessary to obtain and remit foreign currency for the payment of dividends from our profits, if any. In addition, to the extent cash is in our mainland China or Hong Kong subsidiaries, there can be no assurance that the PRC government will not intervene or impose restrictions on the ability of E-Home or E-Home’s subsidiaries to transfer or distribute cash within our organization or to foreign investors, which could result in an inability or prohibition on funding our operations or making transfers or distributions outside of mainland China and Hong Kong for other use.

Currently, other than complying with the applicable PRC laws and regulations, we do not have our own cash management policy and procedures that dictate how funds are transferred.

For additional information, see Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China —The Chinese government exerts significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of our business. The Chinese government may intervene or influence our PRC subsidiaries’ operations at any time, which could result in a material adverse change in our PRC subsidiaries’ operations and in the value of our securities” and “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China— PRC regulation of loans to, and direct investment in, PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may restrict or prevent us from making additional capital contributions or loans to our PRC subsidiaries”.

Recent Development

Zhongrun Acquisition Agreement

On June 14, 2022, we and our wholly owned Hong Kong subsidiary, E-Home Household Service Holdings Limited (“E-Home Hong Kong”) entered into an equity transfer agreement with Zhongrun (Fujian) Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., a limited liability company established in China (“Zhongrun”) and Ms. Ling Chen, the sole shareholder of Zhongrun, pursuant to which Ms. Chen agreed to transfer 55% of the equity interests in Zhongrun to E-Home Hong Kong, in consideration for the sum of (i) RMB3 million (approximately $0.45 million) in cash and (ii) 28,041,992 ordinary shares of the Company. In July 2022, the Company issued 28,041,992 pre reverse split ordinary shares according to the equity transfer agreement at a fair value of $8,496,724 (par value of $2,804 and additional paid-in capital of $8,493,919) and completed the acquisition. Upon completion of the acquisition, Hong  Kong E-Home has the right to appoint at two-thirds of members of the board of directors of Zhongrun, including its executive director.  In December 2022, Ms. Ling Chen, Hong Kong E-Home, the Company and Zhongrun entered into an equity transfer agreement (the “Agreement”), pursuant to which Hong Kong E-Home agreed to acquire, and Ms. Chen agreed to sell, 4,660,129 ordinary shares of Zhongrun (approximately 20% of the issued share capital of Zhongrun) for the total consideration of RMB20 million. The total consideration for the Acquisition was satisfied by the allotment and issue of an aggregate of 4,660,129 E-Home’s ordinary shares (the “Consideration Shares”) by the Company to Ms. Chen and 4 nominees designated by Ms. Chen, which represents approximately 45.07% of the issued share capital of the Company as at the date of the announcement and approximately 31.07% of the issued share capital of the Company as enlarged by the Consideration Shares which was post reverse split approved on September 23, 2023. Upon closing of the Acquisition, the Company holds approximately 75% of the total share capital of Zhongrun. Additionally, pursuant to the Agreement, Ms. Chen has caused Hong Kong E-Home to appoint a new executive director, and Ms. Chen was appointed by Hong Kong E-Home as the Chief Operation Officer of Zhongrun and will continue to hold 25% of the equity interests of Zhongrun.

Chuangying Acquisition

On August 2, 2022, the Company and its wholly owned Hong Kong subsidiary, E-Home Hong Kong entered into an equity transfer agreement with Fujian Chuangying Business Science and Technology Co., Ltd., a limited liability company formed in China (“Chuangying”) and Mr. Jianying Lin, the sole shareholder of Chuangying, pursuant to which Mr. Lin agreed to transfer 100% of the equity interests in Chuangying and 10% of the equity interests in each of Fuzhou Funeng Enterprise Management Consulting Co., Ltd. and Fujian Weizhixing Technology Co., Ltd.  (the “Chuangying’s Subsidiaries,” which are 90% owned by Chuangying) held by him to E-Home Hong Kong, in consideration for an aggregate of 14,438,584 pre reverse split ordinary shares of the Company valued at RMB38 million (approximately $5.63 million) with a per share issuance price equal to 130% of the average of the Nasdaq closing price for the consecutive twenty trading days preceding July 26, 2022, or $0.39 (the “Chuangying Acquisition Agreement”). Beijing Ningbanghonghe Assets Valuation Firm, a third party appraiser based in Beijing, China, rendered a valuation report, in which the value of total shareholder equity in Chuangying was determined to be approximately RMB39.2 million.

Securities Purchase Agreements 

On August 16, 2022, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with an investor (“Investor”), pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue 16,363,636 pre reverse split ordinary shares, par value $0.0001 per share of the Company (the “Shares”) for an aggregate purchase price of $3,600,000, at a per share price of $0.22. Under the Purchase Agreement, the Investor agreed that, without the Company’s prior written consent, within six (6) months after the issuance of the Shares (the “Lock-Up Period”), the Investor will not, and will not cause or direct any of its affiliates to transfer, sell, pledge, or otherwise dispose of any of the Shares or publicly announce any intention to engage in any of the foregoing during the Lock-Up Period. The Investor does not have registration rights with respect to the Shares. The Purchase Agreement contains customary representations and warranties by the Company, on the one hand, and by the Investor, on the other hand, to each other.

On September 14, 2022, the Company entered into an Ordinary Share Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with White Lion Capital LLC, a Nevada limited liability company (the “Investor”), pursuant to which the Investor is committed to purchase ordinary shares, $0.0001 par value per share of the Company (“Ordinary Shares”), with an aggregate offering amount of up to $12,300,000 (“Commitment Amount”) from time to time during the commitment period, which commences on the execution date of the Purchase Agreement, and shall end on the earlier of (i) the date on which the Investor shall have purchased shares equal to the Commitment Amount, or (ii) October 31, 2022. The Company has also agreed to issue to the Investor an aggregate of 1,329,729 pre reverse split Ordinary Shares (“Commitment Shares”) along with the delivery of the first Purchase Notice. If, by October 1, 2022, the Company has not issued any Purchase Notice to the Investor, then the Company undertakes to issue to the Investor the number of Commitment Shares equal to 2.0% of the Commitment Amount divided by the closing price of the Ordinary Shares on the last business day prior to September 30, 2022.

On November 18, 2022, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with certain investors (collectively, the “Investors”), pursuant to which each of the Investors agreed to purchase and the Company agreed to issue and sell to the Investors, an aggregation of 3,480,000 ordinary shares of the Company (the “Subscribed Shares”), representing approximately 36.46% of the enlarged share capital of the Company, at the subscription price of US$1.00 per Subscribed Share for the aggregated consideration of US$3,480,000 (the “Offering”). The number ordinary shares are the post September 2022 Reverse Split.

On January 6, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “Securities Purchase Agreement”) with eleven investors (the “Investors”), including two entities and nine individuals, pursuant to which the Investors agreed to purchase an aggregate of 40,650,406 ordinary shares of the Company (the “Investment”) for the purchase price of $0.492 per ordinary share, which is the average of the closing prices of the Company’s ordinary shares for the six consecutive trading days prior to January 3, 2023. The number ordinary shares are the post reverse split ordinary shares which was approved on September 23, 2023. Pursuant to the Securities Purchase Agreement, the Company shall apply the proceeds of the Investment to the Haixia Home Management College project. Haixia Home Management College  is a training facility for home management services to be established and operated by the Company in Pingtan, Fujian Province, with the assistance of the Pingtan local government. Concurrently with the execution of the Securities Purchase Agreement, each Investor executed a letter of undertaking in favor of the Company pursuant to which the Investor undertakes, for a period of 36 months following the closing of the Investment, (i) not to increase its shareholding in the Company or take any action to exert control over the Company and (ii) to abstain from voting the ordinary shares acquired in the Investment in shareholders meetings.

On January 27, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “Agreement”) with certain investors (collectively, the “Investors”), pursuant to which each of the Investors agreed to purchase and the Company agreed to issue and sell to the Investors, an aggregate of 183,077,333 ordinary shares (“Ordinary Shares”), at a purchase price of US$0.383 per ordinary share for the aggregate gross proceeds to the Company of US$70,118,618 (the “Offering”), before deducting offering expenses. The number ordinary shares are the post September 2022 Reverse Split. The Ordinary Shares were offered and will be issued pursuant to the Prospectus Supplement, which the Company expects to file by January 31, 2023, to the Prospectus included in the Company’s Registration Statement on Form F-3 (Registration No. 333-259464) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 10, 2021, and declared effective August 17, 2022.

On July 21, 2023, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with certain purchasers identified on the signature page thereto (the “Purchasers”). Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, the Company sold to the Purchasers in a registered direct offering, an aggregate of 107,317,074 ordinary shares (the “Shares”) of the Company, par value $0.02 per share, for aggregate gross proceeds to the Company of $12,000,000, before deducting offering expenses. The number ordinary shares are the post September 2022 Reverse Split and post April 2023 Reverse Split. The Shares are being offered and sold by the Company pursuant to the Prospectus Supplement, which the Company filed on or about July 24, 2023, to the Prospectus included in the Company’s Registration Statement on Form F-3 (Registration No. 333-259464) previously filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and declared effective August 17, 2022 (the “Registration Statement”).

Share Consolidation

On September 23, 2022, we held an extraordinary general meeting in which our shareholders approved resolutions that resulted in (i) a share consolidation of 20 issued and unissued ordinary and preferred shares with par value of US$0.0001 each in the our issued and unissued share capital into one share with par value of US$0.002 (“September 2022 Reverse Split”) and (ii) an increase in our authorized share capital from US$51,000 (divided in to 510,000,000 shares) to US$1,020,000 (divided in to 510,000,000 shares), all of which rank pari passu in all respects with all our existing shares. Immediately after the Share Consolidation, each of our stockholder’s percentage ownership interest and proportional voting power remained unchanged, except for minor changes and adjustments that will result from the treatment of fractional shares. The rights and privileges of the holders of ordinary and preferred shares remained substantially unaffected by the Share Consolidation. The Share Consolidation is primarily being effectuated to regain compliance with Nasdaq Marketplace Rule 5550(a)(2) related to the minimum price per share of our ordinary shares. 

At the annual meeting (the “Annual Meeting”) of shareholders of the Company held on March 28, 2023, the Company’s shareholders approved a reverse share split of the Company’s issued ordinary shares at a ratio from one (1)-for-five (5) to one (1)-for-twenty (20), with the exact ratio to be set at a whole number within this range to be determined by the Company’s Board in its discretion. On April 4, 2023, its Board of Directors (the “Board”) has determined to effect a 1 (one)-for-10 (ten) reverse stock split (the “April 2023 Reverse Stock Split”) of the Company’s ordinary shares. 

At an extraordinary general meeting of the Company held on September 15, 2023 (the “Meeting”), its shareholders approved resolutions that would result in (i) a share consolidation of 10 issued and unissued ordinary shares with par value of US$0.02 each in the Company’s issued and unissued share capital into one ordinary share with par value of US$0.2 (the “Share Consolidation” or “September 2023 Reverse Stock Split”) and (ii) immediately following the Share Consolidation, an increase in the authorized share capital of the Company from (a) US$1,020,000 divided into (x) 5,000,000 shares designated as ordinary shares with a par value of US$0.2 per share and (y) 10,000,000 shares designated as preferred shares with a par value of US$0.002 per share, to (b) US$100,020,000 divided into (x) 500,000,000 shares designated as ordinary shares with a par value of US$0.2 per share and (y) 10,000,000 shares designated as preferred shares with a par value of US$0.002 per share (the “Share Capital Increase”). The shareholders also approved at the Meeting the third amended and restated memorandum and articles of association of the Company to reflect the Share Consolidation and the Share Capital Increase. The Share Consolidation is primarily being effectuated to regain compliance with Nasdaq Marketplace Rule 5550(a)(2) related to the minimum bid price per share of the Company’s ordinary shares. On October 12, 2023, the Company received a written notification from the NASDAQ Stock Market Listing Qualifications Staff indicating that the Company has regained compliance with the $1.00 minimum closing bid price requirement for continued listing on the NASDAQ Capital Market pursuant to NASDAQ Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) (the “Minimum Bid Price Requirement”) and that the matter is now closed.

On May 15, 2023, the Board approved and adopted the Company’s 2023 Share Incentive Plan (“Plan”) which has 6,000,000 shares. On  June 3, 2023, the Compensation Committee approved to grant 2,600,000 shares under the Plan to nine employees, directors and officers of the Company, including 1,300,000 shares to Wenshan Xie, our Chief Executive Officer and Chairman, 50,000 shares to Chunsheng Zhu, our Chief Financial Officer, 50,000 shares to Chunming Xie, our director, 100,000 shares to Yijing Ye, our independent director, 120,000 shares to Wong Heung Ming Henry, our independent director, and 100,000 shares to Jianhua Wang, our independent director. The number ordinary shares are the post September 2022 Reverse Split and post April 2023 Reverse Split.

On May 17, 2023, the Company terminated its independent registered public accounting firm, TPS Thayer LLC, as the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm. The report of TPS Thayer LLC on the financial statements of the Company for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2022, 2021 and 2020did not contain an adverse opinion or disclaimer of opinion and were not qualified or modified as to uncertainty, audit scope or accounting principles. The decision to change the independent registered public accounting firm was recommended and approved by the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors of the Company.

During the Company’s most recent fiscal year ended June 30, 2022 and through May 17, 2023, the date of dismissal, (a) there were no disagreements with TPS Thayer LLC on any matter of accounting principles or practices, financial statement disclosure, or auditing scope or procedure, which disagreements, if not resolved to the satisfaction of TPS Thayer LLC, would have caused it to make reference thereto in its reports on the financial statements for such years and (b) there were no “reportable events” as described in Item 304(a)(1)(v) of Regulation S-K.

On May 17, 2023, the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors of the Company ratified the appointment of Enrome LLP as its new independent registered public accounting firm to audit and review the Company’s financial statements. During the two most recent fiscal years ended June 30, 2022 and June 30, 2021 and any subsequent interim periods through the date hereof prior to the engagement of Enrome LLP, neither the Company, nor anyone on its behalf, has consulted Enrome LLP regarding: (i) the application of accounting principles to a specified transaction, either completed or proposed; or the type of audit opinion that might be rendered on the Company’s consolidated financial statements, and either a written report was provided to the Company or oral advice was provided that the new independent registered public accounting firm concluded was an important factor considered by the Company in reaching a decision as to the accounting, auditing or financial reporting issue; or (ii) any matter that was either the subject of a disagreement as defined in paragraph 304(a)(1)(iv) of Regulation S-K or a reportable event as described in paragraph 304(a)(1)(v) of Regulation S-K.

In July 2023, pursuant to the home country rule exemption set forth under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5615(a)(3)(A), which provides (with certain exceptions not relevant to the conclusions expressed herein) that a Foreign Private Issuer may follow its home country practice in lieu of the requirements of the Nasdaq Marketplace Rule 5600 Series, the Company elected to be exempt from the requirements as follows: (i) Nasdaq Marketplace Rule 5620(a) which provides that (with certain exceptions not relevant to the conclusions expressed herein) each company listing common stock or voting preferred stock, and their equivalents, shall hold an annual meeting of shareholders no later than one year after the end of the company’s fiscal year-end; (ii) Nasdaq Marketplace Rule 5635(a) which sets forth the circumstances under which shareholder approval is required prior to an issuance of securities of the Company in connection with the acquisition of the stock or assets of another company; (iii) Nasdaq Marketplace Rule 5635(c) which sets forth the circumstances under which shareholder approval is required prior to an issuance of securities of the Company in connection with equity-based compensation of officers, directors, employees or consultants (iv) Nasdaq Marketplace Rule 5635(d) which sets forth the circumstances under which shareholder approval is required prior to an issuance of securities, other than in a public offering, equal to 20% or more of the voting power outstanding at a price less than the lower of: (x) the Nasdaq Official Closing Price (as reflected on Nasdaq.com) immediately preceding the signing of the binding agreement; or (y) the average Nasdaq Official Closing Price of the common stock (as reflected on Nasdaq.com) for the five trading days immediately preceding the signing of the binding agreement.

A. [Reserved]

B. Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not applicable.

C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

D. Risk Factors 

An investment in our ordinary shares involves a high degree of risk and our ordinary shares should be purchased only by persons who can afford to lose the entire amount invested. Before purchasing any of our shares, you should carefully consider the following factors relating to our business and prospects. You should pay particular attention to the fact that we conduct substantially all of our operations in China and are governed by a legal and regulatory environment that in some respects differs significantly from the environment that may prevail in the U.S. and other countries. If any of the following risks actually occurs, our business, financial condition or operating results will suffer, the value of our shares could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment.

Summary of Risk Factors

Investing in our company involves significant risks. These risks include the following:

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

Performance issues or an inability to provide good customer service could adversely affect our business and harm our reputation.

The success of our business hinges on our ability to provide quality performance and good customer service, which in turn depends on a variety of factors. These factors include our ability to continue to offer our services at competitive prices, offer services that respond to evolving customer tastes and demands, maintain the quality of our services, provide timely and reliable delivery of our services, flexible payment options and good customer service following the provision of our services. If our services are not delivered on time, customers may refuse to accept delivery. Any failure for our service providers to provide good customer service may negatively impact the experience of our customers, damage our reputation and cause us to lose customers. If our customer service representatives, sales representatives or service providers fail to provide satisfactory service, our brand and customer loyalty may be adversely affected. In addition, any negative publicity or poor feedback regarding our customer service may harm our brand and reputation and in turn cause us to lose customers and market share.

We aim to provide customers with a good customer service experience, including by providing our customers with access to a full suite of services conveniently through our online platform. In addition, we seek to engage with our customers on an ongoing basis using online and offline channels. We cannot assure you that our services or our efforts to engage with our customers using both our online and offline channels will be successful, which could impact our revenue as well as our customer satisfaction and marketing. If we are unable to provide quality performance or good customer service, our business and reputation may be materially and adversely impacted.

If we fail to retain existing or attract new customers or service providers, our business, financial condition and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

If we fail to retain existing or attract new customers, or if we fail to retain quality existing or attract new service providers, our business, financial condition and prospects may be materially and adversely affected. The success of our business depends on our ability to attract and retain new customers to use our online platform and pay for our services, and to offer attractive services to our customers. If we are unable to grow and maintain a healthy ecosystem of customers or service providers, our customers may find our online platform less useful than expected and may not continue to use our services. This in turn may affect our ability to attract new customers and convince existing customers to request future services or increase their level of spending on our services.

Our business could be adversely affected if our customers are not satisfied with the services provided by our service providers.

Our business depends on our ability to satisfy our customers, use and functionality of our online platform, and the services that are performed by our customer service representatives and service providers. Services may be performed by our own staff, by a third party, or by a combination of the two. Our strategy is to work with third parties to increase the breadth of capability of services through extensive training programs for delivery of these services to our customers, and third parties provide almost all of our on-site services. If customers are not satisfied with the quality of services performed by us or a third party or with the type of professional services delivered, then we could incur additional costs to address the situation and the dissatisfaction with our services could damage our ability to expand our service offerings. We must also align our service offerings and service provider operations in order to ensure that customers’ evolving needs are met. Negative publicity related to our customer relationships, regardless of its accuracy, may further damage our business by affecting our ability to compete for new business with current and prospective customers.

Interruptions or delays in service from our outside service providers could impair the delivery of our services and harm our business and reputation.

We depend upon outside service providers to provide almost all of the on-site services to our customers. The occurrence of unanticipated problems with these third-party service providers could result in unanticipated interruptions in the delivery of our services. Any significant loss in our ability to communicate or any impediments to third-party service providers’ ability to provide services to our customers could result in a disruption to our business. This, in turn, could lead to substantial liability to our customers, customer dissatisfaction, loss of revenue and a material adverse effect on our business, our operating results and financial condition.

We face intense competition, and if we do not compete successfully against existing and new competitors, we may lose market share and suffer losses.

The PRC home appliance and housekeeping services industries are highly competitive and we compete with a number of other companies that provide similar services. Our ability to compete successfully and to manage our planned growth will depend primarily upon our ability to:

We compete in residential and commercial services industries, focusing on home appliance installation and maintenance, home-moving, home cleaning, senior care and smart community services, as well as sales of smart home supplementary merchandise. We compete with many other companies in the sale of our services. Many of our competitors have greater financial, technical, product development, marketing and other resources than we do. These organizations may be better known than we are and may have more customers or users than we do. We cannot provide assurance that we will be able to compete successfully against these organizations, which may lead to lower customer satisfaction, decreased demand for our services, loss of market share or reduction of operating profits.

We may not be able to effectively manage our growth and expansion or implement our business strategies, in which case our business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

Our growth depends significantly on the growth of the Chinese economy which has recently slowed and industry demand and our ability to:

Any growth and expansion, when occur, will place increased demands on our management, operational and administrative resources. These increased demands and operating complexities could cause us to operate our business less effectively, which, in turn, could cause a deterioration in our financial performance and negatively impact our growth. Any planned growth will also require that we continually monitor and upgrade our management information and other systems, as well as our infrastructure.

There can be no assurance that we will be able to grow our business and achieve our goals. Even if we succeed in establishing new strategic partnerships, and further expand our geographic footprint, we cannot assure that we will achieve planned revenue or profitability levels in the time periods estimated by us, or at all. If any of these initiatives fails to achieve or is unable to sustain acceptable revenue and profitability levels, we may incur significant costs.

Future strategic alliances or acquisitions may have a material and adverse effect on our business, reputation and results of operations.

We may in the future enter into strategic alliances with various third parties to further our business purposes from time to time. Strategic alliances with third parties could subject us to a number of risks, including risks associated with sharing proprietary information, non-performance by the counter-party, and an increase in expenses incurred in establishing new strategic alliances, any of which may materially and adversely affect our business. In addition, to the extent the strategic partner suffers negative publicity or harm to their reputation from events relating to their business, we may also suffer negative publicity or harm to our reputation by virtue of our association with such third parties, and we may have little ability to control or monitor their actions. In addition, although we have no current acquisition plans, if we are presented with appropriate opportunities, we may acquire additional assets, products, technologies or businesses that are complementary to our existing business, including businesses that are owned or controlled by directors, officers, shareholders or their affiliates.

Future acquisitions and the subsequent integration of new assets and businesses into our own would require significant attention from our management and could result in a diversion of resources from our existing business, which in turn could have an adverse effect on our business operations. Acquired assets or businesses may not generate the financial results we expect. Furthermore, acquisitions could result in the use of substantial amounts of cash, potentially dilutive issuances of equity securities, the occurrence of significant goodwill impairment charges, amortization expenses for other intangible assets and exposure to potential unknown liabilities of the acquired business. Moreover, the costs of identifying and consummating acquisitions may be significant. We may also have to obtain approvals and licenses from the relevant government authorities in the PRC for the acquisitions and to comply with any applicable PRC laws and regulations, which could result in increased costs and delay.

Our expansion into new services, technologies and geographic regions may expose us to new challenges and more competitive risks.

We may have limited or no experience in our newer market segments, such as senior care services and pharmaceutical devices and products distribution, and our customers may not adopt our new service and product offerings. These service and product offerings may present new and difficult technology challenges, and we may be subject to claims if customers of these service and product offerings experience quality issues or other issues. In addition, profitability, if any, in our newer activities may be lower than in our older activities, and we may not be successful enough in these newer activities to recoup our investments in them. If any of this were to occur, it could damage our reputation, limit our growth, and negatively affect our operating results.

If we are unable to conduct marketing activities cost-effectively, or if our customer acquisition costs increase or costs associated with serving our customers increase, our results of operations and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.

We have incurred significant expenses on a variety of advertising and brand promotion initiatives designed to enhance our brand recognition, acquire new customers and increase sales of our services. We incurred $22,691,231, $11,989,919 and $10,279,274 of sales and marketing expenses in fiscal years ended June 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. We expect to continue to spend significant amounts to acquire additional customers and retain existing customers, primarily through advertising and brand promotion initiatives. We market our brand and services through multiple channels, both online and offline. Online marketing is mainly done through WeChat events. Offline services are mainly promoted by clients from communities, institutions, training agencies and firms through peer-to-peer marketing. We also aim to deliver premium services to garner strong word-of-mouth referrals and enhance our brand recognition.

Our decisions regarding investments in customer acquisition are based upon our analysis of the revenue we have historically generated per customer over the expected lifetime value of the customer. Our analysis of the revenue that we expect a customer to generate over his or her lifetime depends upon several estimates and assumptions, including the demographic groups of the customers, whether a customer will make a second service order, whether a customer will make multiple service orders in a month, average sales per order and the predictability of a customer’s purchase pattern. Our experience in markets or customer demographic groups in which we presently have low penetration rates may differ from our more established markets.

Our brand promotion and marketing activities may not be as effective as we anticipate. If our estimates and assumptions regarding the revenue we can generate from customers prove incorrect, or if the revenue generated from new customers differs significantly from that of existing customers, we may be unable to recover our customer acquisition costs or generate profits from our investment in acquiring new customers. Moreover, if our customer acquisition costs or other operating costs increase, the return on our investment may be lower than we anticipate irrespective of the revenue generated from new customers. If we cannot generate profits from this investment, we may need to alter our growth strategy, and our growth rate and results of operations may be harmed. In addition, marketing approaches and tools in the household services market in China are evolving, which require us to keep pace with industry developments and changing preferences. Failure to refine our existing marketing approaches or to introduce new marketing approaches in a cost-effective manner could reduce our market share, cause our net revenue to decline and negatively impact our profitability, if any.

If our senior management is unable to work together effectively or efficiently or if we lose their services, our business may be severely disrupted.

Our success heavily depends upon the continued services of our senior management. In particular, we rely on the expertise and experience of Wenshan Xie, our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Chunsheng Zhu, our Chief Financial Officer and a director, as well as other officers. If our senior management cannot work together effectively or efficiently, our business may be severely disrupted. If one or more of our senior management were unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, we might not be able to replace them easily or at all, and our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. If any of our senior management joins a competitor or forms a competing business, we may lose customers, service providers, know-how and key professionals and staff members. Our senior management has entered into employment agreements and confidentiality and non-competition agreements with us. However, if any dispute arises between our officers and us, we may have to incur substantial costs and expenses in order to enforce such agreements in China or we may be unable to enforce them at all.

In addition, while we formulate the overall business strategy at our headquarters, we also give latitude to our subsidiaries to manage the daily operations. We cannot assure you that communications between the senior management team and the local management teams will always be effective, or the executions at the local levels will always have the results that the senior management team expects.

Non-payment by our end customers or service providers could adversely affect our revenues and profitability if we experience difficulties in collecting our receivables.

As a provider of home appliance services and housekeeping services, we depend upon the services provided by service providers to end customers and the collection of receivables from these customers.  When our end customers place orders online for services, they pay either a required visit fee or the estimated full amount of service fee through third-party payment platforms, such as WeChat Pay and Alipay.  After the service is rendered, our service provider will facilitate the collection of any unpaid balance of service fee from the end customer.  Our customers are normally asked to pay such balance through WeChat Pay or Alipay to our accounts so that we receive the payments immediately. If the customer does not have WeChat or Alipay accounts, our service providers will accept cash payments from them. The service providers will then have thirty days to wire the payments to the bank accounts designated by us according to the agreement that we entered into with them. If the end customer refuses to pay, we will communicate directly with the end customer.  Depending on the reasons for non-payment, we may either request the service provider to fix the service problems or request the ender customer to pay.  If the end user continues to fail to pay after a satisfactory service is provided and the service provider is unable to collect payment from the end customer, the service provider has no obligation to pay us, nor are we obligated to pay the service provider.  We are also at risk in the event that the service provider collects cash from the end customers and does not remit it to us. We will treat the failure of payment by the end customer as a bad debt.   While we have not experienced collection problems from end customers or service providers in the past, we may incur significant write-offs if a significant number of our end customers fail to pay their outstanding balances or our service providers fail to remit the cash to us, which could adversely affect our revenues and profitability.

Any change, disruption, discontinuity in the features and functions of our online platform, including our failure to enhance and upgrade when needed, can be disruptive and may negatively impact our revenue.

Defects or disruptions in our hosted software, including our website or WeChat platform, could result in service disruptions for our customers. Our network performance and service levels could be disrupted by numerous events, including natural disasters and power losses. We might inadvertently operate or misuse the system in ways that could cause a service disruption for some or all of our customers. We might have insufficient redundancy or server capacity to address any such disruption, which could result in interruptions in our services or degradation of our service levels. Our customers might use our hosted software in ways that cause a service disruption for other customers. These defects or disruptions could undermine confidence in our services and cause us to lose customers or make it more difficult to attract new ones, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and cash flow.

In addition, as we continue to increase the number of customers and users on our platform, we will need to increase the capacity of our infrastructure. If we do not increase our capacity in a timely manner, customers could experience interruptions or delays in access to our online platform, and we may not be able to retain or attract customers. Any damage to, or failure of, our online platform could result in interruptions in service. Interruptions in our service may reduce our revenue, cause us to issue refunds, subject us to claims and litigation, cause our customers to terminate their services, and adversely affect our ability to attract new customers. Our business will also be harmed if our customers and potential customers believe our platform is unreliable.

Our operations depend on the performance of the internet infrastructure and fixed telecommunications networks in China.

Almost all access to the internet in China is maintained through state-owned telecommunication operators under the administrative control and regulatory supervision of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology. We primarily rely on a limited number of telecommunication service providers to provide us with data communications capacity through local telecommunications lines and internet data centers to host our servers. We may have limited access to alternative networks or services in the event of disruptions, failures or other problems with China’s internet infrastructure or the fixed telecommunications networks provided by telecommunication service providers. With the expansion of our business, we may be required to upgrade our technology and infrastructure to keep up with increasing traffic. We cannot assure you that our cloud computing service provider and the underlying internet infrastructure and the fixed telecommunications networks in China will be able to support the demand associated with the continued growth in internet usage. In addition, we have no control over the costs of the services provided by telecommunication service providers which in turn, may affect our costs of using customized cloud computing services. If the prices we pay for customized cloud computing services rise significantly, our results of operations may be adversely affected. Furthermore, if internet access fees or other charges to internet users increase, our user traffic may decline and our business may be harmed.

Any failure to protect our intellectual property rights could impair our ability to protect our proprietary technology and our brand.

We regard our trademarks, domain names, copyrights, know-how, proprietary technologies and similar intellectual property as critical to our success, and we rely on trademark and trade secret laws and confidentiality, invention assignment and non-compete agreements with our employees and others to protect our proprietary rights. Any unauthorized use of our trademarks and other intellectual property rights could harm our competitive advantages and business. Historically, China has not protected intellectual property rights to the same extent as the United States and infringement of intellectual property rights continues to pose a serious risk of doing business in China. Monitoring and preventing unauthorized use is difficult. The measures we take to protect our intellectual property rights may not be adequate. Furthermore, the application of laws governing intellectual property rights in China and abroad is uncertain and evolving, and could involve substantial risks to us. If we are unable to adequately protect our brand, trademarks and other intellectual property rights, we may lose these rights and our business may suffer materially. As internet domain name rights are not rigorously regulated or enforced in China, other companies may incorporate in their domain names elements similar in writing or pronunciation to our company name or its Chinese equivalents. This may result in confusion between those companies and our company and may lead to the dilution of our brand value, which could adversely affect our business.

Any disruption in our information systems could disrupt our future operations and could adversely impact our business and results of operations.

We depend on various information systems to support our customers’ service orders and to successfully manage our business, including managing orders, accounting controls, payroll, among other things. Any inability to successfully manage the procurement, development, implementation or execution of our information systems and back-up systems, including matters related to system security, reliability, performance and access, as well as any inability of these systems to fulfill their intended purpose within our business, could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

The wide variety of payment methods that we accept subjects us to third-party payment processing-related risks.

We accept payments using a variety of methods, including online payments with credit cards and debit cards issued by major banks in China, and payment through third-party online payment platforms such as WeChat Pay. For certain payment methods, including credit and debit cards, we pay interchange and other fees, which may increase over time and raise our operating costs and lower our profit margins. We may also be susceptible to fraud and other illegal activities in connection with the various payment methods we offer. We are also subject to various rules, regulations and requirements, regulatory or otherwise, governing electronic funds transfers which could change or be reinterpreted to make it difficult or impossible for us to comply. If we fail to comply with these rules or requirements, we may be subject to fines and higher transaction fees and become unable to accept credit and debit card payments from our customers, or facilitate other types of online payments, and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

We may need additional capital, and the sale of other equity securities could result in additional dilution to our shareholders, and the incurrence of additional indebtedness could increase our debt service obligations.

We believe that our current cash and cash equivalents and anticipated cash flow from operations should be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash needs for the foreseeable future. We may, however, require additional cash resources due to changed business conditions or other future developments, including any investments or acquisitions that we may decide to pursue. If these resources are insufficient to satisfy our cash requirements, we may seek to issue additional shares or debt securities or to obtain a credit facility. The sale of additional equity and equity-linked securities could result in additional dilution to our shareholders. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased debt service obligations and could result in operating and financing covenants that would restrict our operations. Our ability to obtain additional financing will be subject to a number of factors, including general market conditions, government approvals, investor acceptance of our plan of operations and results from our business operations. We cannot assure you that financing will be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all.

The forecasts of market growth included in this annual report may prove to be inaccurate, and even if the markets in which we compete achieve the forecasted growth, we cannot assure you our business will grow at similar rates, if at all.

Growth forecasts are subject to significant uncertainty and are based on assumptions and estimates that may not prove to be accurate. The forecasts contained in this annual report may prove to be inaccurate. Even if these markets experience the forecasted growth described in this annual report, we may not grow our business at similar rates, or at all. Our growth is subject to many factors, including our success in implementing our business strategy, which is subject to many risks and uncertainties. Accordingly, the forecasts of market growth included in this annual report should not be taken as indicative of our future growth.

The Company’s business operations could be adversely affected by the new outbreak of COVID-19.

The Company’s business operations have been and could continue to be adversely affected by the outbreak of respiratory illness caused by a novel coronavirus known as COVID-19. The Company’s corporate headquarter is located in Fuzhou City, China, while most our home appliance services are conducted in Shandong, Henan and Hunan provinces and our housekeeping services are mainly conducted in Fujian, Shandong and Guangxi provinces. Any outbreak of contagious diseases and other adverse public health developments in these areas could be materially adverse on the Company’s business operations. In response to the highly contagious and sometimes fatal coronavirus inflicting thousands of people in China, local governments imposed travel restrictions and quarantines orders to control the spread of COVID-19 during the first half of 2020. During 2021, the situation in China appeared to be on a path of slow recovery from the impact and compared with 2020, the adverse impact of COVID-19 on our operations was gradually alleviated. However, travel restrictions, quarantine requirements and/or temporary closure of office buildings and facilities have been imposed by local governments in 2022 due to the outbreak of Omicron variant in many cities in China. In early December 2022, Chinese government eased the strict control measure for COVID-19, which has led to surge in increased infections and disruption in our business operations in December 2022 and January 2023.

The Company primarily engages in provision of home appliance services, housekeeping services and senior care services through website and WeChat platform, “e家快服”, across 21 provinces in China. Our customers are homeowners who require assistance with technical home installation and repair issues as well as those require housekeeping and senior care services. The global outbreak of COVID-19 has significantly and adversely impacted our business operations. From 2020 to 2022, there were outbreaks of COVID-19 and control measures taken by local government to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 in China, including travel restrictions, quarantine requirements and/or temporary closure of office buildings and facilities. These control measures have had negative effect on our services to our customers and other business activities, such as postpone of intercity in-person business meetings and delay of certain projects. We also experienced a slowdown in our regular business activities as a result of remote working requirements and travel restrictions. Although businesses are currently back to normal in China, any future impact of COVID-19 on our operation results will depend on, to a large extent, future developments and new information that may emerge regarding the duration and resurgence of COVID-19 variants and the actions taken by government authorities to contain COVID-19 or treat its impact, almost all of which are beyond our control. Due to the significant uncertainties surrounding any further outbreak or resurgence of COVID-19 and actions that might be taken by governmental authorities, the extent of the future business disruption and the related financial impacts on our business cannot be reasonably estimated at this time.

Increase in labor costs in the PRC may adversely affect our business and results of operations.

In recent years, the Chinese economy has experienced inflationary and labor cost increases. Average wages are projected to continue to increase. Further, under PRC law we are required to pay various statutory employee benefits, including basic pension insurance, housing fund, basic medical insurance, work-related injury insurance, unemployment insurance and maternity insurance to designated government agencies for the benefit of our employees. The relevant government agencies may examine whether an employer has made adequate payments to the statutory employee benefits, and those employers who fail to make adequate payments may be subject to late payment fees, fines and/or other penalties. We expect that our labor costs, including wages and employee benefits, will continue to increase. If we are unable to control our labor costs or pass such increased labor costs on to our customers by increasing the fees of our products and services, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

We do not have any business insurance coverage.

Insurance companies in China currently do not offer as extensive an array of insurance products as insurance companies in more developed economies. Currently, we do not have any business liability or disruption insurance to cover our operations. We have determined that the costs of insuring these risks and the difficulties associated with acquiring such insurance on commercially reasonable terms make it impractical for us to have such insurance. Any uninsured business disruptions may result in substantial costs and the diversion of resources, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

We have material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. If any material weakness persists or if we fail to establish and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, our ability to accurately report its financial results could be adversely affected.

In connection with the preparation of the financial statements included in this annual report on Form 20-F for the year ended June 30, 2023, our management evaluated the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2023 and determined they were not effective due to certain material weaknesses as described in Part II. Item 15. “Controls and Procedures” of this annual report. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the Company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

There can be no assurance that any of our efforts we are implementing, or our internal control over financial reporting generally, will remediate any material weakness or avoid future weaknesses or deficiencies. Any failure to remediate the material weakness and any future weaknesses or deficiencies or any failure to implement required new or improved controls or difficulties encountered in their implementation could cause us to fail to meet its reporting obligations or result in material misstatements in its financial statements. If we are unable to remediate its material weaknesses, our management may not be able to conclude that its disclosure controls and procedures or internal control over financial reporting are effective, which could result in investors losing confidence in its reported financial information and may lead to a decline in the stock price.

We will incur increased costs relating to being a public company after we cease to qualify as an “emerging growth company.”

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as well as rules subsequently implemented by the SEC, impose various requirements on the corporate governance practices of public companies. We qualify as an “emerging growth company” pursuant to the JOBS Act. An emerging growth company may take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other requirements that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include exemption from the auditor attestation requirement under SOX 404 in the assessment of the emerging growth company’s internal control over financial reporting and permission to delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies.

We expect these rules and regulations to increase our legal and financial compliance costs and to make some corporate activities more time consuming and costly. After we are no longer an “emerging growth company,” we expect to incur significant expenses and devote substantial management effort toward ensuring compliance with the requirements of SOX 404 and the other rules and regulations of the SEC. It may also be more difficult for us to find qualified persons to serve on our board of directors or as executive officers. We are currently evaluating and monitoring developments with respect to these rules and regulations, and we cannot predict or estimate with any degree of certainty the amount of additional costs we may incur or the timing of such costs.

Recently enacted economic substance legislation of the Cayman Islands may adversely impact our company or its operations.

Pursuant to The International Tax Co-operation (Economic Substance) Act (As Revised), entities incorporated, formed or registered in the Cayman Islands must report their activities on an annual basis to the Cayman Islands tax authorities and those entities that are carrying on certain relevant activities, as defined in the ES Law, must have adequate substance in the Cayman Islands. The ES Law was effective January 1, 2019 and applies in respect of financial years commencing in 2019 and onwards. It is not anticipated that we will be subject to any requirements under the ES Law other than the annual notification and reporting requirements, as we believe we are out of scope of the ES Law on the basis that we are tax resident outside the Cayman Islands. However, as the legislation is new and remains subject to further clarification and interpretation, it is not currently possible to ascertain the precise long-term impact of these legislative changes on our company.

Risks Related to Doing Business in China

The Chinese government exerts significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of our business. The Chinese government may intervene or influence our PRC subsidiaries’ operations at any time, which could result in a material adverse change in our PRC subsidiaries’ operations and in the value of our securities.

Substantially all of our operations are conducted in the PRC by our PRC subsidiaries and all of our revenue is sourced from the PRC. Accordingly, our financial condition and results of operations are affected to a significant extent by economic, political and legal developments in the PRC. The PRC economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including the extent of government involvement, level of development, growth rate, and control of foreign exchange and allocation of resources. The PRC government has implemented various measures to encourage economic growth and to guide the allocation of resources. Some of these measures may benefit the overall PRC economy, but may also have a negative effect on us. Our financial condition and results of operations and the value of our securities could be materially and adversely affected by government control over capital investments or changes in tax regulations that are applicable to us. In addition, there can be no assurance that the PRC government will not intervene or impose restrictions on our ability to transfer or distribute cash within our organization or to foreign investors, which could result in an inability or prohibition on making transfers or distributions outside of mainland China and Hong Kong and may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Recent statements by the Chinese government indicate an intent to exert more oversight and more control over offerings conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers. Any such actions by the Chinese government could significantly limit or completely hinder E-Home’s ability to offer or continue to offer its securities to investors and cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or become worthless.

The Chinese government recently has published new policies that significantly affected certain industries such as the education and internet industries, and we cannot rule out the possibility that it will in the future release regulations or policies regarding our industry that could require us to seek permission from Chinese authorities to continue to operate our business, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, recent statements made by the Chinese government have indicated an intent to increase the government’s oversight and control over offerings of companies with significant operations in China that are to be conducted in foreign markets, as well as foreign investment in China-based issuers like us, such as New Overseas Listing Rules. Any such action could significantly limit or completely hinder E-Home’s ability to offer or continue to offer its securities to investors, and could cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or become worthless.

As substantially all of our operations are based in China, any future Chinese, U.S. or other rules and regulations that place restrictions on capital raising or other activities by companies with extensive operations in China could adversely affect our business and results of operations. If the business environment in China deteriorates from the perspective of domestic or international investment, or if relations between China and the United States or other governments deteriorate, the Chinese government may intervene with our operations and our business in China, as well as the value of our securities, may also be adversely affected.

The filing with the China Securities Regulatory Commission (“CSRC”) is required in connection with any future offerings and certain events of the Company under New Overseas Listing Rules, and we cannot assure you that we will be able to timely make such filing, in which case we may face sanctions by the CSRC or other PRC regulatory agencies for failure to timely file with the CSRC.

On February 17, 2023, the CSRC released the New Overseas Listing Rules, which took effect on March 31, 2023. The New Overseas Listing Rules require Chinese domestic enterprises to complete filings with relevant CSRC and report related information under certain circumstances, such as: a) an issuer making an application for initial public offering and listing in an overseas market; b) an issuer making an overseas securities offering after having been listed on an overseas market; c) a domestic company seeking an overseas direct or indirect listing of its assets through single or multiple acquisition(s), share swap, transfer of shares or other means. According to the Notice on Arrangements for Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Enterprises, published by the CSRC on February 17, 2023, a company that (i) has already completed overseas listing or (ii) has already obtained the approval for the offering or listing from overseas securities regulators or exchanges but has not completed such offering or listing before effective date of the new rules and also completes the offering or listing before September 30, 2023 will be considered as an existing listed company and is not required to make any filing until it conducts a new offering in the future. Furthermore, upon the occurrence of any of the material events specified below after an issuer has completed its offering and listed its securities on an overseas stock exchange, the issuer shall submit a report thereof to the CSRC within 3 business days after the occurrence and public disclosure of the event: (i) change of control; (ii) investigations or sanctions imposed by overseas securities regulatory agencies or other competent authorities; (iii) change of listing status or transfer of listing segment; or (iv) voluntary or mandatory delisting. The New Overseas Listing Rules stipulate the legal consequences to the companies for breaches, including failure to fulfill filing obligations or filing documents having false statement or misleading information or material omissions, which may result in a fine ranging from RMB1 million to RMB10 million, and in cases of severe violations, the relevant responsible persons may also be barred from entering the securities market. Our PRC counsel has advised us based on their understanding of the current PRC laws, rules and regulations relating to the CSRC’s filing requirements, we are not required to file with CSRC in accordance with the New Overseas Listing Rules immediately, but shall carry out filing procedures as required if we conduct any overseas offerings or fall within other circumstances that require filing with the CSRC. Given the current PRC regulatory environment, it is uncertain when and whether we and our PRC subsidiaries will be required to obtain other permissions or approvals from the PRC government to list on U.S. exchanges in the future, and even if and when such permissions or approvals are obtained, whether they will be denied or rescinded. If we or any of our PRC subsidiaries do not receive or maintain such permissions or approvals, inadvertently conclude that such permissions or approvals are not required, or applicable laws, regulations, or interpretations change and we or our subsidiaries are required to obtain such permissions or approvals in the future, it could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer our securities to investors and cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or become worthless.

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Changes in U.S. and Chinese regulations or in relations between the United States and China may adversely impact our business, our operating results, our ability to raise capital and the market price of our ordinary shares. Any such changes may take place quickly and with very little notice.

The U.S. government, including the SEC, has made statements and taken certain actions that led to changes to United States and international relations, and will impact companies with connections to the United States or China. The SEC has issued statements primarily focused on companies with significant China-based operations, such as us. For example, on July 30, 2021, Gary Gensler, Chairman of the SEC, issued a Statement on Investor Protection Related to Recent Developments in China, pursuant to which Chairman Gensler stated that he has asked the SEC staff to engage in targeted additional reviews of filings for companies with significant China-based operations. The Company’s filings with the SEC may be subject to enhanced review by the SEC and this additional scrutiny could affect our ability to effectively raise capital in the United States.

In response to the SEC’s July 30, 2021 statement, the CSRC announced on August 1, 2021, that “[i]t is our belief that Chinese and U.S. regulators shall continue to enhance communication with the principle of mutual respect and cooperation, and properly address the issues related to the supervision of China-based companies listed in the U.S. so as to form stable policy expectations and create benign rules framework for the market.” While the CSRC will continue to collaborate “closely with different stakeholders including investors, companies, and relevant authorities to further promote transparency and certainty of policies and implementing measures,” it emphasized that it “has always been open to companies’ choices to list their securities on international or domestic markets in compliance with relevant laws and regulations.” If any new legislation, executive orders, laws and/or regulations are implemented, if the U.S. or Chinese governments take retaliatory actions due to the recent U.S.-China tension or if the Chinese government exerts more oversight and control over securities offerings that are conducted in the United States, such changes could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations, our ability to raise capital and the value of our securities.

Our business is subject to complex and evolving laws and regulations regarding privacy and data protection. Compliance with China’s new Data Security Law, Cybersecurity Review Measures, Personal Information Protection Law, Provisions on Strengthening the Confidentiality and Archives Administration as well as additional laws, regulations and guidelines that the Chinese government promulgates in the future may entail significant expenses and could materially affect our business.

Regulatory authorities in China have implemented and are considering further legislative and regulatory proposals concerning data protection. China’s new Data Security Law went into effect on September 1, 2021. The Data Security Law provides that the data processing activities must be conducted based on “data classification and hierarchical protection system” for the purpose of data protection and prohibits entities in China from transferring data stored in China to foreign law enforcement agencies or judicial authorities without prior approval by the Chinese government. The Data Security Law sets forth the legal liabilities of entities and individuals found to be in violation of their data protection obligations, including rectification order, warning, fines of up to RMB5million, suspension of relevant business, and revocation of business permits or licenses.

In addition, the PRC Cybersecurity Law provides that personal information and important data collected and generated by operators of critical information infrastructure in the course of their operations in the PRC should be stored in the PRC, and the law imposes heightened regulation and additional security obligations on operators of critical information infrastructure. According to the Cybersecurity Review Measures promulgated by the Cyberspace Administration of China and certain other PRC regulatory authorities in April 2020, which became effective in June 2020, operators of critical information infrastructure must pass a cybersecurity review when purchasing network products and services which do or may affect national security. Any failure or delay in the completion of the cybersecurity review procedures may prevent the critical information infrastructure operator from using or providing certain network products and services, and may result in fines of up to ten times the purchase price of such network products and services. The PRC government recently launched cybersecurity reviews against a number of mobile apps operated by several U.S.-listed Chinese companies and prohibiting these apps from registering new users during the review periods. We do not believe that we constitute a critical information infrastructure operator under the Cybersecurity Review Measures that took effect in June 2020.

The PRC National Security Law covers various types of national security, including technology security and information security. The Cybersecurity Review Measures that took effect on February 15,2022 revised Cybersecurity Review Measures expand the cybersecurity review to data processing operators in possession of personal information of over 1 million users if the operators intend to list their securities in a foreign country. Under the revised Cybersecurity Review Measures, the scope of entities required to undergo cybersecurity review to assess national security risks that arise from data processing activities would be expanded to include all critical information infrastructure operators who purchase network products and services and all data processors carrying out data processing activities that affect or may affect national security. In addition, such reviews would focus on the potential risk of core data, important data, or a large amount of personal information being stolen, leaked, destroyed, illegally used or exported out of China, or critical information infrastructure being affected, controlled or maliciously used by foreign governments after such a listing. An operator that violates these measures shall be dealt with in accordance with the provisions of the PRC Cybersecurity Law and the PRC Data Security Law. As advised by our PRC counsel, Tian Yuan Law Firm, we believe that the cybersecurity review requirement under the revised Cybersecurity Review Measures for online platform operators in possession of personal information of over one million users going public in a foreign country does not apply to us or any of our PRC subsidiaries, because we became a public company with shares listed on Nasdaq before such Measures went into effect on February 15, 2022. However, there remains uncertainty as to the interpretation and implementation of the revised Cybersecurity Review Measures and we cannot assure you that the CAC will reach the same conclusion as our PRC counsel.

On November 14, 2021, the CAC released the Regulations on Network Data Security (draft for public comments) and accepted public comments until December 13, 2021. The draft Regulations on Network Data Security provide more detailed guidance on how to implement the general legal requirements under legislations such as the Cybersecurity Law, Data Security Law and the Personal Information Protection Law. The draft Regulations on Network Data Security follow the principle that the state will regulate based on a data classification and multi-level protection scheme. We believe that E-Home or any of its subsidiaries does not constitute an online platform operator under the draft Regulations on Network Data Security as proposed, which is defined as a platform that provides information publishing, social network, online transaction, online payment and online audio/video services. Our PRC subsidiaries only access certain customers through the WeChat platform but none of them is an online platform operator themselves, nor is any of them required to obtain an ICP license for their operations. 

On August 20, 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of China promulgated the Personal Information Protection Law which will become effective on November 1, 2021. The Personal Information Protection Law provides a comprehensive set of data privacy and protection requirements that apply to the processing of personal information and expands data protection compliance obligations to cover the processing of personal information of persons by organizations and individuals in China, and the processing of personal information of persons in China outside of China if such processing is for purposes of providing products and services to, or analyzing and evaluating the behavior of, persons in China. The Personal Information Protection Law also provides that critical information infrastructure operators and personal information processing entities who process personal information meeting a volume threshold to be set by Chinese cyberspace regulators are also required to store in China personal information generated or collected in China, and to pass a security assessment administered by Chinese cyberspace regulators for any export of such personal information. Lastly, the Personal Information Protection Law contains proposals for significant fines for serious violations of up to RMB 50 million or 5% of annual revenues from the prior year and may also be ordered to suspend any related activity by competent authorities. We have access to certain information of our customers in providing services and may be required to further adjust our business practice to comply with new regulatory requirements.

On February 24, 2023, the CSRC, the Ministry of Finance, the National Administration of State Secretes Protection and the National Archives Administration released the Provisions on Strengthening the Confidentiality and Archives Administration Related to the Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies, or the Confidentiality and Archives Administration Provisions, which took effect on March 31, 2023. PRC domestic enterprises seeking to offer securities and list in overseas markets, either directly or indirectly, shall establish and improve the system of confidentiality and archives work, and shall complete approval and filing procedures with competent authorities, if such PRC domestic enterprises or their overseas listing entities provide or publicly disclose documents or materials involving state secrets and work secrets of state organs to relevant securities companies, securities service institutions, overseas regulatory agencies and other entities and individuals. It further stipulates that (i) providing or publicly disclosing documents and materials which may adversely affect national security or public interests, and accounting records or photocopies thereof to relevant securities companies, securities service institutions, overseas regulatory agencies and other entities and individuals shall be subject to corresponding procedures in accordance with relevant laws and regulations; and (ii) any working papers formed in the territory of the PRC by securities companies and securities service agencies that provide domestic enterprises with securities services relating to overseas securities issuance and listing shall be stored in the territory of the PRC, the outbound transfer of which shall be subject to corresponding procedures in accordance with relevant laws and regulations. Our subsidiaries in China provide home appliance services and housekeeping services and their business activities do not affect national security and they don’t have documents and materials which may adversely affect national security or public interests.

Interpretation, application and enforcement of these laws, rules and regulations evolve from time to time and their scope may continually change, through new legislation, amendments to existing legislation or changes in enforcement. Compliance with the PRC Cybersecurity Law and the PRC Data Security Law could significantly increase the cost to us of providing our service offerings, require significant changes to our operations or even prevent us from providing certain service offerings in jurisdictions in which we currently operate or in which we may operate in the future. Despite our efforts to comply with applicable laws, regulations and other obligations relating to privacy, data protection and information security, it is possible that our practices or service offerings could fail to meet all of the requirements imposed on us by the PRC Cybersecurity Law, the PRC Data Security Law and/or related implementing regulations. Any failure on our part to comply with such law or regulations or any other obligations relating to privacy, data protection or information security, or any compromise of security that results in unauthorized access, use or release of personally identifiable information or other data, or the perception or allegation that any of the foregoing types of failure or compromise has occurred, could damage our reputation, discourage new and existing counterparties from contracting with us or result in investigations, fines, suspension or other penalties by Chinese government authorities and private claims or litigation, any of which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Even if our practices are not subject to legal challenge, the perception of privacy concerns, whether or not valid, may harm our reputation and brand and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Moreover, the legal uncertainty created by the Data Security Law and the recent Chinese government actions could materially adversely affect our ability, on favorable terms, to raise capital, including engaging in any offerings of our securities in the U.S. market.

We may be required to apply for a cybersecurity review under the Cybersecurity Review Measures

The Cybersecurity Review Measures which took effect on February 15,2022 expands the cybersecurity review to data processing operators in possession of personal information of over 1 million users if the operators intend to list their securities in a foreign country. Although the number of our registered users through the WeChat platform has reached over four million and we have access to certain information of our customers in providing services, uncertainties exist as to how to interpret the terms such as “possess” or “personal information” therein. E-Home or any of its PRC subsidiaries are not required to apply for a cybersecurity review with the CAC, because E-Home’s Ordinary Shares we relisted on Nasdaq before the effective date of the revised Cybersecurity Review Measures on February 15, 2022 and the requirement that “online platform operators with personal information of more than 1 million users which intends to go public abroad must apply to the Cybersecurity Review Office of the CAC for a cybersecurity review” set forth in Article 7 of the revised Cybersecurity Review Measures should not be applicable to E-Home or any of its subsidiaries. Further, we do not believe that E-Home or any of its subsidiaries constitutes an online platform operator under the draft Regulations on Network Data Security which were published for comments on November 14, 2021 by the CAC. However, there remains uncertainty as to the interpretation and implementation of the revised Cybersecurity Review Measures and we cannot assure you that the CAC will reach the same conclusion as our PRC counsel.

PRC laws and regulations establish complex procedures in connection with certain acquisitions of China-based companies by foreign investors, which could make it more difficult for us to pursue growth through acquisitions or mergers in China.

On August 8, 2006, six PRC regulatory agencies, including the Ministry of Commerce, the State-Owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission, the State Administration of Taxation, the State Administration for Industry and Commerce, the China Securities Regulatory Commission (“CSRC”), and the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, jointly adopted the Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, which came into effect on September 8, 2006 and were amended on June 22, 2009. The M&A Rules include, among other things, provisions that purport to require that an offshore special purpose vehicle formed for the purpose of an overseas listing of securities of a PRC company obtain the approval of the China Securities Regulatory Commission prior to the listing and trading of such special purpose vehicle’s securities on an overseas stock exchange. On September 21, 2006, the China Securities Regulatory Commission published on its official website procedures regarding its approval of overseas listings through special purpose vehicles. However, substantial uncertainty remains regarding the scope and applicability of the M&A Rules to offshore special purpose vehicles.

The regulations also established additional procedures and requirements that are expected to make merger and acquisition activities in China by foreign investors more time consuming and complex, including requirements in some instances that the Ministry of Commerce be notified in advance of any change-of-control transaction in which a foreign investor takes control of a PRC domestic enterprise, or that the approval from the Ministry of Commerce of the PRC (“MOFCOM”) be obtained in circumstances where overseas companies established or controlled by PRC enterprises or residents acquire affiliated domestic companies.

Moreover, according to the Anti-Monopoly Law of the People’s Republic of China promulgated on August 30, 2007 and the Provisions on Thresholds for Reporting of Concentrations of Undertakings (the “Prior Reporting Rules”) issued by the State Council in August 2008 and amended in September 2018, the concentration of business undertakings by way of mergers, acquisitions or contractual arrangements that allow one market player to take control of or to exert decisive impact on another market player must also be notified in advance to the anti-monopoly enforcement agency of the State Council when the applicable threshold is crossed and such concentration shall not be implemented without the clearance of prior reporting. In addition, the Regulations on Implementation of Security Review System for the Merger and Acquisition of Domestic Enterprise by Foreign Investors (the “Security Review Rules”) issued by the MOFCOM that became effective in September 2011 specify that mergers and acquisitions by foreign investors that raise “national defense and security” concerns and mergers and acquisitions through which foreign investors may acquire de facto control over domestic enterprises that raise “national security” concerns are subject to strict review by the MOFCOM, and the rules prohibit any activities attempting to bypass a security review by structuring the transaction through, among other things, trusts, entrustment or contractual control arrangements.

We may grow our business in part by acquiring other companies operating in our industry. Compliance with the requirements of the regulations to complete such transactions could be time-consuming, and any required approval processes, including approval from the Ministry of Commerce, may delay or inhibit our ability to complete such transactions, which could affect our ability to expand our business or maintain our market share. See “Our Business—Regulation—Regulations Relating to Overseas Listing.”

PRC regulations relating to investments in offshore companies by PRC residents may subject our PRC-resident beneficial owners or our PRC subsidiaries to liability or penalties, limit our ability to inject capital into our PRC subsidiaries and/or limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to increase their registered capital or distribute profits.

The State Administration of Foreign Exchange promulgated the Circular on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Control on Domestic Residents’ Offshore Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles, or Circular 37, on July 4, 2014, which replaced the former circular commonly known as “Circular 75” promulgated by the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on October 21, 2005. Circular 37 requires PRC residents to register with local branches of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange in connection with their direct establishment or indirect control of an offshore entity, for the purpose of overseas investment and financing, with such PRC residents’ legally owned assets or equity interests in domestic enterprises or offshore assets or interests, referred to in Circular 37 as a “special purpose vehicle.” Circular 37 further requires amendment to the registration in the event of any significant changes with respect to the special purpose vehicle, such as increase or decrease of capital contributed by PRC individuals, share transfer or exchange, merger, division or other material event. In the event that a PRC shareholder holding interests in a special purpose vehicle fails to fulfill the required registration with the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, the PRC subsidiaries of that special purpose vehicle may be prohibited from making profit distributions to the offshore parent and from carrying out subsequent cross-border foreign exchange activities, and the special purpose vehicle may be restricted in its ability to contribute additional capital into its PRC subsidiaries. Moreover, failure to comply with the various registration requirements described above could result in liability under PRC law for evasion of foreign exchange controls. According to the Notice on Further Simplifying and Improving Policies for the Foreign Exchange Administration of Direct Investment released on February 13, 2015 by the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (“Circular 13”), local banks will examine and handle foreign exchange registration for overseas direct investment, including the initial foreign exchange registration and amendment registration, under Circular 37 from June 1, 2015. The Circular 13 also simplified processing procedures for certain direct investment-related foreign exchange business, for example, simplifying the administration of the confirmation and registration of foreign investors’ contribution under domestic direct investment, canceling the filing of overseas re-investment foreign exchange, and canceling annual inspection of the direct investment-related foreign exchange.

According to Circular 37 and Circular 13, our shareholders or beneficial owners who are PRC residents are subject to Circular 37 or other foreign exchange administrative regulations in respect of their investment in our company. As of the date of this annual report, to the best of our knowledge, our PRC resident shareholders with offshore investments in our company are currently in the process of applying for registration for their foreign investment in our company in accordance with Circular 37 and Circular 13. We have notified substantial beneficial owners of ordinary shares who we know are PRC residents of their filing obligations. Nevertheless, we may not at all times be fully aware or informed of the identities of all of our beneficial owners who are PRC residents. We do not have control over our beneficial owners and there can be no assurance that all of our PRC-resident beneficial owners will comply with Circular 37 and subsequent implementation rules, and there is no assurance that the registration under Circular 37 and any amendment will be completed in a timely manner, or will be completed at all. The failure of our beneficial owners who are PRC residents to register or amend their foreign exchange registrations in a timely manner pursuant to Circular 37 and subsequent implementation rules, or the failure of future beneficial owners of our company who are PRC residents to comply with the registration procedures set forth in Circular 37 and subsequent implementation rules, may subject such beneficial owners or our PRC subsidiaries to fines and legal sanctions. Such failure to register or comply with relevant requirements may also limit our ability to contribute additional capital to our PRC subsidiaries and limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to distribute dividends to our company. These risks may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Furthermore, Circular 37 is unclear how this regulation, and any future regulation concerning offshore or cross-border transactions, will be interpreted, amended and implemented by the relevant PRC government authorities, and we cannot predict how these regulations will affect our business operations or future strategy. Failure to register or comply with relevant requirements may also limit our ability to contribute additional capital to our PRC subsidiaries and limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to distribute dividends to us. These risks could in the future have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

PRC regulation of loans to, and direct investment in, PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may restrict or prevent us from making additional capital contributions or loans to our PRC subsidiaries.

E-Home Household Service Holdings Limited, as an offshore holding company, is permitted under PRC laws and regulations to provide funding to our PRC subsidiaries through loans or capital contributions. However, loans by us to our PRC subsidiaries to finance their activities cannot exceed statutory limits and must be registered with the local counterpart of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange and capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries are subject to the requirement of making necessary filings in the Foreign Investment Comprehensive Management Information System, and registration with other governmental authorities in China.

The State Administration of Foreign Exchange promulgated the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reforming the Administration of Foreign Exchange Settlement of Capital of Foreign-invested Enterprises, or Circular 19, effective on June 1, 2015, in replacement of the Circular on the Relevant Operating Issues Concerning the Improvement of the Administration of the Payment and Settlement of Foreign Currency Capital of Foreign- Invested Enterprises, the Notice from the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Relevant Issues Concerning Strengthening the Administration of Foreign Exchange Businesses, and the Circular on Further Clarification and Regulation of the Issues Concerning the Administration of Certain Capital Account Foreign Exchange Businesses. According to Circular 19, the flow and use of the RMB capital converted from foreign currency-denominated registered capital of a foreign-invested company is regulated such that RMB capital may not be used for the issuance of RMB entrusted loans, the repayment of inter-enterprise loans or the repayment of bank loans that have been transferred to a third party. Although Circular 19 allows RMB capital converted from foreign currency-denominated registered capital of a foreign-invested enterprise to be used for equity investments within the PRC, it also reiterates the principle that RMB converted from the foreign currency-denominated capital of a foreign-invested company may not be directly or indirectly used for purposes beyond its business scope. Thus, it is unclear whether the State Administration of Foreign Exchange will permit such capital to be used for equity investments in the PRC in actual practice. The State Administration of Foreign Exchange promulgated the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reforming and Standardizing the Foreign Exchange Settlement Management Policy of Capital Account, or Circular 16, effective on June 9, 2016, which reiterates some of the rules set forth in Circular 19, but changes the prohibition against using RMB capital converted from foreign currency-denominated registered capital of a foreign-invested company to issue RMB entrusted loans to a prohibition against using such capital to grant loans to non-associated enterprises. Violations of Circular 19 and Circular 16 could result in administrative penalties. Circular 19 and Circular 16 may significantly limit our ability to transfer any foreign currency we hold to our PRC subsidiaries, which may adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business in the PRC.

In light of the various requirements imposed by PRC regulations on loans to, and direct investment in, PRC entities by offshore holding companies, we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete the necessary government registrations or obtain the necessary government approvals on a timely basis, if at all, with respect to future loans or future capital contributions by us to our PRC subsidiaries. As a result, uncertainties exist as to our ability to provide prompt financial support to our PRC subsidiaries when needed. If we fail to complete such registrations or obtain such approvals, our ability to use foreign currency and to capitalize or otherwise fund our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

Any failure to comply with PRC regulations regarding employee share incentive plans may subject the PRC plan participants or us to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions.

Pursuant to Circular 37, PRC residents who participate in share incentive plans in overseas non-publicly-listed  companies due to their positions as director, senior management or employees of the PRC subsidiaries of the overseas companies may submit applications to the State Administration of Foreign Exchange or its local branches for the foreign exchange registration with respect to offshore special purpose companies. As E-Home Household Service Holdings Limited is an overseas listed company under PRC laws, we and our directors, executive officers and other employees who are PRC residents and who are granted options will be subject to the Notice on Issues Concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Stock Incentive Plan of Overseas Publicly Listed Company, issued by the State Administration of Foreign Exchange in February 2012, according to which, employees, directors, supervisors and other management members who are PRC residents participating in any stock incentive plan of an overseas publicly listed company are required to register with the State Administration of Foreign Exchange through a domestic qualified agent, which could be a PRC subsidiary of such overseas listed company, and complete certain other procedures. We will make our best efforts to comply with these requirements. However, there can be no assurance that they can successfully register with the State Administration of Foreign Exchange in full compliance with the rules. Failure to complete the registrations may subject them to fines and legal sanctions and may also limit the ability to make payment under our share incentive plans or receive dividends or sales proceeds related thereto, or our ability to contribute additional capital into our wholly owned enterprises in China and limit our wholly-foreign owned enterprises’ ability to distribute dividends to us. We also face regulatory uncertainties that could restrict our ability to adopt additional share incentive plans for our directors and employees under PRC law.

We rely to a significant extent on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our operating PRC subsidiaries to fund offshore cash and financing requirements.

We are a holding company and rely to a significant extent on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by E-Home WFOE and its PRC subsidiaries and on remittances from them, for our offshore cash and financing requirements, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders, fund intercompany loans, service any debt we may incur outside of China and pay our expenses. When E-Home WFOE or its PRC subsidiaries incur additional debt, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other distributions or remittances to us. Furthermore, the laws, rules and regulations applicable to E-Home WFOE or its PRC subsidiaries permit payments of dividends only from part of their retained earnings, if any, determined in accordance with applicable PRC accounting standards and regulations.

Under PRC laws, rules and regulations, E-Home WFOE and its PRC subsidiaries are required to set aside at least 10% of their net income each year to fund certain statutory reserves until the cumulative amount of such reserves reaches 50% of their registered capital. These reserves, together with the registered capital, are not included in the retained earnings distributable as cash dividends. Furthermore, under PRC law, E-Home WFOE or its PRC subsidiaries cannot distribute any profits until all of their losses from prior fiscal years have been offset. As a result, E-Home WFOE and its PRC subsidiaries are restricted in their ability to transfer a portion of their net assets to their shareholder as dividends, loans or advances. In addition, registered share capital and statutory reserve accounts of E-Home WFOE and its PRC subsidiaries are also restricted from withdrawal in the PRC, up to the amount of their net assets.

Limitations on the ability of E-Home WFOE and its PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends to us could limit our ability to access cash generated by the operations of those entities, including to make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our businesses, pay dividends to our shareholders or otherwise fund and conduct our business.

We may be treated as a resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, and we may therefore be subject to PRC income tax on our global income.

Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementing rules, enterprises established under the laws of jurisdictions outside of China with “de facto management bodies” located in China may be considered PRC tax resident enterprises for tax purposes and may be subject to the PRC enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on their global income. “De facto management body” refers to a managing body that exercises substantive and overall management and control over the production, personnel, accounting books and assets of an enterprise. The State Administration of Taxation issued the Notice Regarding the Determination of Chinese-Controlled Offshore-Incorporated Enterprises as PRC Tax Resident Enterprises on the Basis of De Facto Management Bodies, or Circular 82, on April 22, 2009. Circular 82 provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a Chinese-controlled offshore-incorporated enterprise is located in China. Although Circular 82 only applies to offshore enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises, not those controlled by foreign enterprises or individuals, the determining criteria set forth in Circular 82 may reflect the State Administration of Taxation’s general position on how the “de facto management body” test should be applied in determining the tax resident status of offshore enterprises, regardless of whether they are controlled by PRC enterprises. If we were to be considered a PRC resident enterprise, we would be subject to PRC enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on our global income. In such case, our profitability and cash flow may be materially reduced as a result of our global income being taxed under the Enterprise Income Tax Law. We believe that none of our entities outside of China is a PRC resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes. However, the tax resident status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term “de facto management body.”

There are significant uncertainties under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law relating to the withholding tax liabilities of our PRC subsidiaries, and dividends payable by our PRC subsidiaries to our offshore subsidiaries may not qualify to enjoy certain treaty benefits.

Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules, the profits of a foreign-invested enterprise generated through operations, which are distributed to its immediate holding company outside China, will be subject to a withholding tax rate of 10.0%. Pursuant to a special arrangement between Hong Kong and China, such rate may be reduced to 5.0% if a Hong Kong resident enterprise owns more than 25.0% of the equity interest in the PRC company. E-Home WFOE is wholly owned by our Hong Kong subsidiary. Accordingly, such Hong Kong subsidiary may qualify for a 5.0% tax rate in respect of distributions from its PRC subsidiary. Under the Notice of the State Administration of Taxation on Issues regarding the Administration of the Dividend Provision in Tax Treaties promulgated on February 20, 2009, the taxpayer needs to satisfy certain conditions to enjoy the benefits under a tax treaty. These conditions include: (1) the taxpayer must be the beneficial owner of the relevant dividends, and (2) the corporate shareholder to receive dividends from the PRC subsidiaries must have continuously met the direct ownership thresholds during the 12 consecutive months preceding the receipt of the dividends. Further, the State Administration of Taxation promulgated the Notice on How to Understand and Recognize the “Beneficial Owner” in Tax Treaties on October 27, 2009, which limits the “beneficial owner” to individuals, enterprises or other organizations normally engaged in substantive operations, and sets forth certain detailed factors in determining the “beneficial owner” status.

Entitlement to a lower tax rate on dividends according to tax treaties or arrangements between the PRC central government and governments of other countries or regions is subject to State Administration of Taxation Circular 60 which provides that non-resident enterprises are not required to obtain pre-approval from the relevant tax authority in order to enjoy the reduced withholding tax. Instead, non-resident enterprises and their withholding agents may, by self-assessment and on confirmation that the prescribed criteria to enjoy the tax treaty benefits are met, directly apply the reduced withholding tax rate, and file necessary forms and supporting documents when performing tax filings, which will be subject to post-tax filing examinations by the relevant tax authorities. As a result, we cannot assure you that we will be entitled to any preferential withholding tax rate under tax treaties for dividends received from our PRC subsidiaries.

We and our existing shareholders face uncertainties with respect to indirect transfers of equity interests in PRC resident enterprises or other assets attributed to a Chinese establishment of a non-Chinese company, or immovable properties located in China owned by non-Chinese companies.

In October 2017, the State Administration of Taxation issued the Bulletin on Issues Concerning the Withholding of Non-PRC Resident Enterprise Income Tax at Source, or Bulletin 37, which replaced the Notice on Strengthening Administration of Enterprise Income Tax for Share Transfers by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises issued by the State Administration of Taxation on December 10, 2009, and partially replaced and supplemented rules under the Bulletin on Issues of Enterprise Income Tax on Indirect Transfers of Assets by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises, or Bulletin 7, issued by the State Administration of Taxation on February 3, 2015. Pursuant to Bulletin 7, an “indirect transfer” of PRC assets, including a transfer of equity interests in an unlisted non-PRC holding company of a PRC resident enterprise, by non-PRC resident enterprises may be re-characterized and treated as a direct transfer of the underlying PRC assets, if such arrangement does not have a reasonable commercial purpose and was established for the purpose of avoiding payment of PRC enterprise income tax. As a result, gains derived from such indirect transfer may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax. According to Bulletin 7, “PRC taxable assets” include assets attributed to an establishment in China, immoveable properties located in China, and equity investments in PRC resident enterprises and any gains from the transfer of such asset by a direct holder, who is a non-PRC resident enterprise, would be subject to PRC enterprise income taxes. When determining whether there is a “reasonable commercial purpose” of the transaction arrangement, features to be taken into consideration include: whether the main value of the equity interest of the relevant offshore enterprise derives from PRC taxable assets; whether the assets of the relevant offshore enterprise mainly consists of direct or indirect investment in China or if its income mainly derives from China; whether the offshore enterprise and its subsidiaries directly or indirectly holding PRC taxable assets have real commercial nature which is evidenced by their actual function and risk exposure; the duration of existence of the business model and organizational structure; the replicability of the transaction by direct transfer of PRC taxable assets; and the tax situation of such indirect transfer and applicable tax treaties or similar arrangements. In the case of an indirect offshore transfer of assets of a PRC establishment, the resulting gain is to be included with the enterprise income tax filing of the PRC establishment or place of business being transferred, and may consequently be subject to PRC enterprise income tax at a rate of 25%. Where the underlying transfer relates to immovable properties located in China or to equity investments in a PRC resident enterprise, which is not related to a PRC establishment or place of business of a non-resident enterprise, a PRC enterprise income tax of 10% would apply, subject to available preferential tax treatment under applicable tax treaties or similar arrangements, and the party who is obligated to make the transfer payments has the withholding obligation. Pursuant to Bulletin 37, the withholding agent shall declare and pay the withheld tax to the competent tax authority in the place where such withholding agent is located within 7 days from the date of occurrence of the withholding obligation, while the transferor is required to declare and pay such tax to the competent tax authority within the statutory time limit according to Bulletin 7. Late payment of applicable tax will subject the transferor to default interest. Both Bulletin 37 and Bulletin 7 do not apply to transactions of sale of shares by investors through a public stock exchange where such shares were acquired from a transaction through a public stock exchange.

There is uncertainty as to the application of Bulletin 37 or previous rules under Bulletin 7. We face uncertainties as to the reporting and other implications of certain past and future transactions where PRC taxable assets are involved, such as offshore restructuring, sale of the shares in our offshore subsidiaries or investments. Our company may be subject to filing obligations or taxes if our company is transferor in such transactions, and may be subject to withholding obligations if our company is transferee in such transactions, under Bulletin 37 and Bulletin 7. For transfer of shares in our company by investors that are non-PRC resident enterprises, our PRC subsidiaries may be requested to assist in the filing under Bulletin 37 and Bulletin 7. As a result, we may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with Bulletin 37 and Bulletin 7 or to request the relevant transferors from whom we purchase taxable assets to comply with these circulars, or to establish that our company should not be taxed under these circulars, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to restrictions on currency exchange.

All of our net income is denominated in Renminbi. The Renminbi is currently convertible under the “current account,” which includes dividends, trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, but not under the “capital account,” which includes foreign direct investment and loans, including loans we may secure from our onshore subsidiaries. Currently, our PRC subsidiaries may purchase foreign currency for settlement of “current account transactions,” including payment of dividends to us, without the approval of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange by complying with certain procedural requirements. However, the relevant PRC governmental authorities may limit or eliminate our ability to purchase foreign currencies in the future for current account transactions. Foreign exchange transactions under the capital account remain subject to limitations and require approvals from, or registration with, the State Administration of Foreign Exchange and other relevant PRC governmental authorities. Since a significant amount of our future net income and cash flow will be denominated in Renminbi, any existing and future restrictions on currency exchange may limit our ability to utilize cash generated in Renminbi to fund our business activities outside of the PRC or pay dividends in foreign currencies to our shareholders, including holders of our ordinary shares, and may limit our ability to obtain foreign currency through debt or equity financing for our subsidiaries.

Fluctuations in exchange rates could result in foreign currency exchange losses and could materially reduce the value of your investment.

The value of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar and other currencies may fluctuate and is affected by, among other things, changes in political and economic conditions and the foreign exchange policy adopted by the PRC government. On July 21, 2005, the PRC government changed its policy of pegging the value of the Renminbi to the U.S. dollar. With the development of the foreign exchange market and progress towards interest rate liberalization and renminbi internationalization, the Chinese government may in the future announce further changes to the exchange rate system. There is no guarantee that the renminbi will not appreciate or depreciate significantly in value against the U.S. dollar in the future. It is difficult to predict how market forces or Chinese or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between the renminbi and the U.S. dollar in the future.

All of our revenue and substantially all of our costs are denominated in Renminbi. We are a holding company and we rely on dividends paid by our operating subsidiary in China for our cash needs. Any significant revaluation of Renminbi may materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial position reported in Renminbi when translated into U.S. dollars, and the value of, and any dividends payable on, our ordinary shares in U.S. dollars. To the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars into Renminbi for our operations, appreciation of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the Renminbi amount we would receive. Conversely, if we decide to convert our Renminbi into U.S. dollars for the purpose of making payments for dividends on our ordinary shares or for other business purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the Renminbi would have a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amount.

You may face difficulties in protecting your interests and exercising your rights as a shareholder since we conduct substantially all of our operations in China, and most of our officers and directors reside outside the United States.

Although we are incorporated in the Cayman Islands, we conduct substantially all of our operations in China. All of our current officers and most of our directors reside outside the U.S. and substantially all of the assets of those persons are located outside of the U.S. It may be difficult for you to conduct due diligence on our company or such directors in your election of the directors and attend shareholders meetings if the meeting is held in China. As a result of all of the above, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests through actions against our management, directors or major shareholders than would shareholders of a corporation doing business entirely or predominantly within the U.S.

The increased regulatory scrutiny focusing on U.S.-listed companies with significant operations in China in the U.S. could add uncertainties to our business operations, share price and reputation. Although our auditor is subject to inspection by the PCAOB, trading in E-Home’s securities may be prohibited under the HFCA Act if  it is later determined that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely our auditor because of a position taken by an authority in a foreign jurisdiction or any other reasons, as a result, U.S. national securities exchanges, such as the Nasdaq, may determine to delist E-Home’s securities. Furthermore, a legislation entitled “Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023” (“Consolidated Appropriations Act”) was signed into law on December 29, 2022, amending the HFCA Act and require the SEC to prohibit an issuer’s securities from trading on any U.S. stock exchanges if its auditor is not subject to the PCAOB inspections for two consecutive years instead of three.

U.S. public companies that have substantially all of their operations in China have been the subject of intense scrutiny, criticism and negative publicity by investors, financial commentators and regulatory agencies, such as the SEC. Much of the scrutiny, criticism and negative publicity has centered on financial and accounting irregularities and mistakes, a lack of effective internal controls over financial accounting, inadequate corporate governance policies or a lack of adherence thereto and, in many cases, allegations of fraud.

In recent years, as part of increased regulatory focus in the United States on access to audit information, the United States enacted the HFCA Act in December 2020. The HFCA Act includes requirements for the SEC to identify issuers whose audit reports are prepared by auditors that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely because of a restriction imposed by a non-U.S. authority in the auditor’s local jurisdiction. The HFCA Act also requires public companies on the PCAOB determination list to certify that they are not owned or controlled by a foreign government and make certain additional disclosures in their SEC filings. In addition, if the auditor of a U.S. listed company’s financial statements is not subject to PCAOB inspections for three consecutive “non-inspection” years after the law becomes effective, the SEC is required to prohibit the securities of such issuer from being traded on a U.S. national securities exchange, such as NYSE and Nasdaq, or in U.S. over-the-counter markets. On December 29, 2022, Consolidated Appropriations Act was signed into law, amending the HFCA Act and require the SEC to prohibit an issuer’s securities from trading on U.S. stock exchanges if its auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspections for two consecutive “non-inspection” years instead of three.

On December 2, 2021, SEC adopted amendments to finalize rules implementing the submission and disclosure requirements in the HFCA Act. The rules apply to registrants the SEC identifies as having filed an annual report with an audit report issued by a registered public accounting firm that is located in a foreign jurisdiction and that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate (the “Commission-Identified Issuers”). A Commission-Identified Issuer will be required to comply with the submission and disclosure requirements in the annual report for each year in which it was identified. If a registrant is identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer based on its annual report for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, the registrant will be required to comply with the submission or disclosure requirements in its annual report filing covering the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022. 

On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued its determinations (the “Determination”) that they are unable to inspect or investigate completely PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and in Hong Kong. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB Board determined that the PCAOB was able to secure complete access to inspect and investigate registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong and voted to vacate its previous determinations to the contrary. However, should PRC authorities obstruct or otherwise fail to facilitate the PCAOB’s access in the future, the PCAOB Board will consider the need to issue a new determination.

Accordingly, if E-Home is determined by the SEC to be an SEC identified issuer, we will incur additional costs in complying with the submission and disclosure requirements in the annual report for each year in which E-Home is identified. In the event that E-Home is deemed to have had two consecutive “non-inspection” years by the PCAOB, its securities will be prohibited from trading on any national securities exchange or over-the-counter markets in the United States.

The lack of access to PCAOB inspections prevents the PCAOB from fully evaluating audits and quality control procedures of the auditors. As a result, investors may be deprived of the benefits of such PCAOB inspections. The inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of auditors in China and Hong Kong makes it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of these accounting firm’s audit procedures or quality control procedures as compared to auditors outside of China and Hong Kong that are subject to the PCAOB inspections.

As an auditor of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and a firm registered with the PCAOB, our auditor, Enrome LLP, is not headquartered in mainland China or Hong Kong and was not identified in the report as a firm subject to the PCAOB’s determination on December 16, 2021, which was vacated on December 15, 2022. Enrome LLP is subject to inspection by the PCAOB and the audit work papers of E-Home including those of its Chinese subsidiaries are available for the PCAOB’s inspection.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the future, if it is determined that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely our auditor because of a position taken by an authority in a foreign jurisdiction or any other reasons, the lack of inspection could cause the trading in our securities to be prohibited under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, and as a result Nasdaq may delist our securities. If our securities are unable to be listed on another securities exchange, such a delisting would substantially impair your ability to sell or purchase our securities when you wish to do so, and the risk and uncertainty associated with a potential delisting would have a negative impact on the price of our ordinary shares. Further, new laws and regulations or changes in laws and regulations in both the United States and China could affect our ability to list our ordinary shares on Nasdaq, which could materially impair the market for and market price for our securities.

Risks Related to Our Ordinary Shares

The trading price of our ordinary shares has been and is likely to continue to be highly volatile, which could result in substantial losses to holders of our ordinary shares.

The trading price of our ordinary shares has been and is likely to continue to be highly volatile and could fluctuate widely due to factors beyond our control. This may happen because of broad market and industry factors, like the performance and fluctuation in the market prices or the underperformance or deteriorating financial results of other listed companies based in China. The trading performances of other Chinese companies’ securities may affect the attitudes of investors toward Chinese companies listed in the United States, which consequently may impact the trading performance of our ordinary shares, regardless of our actual operating performance. In addition, any negative news or perceptions about inadequate corporate governance practices or fraudulent accounting, corporate structure or matters of other Chinese companies may also negatively affect the attitudes of investors towards Chinese companies in general, including us, regardless of whether we have conducted any inappropriate activities. Furthermore, securities markets may from time to time experience significant price and volume fluctuations that are not related to our operating performance, which may have a material and adverse effect on the trading price of our ordinary shares.

In addition to the above factors, the price and trading volume of our ordinary shares may be highly volatile due to multiple factors, including the following:

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the market price for the shares and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our ordinary shares will depend, in part, on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If research analysts do not establish and maintain adequate research coverage or if one or more of the analysts who covers us downgrades our ordinary shares or publishes inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the market price for our ordinary shares would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which, in turn, could cause the market price or trading volume for our ordinary shares to decline.

Because we do not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future, you must rely on price appreciation of your shares for return on your investment.

We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to fund the development and growth of our business. As a result, we do not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. See “Item 8. Financial Information - Dividend Policy.” Therefore, you should not rely on an investment in our ordinary shares as a source for any future dividend income.

Our board of directors has complete discretion as to whether to distribute dividends, subject to certain requirements of Cayman Islands law. In addition, our shareholders may by ordinary resolution declare a dividend, but no dividend may exceed the amount recommended by our directors. Under Cayman Islands law, a Cayman Islands company may pay a dividend out of either profit or share premium account, provided that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result in the company being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. Even if our board of directors decides to declare and pay dividends, the timing, amount and form of future dividends, if any, will depend on, among other things, our future results of operations and cash flow, our capital requirements and surplus, the amount of distributions, if any, received by us from our subsidiaries, our financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors. Accordingly, the return on your investment in our ordinary shares will likely depend entirely upon any future price appreciation of our ordinary shares. There is no guarantee that our ordinary shares will appreciate in value or even maintain the price at which you purchased your shares. You may not realize a return on your investment and you may even lose your entire investment.

Certain judgments obtained against us by our shareholders may not be enforceable.

We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. We conduct our operations outside the United States and substantially all of our assets are located outside the United States. In addition, substantially all of our directors and executive officers reside outside the United States, and most of their assets are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for you to bring an action against us or against them in the United States in the event that you believe that your rights have been infringed under the U.S. federal securities laws or otherwise. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands, China or other relevant jurisdiction may render you unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers.

You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law.

We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Our corporate affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association, the Companies Act (as Revised) of the Cayman Islands and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders to take action against our directors, actions by our minority shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from the common law of England, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority, but are not binding, on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands have a less developed body of securities laws than the United States. Some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the United States.

Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies like us have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records or to obtain copies of lists of shareholders of these companies. Our directors have discretion under our memorandum and articles of association to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to our shareholders. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder resolution or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.

As a result of all of the above, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by our management, members of our board of directors or our controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States. For a discussion of significant differences between the provisions of the Companies Act (as revised) of the Cayman Islands and the laws applicable to companies incorporated in the United States and their shareholders. See “Item 10. Additional Information – B. Memorandum and Articles of Association - Description of Share Capital—Differences in Corporate Law.”

We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act, and as such we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to U.S. domestic public companies.

Because we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the securities rules and regulations in the United States that are applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, including:

We are required to file an annual report on Form 20-F within four months of the end of each fiscal year. In addition, we may publish our results on a quarterly basis as press releases, distributed pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Nasdaq Capital Market. Press releases relating to financial results and material events will also be furnished to the SEC in reports on Form 6-K. However, the information we are required to file with or furnish to the SEC will be less extensive and less timely compared to that required to be filed with the SEC by U.S. domestic issuers. As a result, you may not be afforded the same protections or information that would be made available to you were you investing in a U.S. domestic issuer.

As an exempted company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards. These practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards.

As an exempted company incorporated in the Cayman Islands and listed on Nasdaq, we are subject to Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards. However, Nasdaq rules permit a foreign private issuer like us to follow the corporate governance practices of its home country. Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, may differ significantly from Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards. Currently, we follow our home country practice in lieu of the provisions under Rule 5620(a), Rule 5635(a), Rule 5635(c) and Rule 5635(d) of the NASDAQ Stock Market Marketplace Rules (the “Rules”) by relying on the exemption provided for foreign private issuers under Marketplace Rule 5615(a)(3). Rule 5620(a) of the Rules requires that the Company to hold an annual meeting of shareholders no later than one year after the end of the Company’s fiscal year-end; Rule 5635(a) of the Rules requires shareholder approval for the issuance of securities in connection with the acquisition of the stock or assets of another company; Rule 5635(c) of the Rules requires shareholder approval for share incentive plans; and Rule 5635(d) of the Rules requires shareholder approval for the issuance of securities, other than in a public offering, equal to 20% or more of the voting power outstanding before the issuance for less than the greater of book or market value of the stock. The corporate governance practice in our home country, the Cayman Islands, does not require the Company to follow or comply with the requirements of Rule 5620(a), Rule 5635(a), Rule 5635(c) and Rule 5635(d). We will continue to comply with other corporate governance requirements of the Nasdaq Listing Rules. However, we may consider following home country practice in lieu of additional requirements under the Nasdaq Listing Rules with respect to certain corporate governance standards in the future which may afford less protection to investors.

Our executive officer and major shareholder have entered into a voting agreement to vote in concert, which provides concentration of ownership and voting power to them and increases their influence on shareholder decisions.

Our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Wenshan Xie, wholly owns E-home Group Limited, which in turn owns approximately 30.43% of our outstanding ordinary shares. On February 1, 2019, E-home Group Limited entered into a voting agreement with Lucky Max Global Limited, pursuant to which, for a term of 20 years, Lucky Max Global Limited agreed to vote consistently with E-home Group Limited in the exercise all of its rights as a shareholder of our company. Lucky Max Global Limited owns approximately 14.61% of our outstanding ordinary shares. As a result, Mr. Xie, through E-home Group Limited, could be deemed to currently have voting power over approximately 45.04% of our outstanding ordinary shares and accordingly, possesses substantial ability to impact our management and affairs and the outcome of matters submitted to shareholders for approval. This concentration of ownership and voting power may also discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company, which could deprive our shareholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their shares as part of a sale of our company and might reduce the price of our ordinary shares.

There is a risk that we will be a passive foreign investment company for any taxable year, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. investors in our ordinary shares.

In general, a non-U.S. corporation is a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for any taxable year in which (i) 75% or more of its gross income consists of passive income or (ii) 50% or more of the average quarterly value of its assets consists of assets that produce, or are held for the production of, passive income. For purposes of the above calculations, a non-U.S. corporation that owns at least 25% by value of the shares of another corporation is treated as if it held its proportionate share of the assets of the other corporation and received directly its proportionate share of the income of the other corporation. Passive income generally includes dividends, interest, rents, royalties and certain gains. Cash is a passive asset for these purposes.

Based on the expected composition of our income and assets and the value of our assets, including goodwill, we do not expect to be a PFIC for our current taxable year. However, the proper application of the PFIC rules to a company with a business such as ours is not entirely clear. Because the proper characterization of certain components of our income and assets is not entirely clear, and because our PFIC status for any taxable year will depend on the composition of our income and assets and the value of our assets from time to time (which may be determined, in part, by reference to the market price of our ordinary shares, which could be volatile), there can be no assurance that we will not be a PFIC for our current taxable year or any future taxable year.

If we were a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. investor holds ordinary shares, certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences could apply to such U.S. investor. See “Item 10. Additional Information-E. Taxation – United States Federal Income Taxation – Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules.”

General Risk Factors

Any damage to our reputation or our brand or failure to enhance our brand recognition may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Developing, maintaining and expanding our reputation and brand with customers, service providers and others is critical to our success. Our brand may suffer if our marketing plans or goals are unsuccessful. The importance of our brand and demand for our services may decrease if competitors offer services with benefits similar to or as effective as our services and at lower costs to customers. Although we maintain procedures to ensure the quality of our services, we may be unable to detect or prevent customer service issues that arise at the time our services are being provided to customers. If any of our service providers cause injury to property or persons, we may incur material expenses for damages, and also may be subject to liability claims, which could damage our reputation and brand substantially. 

If we are unable to attract, recruit, train, develop and retain qualified personnel or sufficient workforce while controlling our labor costs, our business may be materially and adversely affected.

Recruiting and retaining highly qualified personnel is critical to our success. These demands may require us to hire additional personnel and will require our existing management personnel to develop additional expertise. We face intense competition for personnel. The failure to attract and retain personnel or to develop such expertise could delay, halt or reduce the sales of our services. If we experience difficulties in hiring and retaining personnel in key positions, we could suffer from delays in our development, loss of customers and sales and diversion of management resources, which could adversely affect operating results. Our present and future employees or independent contractors may be employed by third parties and may have commitments under contracts with third parties that may limit their availability to us.

If we are not able to develop enhancements and new features to our existing services or acceptable new services that keep pace with technological developments, our business will be harmed.

If we are unable to develop enhancements to and new features for our existing services or acceptable new services that keep pace with rapid technological developments, our business will be harmed. The success of enhancements, new features and services depends on several factors, including the timely completion, introduction and market acceptance of the feature. Failure in this regard may significantly impair our revenue growth. In addition, because our services are designed to be accessible on a variety of network hardware and software platforms using a standard browser, we will need to continuously modify and enhance our services to keep pace with changes in internet-related hardware, software, communication, browser and database technologies. We may not be successful in either developing these modifications and enhancements or in timely bringing them to market. Furthermore, uncertainties about the timing and nature of new network platforms or technologies, or modifications to existing platforms or technologies, could increase our research and development expenses. Any failure of our service to operate effectively with future network platforms and technologies could reduce the demand for our services, result in customer dissatisfaction and harm our business.

Assertions by third parties of infringement, misappropriation or other violation by us of their intellectual property rights could result in significant costs and substantially harm our business and operating results.

In recent years, there has been significant litigation involving intellectual property rights in many industries. Any infringement, misappropriation or related claims, whether or not meritorious, is time-consuming, diverts technical and management personnel and is costly to resolve. As a result of any such dispute, we may have to develop non-infringing technology, pay damages, enter into royalty or licensing agreements, cease providing our services or take other actions to resolve the claims. These actions, if required, may be costly or unavailable on terms acceptable to us. Any of these events could result in increases in operating expenses, limit our service offerings or result in a loss of business.

A cybersecurity incident could have a negative impact on our business and results of operations.

A cyber-attack may bypass the security for our IT systems causing a security breach and lead to a material disruption of our systems and/or the loss of business information and/or sales. Such a cyber-attack could result in any of the following:

As a result, our business and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

A. History and Development of the Company

General Information

The current legal name of the Company is E-Home Household Service Holdings Limited. The Company was incorporated in the Cayman Islands on September 24, 2018. Our principal executive office is located at is E-Home, 18/F, East Tower, Building B, Dongbai Center, Yangqiao Road, Gulou District, Fuzhou City 350001, People’s Republic of China. Our telephone number is (+86) 591-87590668.

Corporate History

We were incorporated as an exempted company with limited liability under the laws of the Cayman Islands on September 24, 2018 to serve as a holding company for our PRC operations.

On October 16, 2018, we established E-Home Household Service Holdings Limited as a wholly-owned subsidiary in Hong Kong. E-Home Household Service Holdings Limited is a holding company and holds all of the equity interests of E-Home WFOE, which was established in the PRC on December 5, 2018. In February 2019, E-Home WFOE entered into contractual arrangements with E-Home Pingtan and Fuzhou Bangchang, two limited liability companies established under the laws of the PRC on April 1, 2014 and March 15, 2007, respectively, and their shareholders.

On May 14, 2021, our ordinary shares commenced trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “EJH.” On May 18, 2021, the Company completed the closing of its initial public offering of 5,575,556 ordinary shares at a public offering price of $4.50 per ordinary share, including 20,000 ordinary shares issued upon the partial exercise of the over-allotment option by Joseph Stone Capital, LLC, who acted as the representative of underwriters for the initial public offering. The offering was conducted on a firm commitment basis.

On October 18, 2021, E-Home WFOE entered into an equity transfer agreement with each of E-Home Pingtan and Fuzhou Bangchang and their respective shareholders, pursuant to which E-Home WFOE exercised the options to acquire all of the equity interests in each of E-Home Pingtan and Fuzhou Bangchang from their respective shareholders. Upon the registration of the equity transfers with the local governmental authorities as of October 27, 2021, the equity transfers were closed, the company’s VIE structure was dissolved and each of E-Home Pingtan and Fuzhou Bangchang became a wholly owned indirect subsidiary of the Company.

On June 14, 2022 and July 8, 2022, the Company and its wholly owned subsidiary, E-Home Hong Kong, entered into an equity transfer agreement with Zhongrun, a limited liability company established in China, and Ms. Ling Chen, the sole shareholder of Zhongrun, pursuant to which Ms. Chen agreed to transfer 55% and 20% of the equity interests in Zhongrun to E-Home Hong Kong. On July 30, 2022, the Company’s board of directors approved to acquire 100% of the equity interests of Chuangying and its subsidiaries from Lin Jianying.

Such transactions mentioned above allowed E-Home WFOE to have control over E-Home Pingtan, Fuzhou Bangchang, Zhongrun and Chuangying and their subsidiaries based and upon which we consolidated E-Home Pingtan, Fuzhou Bangchang, Zhongrun and Chuangying and their subsidiaries into our financial statements for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2023.

E-Home Pingtan is a holding company of the following subsidiaries: (i) 100% of the equity interests of Fuzhou Yongheng Xin Electric Co., Ltd., a limited liability company established under the laws of the PRC on October 12, 2004; (ii) 100% of the equity interests of Fujian Happiness Yijia Family Service Co., Ltd., a limited liability company established under the laws of the PRC on January 19, 2015; and (iii) 100% of the equity interests of Danyang Fumao Health Development Co., Ltd., a limited liability company established under the laws of the PRC on June 23, 2021. E-Home Pingtan also holds 20% of the equity interests of Fuzhou Fumao Health Science and Technology Co., Ltd. (“Fuzhou Fumao”), previously named Fuzhou Yiyanbao Information Technology Co., Ltd., a limited liability company established under the laws of the PRC on August 12, 2016. E-Home Pingtan reduced its shareholding in Fuzhou Fumao from 67% to 20% as of September 15, 2021 by completing the registration of the transfer of 47% equity interests in Fuzhou Fumao to certain individuals with local governmental authorities.

Corporate Structure

All of our business operations are conducted through our Chinese subsidiaries. The chart below presents our current corporate structure:

B. Business Overview

General

We are a household service company based in Fuzhou, China. We provide integrated household services through our website and WeChat platform, “e家快服” (“E-Home”), across 21 provinces in China. Currently, these services primarily include home appliance services and housekeeping services. For our home appliance services, we partner with individuals and service stores which provide the technicians to deliver the on-site services. We have partnerships with more than 2,000 individuals and service stores providing these services in China. For our housekeeping services, we primarily partner with individual service providers who serve as independent contractors. We currently have more than 2,800 cleaners providing our housekeeping or care services. Our online platform integrates these offline service providers, which helps them to gain a larger customer base, and provides professional and reliable one-stop household services to our customers.

In July 2015, we successfully transitioned from an outsourcing after-market service provider of home appliances and building materials to an operator of home appliance services. In January 2018, we officially became an integrated household service provider after expanding our service portfolio from distribution, installation, repair and maintenance of home appliances to delivery, installation, repair and maintenance of home appliances, home-moving and house cleaning. In addition, we have launched and are actively promoting our senior care services. We plan to further expand our business to include smart community services, as well as sales of smart home supplementary merchandise. We currently have approximately 528 employees to support our operations.

The focus of our integrated household services will be adjusted based on different seasons and different locations. Most our home appliance services are conducted in Shandong, Henan and Hunan provinces, while our housekeeping and care services are mainly conducted in Fujian, Shandong and Guangxi provinces. We received over 1,273,111 and 1,319,141 service orders in the fiscal years ended June 30, 2022 and 2023, respectively. We believe that all services ordered were successfully delivered.

We operate our business mainly by receiving the orders online and providing the services offline. Our online platform includes our website and WeChat platform. Customers order services and complete payments online. After our system automatically matches an order to the corresponding service provider, the service provider receives the order and arranges for a technician/cleaner to deliver the on-site service. We are committed to raising our service quality and improving the efficiency of our platform operation, which would ultimately improve the customer experience. After the services are delivered, customers can upload their evaluations on the platform and our customer service team will follow up with customers and get their feedback.

We market our brand and services through multiple channels, both online and offline. Online marketing is mainly done through WeChat events. Offline services are mainly promoted by clients from communities, institutions, training agencies and firms through peer-to-peer marketing. We also aim to deliver premium services to garner strong word-of-mouth referrals and enhance our brand recognition. The number of our registered members increased to more than 4,450,000 for the year ended June 30, 2023 and 3,600,000 for the year ended June 30, 2022 from about 2,800,000 for the year ended June 30, 2021. Registered members are those customers who followed our WeChat official account and provided their profiles, including their phone numbers or WeChat User IDs. Most of the orders for our services are placed from our registered members; therefore, we believe that the number of registered members is a key metric for our operations.

We have invested heavily in expanding and upgrading our business. In 2017, we acquired 67% of Fujian Happiness Yijia Family Service Co., Ltd. and 100% of Fuzhou Yongheng Xin Electric Co., Ltd. to support the expansion of our integrated household services and the training of our service providers. In 2021, we entered into equity transfer agreements to acquire 33% of Fujian Happiness Yijia Family Service Co., Ltd. (67% of which was previously owned by us). On June 14, 2022 and July 8, 2022, we and our wholly owned subsidiary, E-Home Hong Kong, entered into an equity transfer agreement with Zhongrun, a limited liability company established in China, and Ms. Ling Chen, the sole shareholder of Zhongrun, pursuant to which Ms. Chen agreed to transfer 55% and 20% of the equity interests in Zhongrun to E-Home Hong Kong. On July 30, 2022, our board of directors approved to acquire 100% of the equity interests of Chuangying and its subsidiaries from Lin Jianying. As of the date of this report, the above acquisitions have been closed.

During the fiscal year ended June 30, 2022, our business operations were adversely affected by the strict lockdown requirement for control of COVID-19 in China. For the year ended June 30, 2022, our revenue decreased to approximately $63.75 million from approximately $74.53 million for the year ended June 30, 2021, representing a decrease of approximately 14.46%, and our net income (loss) decreased from approximately a net profit of approximately $6.40 million to a net loss of approximately $5.43 million, representing a decrease of approximately 184.85%.

During the fiscal year ended June 30, 2023, our business operation remained stable. For the year ended June 30, 2023, our revenue increased to approximately $68.32 million from approximately $63.75 million for the year ended June 30, 2022, representing an increase of approximately 7.17%, and our net loss increased to approximately $36.24 million from $5.43 million for the year ended June 30, 2022, representing an increase of approximately 567.42%.

Our Services

Currently, our services mainly include home appliance services, housekeeping services and senior care services. Our test operations for senior care services began in February 2019 and have so far generated a growing revenue from this new segment. We also generate revenues from sales of pharmaceutical products and devices in PRC, and from providing educational consulting services through the subsidiaries we acquired during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2023.

Installation and Maintenance

We respond to service requests from homeowners who require assistance with technical home appliance installation and repair issues. We help customers protect and maintain their home system and appliance from unplanned breakdowns of essential home systems and appliances, which are typically expensive. We provide customers with efficient and convenient home appliance services such as installation, repair, maintenance and other after sale services. Our service providers are primarily located in rural-urban fringe areas of 21 provinces in China, and Shandong, Henan and Hunan provinces are the three provinces that have the most service providers.

Our home appliance services cover all the main types of home appliances, including traditional home appliances such as refrigerators, stoves, air conditioners, water heaters, and washing machines. The services are provided all year long, but we focus on different kinds of home appliances during different times of the year. January to March is the busy season for hoods, gas stoves and water heaters; April to August is the busy season for refrigerators and air conditioners; and September to December is the busy season for televisions and washing machines.

Customers can place an order on our website or WeChat platform and fill in the detailed information including the address to be served, phone number, contact person, appointment service time and service items. After verifying the validity of this order, the service fee and the payment method, our obligation to provide the service is determined. Our customer service center will allocate the order to the corresponding service provider, pass the service information to that service provider, and the service provider will send a technician to provide on-site services based on the order information according to our instructions. Technicians are required to deliver the service on time and efficiently in accordance with our service guidelines, and respond on our platform after completion of the order. After the services are delivered, customers can upload their evaluations on the platform and our customer service team will follow up with customers and get their feedback. The customer service center will close the order according to customer’s evaluation and technician’s response. If the customer has already identified the reason for the malfunction of the home appliance that needs to be repaired, the charge for this order could be paid in full online directly after the order’s placement, but if the reason could not be identified, an upfront visit fee would be charged, and after our technician identifies the problem, the customer can fill the price difference online, or make a money-transfer by mobile phone or bank.

Our customers are normally asked to pay the unpaid balance through WeChat Pay or Alipay to our accounts so that we receive the payments immediately. If the customer does not have WeChat or Alipay accounts, our service providers will accept cash payments from them and the service providers have thirty days to wire the payments to the bank accounts designated by us according to the agreement that we entered into with them. If the customer refuses to pay, we will communicate with the customer directly. Depending on the reasons for nonpayment, we may either request the service provider to fix the service problems or request the customer to pay. If the customer continues to fail to pay after a satisfactory service is provided and the service provider is unable to collect from the customer, the service provider has no obligation to pay us, nor are we obligated to pay the service provider. Our agreements with the service providers do not have a provision requiring the service providers to pay us or requiring us to pay the service providers in this situation. For accounting purposes, we will treat the failure of payment by the customer as a bad debt. Historically, we have not experienced collection problems from customers.

We aim to provide the best service experience to customers. If a customer complains about the quality of the work, we evaluate the complaint and if valid, arrange for additional service or make a full refund including the upfront fee. Our customers normally pay us directly by using WeChat or Alipay immediately after the completion of ordered services.

As part of our installation and maintenance services, we also sell accessories when they need to be replaced during the provision of our home appliance services. The main types of accessories that we sell are control panels, electric boards, condensers, and compressors. Prices for these accessories range from RMB400 to RMB700 (approximately from $55.36 to $96.88). However, the price of some accessories such as TV screens could be much higher-up to RMB1,600 (approximately $221.43).

We purchase accessories from suppliers through unified purchasing channels, and the suppliers will distribute the accessories directly to our service providers. Service providers provide price information of the accessories before they provide relevant services to end customers.

We enter into a cooperation agreement with each of the individual service providers and service stores that provide our installation and maintenance services. Under our standard cooperation agreement, we agree to recommend customers to the service provider and assist it in conducting its business, and the service provider agrees to provide the services. The term of our standard cooperation agreement is for five years and may be terminated by either party if (i) such party’s business is suspended by governmental authorities; (ii) the parties have material disputes in the course of operation and fail to settle through friendly consultation; or (iii) parties fail to reach a renewal agreement before the contract expires. In addition, the service provider may terminate the cooperation agreement if our company is facing serious business operation difficulties, or committed fraud against customers and other serious illegal activities, and we may terminate the cooperation agreement if the service provider is facing serious operation difficulties, or committed fraud against customers, misappropriation of customer funds, or other serious illegal activities, or the internal management of the service provider has material issues that may have a material adverse impact on its ordinary course of business. Our standard cooperation agreement also contains a customary confidentiality provision. We have partnerships with more than 2,000 individuals and service stores in China. We normally receive approximately 40% of the fees for the services and the service provider receives approximately 60% of the fees, although terms will vary.

We are actively developing new business lines to diversify our revenue sources. In February 2019, we launched a home appliance service package for customers, whereby the customer pays a flat annual fee for the package, and we provide a warranty for a certain amount of customer’s home appliances.

In addition, from time to time we enter into appliances installation and maintenance and cleaning services cooperation agreements with various companies, which pursuant to the agreements outsource their businesses of appliances installation and maintenance and cleaning services to us. Such agreements typically have a term of three years and require us to pay certain amount of security deposits to ensure that we will provide required services according to the agreements. The deposits will be returned to us after the expiration of the agreements.

Revenue from installation and maintenance services increased by $1,159,238, or 2.90%, to $41,177,200 for the year ended June 30, 2023 from $40,017,962 for the year ended June 30, 2022. Revenue from installation and maintenance services accounted for 60.27% of our total revenue for the year ended June 30, 2023, as compared to 62.77% for the year ended June 30, 2022. Due to the impact of COVID-19, revenue from installation and maintenance services decreased by 22.36% to approximately $40.02 million for the year ended June 30, 2022 from approximately $51.55 million for the year ended June 30, 2021. Installation and maintenance services accounted for approximately 62.77% and 69.17% of our total revenue for the years ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Such decrease was primarily due to the strict COVID-19 lockdown requirements throughout China.

Housekeeping

In January 2018, we began providing housekeeping services, which include housecleaning, and maternity matron. Our current standard charge for housecleaning services is about RMB 50 (approximately $6.92) per hour. The minimum order for housecleaning services is four hours. During our fiscal year ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, we served approximately 856,500 and 739,900 customers, respectively.

Customers can place an order through our WeChat platform and pay a service fee for housecleaning or a referral fee for the services. Approximately 90% of our customers are urban residents, particularly white-collar workers. We currently have more than 2,800 cleaners providing our housekeeping services. In most cases, the same cleaner will be assigned to the same customer so that they can build trust and long-term relationships with their customers to provide services with better quality. We highly value the standard of our housekeeping services and we constantly improve the service quality by building up our training system and regularly training our service providers.

We enter into housekeeping service agreements with each of our service providers. Under our standard housekeeping service agreement, the service provider is assigned certain customers and agrees to provide the services for that customer in accordance with our rules and procedures. As compensation, we are paying the service provider monthly at an hourly rate of RMB40 (approximately $5.54) per hour. A service provider typically works for about 120 hours per month. These service providers are considered independent contractors and not employees, so we are not required to obtain labor, medical or other insurance for the service providers. We provide the service providers with access to our ordering platforms. The service providers are not permitted to accept cash from customers. All payments by customers must be made through our platforms. We also provide the service providers with necessary training. After orders are completed, we obtain customer feedback and work with the service providers to address any issues. Our standard housekeeping service agreement is for a term of one (1) year and may be terminated by either party for cause. The agreement may also be terminated by us if the customer accepts customer payments directly and such violation is material.

Revenue from housekeeping services amounted to $17,210,122 for the year ended June 30, 2023, representing an increase of $869,212, or 5.32%, from $16,340,910 for the year ended June 30, 2022. Revenue from housekeeping services accounted for 25.19% of our total revenue for the year ended June 30, 2023, as compared to 25.63% for the year ended June 30, 2022. Revenue from housekeeping services amounted to approximately $16.34 million, or 25.63% of total revenue, for the year ended June 30, 2022, representing a decrease by approximately $0.45 million, or 2.69%, from approximately $16.79 million for the year ended June 30, 2021.

Senior Care Services

We have launched and are actively promoting our senior care services. We began test operations for these services in February 2019 and generated approximately $7.39 million and $6.52 million of revenues during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2022 and 2023, respectively. This service primarily targets the senior population over 60 years old. We are partnering with senior associations to develop an internet based at-home senior care service program. As part of this program, we developed a customizable smart wristwatch with functions such as time, blood pressure measurement, heart rate measurement, pedometer, locator, and calling. The manufacture of this smart watch is outsourced to Guangzhou 100ecare Technology Ltd., or Guangzhou 100ecare, a Shenzhen based professional smart products manufacturer. Guangzhou 100ecare also provides relevant technical services to us so that we can receive real-time customer physical conditions transmitted from their smart wristwatches, such as heart rates, blood pressures and locations.

We offer free watches to beginning level customers and charge them an annual fee, which is currently RMB599 (approximately $82.89). Half of this fee is to pay for the services provided by community doctors, who establish health records for customers and provide them basic health consultation services, including Traditional Chinese Medicine consultation. The remaining half is collected by us. We receive the customer’s heart rate, blood pressure changes and location, and connect to community doctors in real time. We will charge additional fees if our customers request extra services, such as accompanying the customers to hospitals for treatment, preparing Chinese herbal decoctions or assigning personnel to take care of the seniors. To promote our senior care services, we offer certain incentives and discounts for the services such as installation and maintenance services and housekeeping services when requested by our watch users. For instance, we waive visit fees and only charge material fees if they use our installation and maintenance services. These customers will be able to go to our senior care center to enjoy a series of services including nursery, medical and housekeeping until their natural death. Advanced level customer services are exclusively offered to seniors over 60 years old. We currently only have beginning level customers.

As of June 30, 2023, we had received about 203,910 senior care orders. We are cooperating with about 75 community doctors and have ordered approximately 153,500 smart wristwatches and leased 60 cars as well as 3 villas to support and develop our senior care services. With Guangzhou 100ecare we have developed a system, which is used in our services to help our customers monitor main health indicators like heart rate and blood pressure.

Sales and Marketing

We have invested in building a broad sales force and marketing team. As of June 30, 2023, we had 450 full-time sales and marketing personnel, each of whom is responsible for a designated sales region. Our general marketing efforts are designed to build brand awareness and reputation. We market our services to both homeowners and businesses through online and offline marketing activities, including advertisements via various social media channels such as WeChat, marketing partnerships, various offline marketing events hosted by our local employees, and through our sales teams. We offer service discounts or promotions from time to time to stimulate customer orders. We launch different service events based on different seasons. For example, people tend to maintain and clean their air conditioners between April and May, so we will mainly promote and provide home appliance services in this time period each year.

Customers

Our customers mainly include individuals and families. We have no single customer that accounts for more than ten percent of our consolidated revenue. Additionally, no reportable segment has a single customer that accounts for more than ten percent of its revenue. None of our reportable segments are dependent on a single customer or a few customers, the loss of which would have a material adverse effect on the segment.

Competition

We compete in residential and commercial services industries, focusing on home appliance installation and maintenance, accessories sales, housekeeping services and senior care services. We compete with many other companies in the sale of our services. The principal methods of competition in our businesses include quality and speed of service, brand awareness and reputation, customer satisfaction, pricing and promotions, professional sales forces, service provider network and referrals. While we compete with a broad range of competitors in each discrete segment, we do not believe that any of our competitors provides all of the services we provide in all of the segments we serve. All of the primary segments in which we operate are highly fragmented.

Competition for home appliance installation and maintenance services comes mainly from regional providers. Our primary direct competitors include China Union Guarantee and RRS.

Competition in the segment for housekeeping services comes mainly from local, independently-owned firms, and from a few larger companies such as Homeking and 58Daojia.

Competition in the segment for senior case services comes mainly from independently-owned regional providers.

Information Technology

We have invested in information systems and software packages designed to allow us to grow efficiently and scale across our organization, while retaining local and regional flexibility. We believe this capability provides us with a competitive advantage in our operations. Our sophisticated IT systems enable us to provide a high level of convenience and service to our customers. Our websites and customer-facing platforms, which operate and are staffed 24 hours a day, seven days a week, are able to take customer service requests, respond to customer questions and promptly assign service providers to a job.

Intellectual Property

We regard our trademarks, domain names, copyrights, know-how, proprietary technologies and similar intellectual property as critical to our success, and we rely on trademark and trade secret laws and confidentiality, invention assignment and non-compete agreements with our employees and others to protect our proprietary rights. We have registered four trademarks, including “e家快服” (“E-Home”), in the PRC and 10 software copyrights in the PRC. We are the registered holder of 1 domain name for our website: www.ej111.com.

Insurance

We provide social security insurance including pension insurance, unemployment insurance, work-related injury insurance, maternity insurance and medical insurance for our employees. We also provide additional commercial medical insurance coverage for our key management. We do not maintain business interruption insurance, general third-party liability insurance, product liability insurance or key-man insurance. We consider our insurance coverage to be sufficient for our business operations in China and in line with market practice.

Regulations

This section sets forth a summary of the most significant laws, rules and regulations that affect our business activities in the PRC or our shareholders’ rights to receive dividends and other distributions from us.

Regulations Relating to Foreign Investment

Investment activities in the PRC by foreign investors are governed by the Guiding Foreign Investment Direction, which was promulgated by the State Council in February 2002 and came into effect in April 2002, and the Special Administrative Measures for the Access of Foreign Investment (Negative List), or the Negative List, which was promulgated by the Ministry of Commerce of the PRC (“MOFCOM”), and the National Development and Reform Commission (“NDRC”), in June 2020 and came into effect in July 2020. The Negative List sets out the restrictive measures in a unified manner, such as the requirements on shareholding percentages and management, for the access of foreign investments, and the industries that are prohibited from receiving foreign investment. The Negative List covers 12 industries, and any field not falling under the Negative List shall be administered under the principle of equal treatment to domestic and foreign investment.

Foreign Investment Law of the PRC, or the Foreign Investment Law, was promulgated by the NPC in March 2019 and came into effect in January 2020. When the Foreign Investment Law came into effect, the Law on Wholly Foreign-owned Enterprises of the PRC, the Law on Sino-foreign Equity Joint Ventures of the PRC and the Law on Sino-foreign Cooperative Joint Ventures of the PRC were repealed simultaneously. The investment activities of foreign natural persons, enterprises or other organizations (collectively, the “foreign investors”) directly or indirectly within the territory of China shall comply with and be governed by the Foreign Investment Law. Such activities include: 1) establishing by foreign investors of foreign-invested enterprises in China alone or jointly with other investors; 2) acquiring by foreign investors of shares, equity, property shares, or other similar interests of Chinese domestic enterprises; 3) investing by foreign investors in new projects in China alone or jointly with other investors; and 4) other forms of investment prescribed by laws, administrative regulations or the State Council.

In December 2019, the State Council promulgated the Regulations on Implementing the Foreign Investment Law of the PRC, which came into effect in January 2020. When the Regulations on Implementing the Foreign Investment Law of the PRC came into effect, the Regulation on Implementing the Sino-Foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprise Law of the PRC, Provisional Regulations on the Duration of Sino-Foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprise, the Regulations on Implementing the Wholly Foreign-Invested Enterprise Law of the PRC and the Regulations on Implementing the Sino-Foreign Cooperative Joint Venture Enterprise Law of the PRC were repealed simultaneously. In accordance with the Regulations on Implementing the Foreign Investment Law of the PRC, according to the needs for national economic and social development, the State shall formulate a catalogue of industries for which foreign investment is encouraged to list the specific industries, fields and regions in which foreign investors are encouraged and guided to invest. On January 27, 2021, the Catalogue of Industries for Encouraging Foreign Investment (2020 Version) which was promulgated by NDRC and MOC became effective and the “household services” falls with the catalogue.

In December 2019, the MOFCOM and the State Administration for Market Regulation (“SAMR”) promulgated the Measures on Reporting of Foreign Investment Information, which came into effect in January 2020. When the Measures on Reporting of Foreign Investment Information came into effect, the Interim Measures for the Administration of Filing for Establishment and Changes in Foreign Investment Enterprises were repealed simultaneously. Since January 1, 2020, for foreign investors carrying out investment activities directly or indirectly in China, the foreign investors or foreign-invested enterprises shall submit investment information to the relevant commerce administrative authorities according to the Measure on Reporting of Foreign Investment Information. A listed foreign-funded company may, when the change of foreign investors’ shareholding ratio cumulatively exceeds 5% or the foreign party’s controlling or relatively controlling status changes, report the information on the change of investors and the shares held by them.

We are engaged in the business of household services, appliance maintenance and repair and senior care, none of which falls within the Negative List. Therefore, there are no restrictions on foreign investment in the industries where we operate.

Regulations Relating to Internet Information Security

In 1997, the Ministry of Public Security promulgated measures that prohibit use of the internet in ways which, among other things, result in a leakage of state secrets or a spread of socially destabilizing content. If an internet information service provider violates these measures, the Ministry of Public Security and the local security bureaus may revoke its operating license and shut down its websites.

Internet information in China is regulated and restricted from a national security standpoint. The Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress has enacted the Decisions on Maintaining Internet Security on December 28, 2000 and further amended on August 27, 2009, which may subject violators to criminal punishment in China for any effort to: (i) gain improper entry into a computer or system of strategic importance; (ii) disseminate politically disruptive information; (iii) leak state secrets; (iv) spread false commercial information; or (v) infringe intellectual property rights.

The PRC Cybersecurity Law was promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on November 7, 2016 and became effective on June 1, 2017. Under this regulation, network operators, including online lending information service providers, shall comply with laws and regulations and fulfill their obligations to safeguard security of the network when conducting business and providing services, and take all necessary measures pursuant to laws, regulations and compulsory national requirements to safeguard the safe and stable operation of the networks, respond to network security incidents effectively, prevent illegal and criminal activities, and maintain the integrity, confidentiality and usability of network data.

On April 13, 2020, the Cyberspace Administration of China (“CAC”), the NDRC, the MIIT, and several other governmental authorities jointly issued the Cybersecurity Review Measures, which came into effect on June 1, 2020. According to the Cybersecurity Review Measures, the purchase of cyber products and services including core network equipment, high-performance computers and servers, mass storage devices, large databases and application software, network security equipment, cloud computing services, and other products and services that have an important impact on the security of critical information infrastructure which affects or may affect national security is subject to cybersecurity review by the Cybersecurity Review Office.

On February 15, 2022, the Cyberspace Review Measures took effect. The scope of review extends to critical information infrastructure operators, data processors carrying out data processing activities, and national security risks related to a non-PRC listing, especially the “risks of core data, important data or substantial personal information being stolen, leaked, damaged, illegally used or exported; risks of Critical Information Infrastructure, core data, important data or substantial personal information data being affected, controlled and maliciously used by foreign governments after a foreign listing.” According to Article 6 of the Cyberspace Review Measures, operators who possess personal information of over a million users shall apply to the Cybersecurity Review Office for cybersecurity reviews before listing abroad. Besides, where any activities affect or may endanger national security during the purchase of network products and services by key information infrastructure operators or the data processing by data workers, cybersecurity reviews should be conducted in accordance with the Cyberspace Review Measures. 

On June 10, 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of China promulgated the Data Security Law which took effect on September 1, 2021. The Data Security Law provides for data security and privacy obligations on entities and individuals carrying out data activities. Any organization or individual that collects data shall do so in a lawful and legitimate manner and shall not obtain data by stealing or other illegal means. The Data Security Law also introduces a data classification and hierarchical protection system based on the importance of data in economic and social development, as well as the degree of harm it will cause to national security, public interests, or legitimate rights and interests of individuals or organizations when such data is tampered with, destroyed, leaked, or illegally acquired or used, and appropriate level of protection measures is required to be taken for the respective categories of data, for example, the processor of important data shall designate the personnel and management institution responsible for the data security, carry out risk assessment for its data processing activities and file the risk assessment report with the competent authorities. In addition, the Data Security Law provides for a national security review procedure for those data activities which may affect national security and imposes export restrictions on certain data and information.

On July 6, 2021, certain PRC regulatory authorities issued Opinions on Strictly Cracking Down on Illegal Securities Activities, to improve relevant laws and regulations on data security, crossborder data transmission, and confidential information management. It provided that efforts will be made to revise the regulations on strengthening the confidentiality and file management relating to the offering and listing of securities overseas, to implement the responsibility on information security of overseas listed companies, and to strengthen the standardized management of cross-border information provision mechanisms and procedures.

We have, in accordance with relevant provisions on network security of the PRC, established necessary mechanisms to protect information security, including, among others, adopting necessary network security protection technologies such as anti-virus firewalls, intrusion detection and data encryption, keeping record of network logs, and implementing information classification framework.

Regulations Relating to Privacy Protection

The Several Provisions on Regulating the Market Order of Internet Information Services, issued by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology in December 2011, provide that, an internet information service provider may not collect any user personal information or provide any such information to third parties without the consent of a user. An internet information service provider must expressly inform the users of the method, content and purpose of the collection and processing of such user personal information and may only collect such information necessary for the provision of its services. An internet information service provider is also required to properly maintain the user personal information, and in case of any leak or likely leak of the user personal information, online lending service providers must take immediate remedial measures and, in severe circumstances, make an immediate report to the telecommunications regulatory authority.

In addition, pursuant to the Decision on Strengthening the Protection of Online Information issued by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress in December 2012 and the Order for the Protection of Telecommunication and Internet User Personal Information issued by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology in July 2013, any collection and use of user personal information must be subject to the consent of the user, abide by the principles of legality, rationality and necessity and be within the specified purposes, methods and scopes.

The Guidelines jointly released by ten PRC regulatory agencies in July 2015 purport, among other things, to require service providers to improve technology security standards, and safeguard user and transaction information. The Guidelines also prohibit service providers from illegally selling or disclosing users’ personal information. Pursuant to the Ninth Amendment to the Criminal Law issued by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress in August 2015, which became effective in November 2015, any internet service provider that fails to fulfill the obligations related to internet information security administration as required by applicable laws and refuses to rectify upon orders is subject to criminal penalty for the result of (i) any dissemination of illegal information in large scale; (ii) any severe effect due to the leakage of the client’s information; (iii) any serious loss of criminal evidence; or (iv) other severe situation, and any individual or entity that (i) sells or provides personal information to others in a way violating the applicable law, or (ii) steals or illegally obtain any personal information is subject to criminal penalty in severe situation.

On August 20, 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of China promulgated the Personal Information Protection Law that will take effect on November 1, 2021, which provides for various requirements on personal information protection, including legal bases for data collection and processing, requirements on data localization and cross-border data transfer, and requirements for consent and requirements on processing sensitive personal information. The Personal Information Protection Law apply to the activities of processing the personal data of natural persons within the territory of the PRC. The individual’s consent shall be obtained to process personal data in accordance with other relevant provisions of this Law, subject to certain exceptions stipulated in this Law.

We have obtained consent from users to collect and use their personal information. While we have taken measures to protect the personal information that we have access to, our security measures could be breached resulting in the leak of such confidential personal information. Security breaches or unauthorized access to confidential information could also expose us to liability related to the loss of the information, time-consuming and expensive litigation and negative publicity.

Regulations Relating to Intellectual Property

The Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress and the State Council have promulgated comprehensive laws and regulations to protect trademarks. The Trademark Law of the PRC (2013 revision) promulgated on August 23, 1982 and subsequently amended on February 22, 1993, October 27, 2001 and August 30, 2013, respectively, and the Implementation Regulation of the Trademark Law (2014 revision) issued by the State Council on August 3, 2002 and amended on April 29, 2014 are the main regulations protecting registered trademarks. The Trademark Office under the State Administration for Industry and Commerce administrates the registration of trademarks on a “first-to-file” basis, and grants a term of ten years to registered trademarks.

The PRC Copyright Law, adopted in 1990 and revised in 2001, 2010, and 2021, respectively, with its implementation rules adopted on August 8, 2002 and revised in 2011 and 2013, respectively, and the Regulations for the Protection of Computer Software as promulgated on December 20, 2001 and amended in 2011 and 2013 provide protection for copyright of computer software in the PRC. Under these rules and regulations, software owners, licensees and transferees may register their rights in software with the National Copyright Administration Center or its local branches to obtain software copyright registration certificates.

The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology promulgated the Administrative Measures on Internet Domain Name on August 24, 2017 to protect domain names. According to these measures, domain name applicants are required to duly register their domain names with domain name registration service institutions. The applicants will become the holder of such domain names upon the completion of the registration procedure.

We have adopted necessary mechanisms to register, maintain and enforce intellectual property rights in China. However, we cannot assure you that we can prevent our intellectual property from all the unauthorized use by any third party, neither can we promise that none of our intellectual property rights would be challenged any third party.

Regulations Relating to Employment

The PRC Labor Law and the Labor Contract Law require that employers must execute written employment contracts with full-time employees. All employers must compensate their employees with wages equal to at least the local minimum wage standards. Violations of the PRC Labor Law and the Labor Contract Law may result in the imposition of fines and other administrative sanctions, and serious violations may constitute criminal offences.

On December 28, 2012, the PRC Labor Contract Law was amended with effect on July 1, 2013 to impose more stringent requirements on labor dispatch. Under such law, dispatched workers are entitled to pay equal to that of full-time employees for equal work, but the number of dispatched workers that an employer hires may not exceed a certain percentage of its total number of employees as determined by the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security. Additionally, dispatched workers are only permitted to engage in temporary, auxiliary or substitute work. According to the Interim Provisions on Labor Dispatch promulgated by the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security on January 24, 2014, which became effective on March 1, 2014, the number of dispatched workers hired by an employer shall not exceed 10% of the total number of its employees (including both directly hired employees and dispatched workers). The Interim Provisions on Labor Dispatch require employers not in compliance with the PRC Labor Contract Law in this regard to reduce the number of its dispatched workers to below 10% of the total number of its employees prior to March 1, 2016.

Enterprises in China are required by PRC laws and regulations to participate in certain employee benefit plans, including social insurance funds, namely a pension plan, a medical insurance plan, an unemployment insurance plan, a work-related injury insurance plan and a maternity insurance plan, and a housing provident fund, and contribute to the plans or funds in amounts equal to certain percentages of salaries, including bonuses and allowances, of the employees as specified by the local government from time to time at locations where they operate their businesses or where they are located. The enterprise may be ordered to pay the full amount within a deadline if it fails to make adequate contributions to various employee benefit plans and may be subject to fines and other administrative sanctions.

Regulations Relating to Foreign Exchange

Regulations on Foreign Currency Exchange

Under the PRC Foreign Currency Administration Rules promulgated on January 29, 1996 and last amended on August 5, 2008 and various regulations issued by the State Administration of Foreign Exchange and other relevant PRC government authorities, payment of current account items in foreign currencies, such as trade and service payments, payment of interest and dividends can be made without prior approval from the State Administration of Foreign Exchange by following the appropriate procedural requirements. By contrast, the conversion of RMB into foreign currencies and remittance of the converted foreign currency outside the PRC for the purpose of capital account items, such as direct equity investments, loans and repatriation of investment, requires prior approval from the State Administration of Foreign Exchange or its local office.

On February 13, 2015, the State Administration of Foreign Exchange promulgated the Circular on Simplifying and Improving the Foreign Currency Management Policy on Direct Investment, effective from June 1, 2015, which cancels the requirement for obtaining approvals of foreign exchange registration of foreign direct investment and overseas direct investment from the State Administration of Foreign Exchange. The application for the registration of foreign exchange for the purpose of foreign direct investment and overseas direct investment may be filed with qualified banks, which, under the supervision of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, may review the application and process the registration.

The Circular of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reforming the Management Approach regarding the Settlement of Foreign Capital of Foreign-invested Enterprise was promulgated on March 30, 2015 and became effective on June 1, 2015. According to this Circular, a foreign-invested enterprise may, according to its actual business needs, settle with a bank the portion of the foreign exchange capital in its capital account for which the relevant foreign exchange bureau has confirmed monetary contribution rights and interests (or for which the bank has registered the account-crediting of monetary contribution). For the time being, foreign-invested enterprises are allowed to settle 100% of their foreign exchange capitals on a discretionary basis; a foreign-invested enterprise shall truthfully use its capital for its own operational purposes within the scope of business; where an ordinary foreign-invested enterprise makes domestic equity investment with the amount of foreign exchanges settled, the invested enterprise shall first go through domestic re-investment registration and open a corresponding Account for Foreign Exchange Settlement Pending Payment with the foreign exchange bureau (bank) at the place of registration. The Circular of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reforming and Regulating Policies on the Control over Foreign Exchange Settlement of Capital Accounts was promulgated and became effective on June 9, 2016. According to this Circular, enterprises registered in PRC may also convert their foreign debts from foreign currency into Renminbi on self-discretionary basis. This Circular provides an integrated standard for conversion of foreign exchange under capital account items (including but not limited to foreign currency capital and foreign debts) on self—discretionary basis, which applies to all enterprises registered in the PRC. This Circular reiterates the principle that Renminbi converted from foreign currency-denominated capital of a company may not be directly or indirectly used for purposes beyond its business scope and may not be used for investments in securities or other investment with the exception of bank financial products that can guarantee the principal within the PRC unless otherwise specifically provided. Besides, the converted Renminbi shall not be used to make loans for related enterprises unless it is within the business scope or to build or to purchase any real estate that is not for the enterprise own use with the exception for the real estate enterprise.

On January 26, 2017, the State Administration of Foreign Exchange promulgated the Circular on Further Improving Reform of Foreign Exchange Administration and Optimizing Genuineness and Compliance Verification, which stipulates several capital control measures with respect to the outbound remittance of profits from domestic entities to offshore entities, including (i) banks must check whether the transaction is genuine by reviewing board resolutions regarding profit distribution, original copies of tax filing records and audited financial statements, and (ii) domestic entities must retain income to account for previous years’ losses before remitting any profits. Moreover, pursuant to this Circular, domestic entities must explain in detail the sources of capital and how the capital will be used, and provide board resolutions, contracts and other proof as a part of the registration procedure for outbound investment.

Regulations on Foreign Exchange Registration of Overseas Investment by PRC Residents

The State Administration of Foreign Exchange issued the Circular on Relevant Issues Relating to Domestic Resident’s Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles, or Circular 37, which became effective in July 2014, to replace the Circular of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Issues Concerning the Regulation of Foreign Exchange in Equity Finance and Roundtrip Investments by Domestic Residents through Offshore Special Purpose Vehicles, to regulate foreign exchange matters in relation to the use of special purpose vehicles by PRC residents or entities to seek offshore investment and financing or conduct round trip investment in China. Circular 37 defines a “special purpose vehicle” as an offshore entity established or controlled, directly or indirectly, by PRC residents or entities for the purpose of seeking offshore financing or making offshore investment, using legitimate onshore or offshore assets or interests, while “round trip investment” is defined as direct investment in China by PRC residents or entities through special purpose vehicles, namely, establishing foreign-invested enterprises to obtain the ownership, control rights and management rights. Circular 37 stipulates that, prior to making contributions into a special purpose vehicle, PRC residents or entities be required to complete foreign exchange registration with the State Administration of Foreign Exchange or its local branch. In addition, the State Administration of Foreign Exchange promulgated the Notice on Further Simplifying and Improving the Administration of the Foreign Exchange Concerning Direct Investment in February 2015, which amended Circular 37 and became effective on June 1, 2015, requiring PRC residents or entities to register with qualified banks rather than the State Administration of Foreign Exchange in connection with their establishment or control of an offshore entity established for the purpose of overseas investment or financing.

PRC residents or entities who had contributed legitimate onshore or offshore interests or assets to special purpose vehicles but had not obtained registration as required before the implementation of the Circular 37 must register their ownership interests or control in the special purpose vehicles with qualified banks. An amendment to the registration is required if there is a material change with respect to the special purpose vehicle registered, such as any change of basic information (including change of the PRC residents, name and operation term), increases or decreases in investment amount, transfers or exchanges of shares, and mergers or divisions. Failure to comply with the registration procedures set forth in Circular 37 and the subsequent notice, or making misrepresentation on or failure to disclose controllers of the foreign-invested enterprise that is established through round-trip investment, may result in restrictions being imposed on the foreign exchange activities of the relevant foreign-invested enterprise, including payment of dividends and other distributions, such as proceeds from any reduction in capital, share transfer or liquidation, to its offshore parent or affiliate, and the capital inflow from the offshore parent, and may also subject relevant PRC residents or entities to penalties under PRC foreign exchange administration regulations. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—PRC regulations relating to investments in offshore companies by PRC residents may subject our PRC-resident beneficial owners or our PRC subsidiaries to liability or penalties, limit our ability to inject capital into our PRC subsidiaries or limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to increase their registered capital or distribute profits.”

Regulations on Stock Incentive Plans

The State Administration of Foreign Exchange promulgated the Notice on Issues Concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Stock Incentive Plan of Overseas Publicly Listed Company, or the Stock Incentive Plan Notice, in February 2012, replacing the previous rules issued by the State Administration of Foreign Exchange in March 2007. Pursuant to the Stock Incentive Plan Notice and other relevant rules and regulations, PRC residents participating in stock incentive plan in an overseas publicly-listed company are required to register with the State Administration of Foreign Exchange or its local branches and follow certain other procedures. Participants of a stock incentive plan who are PRC residents must conduct the registration and other procedures with respect to the stock incentive plan through a qualified PRC agent, which could be a PRC subsidiary of the overseas publicly listed company or another qualified institution appointed by the PRC subsidiary. In addition, the PRC agent is required to update the relevant registration should there be any material change to the stock incentive plan, the PRC agent or other material changes. The PRC agent must, on behalf of the PRC residents who have the right to exercise the employee stock options, apply to the State Administration of Foreign Exchange or its local branches for an annual quota for the payment of foreign currencies in connection with the PRC residents’ exercise of the employee stock options. The foreign exchange proceeds received by the PRC residents from the sale of shares under the stock incentive plans granted and dividends distributed by the overseas listed companies must be remitted into the bank accounts in the PRC opened by the PRC agents prior to distribution to such PRC residents.

We may adopt a share incentive plan in the future, under which we will have the discretion to award incentives and rewards to eligible participants. We plan to advise the recipients of awards under our share incentive plan to handle relevant foreign exchange matters in accordance with the Stock Incentive Plan Notice. However, we cannot guarantee that all employee awarded equity-based incentives can successfully register with the State Administration of Foreign Exchange in full compliance with the Stock Incentive Plan Notice. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Any failure to comply with PRC regulations regarding employee share incentive plans may subject the PRC plan participants or us to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions.”

Regulations on Dividend Distribution

Distribution of dividends of foreign investment enterprises are mainly governed by the Foreign Investment Enterprise Law, issued in 1986 and amended in 2000 and 2016, respectively, and the Implementation Rules under the Foreign Investment Enterprise Law, issued in 1990 and amended in 2001 and 2014, respectively. Under these regulations, foreign investment enterprises in the PRC may distribute dividends only out of their accumulative profits, if any, determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, no less than 10% of the accumulated profits of the foreign investment enterprises in the PRC are required to be allocated to fund certain reserve funds each year unless these reserves have reached 50% of the registered capital of the enterprises. A PRC company is not permitted to distribute any profits until any losses from previous fiscal years have been offset. Profits retained from prior fiscal years may be distributed together with distributable profits from the current fiscal year. Under our current corporate structure, our Cayman Islands holding company may rely on dividend payments from our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have. Limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends to us could limit our ability to access cash generated by the operations of those entities. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—We rely to a significant extent on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our operating PRC subsidiaries to fund offshore cash and financing requirements.”

Regulations Relating to Overseas Listings

On August 8, 2006, six PRC regulatory agencies, including the Ministry of Commerce, the State-Owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission, the State Administration of Taxation, the State Administration for Industry and Commerce, the China Securities Regulatory Commission and the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, jointly issued the Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, which became effective on September 8, 2006 and was amended on June 22, 2009. These regulations, among other things, require that (i) PRC entities or individuals obtain approval from the Ministry of Commerce before they establish or control a special purpose vehicle overseas, provided that they intend to use the special purpose vehicle to acquire their equity interests in a PRC company at the consideration of newly issued share of the special purpose vehicle, or Share Swap, and list their equity interests in the PRC company overseas by listing the special purpose vehicle in an overseas market; (ii) the special purpose vehicle obtains approval from the Ministry of Commerce before it acquires the equity interests held by the PRC entities or PRC individual in the PRC company by Share Swap; and (iii) the special purpose vehicle obtains China Securities Regulatory Commission approval before it lists overseas.

In addition, the PRC government has announced its plans to enhance its regulatory oversight of Chinese companies listing overseas. The Opinions on Strictly Cracking Down on Illegal Securities Activities issued on July 6, 2021 called for:

As the Opinions on Strictly Cracking Down on Illegal Securities Activities were recently issued, there are great uncertainties with respect to the interpretation and implementation thereof. The Chinese government may promulgate relevant laws, rules and regulations that may impose additional and significant obligations and liabilities on overseas listed Chinese companies regarding data security, cross-border data flow, and compliance with China’s securities laws.

On February 17, 2023, China Securities Regulatory Commission (“CSRC”) released Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (the “New Overseas Listing Rules”) with five interpretive guidelines, which took effect on March 31, 2023. The New Overseas Listing Rules require Chinese domestic enterprises to complete filings with CSRC and report related information under certain circumstances, such as: a) an issuer making an application for initial public offering and listing in an overseas market; b) an issuer making an overseas securities offering after having been listed on an overseas market; c) a domestic company seeking an overseas direct or indirect listing of its assets through single or multiple acquisition(s), share swap, transfer of shares or other means. According to the Notice on Arrangements for Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Enterprises, published by the CSRC on February 17, 2023, a company that (i) has already completed overseas listing or (ii) has already obtained the approval for the offering or listing from overseas securities regulators or exchanges but has not completed such offering or listing on or before effective date of the new rules and also completes the offering or listing before September 30, 2023 will be considered as an existing listed company and is not required to make any filing until it conducts a new offering in the future. Furthermore, upon the occurrence of any of the material events specified below after an issuer has completed its offering and listed its securities on an overseas stock exchange, the issuer shall submit a report thereof to the CSRC within 3 business days after the occurrence and public disclosure of the event: (i) change of control; (ii) investigations or sanctions imposed by overseas securities regulatory agencies or other competent authorities; (iii) change of listing status or transfer of listing segment; or (iv) voluntary or mandatory delisting. The New Overseas Listing Rules stipulate the legal consequences to the companies for breaches, including failure to fulfill filing obligations or filing documents having false statement or misleading information or material omissions, which may result in administrative penalties such as order to rectify, warnings and a fine ranging from RMB1 million to RMB10 million, and in cases of severe violations, the controlling shareholders, actual controllers, the person directly in charge and other directly liable persons may also be subject to administrative penalties, such as warnings and fines and may be barred from entering the securities market.

On February 24, 2023, the CSRC, the Ministry of Finance, the National Administration of State Secretes Protection and the National Archives Administration released the Provisions on Strengthening the Confidentiality and Archives Administration Related to the Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies, or the Confidentiality and Archives Administration Provisions, which took effect on March 31, 2023. PRC domestic enterprises seeking to offer securities and list in overseas markets, either directly or indirectly, shall establish and improve the system of confidentiality and archives work, and shall complete approval and filing procedures with competent authorities, if such PRC domestic enterprises or their overseas listing entities provide or publicly disclose documents or materials involving state secrets and work secrets of state organs to relevant securities companies, securities service institutions, overseas regulatory agencies and other entities and individuals. It further stipulates that (i) providing or publicly disclosing documents and materials which may adversely affect national security or public interests, and accounting records or photocopies thereof to relevant securities companies, securities service institutions, overseas regulatory agencies and other entities and individuals shall be subject to corresponding procedures in accordance with relevant laws and regulations; and (ii) any working papers formed in the territory of the PRC by securities companies and securities service agencies that provide domestic enterprises with securities services relating to overseas securities issuance and listing shall be stored in the territory of the PRC, the outbound transfer of which shall be subject to corresponding procedures in accordance with relevant laws and regulations.

Regulations Relating to Taxation

Dividend Withholding Tax

In March 2007, the National People’s Congress enacted the Enterprise Income Tax Law which became effective on January 1, 2008 and amended on February 24, 2017. According to Enterprise Income Tax Law, dividends generated after January 1, 2008 and payable by a foreign-invested enterprise in China to its foreign enterprise investors are subject to a 10% withholding tax, unless any such foreign investor’s jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with China that provides for a preferential withholding arrangement. Pursuant to the Notice of the State Administration of Taxation on Negotiated Reduction of Dividends and Interest Rates, issued on January 29, 2008 and supplemented and revised on February 29, 2008, and the Arrangement between Mainland China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income, which became effective on December 8, 2006 and applicable to income derived in any year of assessment commencing on or after April 1, 2007 in Hong Kong and in any year commencing on or after January 1, 2007 in the PRC, such withholding tax rate may be lowered to 5% if a Hong Kong enterprise is deemed the beneficial owner of any dividend paid by a PRC subsidiary by PRC tax authorities and holds at least 25% of the equity interest in that particular PRC subsidiary at all times within the 12-month period immediately prior to the distribution of the dividends. Furthermore, pursuant to the Announcement on Issues concerning “Beneficial Owners” in Tax Treaties issued on February 3, 2018 by the State Administration of Taxation, when determining the status of “beneficial owners,” a comprehensive analysis may be conducted through materials such as articles of association, financial statements, records of capital flows, minutes of board of directors, resolutions of board of directors, allocation of manpower and material resources, the relevant expenses, functions and risk assumption, loan contracts, royalty contracts or transfer contracts, patent registration certificates and copyright certificates, etc. However, even if an applicant has the status as a “beneficiary owner,” if the competent tax authority finds necessity to apply the principal purpose test clause in the tax treaties or the general anti-tax avoidance rules stipulated in domestic tax laws, the general anti-tax avoidance provisions shall apply.

Enterprise Income Tax

In December 2007, the State Council promulgated the Implementing Rules of the Enterprise Income Tax Law, which became effective on January 1, 2008. The Enterprise Income Tax Law and its relevant implementing rules (i) impose a uniform 25% enterprise income tax rate, which is applicable to both foreign-invested enterprises and domestic enterprises (ii) permits companies to continue to enjoy their existing tax incentives, subject to certain transitional phase-out rules and (iii) introduces new tax incentives, subject to various qualification criteria.

The Enterprise Income Tax Law also provides that enterprises organized under the laws of jurisdictions outside China with their “de facto management bodies” located within China may be considered PRC resident enterprises and therefore be subject to PRC enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on their worldwide income. The implementing rules further define the term “de facto management body” as the management body that exercises substantial and overall management and control over the production and operations, personnel, accounts and properties of an enterprise. If an enterprise organized under the laws of jurisdiction outside China is considered a PRC resident enterprise for PRC enterprise income tax purposes, a number of unfavorable PRC tax consequences could follow. First, it would be subject to the PRC enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on its worldwide income. Second, a 10% withholding tax would be imposed on dividends it pays to its non-PRC enterprise shareholders and with respect to gains derived by its non-PRC enterprise shareholders from transfer of its shares.

On October 17, 2017, the State Administration of Taxation issued the Bulletin on Issues Concerning the Withholding of Non-PRC Resident Enterprise Income Tax at Source, or Bulletin 37, which replaced the Notice on Strengthening Administration of Enterprise Income Tax for Share Transfers by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises issued by the State Administration of Taxation on December 10, 2009, and partially replaced and supplemented rules under the Bulletin on Issues of Enterprise Income Tax on Indirect Transfers of Assets by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises, or Bulletin 7, issued by the State Administration of Taxation on February 3, 2015. Under Bulletin 7, an “indirect transfer” of assets, including equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise, by non-PRC resident enterprises may be re-characterized and treated as a direct transfer of PRC taxable assets, if such arrangement does not have a reasonable commercial purpose and was established for the purpose of avoiding payment of PRC enterprise income tax. As a result, gains derived from such indirect transfer may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax. In respect of an indirect offshore transfer of assets of a PRC establishment, the relevant gain is to be regarded as effectively connected with the PRC establishment and therefore included in its enterprise income tax filing, and would consequently be subject to PRC enterprise income tax at a rate of 25%. Where the underlying transfer relates to the immoveable properties in China or to equity investments in a PRC resident enterprise, which is not effectively connected to a PRC establishment of a non-resident enterprise, a PRC enterprise income tax at 10% would apply, subject to available preferential tax treatment under applicable tax treaties or similar arrangements, and the party who is obligated to make the transfer payments has the withholding obligation. Pursuant to Bulletin 37, the withholding party shall declare and pay the withheld tax to the competent tax authority in the place where such withholding party is located within seven days from the date of occurrence of the withholding obligation. Both Bulletin 37 and Bulletin 7 do not apply to transactions of sale of shares by investors through a public stock exchange where such shares were acquired from a transaction through a public stock exchange. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—We and our existing shareholders face uncertainties with respect to indirect transfers of equity interests in PRC resident enterprises or other assets attributed to a Chinese establishment of a non-Chinese company, or immovable properties located in China owned by non-Chinese companies.”

Value-Added Tax

In November 2011, the Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation promulgated the Pilot Plan for Imposition of Value-Added Tax to Replace Business Tax. In March 2016, the Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation further promulgated the Notice on Fully Promoting the Pilot Plan for Replacing Business Tax by Value-Added Tax. On March 20, 2019, the Ministry of Finance, the State Administration of Taxation and General Administration of Customs issued Announcement on Policies for Deepening the VAT Reform jointly, under which the VAT rates under the basic mechanism is 13% for the sectors such as operating and financial leases of equipment, 9% for sectors such as transportation, postal, basic telecommunication, and construction services as well as sales and leases of real property and real property rights, 0% for exported services and 6% for all remaining services, including financial services. Unlike business tax, a taxpayer is allowed to offset the qualified input VAT paid on taxable purchases against the output VAT chargeable on the modern services provided. Furthermore, according to Announcement of the State Taxation Administration on Matters relating to Expanding the Scope of the Pilot Scheme for Issuance of Special VAT Invoices by Small-Scale Taxpayers issued by State Administration on February 3, 2019, the basic mechanism may not apply to small-scale taxpayers who may pay the VAT taxes at the levy rates of 3% and 5% on the basis of their sales amount.

C. Organizational Structure

See “A. History and Development of the Company—Corporate Structure” above for details of our current organizational structure.

D. Facilities

Our corporate headquarters are located in Fuzhou City, China, where we own an area of approximately 1,000 square meters which was purchased in November 2021 and put into use in September 2022.

On December 22, 2017, in connection with the development of our senior care services, we entered into a lease agreement with Fujian Focus Media Co., Ltd., under which we obtained the right of use of Fuzhou Shoushan Waterfall Scenic Area and leased seven villas located in Lingtou Village of Jinan District of Fuzhou City. The term of the lease agreement is 20 years expiring on December 31, 2037. On March 12, 2019, we entered into a supplemental lease agreement with Fujian Focus Media Co., Ltd., pursuant to which beginning on April 1, 2019, we ceased leasing of four villas out of the seven villas originally leased starting from April 1, 2019. Pursuant to the supplemental lease agreement, the consideration of RMB15 million (approximately $2.2 million) for the right of use of Fuzhou Shoushan Waterfall Scenic Area remained unchanged, and we have paid off this amount in full. The rental payment for the remaining three villas shall be made every five years, which is RMB4,950,000 (approximately $720,031) for the period of 2023-2027 (due and payable in 2022), RMB5,445,000 (approximately $792,035) for the period of 2028-2032 (due and payable in 2027), and RMB5,989,500 (approximately $871,238) for the period of 2033-2037 (due and payable in 2032). When the lease expires, we have the priority to renew.

On December 19, 2018, we entered into a long-term lease agreement with Jinjiang Qingyang Qinghua Business Hotel, with a view to subleasing the hotel and earning rental payments. Under the lease agreement, we rent the entire 11-floor hotel building with a rental area of 6,600 square meters for a minimum of ten years. The lease agreement required that we pay a lump sum of RMB 4 million (approximately $581,844) as rent, of which RMB 500,000 (approximately $72,730) shall be paid within 30 days after the right to lease the building is transferred to us, evidenced by further agreements, and the remaining RMB 3.5 million (approximately $509,113) is due within 50 days after completing relevant registrations. In addition, we need to pay the rent the landlord had prepaid which equals RMB 945,000 (approximately $137,461) within 30 days after the right to lease the building is transferred to us. On January 15, 2019, we entered into a supplemental agreement to the lease agreement, under which we shall pay the first RMB 500,000 (approximately $72,730) and the prepaid rent of RMB 945,000 (approximately $137,461) to the landlord on January 16, 2019. As the landlord had received RMB 280,000 (approximately $40,729) in prepaid rent, we were required to pay the remaining RMB 3,220,000 (approximately $468,384) within 50 days after completing all registrations and other procedures. On March 5, 2019, we entered into a second supplement to the lease agreement which clarifies and modifies major terms of the original lease agreement. Pursuant to the second supplement, the lease term commences on January 1, 2019 and ends on September 30, 2028, and we shall pay rent in installments. For the period of 1/1/2019–9/30/2019, we shall pay a monthly rent of RMB 105,000 (approximately $15,273), totaling RMB 945,000 (approximately $137,461) which is due upfront in January 2019; for the period of 10/1/2019–9/30/2020, the monthly rent is RMB 105,000 and we shall pay the total of RMB 1.26 million (approximately $183,281) upfront in October 2019; and for the period of 10/1/2020–9/30/2028, the monthly rent shall be RMB 115,500 (approximately $16,801) and we shall pay a yearly rent of RMB 1,386,000 (approximately $201,609) upfront in each October. As a result of COVID-19 and decreased occupancy, we reached an agreement with the landlord to terminate this lease at Jinjiang Qingyang Qinghua Business Hotel in May 2021.

We believe that we will be able to obtain adequate facilities, principally through leasing, to accommodate our future expansion plans.

ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F. This discussion may contain forward-looking statements. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements because of various factors, including those set forth under Item 3 “Key Information—D. Risk Factors” or in other parts of this annual report on Form 20-F. See also “Introductory Notes—Forward-looking Information.”

A. Operating Results

Overview

We are a household service company based in Fuzhou, China. We provide integrated household services through our website and WeChat platform, “e家快服” (“E-Home”), across 21 provinces in China. Currently, these services primarily include home appliance services and housekeeping services. For our home appliance services, we partner with individuals and service stores which provide the technicians to deliver the on-site services. We have partnerships with more than 2,000 individuals and service stores providing these services in China. For our housekeeping services, we primarily partner with individual service providers who serve as independent contractors. We currently have more than 2,800 cleaners providing our housekeeping services. Our online platform integrates these offline service providers, which helps them to gain a larger customer base, and provides professional and reliable one-stop household services to our customers.

In July 2015, we successfully transitioned from an outsourcing after-market service provider of home appliances and building materials to an operator of home appliance services. In January 2018, we officially became an integrated household service provider after expanding our service portfolio from distribution, installation, repair and maintenance of home appliances to delivery, installation, repair and maintenance of home appliances, home-moving and house cleaning. We have also launched and are actively promoting our senior care services, but so far we have only generated a limited amount of revenue from these services. We plan to further expand our business to include smart community services, as well as sales of smart home supplementary merchandise. We currently have approximately 528 employees to support our operations.

We also generate revenues from sales of pharmaceutical products and devices to our customers, in PRC, and from providing educational consulting services to our customers through our subsidiaries acquired during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2023.

During the fiscal year ended June 30, 2022, our business operations were adversely affected by the strict lockdown requirement in China. For the year ended June 30, 2022, our revenue decreased to approximately $63.75 million from approximately $74.53 million for the year ended June 30, 2021, representing a decrease of approximately 14.46%, and our net income decreased from approximately $6.40 million to a net loss of approximately $5.43 million, representing a decrease of approximately 184.85%.

During the fiscal year ended June 30, 2023, our business operation remained stable. For the year ended June 30, 2023, our revenue increased to approximately $68.32 million from approximately $63.75 million for the year ended June 30, 2022, representing an increase of approximately 7.17%, and our net loss increased from approximately $36.24 million to $5.43 million for the year ended June 30, 2022, representing an increase of approximately 567.42%.

Principal Factors Affecting Our Financial Performance

Our operating results are primarily affected by the following factors:

Taxation

Cayman Islands

We are incorporated in the Cayman Islands. The Cayman Islands currently levies no taxes on individuals or corporations based upon profits, income, gains or appreciation and there is currently no estate duty, inheritance tax or gift tax. There are no other taxes likely to be material to us levied by the government of the Cayman Islands except for stamp duties which may be applicable on instruments executed in, or after execution brought within the jurisdiction of the Cayman Islands. No stamp duty is payable in the Cayman Islands on transfers of shares of Cayman Islands companies except those which hold interests in land in the Cayman Islands. The Cayman Islands is a party to a double tax treaty entered into with the United Kingdom in 2010 but it is otherwise not party to any double tax treaties that are applicable to any payments made to or by our company. There are no exchange control regulations or currency restrictions in the Cayman Islands.

Payments of dividends and capital in respect of the shares will not be subject to taxation in the Cayman Islands and no withholding will be required on the payment of a dividend or capital to any holder of our ordinary shares, nor will gains derived from the disposal of our ordinary shares be subject to Cayman Islands income or corporation tax.

Hong Kong

Our subsidiary incorporated in Hong Kong is subject to Hong Kong profit tax at a rate of 16.5%. No Hong Kong profit tax has been levied as we did not have assessable profit that was earned in or derived from our Hong Kong subsidiary during the periods presented. Hong Kong does not impose a withholding tax on dividends.

PRC

Enterprise Income Tax

Generally, our PRC subsidiaries, which are considered PRC resident enterprises under PRC tax law, are subject to enterprise income tax on their worldwide taxable income as determined under PRC tax laws and accounting standards at a rate of 25%. If our holding company in the Cayman Islands or any of our subsidiaries outside the PRC is considered as a PRC resident enterprise for tax purposes, then our global income will be subject to PRC enterprise income tax at the rate of 25%. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—We may be treated as a resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, and we may therefore be subject to PRC income tax on our global income.”

Value Added Tax

Our revenue from installation services is subject to a value added tax, or VAT, rate of 11% and our revenue from maintenance services and sales of goods was subject to a VAT rate of 17% prior to May 1, 2018, which was subsequently reduced to 16%.

According to PRC regulations, no VAT will be levied if an enterprise provides employee-based household services. E-Home Pingtan applied for the tax exemption in July 2017 and was approved by the PRC State Administration of Taxation, so the VAT rate for installation, maintenance, after-sales and cleaning service is 0% since July 2017.

Withholding Tax on Dividends

Dividends paid by E-Home WFOE to our intermediary holding company in Hong Kong will be subject to a withholding tax rate of 10%, unless the relevant Hong Kong entity satisfies all the requirements under the Arrangement between the PRC and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region on the Avoidance of Double Taxation and Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with respect to Taxes on Income and Capital and receives approval from the relevant tax authority. If our Hong Kong subsidiary satisfies the requirements under the tax arrangement and receives approval from the relevant tax authority, then the dividends paid to the Hong Kong subsidiary would be subject to withholding tax at a reduced tax rate of 5%. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—There are significant uncertainties under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law relating to the withholding tax liabilities of our PRC subsidiaries, and dividends payable by our PRC subsidiaries to our offshore subsidiaries may not qualify to enjoy certain treaty benefits.”

Our Reportable Segments

As of June 30, 2023, our operations are organized into five reportable segments: installation and maintenance services, housekeeping services, senior care services, sales of pharmaceutical products and educational consulting services. Operating segments are reported in a manner consistent with the internal reporting provided to management for decision making. These operating segments are monitored and strategic decisions are made on the basis of segmental profit margins.

Critical Accounting Policies

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. The SEC has defined a company’s critical accounting policies as the ones that are most important to the portrayal of the company’s financial condition and results of operations, and which require the company to make its most difficult and subjective judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates of matters that are inherently uncertain. Based on this definition, we have identified the critical accounting policies and judgments addressed below. We also have other key accounting policies, which involve the use of estimates, judgments and assumptions that are significant to understanding our results. Although we believe that our estimates, assumptions and judgments are reasonable, they are based upon information presently available. Actual results may differ significantly from these estimates under different assumptions, judgments or conditions.

Principles of consolidation 

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“US GAAP”) and have been consistently applied. The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of E-Home Household Service Holdings Limited and its subsidiaries. All inter-company balances and transactions have been eliminated upon consolidation.

Leases

Leases are classified at lease commencement date as either a finance lease or an operating lease. A lease is a finance lease if it meets any of the following criteria: (a) the lease transfers ownership of the underlying asset to the lessee by the end of the lease term. (b) the lease grants the lessee an option to purchase the underlying asset that the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise, (c) the lease term is for the major part of the remaining economic life of the underlying asset, (d) the present value of the sum of the lease payments and any residual value guaranteed by the lessee that is not already reflected in the lease payments equals or exceeds substantially all of the fair value of the underlying asset or (e) the underlying asset is of such a specialized nature that it is expected to have no alternative use to the lessor at the end of the lease term. When none of the criteria meets, the lease shall be classified as an operating lease.

For lessee, a lease is recognized as a right-of-use asset with a corresponding liability at lease commencement date. The lease liability is calculated at the present value of the lease payments not yet paid by using the lease term and discount rate determined at lease commencement. The right-of-use asset is calculated as the lease liability, increased by any initial direct costs and prepaid lease payments, reduced by any lease incentives received before lease commencement. The right-of-use asset itself is amortized on a straight-line basis unless another systematic method better reflects how the underlying asset will be used by and benefits the lessee over the lease term.

In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). The amendments in this ASU require an entity to recognize a right-of-use asset and lease liability for all leases with terms of more than 12 months. Recognition, measurement and presentation of expenses will depend on classification as a finance or operating lease. The amendments also require certain quantitative and qualitative disclosures about leasing arrangements. We adopted ASC 842 effective as of the beginning of the first period presented by using a modified retrospective transition approach in the accompanying financial statements of our company. The adoption of this standard had a material impact on our financial position, with no material impact on the results of operations and cash flows.

Revenue Recognition

We adopted Accounting Standards Codification No. 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC 606) beginning January 1, 2018 and elected to adopt ASC 606 under the modified retrospective method. This guidance was applied retrospectively to the most current period presented in our consolidated financial statements. The adoption of ASC 606 did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements of our company.

We generate revenues primarily from installation & maintenance services, housekeeping services, senior care services, sales of household appliance accessories and sales of E-watches. We sell our goods and services through a third-party service provider WeChat platform. Our revenues are subject to value added tax (“VAT”). To record VAT payable, we use the gross presentation method, which presents the taxable services and the available input VAT amount (at the rate applicable to the supplier). Revenues are recorded net of VAT in accordance with the ASC 606. We consider revenue realized or realizable and earned when all the five following criteria are met: (1) identify the contract with a customer, (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (3) determine the transaction price, (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (5) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. The recognition of revenues involves certain management judgments. The amount and timing of our revenues could be materially different for any period if management made different judgments or utilized different estimates.

Installation& maintenance

Installation and maintenance services mainly consisting of the following services: technical home installation and repair, maintenance and other after sale services. Revenues from installation and maintenance services are recognized at a point in time once the service is transferred to the customer. For service arrangements that include multiple performance obligations, revenues are allocated to each performance obligation based on its standalone selling price. We allocate arrangement consideration in multiple-deliverable revenue arrangements at the inception of an arrangement to all deliverables based on the relative selling price method, generally based on the best estimate of selling price. We consider whether the nature of its promise is a performance obligation to provide the specified goods or services itself (that is, the entity is a principal) or to arrange for the other party to provide those goods or services (that is, the entity is an agent). We act as principal and has contracts with third-party service providers (i.e., service outlets) who acts as agents. We are responsible for market development and providing the customer information to the service provider, directing the outlet to provide services and coordination with the customer, while the service provider provides the door-to-door service. The price of services is set by our company and the service provider is only responsible for collection of payments. When our end customers place orders online for services, they pay either a required visit fee or the estimated full amount of service fee through third-party payment platforms, such as WeChat Pay and Alipay. If the customer is not satisfied with the chosen provider, the service provider can be re-selected. Regardless of the service provider’s performance, we are still liable to complete the orders. If the end customer fails to pay after satisfactory service is provided and the service provider is unable to collect payment from the end customer, we will communicate directly with the end customer. The service provider is not obligated to pay our company. To minimize our risk, the service provider will remit payment of any outstanding receivables each month.

Housekeeping services

Housekeeping services refer to services including housecleaning, nanny service, maternity matron and personnel staffing. Revenues from housekeeping are recognized at a point in time upon completion of services to the customer based on the relative selling price method. We consider whether the nature of its promise is a performance obligation to provide the specified goods or services itself (that is, the entity is a principal) or to arrange for the other party to provide those goods or services (that is, the entity is an agent). We determine it is a principal and recognizes revenues at the gross amount received for the services.

Senior care services

Senior care services refer to services including heart rate test, daily steps count, location and track record, call for help by Wechat or phone, and other care services rendered to senior customers through an E-watch, which is given to the customers when they pay the annual fees. The customers sign a contract for the services with our company. The contract term is normally one year. The revenues from senior care services are allocated into the revenue from the E-watch sold and the revenue of the services provided. Revenues from the E-watch sold are recognized at a point in time once customers receive the E-watch and the revenues from the services provided are recognized over the service period. We consider whether the nature of its promise is a performance obligation to provide the specified goods or services itself (that is, the entity is a principal) or to arrange for the other party to provide those goods or services (that is, the entity is an agent). We determine it is a principal and recognizes revenues at the gross amount received for the services.

Disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers

During the process of performing the installation and maintenance services, we also sell household appliance accessories such as air conditioner parts to its customers according to the customers’ needs. We did not sell these household appliance accessories separately. The senior care services consist of the sale of E-watch and the care services. The E-watch cannot be sold to the customers solely without the care services, and the care services should be rendered by the E-watch. Consequently, we regard these operating activities as operating in one material segment, being the revenue of senior care services.

Based on the above discussion, we disaggregated sales of household appliance accessories from installation and maintenance revenue and senior care services revenue into the sales of the E-watch and the care service. Sales of household appliance accessories and E-watches are recognized in revenue at a point in time while revenue from care service is recognized over a period.

Sales of pharmaceutical products

We also generate revenues from sales of pharmaceutical products and devices to its customers in PRC. Under the adoption of ASC 606, we recognized revenues in a manner to depict the transfer of goods to a customer at an amount that reflects the consideration expected to be received in exchange for those goods. We consider revenue realized or realizable and earned when all the five following criteria are met: (1) identify the contract with a customer, (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (3) determine the transaction price, (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (5) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation.

We consider customer purchase orders to be the contracts with a customer. As part of its consideration of the contract, we evaluate certain factors including the customer’s ability to pay (or credit risk). For each contract, we consider the promise to transfer products, each of which is distinct, to be the identified performance obligations. We consider whether the nature of its promise is a performance obligation to provide the specified goods itself (that is, the entity is a principal) or to arrange for the other party to provide those goods (that is, the entity is an agent). We determine it is a principal and recognizes revenues at the gross amount received for the goods. We control the specified good before that good is transferred to its customers based on the following indicators: (1) we are primarily responsible for fulfilling the promise to provide the specified good, (2) we bear the inventory risk before or after (i.e., customer has a right of return) the specified good has been transferred to a customer, (3) we have discretion in setting the price for the specified good.

In determining the transaction price, we evaluate whether the price is subject to refund or adjustment to determine the net consideration to which we expect to be entitled. We provide its customers with rights to return the sold goods for several days after the customers’ acceptance of the goods and can reasonably estimates return provision for the goods. The product return provisions are estimated based on (1) historical rates, (2) specific identification of outstanding returns not yet received from customers and outstanding discounts and claims and (3) estimated returns, discounts and claims expected, but not yet finalized with customers. We analyzed historical refund claims for defective products and concluded that they have been immaterial since we can return the goods returned from the customers to our suppliers.

Revenues are reported net of all VAT. As our standard payment terms are less than one year, we have elected the practical expedient under ASC 606-10-32-18 to not assess whether a contract has a significant financing component. We allocate the transaction price to each distinct product based on their relative standalone selling price.

Revenue is recognized when control of the product is transferred to the customer (i.e., when our performance obligation is satisfied at a point in time), which typically occurs at delivery. Prices are determined based on negotiations with our customers when signing the contracts and are not subject to adjustment.

Educational consulting services

We also generate revenues from providing educational consulting services to its customers. Revenues from educational consulting services are recognized at a point in time upon completion of services to the customer based on the relative selling price method. We consider whether the nature of our promise is a performance obligation to provide the specified goods or services itself (that is, the entity is a principal) or to arrange for the other party to provide those goods or services (that is, the entity is an agent). We determine it is a principal and recognizes revenues at the gross amount received for the services.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

We consider the applicability and impact of all ASUs. Management periodically reviews new accounting standards that are issued.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments”. This amends guidelines on reporting credit losses for assets held at amortized cost basis and available-for-sale debt securities. For assets held at amortized cost basis, Topic 326 eliminates the probable initial recognition threshold in current U.S. GAAP and, instead, requires an entity to reflect its current estimate of all expected credit losses. The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of the financial assets to present the net amount expected to be collected. For available-for-sale debt securities, credit losses should be measured in a manner similar to current U.S. GAAP, however Topic 326 will require that credit losses be presented as an allowance rather than as a write-down. ASU 2016-13 affects entities holding financial assets and net investment in leases that are not accounted for at fair value through net income. The amendments affect loans, debt securities, trade receivables, net investments in leases, off balance sheet credit exposures, reinsurance receivables, and any other financial assets not excluded from the scope that have the contractual right to receive cash. The amendments in this ASU will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. In November 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-10, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326), Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815), and Leases (Topic 842): Effective Dates, which amended the effective date of ASU 2016-13. The amendments in these ASUs are effective for our fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years beginning April 1, 2022. Early adoption is permitted. We adopted this guidance on July 1, 2022 and the adoption of this new guidance had no material impact our consolidated financial statements.

In August 2020, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2020-06, Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity, as part of its overall simplification initiative to reduce costs and complexity of applying accounting standards while maintaining or improving the usefulness of the information provided to users of financial statements. Among other changes, the new guidance removes from GAAP separation models for convertible debt that require the convertible debt to be separated into a debt and equity component, unless the conversion feature is required to be bifurcated and accounted for as a derivative or the debt is issued at a substantial premium. As a result, after adopting the guidance, entities will no longer separately present such embedded conversion features in equity, and will instead account for the convertible debt wholly as debt. The new guidance also requires use of the “if-converted” method when calculating the dilutive impact of convertible debt on earnings per share, which is consistent with our current accounting treatment under the current guidance. The guidance is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, and interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted, but only at the beginning of the fiscal year. Early adoption is permitted. We adopted this guidance on July 1, 2022 and the adoption of this new guidance had no material impact our consolidated financial statements.

In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-08, “Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers”, which provides guidance on the acquirer’s accounting for acquired revenue contracts with customers in a business combination. The amendments require an acquirer recognizes and measures contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination at the acquisition date in accordance with ASC 606 as if it had originated the contracts. This guidance also provides certain practical expedients for acquirers when recognizing and measuring acquired contract assets and contract liabilities from revenue contracts in a business combination. The new guidance is required to be applied prospectively to business combinations occurring on or after the date of adoption. This guidance is effective for our company for the year ending March 31, 2024 and interim reporting periods during the year ending March 31, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. We do not expect that the adoption of this guidance will have a material impact on the financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

In June 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-03, “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions”, which clarifies that a contractual restriction on the sale of an equity security is not considered part of the unit of account of the equity security and, therefore, is not considered in measuring fair value. The amendments also clarify that an entity cannot, as a separate unit of account, recognize and measure a contractual sale restriction. This guidance also requires certain disclosures for equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions. The new guidance is required to be applied prospectively with any adjustments from the adoption of the amendments recognized in earnings and disclosed on the date of adoption. This guidance is effective for our company for the year ending March 31, 2025 and interim reporting periods during the year ending March 31, 2025. Early adoption is permitted. We do not expect that the adoption of this guidance will have a material impact on the financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

We do not believe other recently issued but not yet effective accounting statements, if recently adopted, would have a material effect on our consolidated balance sheets, statements of comprehensive income (loss) and statements of cash flows.

Results of Operations

Comparison of Fiscal Years Ended June 30, 2023 and 2022

The following table shows key components of our results of operations during the years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, in dollars and as a percentage of our total revenue.

Revenue. We mainly generate revenue from providing installation and maintenance services, housekeeping services and senior care services to our customers. We also generate revenues from sales of pharmaceutical products and devices to our customers in PRC, and from providing educational consulting services to our customers. Our total revenue was $68,321,743 for the year ended June 30, 2023, representing an increase of $4,570,650, or 7.17%, compared to $63,751,093 for the year ended June 30, 2022. Such increase was due to an increase of $1,159,238 in revenue from installation and maintenance, an increase of $869,212 in revenue from our housekeeping services, and revenue of $2,368,071 from sales of pharmaceutical products and revenue of $1,050,397 from providing educational consulting services, which are our newly acquired segment this year.

Revenue from installation and maintenance services increased by $1,159,238, or 2.90%, to $41,177,200 for the year ended June 30, 2023 from $40,017,962 for the year ended June 30, 2022. Revenue from installation and maintenance services accounted for 60.27% of our total revenue for the year ended June 30, 2023, as compared to 62.77% for the year ended June 30, 2022.

Revenue from housekeeping services amounted to $17,210,122 for the year ended June 30, 2023, representing an increase of $869,212, or 5.32%, $16,340,910 for the year ended June 30, 2022. Revenue from housekeeping services accounted for 25.19% of our total revenue for the year ended June 30, 2023, as compared to 25.63% for the year ended June 30, 2022.

For the year ended June 30, 2023, we generated revenue from senior care services in an amount of $6,515,953, representing a decrease of $876,268, or 11.85%, from $7,392,221 for the year ended June 30, 2022. Such decrease was mainly due to the decrease in the price of our senior care services. During the fiscal year ended June 30, 2023, we decrease the annual fee of our senior care services from RMB 699 to RMB 599. Revenue from senior care services accounted for 9.54% of our total revenue for the year ended June 30, 2023, as compared to 11.60% for the year ended June 30, 2022.

In addition, we also generated revenues from sales of pharmaceutical products and devices to our customers in PRC, and from providing educational consulting services to our customers. For the year ended June 30, 2023, we generated revenue of $2,368,071 from sales of pharmaceutical products and $1,050,397 from educational consulting services, respectively. Revenue from sales of pharmaceutical products and educational consulting services accounted for 3.47% and 1.54% of our total revenue for the year ended June 30, 2023, respectively.

Cost of revenue. Our cost of revenue includes service fees paid to staff, outlets and suppliers for the services rendered and the cost of accessories sold. Our cost of revenue decreased by $5,369,523, or 8.11%, from $44,394,575 for the year ended June 30, 2022 to $49,764,098 for the year ended June 30, 2023. Such increase was in line with our increased revenue.

Sales and marketing expenses. Our sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of remuneration for staff involved in selling and marketing efforts, advertising cost, depreciation, travel and leasing expenses. Our sales and marketing expenses increased by $10,701,312, or 89.25%, to $22,691,231 for the year ended June 30, 2023 from $11,989,919 for the year ended June 30, 2022. Such increase primarily due to the increased marketing costs for renting billboards and the increased promotion fee we paid to our service outlets to increase our orders. As a percentage of revenue, sales and marketing expenses increased from 18.81% for the year ended June 30, 2022 to 33.21% for the year ended June 30, 2023.

General and administrative expenses. Our general and administrative expenses consist primarily of employee remuneration, professional fees, insurance, benefits, office leases, general office expenses, depreciation and amortization expenses and impairment losses. Our general and administrative expenses increased by $18,011,382, or 219.13%, to $26,230,966 for the year ended June 30, 2023 from $8,219,584 for the year ended June 30, 2022. Such increase was due to the impairment losses for goodwill and intangible assets we acquired from business combinations of $8,846,867 and $6,551,529, respectively, and increased depreciation and amortization expenses of $2,105,587 for property and equipment and intangible assets we acquired from business combinations. As a percentage of revenue, general and administrative expenses increased from 8.93% for the year ended June 30, 2022 to 38.39% for the year ended June 30, 2023.

Loss from operations. As a result of the foregoing, we recorded loss from operations of $30,364,552, representing an increase of $29,511,567, or 3459.80%, as compared to loss from operations of $852,985 for the year ended June 30, 2022. The increase of loss from operations was mainly due to the increase of sales and marketing expenses in the amount of $10,701,312 and increase of general and administrative expenses in the amount of $18,011,382.

Total other income (expenses). We recorded total other expenses of $5,591,362 for the year ended June 30, 2023, as compared to total other expense of $2,483,148 for the year ended June 30, 2022.

Total other expenses, net, for the year ended June 30, 2023 consisted of interest expenses in the amount of $791,749, accretion of financing cost caused by issuance of Convertible Notes in the amount of $1,376,458, fair value loss of ordinary shares issued related to the potential acquisition of Lianbao and Youyou in the amount of $3,747,100, offset by interest income in the amount of $229,045 and other income in the amount of $94,900. Total other expenses, net, for the year ended June 30, 2022 consisted of interest expense in the amount of $257,766, accretion of financing cost caused by issuance of Convertible Notes in the amount of $397,153, fair value loss of ordinary shares issued related to the potential acquisition of Lianbao in the amount of $1,996,249 and foreign currency exchange income in the amount of $13,749, offset by interest income in the amount of $182,558 and government subsidy in the amount of $7,733.

Income tax expense. We recorded income tax expenses of $286,335 for the year ended June 30, 2023, representing a decrease of $1,807,741, or 86.33%, as compared to $2,094,076 for the year ended June 30, 2022. The decrease in the income tax expense mainly resulted from the decrease in the income before income taxes from our PRC subsidiaries. See also “—Taxation” above.

Net loss. As a result of the cumulative effect of the factors described above, our net loss attributable to our shareholders increased by $30,812,040, or 565.21%, to $36,242,249 for the year ended June 30, 2023 from $5,430,209 for the year ended June 30, 2022.

Comparison of Fiscal Years Ended June 30, 2022 and 2021

The following table shows key components of our results of operations during the years ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, in dollars and as a percentage of our total revenue.

Revenue. We generate revenue from the provision of installation and maintenance services, the provision of housekeeping services and the provision of senior care services. Our total revenue was $63,751,093 for the year ended June 30, 2022, representing a decrease of $10,774,341, or 14.46%, compared to $74,525,434 for the year ended June 30, 2021. Such decrease was due to a decrease of $11,528,273 in revenue from installation and maintenance, a decrease of $451,812 in revenue from our housekeeping services, which we both began providing in the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018, and an increase of $1,353,407 in revenue from our senior care services, which we began providing in the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020.

Revenue from installation and maintenance services decreased by $11,528,273, or 22.36%, to $40,017,962 for the year ended June 30, 2022 from $51,546,235 for the year ended June 30, 2021. Such decrease was primarily due to the COVID outbreak and the strict lockdown requirements in China. Revenue from installation and maintenance services accounted for 62.77% of our total revenue for the year ended June 30, 2022, as compared to 69.17% of our total revenue for the year ended June 30, 2021.

Revenue from housekeeping services amounted to $16,340,910, or 25.63% of total revenue, for the year ended June 30, 2022, representing a decrease of $451,812, or 2.69%, from $16,792,722 for the year ended June 30, 2021. Such decrease was primarily due to the COVID outbreak and the strict lockdown requirements in China. Revenue from housekeeping services accounted for 25.63% of our total revenue for the year ended June 30, 2022, as compared to 22.53% of our total revenue for the year ended June 30, 2021.

For the year ended June 30, 2022, we generated revenue from senior care services in an amount of $7,392,221, representing an increase of $1,353,407, or 22.41%, from $6,038,814 for the year ended June 30, 2021. Such increase was mainly due to our efforts in developing the new business since 2020. Revenue from senior care services accounted for 11.60% of our total revenue for the year ended June 30, 2022, as compared to 8.10% of our total revenue for the year ended June 30, 2021.

In addition, we sublease our operating leased right-of-use hotel. For the years ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, the sublease income of operating lease right-of-use assets were $0 and $147,663, respectively.

Cost of revenue. Our cost of revenue includes service fees paid to staff, outlets and suppliers for the services rendered and the cost of accessories sold. Our cost of revenue decreased by $3,916,823, or 8.11%, from $48,311,398 for the year ended June 30, 2021 to $44,394,575 for the year ended June 30, 2022. Such decrease was in line with our decreased revenue.

Sales and marketing expenses. Our sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of remuneration for staff involved in selling and marketing efforts, advertising cost, depreciation, travel and leasing expenses. Our sales and marketing expenses increased by $1,710,645, or 16.64%, to $11,989,919 for the year ended June 30, 2022 from $10,279,274 for the year ended June 30, 2021. Such increase primarily due to the increased marketing costs, which were mainly caused by our efforts to broad our brand for the year ended June 30, 2022 after our initial public offering. As a percentage of revenue, sales and marketing expenses increased from 13.79% for the year ended June 30, 2021 to 18.81% for the year ended June 30, 2022.

General and administrative expenses. Our general and administrative expenses consist primarily of employee remuneration, professional fees, insurance, benefits, office leases, general office expenses and depreciation. Our general and administrative expenses increased by $1,350,165, or 19.95%, to $8,219,584 for the year ended June 30, 2022 from $6,869,419 for the year ended June 30, 2021. Such increase was due to the increasing costs for supporting our expanding business and the increased compliance costs during our initial public offering period. As a percentage of revenue, general and administrative expenses increased from 8.93% for the year ended June 30, 2022 to 12.89% for the year ended June 30, 2021.

Income (Loss) from operations. As a result of the foregoing, we recorded loss from operations of $852,985, representing a decrease of $9,918,328, or 109.41%, as compared to income from operations of $9,065,343 for the year ended June 30, 2021. The decrease of income from operations was mainly due to decrease of revenues in the amount of $10,774,341, increase of sales and marketing expenses in the amount of $1,710,645, increase of general and administrative expenses in the amount of $1,350,165, offset by decrease in cost of revenues in the amount of $3,916,823.

Total other income (expenses). We had $2,483,148 in total other expenses for the year ended June 30, 2022. Total other income (expenses), net, for the year ended June 30, 2022 consisted of interest expense in the amount of $257,766, accretion of financing cost caused by issuance of Convertible Notes in the amount of $397,153, fair value loss of ordinary shares issued related to the potential acquisition of Lianbao in the amount of $1,996,249 and foreign currency exchange income in the amount of $13,749, offset by interest income in the amount of $182,558 and government subsidy in the amount of $7,733.

We had $1,007,180 in total other income for the year ended June 30, 2021, as compared to $75,901 in total other income for the year ended June 30, 2020. Total other income (expenses), net, for the year ended June 30, 2021 consisted of interest income in the amount of $110,889, government subsidy in the amount of $908,051 and foreign currency exchange income in the amount of $13,749, offset by interest expenses in the amount of $25,509. Total other income (expenses), net, for the year ended June 30, 2020 consisted of interest income in the amount of $103,388, offset by interest expenses in the amount of $26,447 and foreign currency exchange loss in the amount of $1,040.

Income tax expense. We recorded income tax expenses of $2,094,076 for the year ended June 30, 2022, representing a decrease of $1,578,548, or 42.98%, as compared to $3,672,624 for the year ended June 30, 2021. The decrease in the income tax expense mainly resulted from the decrease in the income before income taxes from our PRC subsidiaries. See also “—Taxation” above.

Net income (loss). As a result of the cumulative effect of the factors described above, our net income attributable to our shareholders decreased by $11,830,108, or 184.85%, to a net loss of $5,430,209 for the year ended June 30, 2022 from a net profit of $6,408,932 for the year ended June 30, 2021. 

B. Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of June 30, 2023, we had cash and cash equivalents of $71,252,380. We finance our operations, working capital needs and strategic investments from cash generated through operations and through debt and equity financing.

We believe that our current levels of cash and cash flows from operations and equity financing will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash needs for our operations and expansion plans for at least the next 12 months. We may, however, in the future require additional cash resources due to changing business conditions, implementation of our strategy to expand our business, or other investments or acquisitions we may decide to pursue. If our own financial resources are insufficient to satisfy our capital requirements, we may seek to sell additional equity or debt securities or obtain additional credit facilities. The sale of additional equity securities could result in dilution to our shareholders. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased debt service obligations and could require us to agree to operating and financial covenants that would restrict our operations. Financing may not be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all. Any failure by us to raise additional funds on terms favorable to us, or at all, could limit our ability to expand our business operations and could harm our overall business prospects.

The following table sets forth a summary of our cash flows for the periods presented:

Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities was $8,405,064 for the year ended June 30, 2023, as compared to net cash provided by operating activities of $4,373,806 for the year ended June 30, 2022. For the year ended June 30, 2023, net loss in the amount of $36,242,249, change in advance to suppliers in the amount of $1,102,585, change in operating lease liabilities in the amount of $729,571, change in taxes payable in the amount of $504,831, change in inventories in the amount of $144,611 and change in accounts receivables in the amount of $210,146, offset by impairment loss in the amount of $15,518,178, change in accounts payable and accrued expenses in the amount of $5,299,024, fair value loss of ordinary shares issued related to the acquisition of Lianbao and Youyou in the amount of $3,747,100, depreciation and amortization in the amount of $2,257,790, accretion of financing cost of Convertible Notes of $1,376,458, interest expenses in the amount of $791,749, amortization of right-of-use assets in the amount of $692,557, change in prepayments, deposits and other current assets in the amount of $475,241, income tax expense in the amount of $286,335 and shares issued to directors and consultants of $106,000.

Net cash provided by operating activities was $4,373,806 for the year ended June 30, 2022, as compared to $8,670,915 for the year ended June 30, 2021. For the year ended June 30, 2022, income tax expense in the amount of $1,883,689, interest expense in the amount of $257,767, depreciation and amortization in the amount of $152,203, amortization of right-of-use assets in the amount of $708,159, accretion of financing cost of Convertible Notes of $397,153, shares issued to directors and consultants of $630,500, fair value loss of ordinary shares issued related to the potential acquisition of Lianbao of $1,996,249, inventories in the amount of $235,071, long-term prepayments and other non-current assets in the amount of $1,546,527, and accounts payable and accrued expenses in the amount of $3,218,541, offset by net loss of $5,484,337, account receivables in the amount of $85,321, prepayments, deposits and other current assets in the amount of $19,980 and taxes payable in the amount of $1,326,930 were the primary drivers of the cash provided by operating activities.

Net cash provided by operating activities was $8,670,915 for the year ended June 30, 2021, as compared to $3,816,486 for the year ended June 30, 2020. For the year ended June 30, 2021, the net income of $6,399,899, income tax expense in the amount of $3,672,624, interest expense in the amount of $25,509, depreciation and amortization in the amount of $27,084, amortization of right-of-use assets in the amount of $584,813, loss on disposal of property and equipment in the amount of $489,178, shares issued to directors of $213,840, account receivables, net, in the amount of $1,093,322, long-term prepayments and other non-current assets in the amount of $2,875,495, and accounts payable and accrued expenses in the amount of $2,482,455, offset by prepayments, deposits and other current assets in the amount of $4,968,939 and taxes payable in the amount of $3,989,279 were the primary drivers of the cash provided by operating activities.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities was $65,202,634 for the year ended June 30, 2023. Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended June 30, 2023 consisted of deposits for purchase of land and properties in the amount of $60,000,000, cash lent to related parties in the amount of $4,295,120, purchases of property and equipment in the amount of $887,838 and purchase of intangible assets in the amount of $19,676.

Net cash used in investing activities was $7,400,320 for the year ended June 30, 2022. Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended June 30, 2022 consisted of cash paid for purchase of our new office property and vehicles in the amount of $4,607,297, cash paid for right-of-use-assets costs in the amount of $2,521,104, cash paid for acquisition of non-controlling interest in Fujian Happiness Yijia Family Service Co., Ltd. (“HAPPY”) in the amount of $466,888, long-term investment in Fuzhou Fumao in the amount of $941,073, offset by refunds from potential acquisitions in the amount of $1,136,042.

Net cash used in investing activities was $5,610,280 for the year ended June 30, 2021. Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended June 30, 2021 consisted of right-of-use-assets costs in the amount of $132,336, cash paid for land deposits in the amount of $1,816,102, deposits made for potential acquisitions of $3,400,000 and purchase of property and equipment in the amount of $261,843, offset by lease principal refund in the amount of $80,531.

Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities was $95,536,256 for the year ended June 30, 2023 which consisted of proceeds from issuance of ordinary shares in the amount of $92,979,677, proceeds from short-term loan of $1,402,203 and temporary loan from related parties of $1,630,511, offset by repayment of convertible note in the amount of $400,000 and payment for financial leases in the amount of $76,135.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $7,350,985 for the year ended June 30, 2022 which consisted of proceeds from issuance of Convertible Note in the amount of $8,445,000 and offset by payment of convertible note issuance cost in the amount of $1,094,015.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $21,661,293 for the year ended June 30, 2021 which consisted of net proceeds from initial public offering in the amount of $21,661,293.

Capital Expenditures

We made capital expenditures of $5,610,280, $7,400,320 and $65,202,634 during the years ended June 30, 2021, 2022 and 2023, respectively. In these periods, our capital expenditures were mainly used for purchases of property and equipment, including office equipment, electronic equipment and motor vehicles, and the right-of-use asset for Fuzhou Shoushan Waterfall Scenic Area. We plan to continue to make capital expenditures to meet the needs from the growth of our business.

Holding Company Structure

E-Home Household Service Holdings Limited is a Cayman Islands holding company with no material operations of its own. We conduct our operations primarily through E-Home WFOE and its subsidiaries in China. As a result, our ability to pay dividends depends upon dividends paid by E-Home WFOE. If E-Home WFOE or our other PRC subsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing their debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends to us. In addition, E-Home WFOE is permitted to pay dividends to us only out of its retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. Under PRC law, E-Home WFOE and its PRC subsidiaries are required to set aside at least 10% of their after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund certain statutory reserve funds until such reserve funds reach 50% of their registered capital. In addition, each may allocate a portion of their after-tax profits based on PRC accounting standards to enterprise expansion funds and staff bonus and welfare funds at their discretion, and these entities may allocate a portion of their after-tax profits based on PRC accounting standards to a discretionary surplus fund at their discretion. The statutory reserve funds and the discretionary funds are not distributable as cash dividends. Remittance of dividends by a wholly foreign-owned company out of China is subject to examination by the banks designated by the State Administration of Foreign Exchange. E-Home WFOE has not paid dividends and will not be able to pay dividends until it meets the requirements for statutory reserve funds.

C. Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, etc.

See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Intellectual Property.”

D. Trend Information

Other than as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, we are not aware of any trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments or events for the period from June 30, 2022 to June 30, 2023 that are reasonably likely to have a material effect on our net revenues, income, profitability, liquidity or capital resources, or that would cause the disclosed financial information to be not necessarily indicative of future operating results or financial conditions.

E. Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Use of estimates

In preparing the consolidated financial statements in conformity with US GAAP, management makes estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. These estimates are based on information as of the date of the consolidated financial statements. Significant estimates required to be made by management include, but are not limited to, the valuation of accounts receivable, prepayments, and other receivables, useful lives of property and equipment and intangible assets, the recoverability of long-lived assets and provision necessary for contingent liabilities. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES

A. Directors and Senior Management

The following table sets forth certain information regarding our directors and executive officers as of the date hereof.

Wenshan Xie. Mr. Xie is our founder and has served as our Chief Executive Officer and Chairman since May 23, 2019. He has served as Chief Executive Officer of E-Home Pingtan since 2014. Since 2007, Mr. Xie has also been the executive director and general manager of Fuzhou Bangchang. Mr. Xie is a pioneer in China’s home appliance service industry and has devoted himself to this industry for 15 years. He received his Executive Master of Business Administration degree from the School of Continuing Education at Tsinghua University in 2010.

Chunshen Zhu. Mr. Zhu has served as our Chief Financial Officer since November 23, 2020 and our director since November 30, 2020. Mr. Zhu has served as financial manager of E-Home Pingtan since July 2020. Before joining us, he was the finance director of Fujian Haixing Entertainment Company from January 1992 to June 1999 and financial manager at Fuzhou Mawei Shipping Co., Ltd. from February 2002 to September 2009. From July 2010 to March 2020, Mr. Zhu was the chief financial officer of Fujian Entrepreneurship Cooperation Electric Co., Ltd., a Chinese company with shares quoted on the National Equities Exchange and Quotations. Mr. Zhu graduated from Fujian Jimei Institute of Finance and Economics, where he majored in Industrial Accounting.

Chunming Xie. Ms. Xie has served as a securities affairs representative of the Company since May 2021. Before joining the Company, Ms. Xie was the operating manager of Shanghai Xinggong Technology Co., Ltd. from June 2018 to April 2021. Ms. Xie graduated from Shanghai University of Political Science and Law in June 2018 with a Bachelor of Laws degree.

Yijing Ye. Ms. Ye has served as our independent director since May 14, 2021. She has more than 20 years of extensive experience relating to financial analysis, accounting and financial management. Since 2009, Ms. Ye has been the Chief Financial Officer of Easen International, Inc., an international firm headquartered in San Diego that provides environmental and financial services for industrial clients, international development organizations and government agencies. From 2005 to 2009, she was a financial specialist at Easen International, Inc.’s Shanghai office. From 1999 to present, Ms. Ye has also acted as a freelance international consultant and participated in more than 30 international projects financed by various international organizations, such as the Asian Development Bank, the World Bank and the International Finance Corporation, in which she served as the international financial specialist, performing institutional, accounting, financial and economic assessment, forecasting, and comprehensive analysis using self-designed models or models approved by the banks. Ms. Ye holds a master’s degree in financial engineering from Shanghai Jiao Tong University, a Master of law in economics from Wuhan University, and a Bachelor of Science degree in finance and banking from Shanghai University of Finance and Economics.

Jianhua Wang. Mr. Wang has served as our independent director since May 14, 2021. Since 2009, Mr. Wang has acted as a senior manager at China Taiping Insurance Group Ltd, one of the largest insurance companies in China. From October 2016 to December 2018, he was a director of Yanguangwo (Beijing) Culture Development Co., Ltd. Mr. Wang holds a bachelor’s degree in financial management from Zhongnan University of Economics and Law.

Heung Ming Henry Wong. Mr. Wong has served as an independent director of the Company since March 2023. Mr. Wong has served as an Independent Director of Nature Wood Group Ltd. (Stock Ticker: NWGL) since September 14, 2023. Previously, Mr. Wong has served as an Independent Director of Shansheng Holding (Group) Limited, a company listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange (Stock Code: 2183), since August 1, 2022, and Ostin Technology Group, a publicly traded company on the NASDAQ Stock Exchange (Stock Ticker: OST), since April 26, 2022. Mr. Wong has also served as an Independent Non-Executive Director at Helen’s International Holdings Limited, a company listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange (Stock Code: 9869) since August 30, 2021, and TD Holdings , Inc, a publicly traded company on the NASDAQ Stock Exchange (Stock Ticker: GLG), since April 27, 2021, respectively. 

No family relationship exists between any of our directors and executive officers. There are no arrangements or understandings with major shareholders, customers, suppliers or others pursuant to which any person referred to above was selected as a director or member of senior management.

B. Compensation

Executive Compensation

For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2023, the aggregate cash compensation and benefits that we paid to our executive officers was approximately $136,086.

Director Compensation

For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2022, we granted 5,000 ordinary shares to each of our independent directors, Yijing Ye, Jianhua Wang, Ratansha Vakil, and Mark W. Willis, under the 2022 Equity Incentive Plan as compensation for their services. For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2022, we granted an aggregate of 500,000 shares to Wenshan Xie, chairman of the board and chief executive officer of the Company, under the 2022 Equity Incentive Plan as compensation for his services. We did not pay other compensation to our directors. Other than as described above, none of our directors or executive officers received any equity awards, including, options, restricted shares or other equity incentives in the fiscal years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022. We have not set aside or accrued any amount to provide pension, retirement or other similar benefits to our non-employee directors. Our PRC subsidiaries are required by law to make contributions equal to certain percentages of each employee’s salary for his or her pension insurance, medical insurance, unemployment insurance and other statutory benefits and a housing provident fund.

Employment Agreements

We have entered into employment agreements with each of our executive officers. Pursuant to these agreements, each of our executive officers is employed for an initial term of one year, and will be renewed automatically thereafter for successive one-year terms unless a one-month notice of non-renewal is given by one party to the other.

The executive officers are entitled to a fixed salary and to participate in our equity incentive plans, if any and other company benefits.

We may terminate the executive officer’s employment for cause, for certain acts, such as  the executive officer’s willful and continued failure to substantially perform his/her duties hereunder (other than as a result of total or partial incapacity due to physical or mental illness), dishonesty in the performance of the executive officer’s duties, an act or acts on the executive officer’s part constituting a felony under the laws of the PRC or of the United States or any state , any other act or omission which is materially injurious to the financial condition or business reputation of the Company or any of its subsidiaries or affiliates, or the executive officer’s breach of non-competition, non-solicitation and confidentiality clauses of the employment agreement.

Each of our executive officers has agreed to keep in strict confidence all non-public information relating to the business, financial condition and other aspects of the Company, including but not limited to trade secrets, business methods, products, processes, procedures, development or experimental projects, plans, service providers, customers and users, intellectual property, information technology and any other information which is material to the Company’s business operations, and without the prior express written approval of the Company, may not disclose or provide to any person, firm, corporation or entity such non-public information, and may not use such non-public information for any purpose other than to fulfill his responsibilities as an officer in the best interest of the Company.

Share Incentive Plans

2022 Plan

The Board of Directors of the Company approved and adopted the Company’s 2022 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2022 Plan”) on May 9, 2022. The total aggregate ordinary shares of the Company authorized for issuance during the term of the 2022 Plan is limited to 5,000,000 shares. The share number is pre-September 2022 Reverse Stock Split, pre-April 2023 Reverse Stock Split and pre–September 2023 Reverse Stock Split.

As of November 3, 2023, 3000 shares were granted and outstanding under the 2022 Plan. The following paragraphs summarize the terms of the 2022 Plan:

Eligible Award Recipients. The persons eligible to receive Awards are the Employees, Consultants and Directors of the Company and its Affiliates and such other individuals designated by the Committee who are reasonably expected to become Employees, Consultants and Directors after the receipt of Awards.

Available Awards. Awards that may be granted under the Plan include: (a) Incentive Share Options, (b) Non-qualified Share Options, (c) Share Appreciation Rights, (d) Restricted Awards, (e) Performance Share Awards, and (f) Performance Compensation Awards.

Authority of Committee. The 2022 Plan shall be administered by the Committee or, in the Board’s sole discretion, by the Board. 

Shares Subject to the 2022 Plan. Subject to adjustment, a total of 5,000,000 Ordinary Share shall be available for the grant of Awards under the 2022 Plan.

Term. Subject to the provisions of regarding Ten Percent Shareholders, no Incentive Share Option shall be exercisable after the expiration of 10 years from the Grant Date. The term of a Non-qualified Share Option granted under the Plan shall be determined by the Committee; provided, however, no Non-qualified Share Option shall be exercisable after the expiration of 10 years from the Grant Date.

On June 22, 2022, the granted 5,000 ordinary shares (3 shares retrospectively adjusted for effect of reverse stock split on September 23, 2022, April 12, 2023 and September 25, 2023) to each of our independent directors, Yijing Ye, Jianhua Wang, Ratansha Vakil, and Mark W. Willis, under the 2022 Equity Incentive Plan as compensation for their services. On June 22, 2022, we granted an aggregate of 500,000 shares (250 shares retrospectively adjusted for effect of reverse stock split on September 23, 2022, April 12, 2023 and September 25, 2023) to Wenshan Xie, chairman of the board and chief executive officer of the Company, under the 2022 Equity Incentive Plan as compensation for his services.

2023 Plan

The Board of Directors of the Company approved and adopted the Company’s 2023 Share Incentive Plan (the “2023 Plan”) on May 15, 2023. The total aggregate ordinary shares of the Company authorized for issuance during the term of the 2023 Plan is limited to 6,000,000 shares. The share number is pre September 2023 Reveres Stock Split.

As of November 3, 2023, 260,000 post reverse split shares were granted and outstanding under the 2023 Plan. The following paragraphs summarize the terms of the 2023 Plan:

Administration of the Plan The authority to manage the operation of and administer the Plan shall be vested in the Board of Directors of the Company (the “Board”) or the Compensation Committee (the “Committee”) as delegated by the Board. The Board or Committee if so delegated by the Board shall be hereinafter referred to as the “Administrator.” To qualify as the Administrator, the Committee shall consist of and maintain two or more directors who are (i) “Independent Directors” (as such term is defined under the rules of the NASDAQ Stock Market) and (ii) “Non-Employee Directors” (as such term is defined in Rule 16b-3), which shall serve at the pleasure of the Board. 

Designation of Optionees and Grantees. The persons eligible for participation in the Plan as recipients of Options (the “Optionees”) or Restricted Stock (the “Grantees” and together with Optionees, the “Participants”) shall include directors, officers and employees of, and consultants and advisors to, the Company or any subsidiary; provided that Incentive Options may only be granted to employees of the Company and any Subsidiary. In selecting Participants, and in determining the number of shares to be covered by each Option or award of Restricted Stock granted to Participants, the Administrator may consider any factors it deems relevant, including, without limitation, the office or position held by the Participant or the Participant’s relationship to the Company, the Participant’s degree of responsibility for and contribution to the growth and success of the Company or any Subsidiary, the Participant’s length of service, promotions and potential. A Participant who has been granted an Option or Restricted Stock hereunder may be granted an additional Option or Options, or Restricted Stock if the Administrator shall so determine. 

Stock Reserved for the Plan. Subject to adjustment, a maximum of 6,000,000 of the Company’s Ordinary Shares are subject to the 2023 Plan.

Term of Plan. No Securities shall be granted pursuant to the Plan on or after the date which is ten years from the effective date of the 2023 Plan, but Options and awards of Restricted Stock theretofore granted may extend beyond that date.

On June 3, 2023, the Compensation Committee of the Board of the Company (the “Compensation Committee”) granted 2,600,000 pre reverse split shares to employees and directors under 2023 Plan.

C. Board Practices

Board Composition and Committees

The Nasdaq Marketplace Rules generally require that a majority of an issuer’s board of directors must consist of independent directors. Our board of directors currently consists of six directors, including three independent directors, namely, Ms. Yijing Ye, Mr. Jianhua Wang and Mr. Heung Ming Henry Wong, therefore we currently don’t have a majority of our board of directors consisting of independent directors. We are in the process of considering to adopt our home country practice in lieu of majority independent board requirement under Nasdaq governance rule as a foreign private issuer, or add one more independent director or reduce one executive director on our board.

A director is not required to hold any shares in our company to qualify to serve as a director. Our board of directors may exercise all the powers of our company to borrow money, mortgage or charge its undertaking, property and uncalled capital, and to issue debentures, bonds and other securities whenever money is borrowed or as security for any debt, liability or obligation of the company or of any third-party.

A director who is to his knowledge in any way, whether directly or indirectly, interested in a contract or proposed contract with our company is required to declare the nature of his interest at a meeting of our directors. A director may vote in respect of any contract, proposed contract, or arrangement notwithstanding that he may be interested therein, and if he/she does so his/her vote shall be counted and he may be counted in the quorum at any meeting of our directors at which any such contract or proposed contract or arrangement is considered.

Board Diversity Matrix

The following table sets forth Board’s current level diversity statistics based on self-identification of members of our Board as of November 3, 2023.

Board Committees

The Board has established three standing committees: Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. Each of the Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee is comprised entirely of independent directors. From time to time, the Board may establish other committees. The Board has adopted a written charter for each of the Committees which are available on the corporate governance page of our website at www.ej111.com. Printed copies of these charters may be obtained, without charge, by contacting the Corporate Secretary, E-Home Household Service Holdings Limited, E-Home, 18/F, East Tower, Building B, Dongbai Center, Yangqiao Road, Gulou District, Fuzhou City 350001, People’s Republic of China

Each committee’s members and functions are described below.

Audit Committee

Our audit committee consists of three directors, namely, Ms. Yijing Ye, Mr. Heung Ming Henry Wong and Mr. Jianhua Wang, each of whom satisfies the “independence” requirements of Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act and Section 5605 of the Nasdaq Marketplace Rules. Mr. Heung Ming Henry Wong is the chairperson of our audit committee. The board of directors has also determined that Mr. Heung Ming Henry Wong qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert.” The audit committee oversees our accounting and financial reporting processes and the audits of the financial statements of our company. The audit committee is responsible for, among other things:

Compensation Committee

Our compensation committee consists of three directors, namely, Ms. Yijing Ye and Mr. Jianhua Wang, each of whom satisfies the “independence” requirements of Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act and Section 5605 of the Nasdaq Marketplace Rules. Ms. Ye is the chairperson of our compensation committee. The compensation committee assists the board in reviewing and approving the compensation structure, including all forms of compensation, relating to our directors and executive officers. Our chief executive officer may not be present at any committee meeting during which his compensation is deliberated. The compensation committee is responsible for, among other things:

Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee

Our nominating and corporate governance committee consists of four directors, namely, Mr. Jianhua Wang and Ms. Yijing Ye, each of whom satisfies the “independence” requirements of Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act and Section 5605 of the Nasdaq Marketplace Rules. Mr. Wenshan Xie is the chairperson of our nominating and corporate governance committee. The nominating and corporate governance committee assists the board of directors in selecting individuals qualified to become our directors and in determining the composition of the board and its committees. The nominating and corporate governance committee is responsible for, among other things:

Duties of Directors

Under Cayman Islands law, our directors have a fiduciary duty to our company to act honestly, in good faith and with a view to our best interests. Our directors also owe to our company a duty to act with skill and care. It was previously considered that a director need not exhibit in the performance of his duties a greater degree of skill than may reasonably be expected from a person of his knowledge and experience. However, English and Commonwealth courts have moved towards an objective standard with regard to the required skill and care and these authorities are likely to be followed in the Cayman Islands. In fulfilling their duty of care to us, our directors must ensure compliance with our memorandum and articles of association, as amended and restated from time to time. Our company has the right to seek damages if a duty owed by our directors is breached. In limited exceptional circumstances, a shareholder may have the right to seek damages in our name if a duty owed by our directors is breached. You should refer to “Item. Additional Information – B. Memorandum and Articles of Association - Differences in Corporate Law” for additional information on our standard of corporate governance under Cayman Islands law.

A director who is in any way, whether directly or indirectly, interested in a contract or proposed contract with our company is required to declare the nature of his interest at a meeting of our directors. A director may vote in respect of any contract, proposed contract, or arrangement notwithstanding that he may be interested therein, and if he does so his vote shall be counted and he may be counted in the quorum at any meeting of our directors at which any such contract or proposed contract or arrangement is considered. Our board of directors may exercise all the powers of our company to borrow money, mortgage or charge its undertaking, property and uncalled capital, and to issue debentures, bonds and other securities whenever money is borrowed or as security for any debt, liability or obligation of the company or of any third party.

The functions and powers of our board of directors include, among others:

Terms of Directors and Officers

Our officers are elected by and serve at the discretion of our board of directors. Our directors are not subject to a term of office and hold office until such time as they are removed from office by ordinary resolution of the shareholders or until the expiration of his term or his successor has been elected and qualified. A director will be removed from office automatically if, among other thing, the director (i) dies or becomes bankrupt or makes any arrangement or composition with his creditors generally; (ii) without special leave of absence from the Board, is absent from meetings of the Board for six consecutive meetings and the Board resolves that his office be vacated; (iii) is found to be or becomes of unsound mind; (iv) resigns his office by notice in writing to our company; (v) is prohibited by law from being a director; and (vi) is removed from the office pursuant to any other provisions of our memorandum and articles of association.

D. Employees

As of June 30, 2023, we had a total of 528 employees. The following table shows the number of our employees by function.

As required by laws and regulations in China, we contribute to various statutory employee benefit plans that are organized by municipal and provincial governments, including pension, medical insurance, unemployment insurance, work-related injury insurance and maternity insurance plans as well as the housing provident fund. We are required under Chinese law to make contributions to employee benefit plans at specified percentages of the salaries, bonuses and certain allowances of our employees, up to a maximum amount specified by the local government from time to time.

We enter into standard labor contracts with our key employees. The labor contract with our key personnel typically includes a standard non-compete covenant that prohibits the employee from competing with us, directly or indirectly, during his or her employment. It also has a standard confidentiality and intellectual property provision prohibiting employees from disclosing our confidential information obtained during the employment to any third party.

E. Share Ownership

The following table sets forth information with respect to beneficial ownership of our share capital as of November 3, 2023 by:

None of our major shareholders have different voting rights from other shareholders. We are not aware of any arrangement that may, at a subsequent date, result in a change of control of our company.

ITEM 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

A. Major Shareholders

Please refer to Item 6 “Directors, Senior Management and Employees—E. Share Ownership.”

B. Related Party Transactions

As of June 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company had $442,825 and $108,761 payable balances to Mr. Wenshan Xie, our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, for temporary working capital needs, respectively. As of June 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company had $1,249,387 and $0 payable balances to Ms. Ling Chen, a shareholder of Zhongrun, a major subsidiary of the Company, for temporary working capital needs, respectively.

During the year ended June 30, 2023, Mr. Xie made payment of $624,385 for temporary working capital needs of the Company and the Company repaid $270,998 to Mr. Xie. During the year ended June 30, 2023, Ms. Chen made payment of $1,277,124 for temporary working capital needs of the Company. During the year ended June 30, 2022, Mr. Xie made payment of $339,045 for temporary working capital needs of the Company and the Company repaid $29,514 to Mr. Xie. During the year ended June 30, 2021, Mr. Xie made payment of $63,975 for temporary working capital needs of the Company and the Company repaid $24,575 to Mr. Xie.

As of June 30, 2023, the Company had $4,295,120 receivable balance from E-Home Group Limited, a company controlled by CEO and Chairman of the Company, Mr. Wenshan Xie, for temporary lending. The balance was included in due from related parties presented on the Company’s balance sheet. The Company expects to fully collect the balance of due from related parties by December 31, 2023. For the year ended June 30, 2023, the Company loaned $4,295,120 to E-Home Group Limited for temporary lending.

On June 22, 2022, the Company granted 520,000 ordinary shares (260 shares retrospectively adjusted for effect of reverse stock split on September 23, 2022, April 12, 2023 and September 25, 2023) to its directors and officers as their compensations at a fair value of $167,700 (par value of $52 and additional paid-in capital of $167,648).

On June 21, 2021, the Company granted 6,000 ordinary shares (3 shares retrospectively adjusted for effect of reverse stock split on September 23, 2022, April 12, 2023 and September 25, 2023) to three of its independent directors (2,000 shares for each director) as their compensations at a fair value of $213,840 (ordinary shares of $1 and additional paid-in capital of $213,839).

C. Interests of Experts and Counsel

Not applicable.

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information

Financial Statements

We have appended consolidated financial statements filed as part of this annual report. The financial statements required by this item may be found at the end of this report on 20-F, beginning on page F-1.

Legal Proceedings 

From time to time, we may become involved in various lawsuits and legal proceedings which arise in the ordinary course of business. However, litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties and an adverse result in these or other matters may arise from time to time that may harm our business. We are currently not aware of any such legal proceedings or claims that we believe will have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or operating results.

Dividend Policy

We do not have any plan to declare or pay any dividends in the near future. We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to operate and expand our business.

Our board of directors has complete discretion, subject to certain requirements of Cayman Islands law, in deciding whether to distribute dividends. Even if our board of directors decides to pay dividends, the timing, amount and form of future dividends, if any, will depend on, among other things, our future results of operations and cash flow, our capital requirements and surplus, the amount of distributions, if any, received by us from our subsidiaries, our financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors.

We are a holding company with no material operations of our own. PRC regulations may restrict the ability of E-Home WFOE to pay dividends to us. As a result, our ability to pay dividends and to finance any debt we may incur depends upon dividends paid by E-Home WFOE. If E-Home WFOE or other PRC subsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing their debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends to us.

B. No Significant Changes

Except as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, no significant change has occurred since the date of our consolidated financial statements filed as part of this annual report.

ITEM 9. THE OFFER AND LISTING

A. Offer and Listing Details

Our Ordinary Shares have been listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market since March 14, 2021. Our Ordinary Shares trade under the symbol “EJH.”

B. Plan of Distribution

Not applicable.

C. Markets

See our disclosures above under “A. Offer and Listing Details.”

D. Selling Shareholders

Not applicable.

E. Dilution

Not applicable.

F. Expenses of the Issue

Not applicable.

ITEM 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

A. Share Capital

Not applicable.

B. Memorandum and Articles of Association

We are a Cayman Islands exempted company with limited liability and our affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association, and the Companies Act (As Revised) of the Cayman Islands, which is referred to as the Companies Act below.

As of November 3, 2023, the authorized share capital of the Company is US$100,020,000 divided into (x) 500,000,000 shares designated as ordinary shares with a par value of US$0.2 per share and (y) 10,000,000 shares designated as preferred shares with a par value of US$0.002 per share, among which 14,922,234 ordinary shares are issued and outstanding.

The following are summaries of material provisions of our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association and the Companies Act insofar as they relate to the material terms of our ordinary shares. We incorporate by reference into this annual report our Third Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association, filed as Exhibit 3.1 to this annual report, as amended. Our shareholders adopted our Third Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association by a special resolution on September 15, 2023.

Ordinary Shares

General

All of our outstanding ordinary shares are fully paid and non-assessable. Certificates representing the ordinary shares are issued in registered form. Our shareholders who are non-residents of the Cayman Islands may freely hold and vote their ordinary shares.

Dividends

The holders of our ordinary shares are entitled to such dividends as may be declared by our board of directors subject to the Companies Act and to the third amended and restated articles of association.

Voting Rights

On all matters upon which the ordinary shares are entitled to vote, at any general meeting on a show of hands every shareholder present in person, by corporate representative or by proxy, has one vote and on a poll, every shareholder so present has one vote for every fully paid share of which they are the holder. Voting at any meeting of shareholders is by poll unless the chairman of the meeting may in good faith, allow a resolution which relates purely to a procedural or administrative matter to be voted on by a show of hands.

An ordinary resolution to be passed by the shareholders requires the affirmative vote of a simple majority of votes attached to the ordinary shares cast in a general meeting, while a special resolution requires the affirmative vote of no less than two-thirds of votes cast in a general meeting. A special resolution will be required for important matters such as a change of name or making changes to our memorandum and articles of association.

Transfer of Ordinary Shares

Subject to the restrictions contained in our third amended and restated articles of association, as applicable, any of our shareholders may transfer all or any of his or her ordinary shares by an instrument of transfer in the usual or common form or any other form approved by our board of directors.

Our board of directors may, in its absolute discretion, decline to register any transfer of any ordinary share (not being a fully paid up share) to a person of whom it does not approve, or any share issued under any share incentive scheme for employees upon which a restriction on transfer imposed thereby still subsists, and it may also, without prejudice to the foregoing generality, refuse to register a transfer of any share to more than four joint holders or a transfer of any share (not being a fully paid up share) on which we have a lien. Our board of directors may also decline to register any transfer of any ordinary share unless:

If our directors refuse to register a transfer they shall, within three months after the date on which the instrument of transfer was lodged, send to each of the transferor and the transferee notice of such refusal.

Liquidation

On a return of capital on winding up or otherwise (other than on conversion, redemption or purchase of ordinary shares), assets available for distribution among the holders of ordinary shares shall be distributed among the holders of the ordinary shares on a pro rata basis. If our assets available for distribution are insufficient to repay all of the paid-up capital, the assets will be distributed so that the losses are borne by our shareholders proportionately.

Calls on Ordinary Shares and Forfeiture of Ordinary Shares

Our board of directors may from time to time make calls upon shareholders for any amounts unpaid on their ordinary shares. The ordinary shares that have been called upon and remain unpaid are subject to forfeiture.