Foresight Autonomous Holdings Ltd. [FRSX] Filings

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 20-F

☐ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☐ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission File No.: 001-38094

FORESIGHT AUTONOMOUS HOLDINGS LTD.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Translation of registrant’s name into English: Not applicable

State of Israel

(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

7 Golda Meir

Ness Ziona

7403650, Israel

(Address of principal executive offices)

Haim Siboni

Chief Executive Officer

Telephone number: +972-077-9709030

Facsimile number: +972-077-9709031

7 Golda Meir

Ness Ziona

7403650 Israel

(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: None

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report:

459,778,056 ordinary shares as of December 31, 2023.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes ☐ No ☒

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act of 1934.

Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

†The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

Yes ☐ No ☒

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing.

U.S. GAAP ☒

International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ☐

Other ☐

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.

☐ Item 17 ☐ Item 18

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company.

Yes ☐ No ☒

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

We are a technology company engaged in development of smart multi-spectral 3D vision software solutions and cellular-based applications. Through our wholly owned subsidiaries, Foresight Automotive Ltd., or Foresight Automotive, Foresight Changzhou Automotive Ltd., or Foresight Changzhou and Eye-Net Mobile Ltd., or Eye-Net Mobile, we develop both “in-line-of-sight” vision solutions and “beyond-line-of-sight” accident-prevention solutions.

Our 3D vision solutions include modules of automatic calibration and dense three-dimensional (3D) point cloud that can be applied to diverse markets such as automotive, defense, autonomous vehicles, agriculture and heavy industrial equipment. Eye-Net Mobile’s cellular-based solution suite provides real-time pre-collision alerts to enhance road safety and situational awareness for all road users in the urban mobility environment by incorporating cutting-edge artificial intelligence (AI) technology and advanced analytics.

We were incorporated in the State of Israel in September 1977 under the name Golan Melechet Machshevet (1997) Ltd. In April 1987, we became a public company in Israel, and our shares were listed for trade on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange Ltd., or TASE. On May 16, 2010, we changed our name to Asia Development (A.D.B.M.) Ltd., and on January 12, 2016, we changed our name to Foresight Autonomous Holdings Ltd. Our Ordinary Shares are currently traded on the TASE, and American Depositary Shares, or ADSs, each representing thirty of our Ordinary Shares, currently trade on the Nasdaq Capital Market, both under the symbol “FRSX”. The Bank of New York Mellon acts as depositary of the ADSs.

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Certain information included or incorporated by reference in this annual report on Form 20-F may be deemed to be “forward-looking statements”. Forward-looking statements are often characterized by the use of forward-looking terminology such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “continue,” “believe,” “predict,” “should,” “intend,” “project” or other similar words, but are not the only way these statements are identified.

These forward-looking statements may include, but are not limited to, statements relating to our objectives, plans and strategies, statements that contain projections of results of operations or of financial condition, expected capital needs and expenses, statements relating to the research, development, completion and use of our products, and all statements (other than statements of historical facts) that address activities, events or developments that we intend, expect, project, believe or anticipate will or may occur in the future.

Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to risks and uncertainties. We have based these forward-looking statements on assumptions and assessments made by our management in light of their experience and their perception of historical trends, current conditions, expected future developments and other factors they believe to be appropriate.

Important factors that could cause actual results, developments and business decisions to differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements include, among other things:

Readers are urged to carefully review and consider the various disclosures made throughout this annual report on Form 20-F which are designed to advise interested parties of the risks and factors that may affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

You should not put undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statements in this annual report on Form 20-F are made as of the date hereof, and we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.

In addition, the section of this annual report on Form 20-F entitled “Item 4. Information on the Company” contains information obtained from independent industry sources and other sources that we have not independently verified.

Unless otherwise indicated, all references to the “Company,” “we,” “our” and “Foresight” refer to Foresight Autonomous Holdings Ltd. and its wholly owned subsidiaries, Foresight Automotive Ltd., an Israeli corporation, Eye-Net Mobile Ltd., an Israeli corporation, and Foresight Automotive’s wholly owned subsidiary, Foresight Changzhou Automotive Ltd., a Chinese corporation. References to “U.S. dollars” and “$” are to currency of the United States of America, and references to “NIS” are to New Israeli Shekels. References to “Ordinary Shares” are to our Ordinary Shares, no par value. We report our financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, or U.S. GAAP.

Unless the context otherwise indicates or requires, “Foresight Autonomous Holdings,” “Foresight^®,” the Foresight Autonomous Holdings logo and all product names and trade names used by us in this annual report on Form 20-F, including QuadSight^® and Eye-Net™ are our proprietary trademarks and service marks. These trademarks and service marks are important to our business. Although we have omitted the “®” and “™” trademark designations for such marks in this annual report on Form 20-F, all rights to such trademarks and service marks are nevertheless reserved.

Summary Risk Factors

The risk factors described below are a summary of the principal risk factors associated with an investment in us. These are not the only risks we face. You should carefully consider these risk factors, together with the risk factors set forth in Item 3D. of this Report and the other reports and documents filed by us with the SEC.

PART I

ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS

Not applicable.

ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

Not applicable.

ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION

A. Selected Financial Data.

[Removed and reserved]

B. Capitalization and Indebtedness.

Not applicable.

C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds.

Not applicable.

D. Risk Factors

You should carefully consider the risks described below, together with all of the other information in this annual report on Form 20-F. If any of these risks actually occurs, our business and financial condition could suffer and the price of the ADSs could decline.

Risks Related to Our Financial Condition and Capital Requirements

We are a development-stage company and have a limited operating history on which to assess the prospects for our business, have incurred significant losses since the date of our inception, and anticipate that we will continue to incur significant losses until we are able to successfully commercialize our products.

Our significant shareholder, Magna B.S.P. Ltd., or Magna, was incorporated in Israel in 2001. Starting in 2011, Magna began to develop technology devoted to vehicle safety. Magna operated its vehicle safety segment of operations as a separate division for accounting purposes. On October 11, 2015, we entered into a merger agreement, or the Merger, with Magna and Foresight Automotive, whereby we acquired 100% of the share capital of Foresight Automotive from Magna. Since the date of the Merger, we have been operating as a development-stage company and have a limited operating history on which to assess the prospects for our business, have incurred significant losses, and anticipate that we will continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future.

Since the date of the Merger, and as of December 31, 2023, we have incurred net losses of approximately $119,890,000.

We have devoted substantially all of our financial resources to develop our products. We have financed our operations primarily through the issuance of equity securities. The amount of our future net losses will depend, in part, on completing the development of our products, the rate of our future expenditures and our ability to obtain funding through the issuance of our securities, strategic collaborations or grants. We expect to continue to incur significant losses until we are able to successfully commercialize our products. We anticipate that our expenses will increase substantially if and as we:

We have not generated any significant revenue from the sale of our current products and may never be profitable.

We have not yet commercialized any of our products and have not generated any significant revenue since the date of the Merger. Our ability to generate revenue and achieve profitability depends on our ability to successfully complete the development of, and to commercialize, our products. Our ability to generate future revenue from product sales depends heavily on our success in many areas, including but not limited to:

We expect that we will need to raise substantial additional capital before we can expect to become profitable from sales of our products. This additional capital may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Failure to obtain this necessary capital when needed may force us to delay, limit or terminate our product development efforts or other operations.

We expect that we will require substantial additional capital to commercialize our products. In addition, our operating plans may change as a result of many factors that may currently be unknown to us, and we may need to seek additional funds sooner than planned. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including but not limited to:

Any additional fundraising efforts may divert our management from their day-to-day activities, which may adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize our products. In addition, we cannot guarantee that future financing will be available in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all. Moreover, the terms of any financing may adversely affect the holdings or the rights of our shareholders and the issuance of additional securities, whether equity or debt, by us, or the possibility of such issuance, may cause the market price of the ADSs and Ordinary Shares to decline. The incurrence of indebtedness could result in increased fixed payment obligations, and we may be required to agree to certain restrictive covenants, such as limitations on our ability to incur additional debt, limitations on our ability to acquire, sell or license intellectual property rights and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. We could also be required to seek funds through arrangements with collaborative partners or otherwise at an earlier stage than otherwise would be desirable, and we may be required to relinquish rights to some of our technologies or products or otherwise agree to terms unfavorable to us, any of which may have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and prospects. Even if we believe that we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans, we may seek additional capital if market conditions are favorable or if we have specific strategic considerations.

If we are unable to obtain funding on a timely basis, we may be required to significantly curtail, delay or discontinue one or more of our research or development programs or the commercialization of our products or be unable to expand our operations or otherwise capitalize on our business opportunities, as desired, which could materially affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

Defects in products could give rise to product returns or product liability, warranty or other claims that could result in material expenses, diversion of management time and attention, and damage to our reputation.

Even if we are successful in introducing our products to the market, our products may contain undetected defects or errors that, despite testing, are not discovered until after a product has been used. This could result in delayed market acceptance of those products, claims from distributors, end-users or others, increased end-user service and support costs and warranty claims, damage to our reputation and business, or significant costs to correct the defect or error. We may from time to time become subject to warranty or product liability claims that could lead to significant expenses as we need to compensate affected end-users for costs incurred related to product quality issues.

Any claim brought against us, regardless of its merit, could result in material expense, diversion of management time and attention, and damage to our reputation, and could cause us to fail to retain or attract customers. Currently, we do not maintain product liability insurance, which will be necessary prior to the commercialization of our products. It is likely that any product liability insurance that we will have in the future will be subject to significant deductibles and there is no guarantee that such insurance will be available or adequate to protect against all such claims, or we may elect to self-insure with respect to certain matters. Costs or payments made in connection with warranty and product liability claims and product recalls or other claims could materially affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Furthermore, the automotive industry in general is subject to litigation claims due to the nature of personal injuries that result from traffic accidents. The emerging technologies of advanced driver assistance systems, or ADAS, and autonomous driving have not yet been litigated or legislated to a point whereby their legal implications are well documented. As a potential provider of such products, we may become liable for losses that exceed the current industry and regulatory norms. In addition, if any of our products are, or are alleged to be, defective, we may be required to participate in a recall of such products if the defect or the alleged defect relates to motor vehicle safety. Depending on the terms under which we supply our products, an auto manufacturer or other ADAS developers to whom we sell our software may hold us responsible for some or all of the entire repair or replacement costs of these products.

Our future success depends in part on our ability to retain our executive officers and to attract, retain and motivate other qualified personnel.

We are highly dependent on the services of Mr. Haim Siboni. The loss of his services without proper replacement may adversely impact the achievement of our objectives. Mr. Siboni may leave our employment at any time subject to contractual notice periods, as applicable. Also, our performance is largely dependent on the talents and efforts of highly skilled individuals, particularly our software engineers and computer vision professionals. Recruiting and retaining qualified employees, consultants, and advisors for our business, including scientific and technical personnel, will also be critical to our success. There is currently a shortage of skilled personnel in our industry, which is likely to continue. As a result, competition for skilled personnel is intense and the turnover rate can be high. We may not be able to attract and retain personnel on acceptable terms given the competition in the industry in which we operate. Moreover, certain of our competitors or other technology businesses may seek to hire our employees. The inability to recruit and retain qualified personnel, or the loss of the services of our executive officers, without proper replacement, may impede the progress of our development and commercialization objectives.

Under applicable employment laws, we may not be able to enforce covenants not to compete and therefore may be unable to prevent our competitors from benefiting from the expertise of some of our former employees.

We generally enter into non-competition agreements with our employees. These agreements prohibit our employees from competing directly with us or working for our competitors or clients for a limited period after they cease working for us. We may be unable to enforce these agreements under the laws of the jurisdictions in which our employees work and it may be difficult for us to restrict our competitors from benefiting from the expertise that our former employees or consultants developed while working for us. For example, Israeli courts have required employers seeking to enforce non-compete undertakings of a former employee to demonstrate that the competitive activities of the former employee will harm one of a limited number of material interests of the employer that have been recognized by the courts, such as the secrecy of a company’s confidential commercial information or the protection of its intellectual property. If we cannot demonstrate that such interests will be harmed, we may be unable to prevent our competitors from benefiting from the expertise of our former employees or consultants and our ability to remain competitive may be diminished.

We depend entirely on the success of our current products in development, and we may not be able to successfully introduce these products and commercialize them.

We have invested almost all of our efforts and financial resources in the research and development of our products in development. As a result, our business is entirely dependent on our ability to complete the development of, and to successfully commercialize, our product candidates. The process of development and commercialization is long, complex, costly and uncertain of outcome.

We may not be able to introduce products acceptable to customers and we may not be able to improve the technology used in our current solutions in response to new regulations, automotive market standards and end-user needs.

The markets in which we operate are subject to rapid and substantial innovation, regulation and technological change, mainly driven by technological advances and end-user requirements and preferences, as well as the emergence of new standards and practices. Even if we are able to complete the development of our products in development, our ability to compete in the ADAS, semi-autonomous and autonomous vehicle markets will depend, in large part, on our future success in enhancing our existing products and developing new solutions that will address the varied needs of prospective end-users, and respond to technological advances and industry standards and practices on a cost-effective and timely basis to otherwise gain market acceptance.

Even if we successfully introduce our existing products in development, it is likely that new solutions and technologies that we develop will eventually supplant our existing solutions or that our competitors will create solutions that will replace our solutions. As a result, any of our products may be rendered obsolete or uneconomical by our or others’ technological advances.

We may not be able to successfully manage our planned growth and expansion.

We expect to continue to make investments in our products in development. We expect that our annual operating expenses will continue to increase as we invest in business development, marketing, research and development, manufacturing and production infrastructure, and develop customer service and support resources for future customers. Failure to expand operational and financial systems timely or efficiently may result in operating inefficiencies, which could increase costs and expenses to a greater extent than we anticipate and may also prevent us from successfully executing our business plan. We may not be able to offset the costs of operation expansion by leveraging the economies of scale from our growth in negotiations with our suppliers and contract manufacturers. Additionally, if we increase our operating expenses in anticipation of the growth of our business and this growth falls short of our expectations, our financial results will be negatively impacted.

If our business grows, we will have to manage additional product design projects, materials procurement processes, and sales efforts and marketing for an increasing number of products, as well as expand the number and scope of our relationships with suppliers, distributors and end customers. If we fail to manage these additional responsibilities and relationships successfully, we may incur significant costs, which may negatively impact our operating results. Additionally, in our efforts to be first to market with new products with innovative functionality and features, we may devote significant research and development resources to products and product features for which a market does not develop quickly, or at all. If we are not able to predict market trends accurately, we may not benefit from such research and development activities, and our results of operations may suffer.

As our future development and commercialization plans and strategies develop, we expect to need additional managerial, operational, sales, marketing, financial and legal personnel. Our management may need to divert a disproportionate amount of its attention away from our day-to-day activities and devote a substantial amount of time to managing these growth activities. We may not be able to effectively manage the expansion of our operations, which may result in weaknesses in our infrastructure, operational mistakes, loss of business opportunities, failure to deliver and timely deliver our products to customers, loss of employees and reduced productivity among remaining employees. Our expected growth could require significant capital expenditures and may divert financial resources from other projects, such as the development of additional new products. If our management is unable to effectively manage our growth, our expenses may increase more than expected, our ability to generate and/or grow revenue could be reduced, and we may not be able to implement our business strategy.

Our operating results and financial condition may fluctuate.

Even if we are successful in introducing our products to the market, the operating results and financial condition of our company may fluctuate from quarter to quarter and year to year and are likely to continue to vary due to several factors, many of which will not be within our control. If our operating results do not meet the guidance that we provide to the marketplace or the expectations of securities analysts or investors, the market price of the ADS will likely decline. Fluctuations in our operating results and financial condition may be due to several factors, including those listed below and those identified throughout this “Risk Factors” section:

Due to all of the foregoing factors, and the other risks discussed herein, you should not rely on quarter-to-quarter comparisons of our operating results as an indicator of our future performance.

The markets in which we participate are competitive. Even if we are successful in completing the development of our products in development, our failure to compete successfully could cause any future revenues and the demand for our products not to materialize or to decline over time.

We aim to sell our products to automotive manufacturers, heavy, agricultural, defense and security equipment manufacturers that incorporate ADAS, semi-autonomous and autonomous technologies in their automobiles and/or equipment and other companies that market or develop component parts of these systems. Many of our competitors have extensive track records and relationships within the these industries.

Many of our current and potential competitors have longer operating histories and more extensive name recognition than we have and may also have greater financial, marketing, manufacturing, distribution and other resources than we have. Current and future competitors may be able to respond more quickly to new or emerging technologies and changes in customer demands and to devote greater resources to the development, promotion and sale of their products than we can. Our current and potential competitors may develop and market new technologies that render our existing or future products obsolete, unmarketable or less competitive (whether from a price perspective or otherwise). We cannot assure you that we will be able to maintain a competitive position or to compete successfully against current and future sources of competition.

If our relationships with suppliers for our products and services were to terminate or our manufacturing arrangements were to be disrupted, our business could be interrupted.

Our products depend on certain third-party technology and we purchase component parts that are used in our products from third-party suppliers, some of whom may compete with us. While there are several potential suppliers of most of these component parts that we use, we currently choose to use only one or a limited number of suppliers for several of these components. Our reliance on a single or limited number of vendors involves several risks, including:

In addition, we require any new supplier to become “qualified” pursuant to our internal procedures. The qualification process involves evaluations of varying durations, which may cause production delays if we were required to qualify a new supplier unexpectedly. We generally assemble our solutions and parts based on our internal forecasts and the availability of assemblies, components and finished goods that are supplied to us by third parties, which are subject to various lead times. If certain suppliers were to decide to discontinue production of an assembly, component that we use, the unanticipated change in the availability of supplies, or unanticipated supply limitations, could cause delays in, or loss of, sales, increased production or related costs and consequently reduced margins, and damage to our reputation. If we were unable to find a suitable supplier for a particular component, we could be required to modify our existing products or the end-parts that we offer to accommodate substitute components or compounds.

Discontinuation of operations at our manufacturing sites could prevent us from timely filling customer orders and could lead to unforeseen costs for us.

We plan to assemble and test the solutions that we sell at subcontractors’ facilities in various locations that are specifically dedicated to separate categories of systems and consumables. Because of our reliance on all of these production facilities, a disruption at any of those facilities could materially damage our ability to supply our products to the marketplace in a timely manner. Depending on the cause of the disruption, we could also incur significant costs to remedy the disruption and resume product shipments. Such disruptions may be caused by, among other factors, pandemics, earthquakes, fire, flood and other natural disasters. Accordingly, any such disruption could result in a material adverse effect on our revenue, results of operations and earnings, and could also potentially damage our reputation.

Our planned international operations will expose us to additional market and operational risks, and failure to manage these risks may adversely affect our business and operating results.

We expect to derive a substantial percentage of our sales from international markets. Accordingly, we will face significant operational risks from doing business internationally, including:

Our failure to manage the market and operational risks associated with our international operations effectively could limit the future growth of our business and adversely affect our operating results.

Significant disruptions of our information technology systems or breaches of our data security could adversely affect our business.

A significant invasion, interruption, destruction or breakdown of our information technology systems and/or infrastructure by persons with authorized or unauthorized access could negatively impact our business and operations. We could also experience business interruption, information theft and/or reputational damage from cyber-attacks, which may compromise our systems and lead to data leakage either internally or at our third-party providers. Our systems have been, and are expected to continue to be, the target of malware and other cyber-attacks. Although we have invested in measures to reduce these risks, we cannot assure you that these measures will be successful in preventing compromise and/or disruption of our information technology systems and related data. See, “Item 16K – Cybersecurity” for additional information.

Our products will be subject to automotive regulations due to the global quality requirements, which could prevent us from marketing our products to vehicle manufacturers.

The automotive regulations are dynamic and changing and effected by the final customer quality requirements as well. Even if we are successful in completing the development of our products, our failure to comply with the different types of regulations and requirements could delay the transfer to production schedule and eventually time to market.

In order to market our products to vehicle manufacturers we will be required to accomplish different type of regulations requirements such as ISO 26262 Functional Safety Regulations (ASIL) and Auto Spice or other common quality management methodologies. In order to meet the quality requirements, we will have to cooperate with vehicle manufacturers, to receive their customers’ quality requirements that meet the requisite regulation of such customers and implement tools, processes and methodologies. Such processes and tools will require resources and funds and will consume significant time effort until fully fulfilled. We are already investing time and efforts in order to study the global quality and regulations requirements, but we cannot assure, at this time, that we will be able to meet the regulations requirements on time.

Our products are cost sensitive and subject to customers’ aggressive target costs. Our products are sub solutions of modules as part of full semi-autonomous or autonomous systems with low-cost product expectations and we may therefore be forced to lower or costs or have lower margins.

The automotive industry is one that continuously strives for cost reduction goals and optimizing the vehicle cost to meet the end customers’ expectations. For example, the target cost of ADAS, semi-autonomous and autonomous systems are being continuously reduced and while our products are cost sensitive to various costs factors, we may fail to meet these reduced market targets costs. We are working to build a robust supply chain network to support our cost reduction efforts and optimize our hardware and software costs, but may not be successful in doing so. If we are unable to reduce our costs in line with industry target cost, our results of operations may be adversely impacted.

Our business and operations would suffer in the event of computer system failures, cyber-attacks or a deficiency in our cybersecurity.

Despite the implementation of security measures intended to secure our data against impermissible access and to preserve the integrity and confidentiality of our data, our internal computer systems, and those of third parties on which we rely, we are vulnerable to damage from computer viruses, malware, natural disasters, terrorism, war, telecommunication and electrical failures, cyber-attacks or cyber-intrusions over the Internet, attachments to emails, persons inside our organization, or persons with access to systems inside our organization. The risk of a security breach or disruption, particularly through cyber-attacks or cyber intrusion, including by computer hackers, foreign governments, and cyber terrorists, has generally increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased. If such an event were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations, it could result in a material disruption of our business. To the extent that any disruption or security breach was to result in a loss of or damage to our data or applications, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur material legal claims, damage to our reputation, regulatory investigations and redresses, and penalties and liabilities. See, “Item 16K – Cybersecurity” for additional information.

We may conduct a substantial amount of business in China. The legal system in China has inherent uncertainties that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We have been conducting proof of concept, or POC, projects in China and have established a subsidiary in China for these purposes. As a result, we may engage in a substantial amount of business in China in the future. The Chinese legal system is based on written statutes and their legal interpretation by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress. Prior court decisions may be cited for reference but have limited precedential value. Since 1979, the Chinese government has been developing a comprehensive system of commercial laws dealing with economic matters such as foreign investment, corporate organization and governance, commerce, taxation and trade. However, because these laws and regulations are relatively new, there is a general lack of internal guidelines or authoritative interpretive guidance and because of the limited number of published cases and their non-binding nature, interpretation and enforcement of these laws and regulations involve uncertainties. Any administrative and court proceedings in China may be protracted, resulting in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention. Since Chinese administrative and court authorities have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory and contractual terms, it may be more difficult to evaluate the outcome of administrative and court proceedings and the level of legal protection we enjoy than in more developed legal systems.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

If we are unable to obtain and maintain effective intellectual property rights for our products, we may not be able to compete effectively in our markets.

Historically, we have relied on trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to protect the intellectual property related to our technologies and products. Since December 2015, we have also sought patent protection for certain of our products. Our success depends in large part on our ability to obtain and maintain patent and other intellectual property protection in the United States and in other countries with respect to our proprietary technology and new products.

We have sought to protect our proprietary position by filing patent applications in Israel, the United States and in other countries, with respect to our novel technologies and products, which are important to our business. Patent prosecution is expensive and time consuming, and we may not be able to file and prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner. It is also possible that we will fail to identify patentable aspects of our research and development output before it is too late to obtain patent protection.

Foresight Automotive has a portfolio of four granted U.S. non-provisional applications, two granted patents with the Israeli Patent Office, two granted patent and four full applications in China, six applications in Europe, four applications in Japan, and one Patent Cooperation Treaty (“PCT”) application. Eye-Net Mobile has a portfolio of one granted U.S. patent, four PCT applications, one full application with the Israeli Patent Office and one application in Europe. We cannot offer any assurances about which, if any, patent applications will issue, the breadth of any such patent or whether any issued patents will be found invalid and unenforceable or will be threatened by third parties. Any successful opposition to these patents or any other patents owned by or licensed to us after patent issuance could deprive us of rights to prevent others from exploiting our technology and may affect the successful commercialization of our products.

Further, there is no assurance that all potentially relevant prior art relating to our patent applications has been found, which can invalidate a patent or prevent a patent from issuing from a pending patent application. Even if patents do successfully issue, and even if such patents cover our products, third parties may challenge their validity, enforceability, or scope, which may result in such patents being narrowed, found unenforceable or invalidated. Furthermore, even if they are unchallenged, our patent applications and any future patents may not adequately protect our intellectual property, provide exclusivity for our new products, or prevent others from designing around our claims. Any of these outcomes could impair our ability to prevent competition from third parties, which may have an adverse impact on our business.

If we cannot obtain and maintain effective patent rights for our products, we may not be able to compete effectively, and our business and results of operations would be harmed.

If we are unable to maintain effective proprietary rights for our products, we may not be able to compete effectively in our markets.

In addition to the protection afforded by any patents that may be granted, historically, we have relied on trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to protect proprietary know-how that is not patentable or that we elect not to patent, processes that are not easily known, knowable or easily ascertainable, and for which patent infringement is difficult to monitor and enforce and any other elements of our product candidate discovery and development processes that involve proprietary know-how, information or technology that is not covered by patents. However, trade secrets can be difficult to protect. We seek to protect our proprietary technology and processes, in part, by entering into confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants, scientific advisors, and contractors. We also seek to preserve the integrity and confidentiality of our data, trade secrets and intellectual property by maintaining physical security of our premises and physical and electronic security of our information technology systems. Agreements or security measures may be breached, and we may not have adequate remedies for any breach. In addition, our trade secrets and intellectual property may otherwise become known or be independently discovered by competitors.

We cannot provide any assurances that our trade secrets and other confidential proprietary information will not be disclosed in violation of our confidentiality agreements or that competitors will not otherwise gain access to our trade secrets or independently develop substantially equivalent information and techniques. Also, misappropriation or unauthorized and unavoidable disclosure of our trade secrets and intellectual property could impair our competitive position and may have a material adverse effect on our business. Additionally, if the steps taken to maintain our trade secrets and intellectual property are deemed inadequate, we may have insufficient recourse against third parties for misappropriating any trade secret.

Intellectual property rights of third parties could adversely affect our ability to commercialize our products, and we might be required to litigate or obtain licenses from third parties in order to develop or market our product candidates. Such litigation or licenses could be costly or not available on commercially reasonable terms.

It is inherently difficult to conclusively assess our freedom to operate without infringing on third party rights. Our competitive position may be adversely affected if existing patents or patents resulting from patent applications issued to third parties or other third-party intellectual property rights are held to cover our products or elements thereof, or our manufacturing or uses relevant to our development plans. In such cases, we may not be in a position to develop or commercialize products or our product candidates unless we successfully pursue litigation to nullify or invalidate the third-party intellectual property right concerned or enter into a license agreement with the intellectual property right holder, if available on commercially reasonable terms. There may also be pending patent applications that if they result in issued patents, could be alleged to be infringed by our new products. If such an infringement claim should be brought and be successful, we may be required to pay substantial damages, be forced to abandon our new products or seek a license from any patent holders. No assurances can be given that a license will be available on commercially reasonable terms, if at all.

It is also possible that we have failed to identify relevant third-party patents or applications. For example, certain U.S. patent applications that will not be filed outside the United States remain confidential until patents issue. Patent applications in the United States and in most of the other countries are published approximately 18 months after the earliest filing for which priority is claimed, with such earliest filing date being commonly referred to as the priority date. Therefore, patent applications covering our new products or platform technology could have been filed by others without our knowledge. Additionally, pending patent applications which have been published can, subject to certain limitations, be later amended in a manner that could cover our platform technologies, our new products or the use of our new products. Third party intellectual property right holders may also actively bring infringement claims against us. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to successfully settle or otherwise resolve such infringement claims. If we are unable to successfully settle future claims on terms acceptable to us, we may be required to engage in or continue costly, unpredictable and time-consuming litigation and may be prevented from or experience substantial delays in pursuing the development of and/or marketing our new products. If we fail in any such dispute, in addition to being forced to pay damages, we may be temporarily or permanently prohibited from commercializing our new products that are held to be infringing. We might, if possible, also be forced to redesign our new products so that we no longer infringe the third party’s intellectual property rights. Any of these events, even if we were ultimately to prevail, could require us to divert substantial financial and management resources that we would otherwise be able to devote to our business.

Patent policy and rule changes could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of any issued patents.

Changes in either the patent laws or interpretation of the patent laws in the United States and other countries may diminish the value of any patents that may issue from our patent applications or narrow the scope of our patent protection. The laws of foreign countries may not protect our rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States. Publications of discoveries in the scientific literature often lag behind the actual discoveries, and patent applications in the United States and other jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing, or in some cases not at all. We therefore cannot be certain that we were the first to file the invention claimed in our owned and licensed patent or pending applications, or that we or our licensor were the first to file for patent protection of such inventions. Assuming all other requirements for patentability are met, in the United States prior to 2013, the first to make the claimed invention without undue delay in filing, is entitled to the patent, while outside the United States, the first to file a patent application is entitled to the patent. After 2013, the Leahy-Smith America the United States has moved to a first to file system. Changes to the way patent applications will be prosecuted could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of any issued patents, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

We may be involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our intellectual property, which could be expensive, time consuming, and unsuccessful.

Competitors may infringe our intellectual property. If we were to initiate legal proceedings against a third party to enforce a patent covering one of our new products, the defendant could counterclaim that the patent covering our product candidate is invalid and/or unenforceable. In patent litigation in the United States, defendant counterclaims alleging invalidity and/or unenforceability are commonplace. Grounds for a validity challenge could be an alleged failure to meet any of several statutory requirements, including lack of novelty, obviousness, or non-enablement. Grounds for an unenforceability assertion could be an allegation that someone connected with prosecution of the patent withheld relevant information from the United States Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO, or made a misleading statement, during prosecution. The validity of U.S. patents may also be challenged in post-grant proceedings before the USPTO. The outcome following legal assertions of invalidity and unenforceability is unpredictable.

Derivation proceedings initiated by third parties or brought by us may be necessary to determine the priority of inventions and/or their scope with respect to our patent or patent applications or those of our licensors. An unfavorable outcome could require us to cease using the related technology or to attempt to license rights to it from the prevailing party. Our business could be harmed if the prevailing party does not offer us a license on commercially reasonable terms. Our defense of litigation or interference proceedings may fail and, even if successful, may result in substantial costs and distract our management and other employees. In addition, the uncertainties associated with litigation could have a material adverse effect on our ability to raise the funds necessary to continue our research programs, license necessary technology from third parties, or enter into development partnerships that would help us bring our new products to market.

Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. There could also be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions, or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a material adverse effect on the price of the ADSs or Ordinary Shares.

We may be subject to claims challenging the inventorship of our intellectual property.

We may be subject to claims that former employees, collaborators or other third parties have an interest in, or right to compensation, with respect to our current patent and patent applications, future patents or other intellectual property as an inventor or co-inventor. For example, we may have inventorship disputes arise from conflicting obligations of consultants or others who are involved in developing our products. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these and other claims challenging inventorship or claiming the right to compensation. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights, such as exclusive ownership of, or right to use, valuable intellectual property. Such an outcome could have a material adverse effect on our business. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and other employees.

We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world.

Filing, prosecuting, and defending patents on products, as well as monitoring their infringement in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, and our intellectual property rights in some countries can be less extensive than those in the United States. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as federal and state laws in the United States.

Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products and may also export otherwise infringing products to territories where we have patent protection, but enforcement is not as strong as that in the United States. These products may compete with our products. Future patents or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing.

Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents, trade secrets, and other intellectual property protection, which could make it difficult for us to stop the marketing of competing products in violation of our proprietary rights generally. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions, whether or not successful, could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our future patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate, and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. Accordingly, our efforts to monitor and enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or license.

Risks Related to the Ownership of the ADSs or Our Ordinary Shares

Our principal shareholders, officers and directors beneficially own over 11.55% of our outstanding Ordinary Shares. They will therefore be able to exert significant control over matters submitted to our shareholders for approval.

As of March 21, 2024, our principal shareholders, officers and directors beneficially own approximately 11.55% of our Ordinary Shares. This significant concentration of share ownership may adversely affect the trading price for our Ordinary Shares because investors often perceive disadvantages in owning shares in companies with controlling shareholders. As a result, these shareholders, if they acted together, could significantly influence or even unilaterally approve matters requiring approval by our shareholders, including the election of directors and the approval of mergers or other business combination transactions. The interests of these shareholders may not always coincide with our interests or the interests of other shareholders.

Holders of ADSs must act through the depositary to exercise their rights as our shareholders.

Holders of the ADSs do not have the same rights of our shareholders and may only exercise the voting rights with respect to the underlying Ordinary Shares in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement for the ADSs. Under Israeli law, the minimum notice period required to convene a shareholders meeting is generally no less than 35 calendar days, but in some instances, 21 or 14 calendar days. When a shareholder meeting is convened, holders of the ADSs may not receive sufficient notice of a shareholders’ meeting to permit them to withdraw their Ordinary Shares to allow them to cast their vote with respect to any specific matter. In addition, the depositary and its agents may not be able to send voting instructions to holders of the ADSs or carry out their voting instructions in a timely manner. We will make all reasonable efforts to cause the depositary to extend voting rights to holders of the ADSs in a timely manner, but we cannot assure holders that they will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that they can instruct the depositary to vote their ADSs. Furthermore, the depositary and its agents will not be responsible for any failure to carry out any instructions to vote, for the manner in which any vote is cast or for the effect of any such vote. As a result, holders of the ADSs may not be able to exercise their right to vote and they may lack recourse if their ADSs are not voted as they requested. In addition, in the capacity as a holder of ADSs, they will not be able to call a shareholders’ meeting unless they first withdraw their Ordinary Shares from the ADS program and convert them into the underlying Ordinary Shares held in the Israeli market in order to allow them to submit to us a request to call a meeting with respect to any specific matter, in accordance with the applicable provisions of the Israeli Companies Law 5759-1999, or the Companies Law, and our amended and restated articles of association.

The Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act, or the JOBS Act, allows us to postpone the date by which we must comply with some of the laws and regulations intended to protect investors and to reduce the amount of information we provide in our reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, which could undermine investor confidence in our company and adversely affect the market price of the ADSs or our Ordinary Shares.

For so long as we remain an “emerging growth company” as defined in the JOBS Act, we intend to take advantage of certain exemptions from various requirements that are applicable to public companies that are not “emerging growth companies” including:

We intend to take advantage of these exemptions until we are no longer an “emerging growth company.” We will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of (1) the last day of the fiscal year (a) following the fifth anniversary of the date of our first sale of equity securities pursuant to an effective registration statement under the Securities Act, (b) in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.235 billion, or (c) in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of our Ordinary Shares that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the prior June 30, and (2) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior three-year period.

We cannot predict if investors will find the ADSs or our Ordinary Shares less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find the ADSs or our Ordinary Shares less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for the ADSs or our Ordinary Shares, and our market prices may be more volatile and may decline.

As a “foreign private issuer” we are permitted to and follow certain home country corporate governance practices instead of otherwise applicable SEC and Nasdaq requirements, which may result in less protection than is accorded to investors under rules applicable to domestic U.S. issuers.

Our status as a foreign private issuer also exempts us from compliance with certain SEC laws and regulations and certain regulations of the Nasdaq Stock Market, including the proxy rules, the short-swing profits recapture rules, and certain governance requirements such as independent director oversight of the nomination of directors and executive compensation. In addition, we are not required, under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, to file current reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. domestic companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act and we are generally exempt from filing quarterly reports with the SEC. Also, although Israeli law requires us to disclose the annual compensation of our five most highly compensated senior officers on an individual basis, this disclosure is not as extensive as that required of a U.S. domestic issuer. For example, the disclosure required under Israeli law would be limited to compensation paid in the immediately preceding year without any requirement to disclose option exercises and vested stock options, pension benefits or potential payments upon termination or a change of control. Furthermore, as a foreign private issuer, we are also not subject to the requirements of Regulation FD (Fair Disclosure) promulgated under the Exchange Act.

These exemptions and leniencies will reduce the frequency and scope of information and protections to which you are entitled as an investor.

We may be a “passive foreign investment company”, or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes in the current taxable year or may become one in any subsequent taxable year. There generally would be negative tax consequences for U.S. taxpayers that are holders of the ADSs or our Ordinary Shares if we are or were to become a PFIC.

Based on the projected composition of our income and valuation of our assets, we do not expect to be a PFIC for 2023, and we do not expect to become a PFIC in the future, although there can be no assurance in this regard. The determination of whether we are a PFIC is made on an annual basis and will depend on the composition of our income and assets from time to time. We will be treated as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes in any taxable year in which either (1) at least 75% of our gross income is “passive income” or (2) on average at least 50% of our assets by value produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income. Passive income for this purpose generally includes, among other things, certain dividends, interest, royalties, rents and gains from commodities and securities transactions and from the sale or exchange of property that gives rise to passive income. Passive income also includes amounts derived by reason of the temporary investment of funds, including those raised in a public offering. In determining whether a non-U.S. corporation is a PFIC, a proportionate share of the income and assets of each corporation in which it owns, directly or indirectly, at least a 25% interest (by value) is taken into account. The tests for determining PFIC status are applied annually and it is difficult to make accurate projections of future income and assets which are relevant to this determination. In addition, our PFIC status may depend in part on the market value of the ADSs or our Ordinary Shares. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that we currently are not or will not become a PFIC in the future. If we are a PFIC in any taxable year during which a U.S. taxpayer holds the ADSs or our Ordinary Shares, such U.S. taxpayer would be subject to certain adverse U.S. federal income tax rules. In particular, if the U.S. taxpayer did not make an election to treat us as a “qualified electing fund”, or QEF, or make a “mark-to-market” election, then “excess distributions” to the U.S. taxpayer, and any gain realized on the sale or other disposition of the ADSs or our Ordinary Shares by the U.S. taxpayer: (1) would be allocated ratably over the U.S. taxpayer’s holding period for the ADSs or Ordinary Shares; (2) the amount allocated to the current taxable year and any period prior to the first day of the first taxable year in which we were a PFIC would be taxed as ordinary income; and (3) the amount allocated to each of the other taxable years would be subject to tax at the highest rate of tax in effect for the applicable class of taxpayer for that year, and an interest charge for the deemed deferral benefit would be imposed with respect to the resulting tax attributable to each such other taxable year. In addition, if the U.S. Internal Revenue Service, or the IRS, determines that we are a PFIC for a year with respect to which we have determined that we were not a PFIC, it may be too late for a U.S. taxpayer to make a timely QEF or mark-to-market election. U.S. taxpayers that have held the ADSs or our Ordinary Shares during a period when we were a PFIC will be subject to the foregoing rules, even if we cease to be a PFIC in subsequent years, subject to exceptions for U.S. taxpayer who made a timely QEF or mark-to-market election. A U.S. taxpayer can make a QEF election by completing the relevant portions of and filing IRS Form 8621 in accordance with the instructions thereto. We do not intend to notify U.S. taxpayers that hold the ADSs or our Ordinary Shares if we believe we will be treated as a PFIC for any taxable year in order to enable U.S. taxpayers to consider whether to make a QEF election. In addition, we do not intend to furnish such U.S. taxpayers annually with information needed in order to complete IRS Form 8621 and to make and maintain a valid QEF election for any year in which we or any of our subsidiaries are a PFIC. U.S. taxpayers that hold the ADSs or our Ordinary Shares are strongly urged to consult their tax advisors about the PFIC rules, including tax return filing requirements and the eligibility, manner, and consequences to them of making a QEF or mark-to-market election with respect to the ADSs or our Ordinary Shares in the event that we are a PFIC. See “Taxation—U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations—Passive Foreign Investment Companies” for additional information.

ADSs holders may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to claims arising under the deposit agreement, which could result in less favorable results to the plaintiff(s) in any such action.

The deposit agreement governing the ADSs representing our Ordinary Shares provides that holders and beneficial owners of ADSs irrevocably waive the right to a trial by jury in any legal proceeding arising out of or relating to the deposit agreement or the ADSs, including claims under federal securities laws, against us or the depositary to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law. If this jury trial waiver provision is prohibited by applicable law, an action could nevertheless proceed under the terms of the deposit agreement with a jury trial. To our knowledge, the enforceability of a jury trial waiver under the federal securities laws has not been finally adjudicated by a federal court. However, we believe that a jury trial waiver provision is generally enforceable under the laws of the State of New York, which govern the deposit agreement, by a court of the State of New York or a federal court, which have non-exclusive jurisdiction over matters arising under the deposit agreement, applying such law. In determining whether to enforce a jury trial waiver provision, New York courts and federal courts will consider whether the visibility of the jury trial waiver provision within the agreement is sufficiently prominent such that a party has knowingly waived any right to trial by jury. We believe that this is the case with respect to the deposit agreement and the ADSs. In addition, New York courts will not enforce a jury trial waiver provision in order to bar a viable setoff or counterclaim sounding in fraud or one which is based upon a creditor’s negligence in failing to liquidate collateral upon a guarantor’s demand, or in the case of an intentional tort claim (as opposed to a contract dispute), none of which we believe are applicable in the case of the deposit agreement or the ADSs. No condition, stipulation or provision of the deposit agreement or ADSs serves as a waiver by any holder or beneficial owner of ADSs or by us or the depositary of compliance with any provision of the federal securities laws. If you or any other holder or beneficial owner of ADSs brings a claim against us or the depositary in connection with matters arising under the deposit agreement or the ADSs, you or such other holder or beneficial owner may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to such claims, which may have the effect of limiting and discouraging lawsuits against us and/or the depositary. If a lawsuit is brought against us and / or the depositary under the deposit agreement, it may be heard only by a judge or justice of the applicable trial court, which would be conducted according to different civil procedures and may result in different results than a trial by jury would have had, including results that could be less favorable to the plaintiff(s) in any such action, depending on, among other things, the nature of the claims, the judge or justice hearing such claims, and the venue of the hearing.

Risks Related to Israeli Law and Our Incorporation, Location and Operations in Israel

We are exposed to fluctuations in currency exchange rates.

A major portion of our business is conducted, and a material portion of our operating expenses is incurred, outside the United States, mainly in NIS. Therefore, we are exposed to currency exchange fluctuations in other currencies, particularly in NIS and the risks related thereto. Our primary expenses paid in NIS are employee salaries, fees for consultants and subcontractors and lease payments on our Israeli facilities. As a result, we are affected by foreign currency exchange fluctuations through both translation risk and transaction risk. Thus, we are exposed to the risks that: (a) the NIS may appreciate relative to the dollar; (b) the NIS devalue relative to the dollar; (c) the inflation rate in Israel may exceed the rate of devaluation of the NIS; or (d) the timing of such devaluation may lag behind inflation in Israel. In any such event, the dollar cost of our operations in Israel would increase and our dollar-denominated results of operations would be adversely affected. Our operations also could be adversely affected if we are unable to effectively hedge against currency fluctuations in the future.

Provisions of Israeli law and our amended and restated articles of association may delay, prevent or otherwise impede a merger with, or an acquisition of, our company, which could prevent a change of control, even when the terms of such a transaction are favorable to us and our shareholders.

Israeli corporate law regulates mergers, requires tender offers for acquisitions of shares above specified thresholds, requires special approvals for transactions involving directors, officers or significant shareholders and regulates other matters that may be relevant to such types of transactions. For example, a merger may not be consummated unless at least 50 days have passed from the date on which a merger proposal is filed by each merging company with the Israel Registrar of Companies and at least 30 days have passed from the date on which the shareholders of both merging companies have approved the merger. In addition, a majority of each class of securities of the target company must approve a merger. Moreover, a tender offer for all of a company’s issued and outstanding shares can only be completed if the acquirer receives positive responses from the holders of at least 95% of the issued share capital. Completion of the tender offer also requires approval of a majority of the offerees that do not have a personal interest in the tender offer, unless, following consummation of the tender offer, the acquirer would hold at least 98% of the company’s outstanding shares. Furthermore, the shareholders, including those who indicated their acceptance of the tender offer, may, at any time within six months following the completion of the tender offer, claim that the consideration for the acquisition of the shares does not reflect their fair market value, and petition an Israeli court to alter the consideration for the acquisition accordingly, unless the acquirer stipulated in its tender offer that a shareholder that accepts the offer may not seek such appraisal rights, and the acquirer or the company published all required information with respect to the tender offer prior to the tender offer’s response date.

Israeli tax considerations also may make potential transactions unappealing to us or to our shareholders whose country of residence does not have a tax treaty with Israel exempting such shareholders from Israeli tax. See “Taxation—Israeli Tax Considerations and Government Programs” for additional information.

It may be difficult to enforce a judgment of a United States court against us and our officers and directors in Israel or the United States, to assert United States securities laws claims in Israel or to serve process on our officers and directors.

We were incorporated in Israel. All of our executive officers and directors reside outside of the United States, and all of our assets and most of the assets of these persons are located outside of the United States. Therefore, a judgment obtained against us, or any of these persons, including a judgment based on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws, may not be collectible in the United States and may not necessarily be enforced by an Israeli court. It also may be difficult to affect service of process on these persons in the United States or to assert U.S. securities law claims in original actions instituted in Israel. Additionally, it may be difficult for an investor, or any other person or entity, to initiate an action with respect to United States securities laws in Israel. Israeli courts may refuse to hear a claim based on an alleged violation of United States securities laws reasoning that Israel is not the most appropriate forum in which to bring such a claim. In addition, even if an Israeli court agrees to hear a claim, it may determine that Israeli law and not United States law is applicable to the claim. If United States law is found to be applicable, the content of applicable United States law must be proven as a fact by expert witnesses, which can be a time consuming and costly process. Certain matters of procedure will also be governed by Israeli law. There is little binding case law in Israel that addresses the matters described above. As a result of the difficulty associated with enforcing a judgment against us in Israel, you may not be able to collect any damages awarded by either a United States or foreign court.

Our headquarters, research and development and other significant operations are located in Israel, and, therefore, our results may be adversely affected by political, economic and military instability in Israel, including the recent attack by Hamas and other terrorist organizations from the Gaza Strip and Israel’s war against them.

Our executive offices and research and development facilities are located in Israel. In addition, all of our key employees, officers and directors are residents of Israel. Accordingly, political, economic and military conditions in Israel may directly affect our business. Since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, a number of armed conflicts have taken place between Israel and its neighboring Arab countries, the Hamas (an Islamist militia and political group that controls the Gaza strip) and the Hezbollah (an Islamist militia and political group based in Lebanon). Any hostilities involving Israel or the interruption or curtailment of trade between Israel and its trading partners could negatively affect business conditions in Israel in general and our business in particular, and adversely affect our product development, operations and results of operations. Ongoing and revived hostilities or other Israeli political or economic factors, such as, an interruption of operations at the Tel Aviv airport, could prevent or delay shipments of our components or products.

Our commercial insurance does not cover losses that may occur as a result of an event associated with the security situation in the Middle East, including the Israel-Hamas war. Although the Israeli government has in the past covered the reinstatement value of certain damages that were caused by terrorist attacks or acts of war, we cannot assure you that this government coverage will be maintained or, if maintained, will be sufficient to compensate us fully for damages incurred. Any losses or damages incurred by us could have a material adverse effect on our business.

The State of Israel and Israeli companies have been the subject of boycotts, divestment and sanctions in the past from state and non-state actors. Similarly, Israeli corporations are limited in conducting business with entities from several countries. These actions could expand in number and scope and may have an adverse impact on our operating results, financial condition or the expansion of our business.

On October 7, 2023, Hamas terrorists infiltrated Israel’s border with the Gaza Strip and conducted a series of attacks on civilian and military targets. Hamas has also launched extensive rocket attacks on Israeli population and industrial centers located along Israel’s border with the Gaza Strip and in other areas within the State of Israel. These attacks have resulted in extensive deaths, injuries and kidnapping. Following the attack, Israel’s security cabinet declared war against Hamas and a military campaign against these terrorist organizations commenced in parallel to their continued rocket and terror attacks.

The intensity and duration of Israel’s current war against Hamas is difficult to predict, as are such war’s economic implications on the Company’s business and operations and on Israel’s economy in general. These events may be intertwined with wider macroeconomic indications of a deterioration of Israel’s economic standing, which may have a material adverse effect on the Company and its ability to effectively conduct some of its operations.

In connection with the Israeli security cabinet’s declaration of war against Hamas and possible hostilities with other organizations, several hundred thousand Israeli military reservists were drafted to perform immediate military service. Certain of our employees and consultants (and their spouses or partners) in Israel have been called, and additional employees (or their spouses or partners) may be called, for service in the current or future wars or other armed conflicts with Hamas, and such persons may be absent for an extended period of time. As a result, our operations in Israel may be disrupted by such absences, which disruption may materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

Following the attack by Hamas on Israel’s southern border, Hezbollah in Lebanon has also launched missile, rocket and shooting attacks against Israeli military sites, troops, and Israeli towns in northern Israel. In response to these attacks, the Israeli army has carried out a number of targeted strikes on sites belonging to Hezbollah in southern Lebanon. It is possible that other terrorist organizations, including Palestinian military organizations in the West Bank, as well as other hostile countries, such as Iran, will join the hostilities. Such hostilities may include terror and missile attacks. Any hostilities involving Israel or the interruption or curtailment of trade between Israel and its trading partners could adversely affect our operations and results of operations. Our commercial insurance does not cover losses that may occur as a result of events associated with war and terrorism.

Moreover, political uprisings and conflicts in various countries in the Middle East are affecting the political stability of those countries. This instability has raised concerns regarding security in the region and the potential for armed conflict. In Syria, a country bordering Israel, a civil war is taking place. In addition, there are concerns that Iran, which has previously threatened to attack Israel, may step up its efforts to achieve nuclear capability. Iran is also believed to have a strong influence among extremist groups in the region, such as Hamas in Gaza and Hezbollah in Lebanon. Israel has responded with attacks on Iranian military operations in Syria. The tension between Israel and Iran and/or these groups may escalate in the future and turn violent, which could affect the Israeli economy in general and us in particular. Any potential future conflict could also include missile strikes against parts of Israel, including our offices and facilities and the facilities of our Israeli suppliers and subcontractors. Such instability may lead to deterioration in the political and trade relationships that exist between the State of Israel and certain other countries. Any armed conflicts, terrorist activities or political instability in the region could adversely affect business conditions, could harm our results of operations and could make it more difficult for us to raise capital. Parties with whom we do business may be disinclined to travel to Israel during periods of heightened unrest or tension, forcing us to make alternative arrangements when necessary in order to meet our business partners face to face.

Although the Israeli government currently covers the reinstatement value of direct damages that are caused by terrorist attacks or acts of war, we cannot assure you that this government coverage will be maintained or that it will sufficiently cover our potential damages. Any losses or damages incurred by us could have a material adverse effect on our business. Any armed conflicts or political instability in the region would likely negatively affect business conditions and could harm our results of operations.

In addition, prior to the Hamas attack in October 2023, the Israeli government pursued extensive changes to Israel’s judicial system, which sparked extensive political debate and unrest. In response to such initiatives, many individuals, organizations and institutions, both within and outside of Israel, have voiced concerns that the proposed changes may negatively impact the business environment in Israel including due to reluctance of foreign investors to invest or transact business in Israel, as well as to increased currency fluctuations, downgrades in credit rating, increased interest rates, increased volatility in security markets, and other changes in macroeconomic conditions. The risk of such negative developments has increased in light of the recent Hamas attacks and the war against Hamas declared by Israel, regardless of the proposed changes to the judicial system and the related debate. To the extent that any of these negative developments do occur, they may have an adverse effect on our business, our results of operations and our ability to raise additional funds, if deemed necessary by our management and board of directors (the “Board).

Your rights and responsibilities as a shareholder will be governed by Israeli law, which differs in some material respects from the rights and responsibilities of shareholders of U.S. companies.

The rights and responsibilities of the holders of our Ordinary Shares (and therefore indirectly, the ADSs) are governed by our amended and restated articles of association and by Israeli law. These rights and responsibilities differ in some material respects from the rights and responsibilities of shareholders in typical U.S.-based corporations. In particular, a shareholder of an Israeli company has certain duties to act in good faith and fairness toward the company and other shareholders and to refrain from abusing its power in the company, including, among other things, in voting at the general meeting of shareholders on certain matters, such as an amendment to the company’s articles of association, an increase of the company’s authorized share capital, a merger of the company, and approval of related party transactions that require shareholder approval. See “Item 6. C. Board Practices—Duties of Shareholders” for additional information. In addition, a shareholder who is aware that it possesses the power to determine the outcome of a shareholder vote or to appoint or prevent the appointment of a director or executive officer in the company has a duty of fairness toward the company with regard to such vote or appointment. There is limited case law available to assist us in understanding the nature of this duty or the implications of these provisions. These provisions may be interpreted to impose additional obligations on holders of our Ordinary Shares that are not typically imposed on shareholders of U.S. corporations.

Our significant shareholder received Israeli government grants for certain of its research and development activities. In course of the Merger with Magna and Foresight Automotive, we assumed, jointly with Magna, certain of its obligations related to such grants. The terms of those grants may require us to pay royalties and to satisfy specified conditions in order to manufacture products and transfer technologies outside of Israel. We may be required to pay penalties in addition to repayment of the grants.

Magna’s research and development efforts related to the technology assigned to Foresight Automotive have been financed in part through royalty-bearing grants in an aggregate amount of approximately $620,000 received from the Israel Innovation Authority, or the IIA, as of December 31, 2023. In course of the Merger with Magna and Foresight Automotive, we were required by the IIA to assume, jointly with Magna, its obligations related to such grants. We are required to pay annual royalties to the Israeli government at a rate of between 3% and 5% on revenues from the use of technology that has been developed under IIA up to the total amount of grants received and bearing interest i) the annual interest rate that applied at the time of the approval of the applicable IIA file which applies to all of the funding received under that IIA approval for grants received before June 30, 2017 and ii) the annual interest rate based on the 12-month Secured Overnight Financing Rate, or SOFR, or at an alternative rate published by the Bank of Israel plus 0.71513%. Grants approved after January 1, 2024, shall bear the higher interest rate of (i) 12 months SOFR, plus 1%, or (ii) a fixed annual interest rate of 4%. Regardless of any royalty payment, we are further required to comply with the requirements of the Israeli Encouragement of Research, Development and Industrial Initiative Technology Law, 5744-1984, as amended, and related regulations, or the Research Law, with respect to those past grants. When a company develops know-how, technology or products using IIA grants, the terms of these grants and the Research Law restrict the transfer of such know-how, and the transfer of manufacturing or manufacturing rights of such products, technologies or know-how outside of Israel, without the prior approval of the IIA. Therefore, the discretionary approval of an IIA committee would be required for any transfer to third parties inside or outside of Israel of know-how or manufacturing or manufacturing rights related to those aspects of such technologies. We may not receive those approvals. Furthermore, the IIA may impose certain conditions on any arrangement under which it permits us to transfer technology or development out of Israel.

The transfer of IIA-supported technology or know-how outside of Israel may involve the payment of significant amounts, depending upon the value of the transferred technology or know-how, our research and development expenses, the amount of IIA support, the time of completion of the IIA-supported research project and other factors. These restrictions and requirements for payment may impair our ability to sell or otherwise transfer our technology assets outside of Israel or to outsource or transfer development or manufacturing activities with respect to any product or technology outside of Israel. Furthermore, the consideration available to our shareholders in a transaction involving the transfer outside of Israel of technology or know-how developed with IIA funding (such as a merger or similar transaction) may be reduced by any amounts that we are required to pay to the IIA.

Our operations may be disrupted as a result of the obligation of management or key personnel to perform military service.

Our employees and consultants in Israel, including members of our senior management, may be obligated to perform one month, and in some cases longer periods, of military reserve duty until they reach the age of 40 (or older, for citizens who hold certain positions in the Israeli armed forces reserves) and, in the event of a military conflict, such as the latest Israel-Hamas war, may be called to active duty. In response to increases in terrorist activity, there have been periods of significant call-ups of military reservists. In light of the Israel-Hamas war, it is likely that there will be similar large-scale military reserve duty call-ups in the future. Our operations could be disrupted by the absence of a significant number of our officers, directors, employees and consultants. Such disruption could materially adversely affect our business and operations.

General Risk Factors

Raising additional capital would cause dilution to our existing shareholders and may affect the rights of existing shareholders.

We may seek additional capital through a combination of private and public equity offerings, debt financings and collaborations and strategic and licensing arrangements. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the issuance of equity or convertible debt securities, your ownership interest will be diluted, and the terms may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect your rights as a holder of the ADSs and Ordinary Shares.

Sales of a substantial number of the ADSs or our Ordinary Shares in the public market by our existing shareholders could cause our share price to fall.

Sales of a substantial number of the ADSs or our Ordinary Shares in the public market, or the perception that these sales might occur, could depress the market price of the ADSs or our Ordinary Shares and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities. We are unable to predict the effect that sales may have on the prevailing market price of the ADSs or our Ordinary Shares.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish or cease publishing research or reports about us, our business or our market, or if they adversely change their recommendations or publish negative reports regarding our business or our shares, our ADSs or Ordinary Shares price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for the ADSs or our Ordinary Shares will be influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts may publish about us, our business, our market or our competitors. We do not have any control over these analysts and we cannot provide any assurance that analysts will cover us or provide favorable coverage. If any of the analysts who may cover us adversely change their recommendation regarding our ADSs or Ordinary Shares, or provide more favorable relative recommendations about our competitors, our ADSs or Ordinary Shares price would likely decline. If any analyst who may cover us were to cease coverage of our company or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause our ADSs or Ordinary Shares price or trading volume to decline.

ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

A. History and Development of the Company.

We were incorporated in the State of Israel in September 1977 under the name Golan Melechet Machshevet (1997) Ltd. In April 1987, we became a public company in Israel, and our shares were listed for trade on the TASE. On May 16, 2010, we changed our name to Asia Development (A.D.B.M.) Ltd., and on January 12, 2016, we changed our name to Foresight Autonomous Holdings Ltd. Our Ordinary Shares are currently traded on the TASE, and ADSs representing our Ordinary Shares currently trade on the Nasdaq Capital Market, both under the symbol “FRSX.”

Our significant shareholder, Magna, was incorporated in Israel in 2001. Starting in 2011, Magna began to develop technology devoted to vehicle safety. Magna operated its vehicle safety segment of operations as a separate division for accounting purposes. On October 11, 2015, and pursuant to the Merger, we acquired 100% of the share capital of Foresight Automotive from Magna. On January 5, 2016, we entered into an asset transfer agreement with Magna whereby Magna transferred to us its vehicle safety segment of operations. The asset transfer agreement became effective retroactively on October 11, 2015.

Prior to the Merger, and from July 2015, until October 2015, we did not have any business activity, excluding administrative management.

In January 2019, we spun out our cellular-based V2X accident prevention solution to our wholly owned subsidiary, Eye-Net Mobile.

Our principal executive offices are located at 7 Golda Meir St., Ness Ziona 7403650, Israel. Our telephone number in Israel is +972-077-9709030. Our website address is www.foresightauto.com. The information contained on our website or available through our website is not incorporated by reference into and should not be considered a part of this annual report on Form 20-F, and the reference to our website in this annual report on Form 20-F is an inactive textual reference only. Sullivan & Worcester LLP is our agent in the United States, and its address is 1633 Broadway, New York, NY 10019.

We are an emerging growth company, as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act, as implemented under the JOBS Act. As such, we are eligible to, and intend to, take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies including but not limited to not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of the SEC rules under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. We could remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of (1) the last day of the fiscal year (a) following the fifth anniversary of the date of our first sale of common equity securities pursuant to an effective registration statement under the Securities Act, (b) in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.235 billion, or (c) in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of our Ordinary Shares that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the prior June 30th, and (2) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior three-year period.

We are a foreign private issuer as defined by the rules under the Securities Act and the Exchange Act. Our status as a foreign private issuer also exempts us from compliance with certain laws and regulations of the SEC and certain regulations of the Nasdaq Stock Market, including the proxy rules, the short-swing profits recapture rules, and certain governance requirements such as independent director oversight of the nomination of directors and executive compensation. In addition, we are not required to file annual, quarterly and current reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. domestic companies registered under the Exchange Act.

In 2023, 2022 and 2021, our capital expenditures amounted to $124,000, $313,000 and $235,000, respectively. Our current capital expenditures are primarily for computers, software, research and development equipment and office improvements, and we expect to finance these expenditures primarily from cash on hand.

B. Business Overview

We are a technology company engaged in development of smart multi-spectral 3D vision software solutions and cellular-based applications. Through our wholly owned subsidiaries, Foresight Automotive, Foresight Changzhou and Eye-Net Mobile, we develop both “in-line-of-sight” vision solutions and “beyond-line-of-sight” accident-prevention solutions.

Our 3D vision solutions include modules of automatic calibration and dense three-dimensional (3D) point cloud that can be applied to diverse markets such as automotive, defense, autonomous vehicles. agriculture and heavy industrial equipment. Eye-Net Mobile’s cellular-based solution suite provides real-time pre-collision alerts to enhance road safety and situational awareness for all road users in the urban mobility environment by incorporating cutting-edge artificial intelligence (AI) technology and advanced analytics.

3D Vision-Based Solutions – Foresight Automotive

Our 3D vision solutions are based on stereoscopic vision technology. Stereo technology is an image processing concept which uses two synchronized cameras to mimic human depth perception in order to obtain a 3D view. Our unique solutions include modules of automatic calibration and dense 3D point cloud that can be applied to diverse markets such as automotive, defense, autonomous vehicles, agriculture and heavy industrial equipment. Our QuadSight^® four-camera based vision solution creates and analyzes a 3D image, which foresees possible collisions with road users and other obstacles inherent to roadway (both urban and highway) and off-road environments. This solution provides highly accurate real-time detection with a low rate of false alerts and enables a 24/7 operation in harsh weather and lighting conditions for a complete 3D image of the driving environment in front of the vehicle.

Our powerful proprietary stereoscopic and four-camera technology is based in part on intellectual property that we acquired from Magna in 2016. Magna’s field-proven security technology has been deployed for almost two decades in critical facilities worldwide, including borders, nuclear plants and airports.

Autonomous vehicles require further development and safety is a primary concern for the market. Therefore, vehicle manufacturers are actively pursuing technologies to enhance the safety systems of their vehicles. In 2021, we identified an opportunity to offer a solution that will enhance existing ADAS systems, and we developed the Mono2Stereo™ software-based solution, which can provide a readily available solution to vehicles equipped with Level 2 and Level 2-plus autonomy systems without the need for additional hardware or changes in the design and architecture of the vehicle.

Mono2Stereo is a 3D stereo-vision system that improves the performance of existing cameras by utilizing the overlapping views of existing cameras with different fields of view. Mono2Stereo generates 3D perception, as opposed to 2D, resulting in better distance accuracy, detection of any obstacle, and more robust active safety features.

Autonomous Driving Overview

In recent years, there has been increasing awareness surrounding “autonomous,” “automated” and “self-driving” vehicles. Self-driving vehicles operate without direct driver input while controlling steering, acceleration and braking, and are designed to relieve the driver from having to constantly monitor the roadway while operating in self-driving mode. Self-driving vehicles range from single applications where the driver is required to continuously monitor traffic, to semi-autonomous or fully autonomous driving where the driver increasingly relinquishes control.

There are five different levels of automated driving:

Vehicle automation started off in the form of ADAS; however, recent technology advancements have paved the way for partially automated systems. Acceleration in development strategies that drive the acceleration of vehicle autonomy has taken place over the last couple of years in the form of technological advancements, mergers and acquisitions, partnerships and collaborations.

Market Opportunity

A MarketsandMarkets market report published in February 2023 foresees a significant growth to the ADAS market over the next eight years. The market is projected to increase from an estimated $30.9 billion in 2022 to $65.1 billion by 2030, registering a compound annual growth rate, or CAGR of 9.7%. This growth is attributable to increasing demand for road safety and strong government support, which has prompted leading vehicle manufacturers to invest in the development of ADAS systems.

The evolution of camera-based systems in the automotive industry started with the use of monocular camera systems, which are expected to be replaced by stereo and tri-focal camera systems for Level 3, 4 and 4/5 vehicles.

A report released in October 2023 by the Research Nester Private Limited predicts a CAGR of 10%, projecting the automotive camera market to increase from $14 billion in 2023 to $46 billion by the end of 2036.

Stereo cameras are an integral part of ADAS, providing features such as lane departure warning, automatic emergency braking, and adaptive cruise control. The market for automotive cameras is expected to be driven by several factors including growing concerns about passenger safety, advances in camera-based ADAS, and the increasing adoption of ADAS features by vehicle manufacturers. This rising demand is projected to create significant revenue opportunities for key players in the global market over the coming years, particularly as ADAS technology continues to evolve.

While fully autonomous driving is not expected in the near future, we believe that there will be a gradual evolution and ongoing introductions of semi-autonomous driving capabilities in order to reach more advanced autonomy levels. The key contributions to the growth of autonomous driving will include increased safety, the development of fail-safe systems, consumer demand, and economic and social benefits.

As the development and adoption of autonomous vehicles continues to grow, the demand for stereo cameras is projected to increase. This is because stereo cameras are a vital component of the sensor suite used in autonomous vehicles, as they provide the necessary depth perception and object recognition capabilities required for safe driving. With the growing trend of autonomous vehicles, the market for stereo cameras is expected to expand in response.

The Importance of Camera Technology for Semi and Fully Autonomous Vehicles

The vast majority of partial autonomous vehicles employ multiple sensors and imaging devices, including radar, laser detectors, or LiDAR, and cameras. Radar-based sensors compare microwaves of emitted and reflected signals and are generally unaffected by weather. Unlike cameras, radar is not as sensitive to non-metal objects and cannot detect lane markings and traffic signs. LiDAR is a sensor that measures distance by illuminating a target with lasers and analyzing the reflected light. A camera, similar to the human eye, gathers a richer amount of data than either a radar or a LiDAR sensor. For that reason, most ADAS rely more heavily on cameras than on other sensors. Relying only on reflected light may reduce performance under certain lighting or weather conditions. For example, LiDAR pulse can be scattered in the fog, whereas infrared cameras are not affected by fog. Also, a 2019 publication by researchers in the Cornell Computer Science Department argues that the accuracy of a stereo camera is superior and can be a viable and low-cost alternative to LiDAR.

Camera-based systems are the most intuitive to understand as they are similar to human vision. As the current driving environment is designed for human vision without any consideration for automation, it is believed that camera-based systems will always have an important role in semi or fully autonomous driving.

In July 2020, a report by Frost & Sullivan titled “Next-generation Perception Sensors for Autonomous Driving in North America and Europe, Forecast to 2030” considers Foresight Automotive as one of the key disruptor camera sensor providers that tackles the main challenges vision sensor start-ups are addressing, namely, to enable superior sensor performance in challenging weather and lighting conditions. In addition, the report stresses the importance of the use of thermal camera technology for enhanced detection capabilities in harsh weather and lighting conditions for applications such as Autonomous Emergency Braking, Forward Collusion Warning, and Adaptive Cruise Control.

In March 2021, VSI Labs, a leading technology research company that examines the building blocks for autonomous vehicle technologies, reviewed several vision-based companies, including Foresight Automotive, and highlighted Foresight’s unique automatic calibration module which allows stereo camera separation. VSI Labs’ review states that “Stereo vision is not new, but the methods for automatic calibration are… Stereo cameras (non-active) are able to provide better 3D vision which improves the distance estimation versus mono cameras.” The review further maintains that “By using both visible-light and thermal cameras, Foresight’s stereo system capabilities allow obstacle detection in different harsh weather and lighting conditions, where LiDAR performance is compromised.” The article concludes Foresight’s technology review by stating that “Foresight’s software creates dense 3D point clouds. Foresight’s software product appears to be one of the best current options.”

A September 2021 Forbes article emphasized the importance of stereo thermal cameras for the detection of any objects in harsh weather conditions. The use of our automatic calibration solution allows stereoscopic camera-based safety systems to generate an accurate depth map of the environment, detect any object and understand what is present on the road.

According to a report by Precedence Research published in October 2023, the global market for automotive active safety systems was estimated at $98.27 billion in 2022, and is projected to reach $227.35 billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 8.80%. This expansion is fueled by the rise of autonomous and connected vehicles, where features like ADAS and telematics play a crucial role. These technologies offer both convenience and improved safety, providing automakers with a competitive edge. As the automotive industry progresses towards fully autonomous driving, the importance of active safety systems continues to grow, ensuring the safety of vehicles and passengers on the road.

Automobile manufacturers today have already commercialized vehicles with Level 1 and Level 2 autonomy features, and some have even commenced commercializing Level 3 ADAS systems in specific regions, since the regulatory frameworks for Level 3 ADAS differ significantly across regions.

Challenges of Autonomous Driving

We believe that in order to achieve Level 4 and Level 5 autonomous capabilities, among others, the following developments are required: (i) a robust all-weather, day and night 3D environment sensor; (ii) combined software and algorithms that can handle multiple sensor inputs together producing the best possible decision when encountering complex road situations; and (iii) the capability to accurately position a vehicle, specifically in an urban environment, where GPS localization is not sufficiently accurate.

Autonomous driving is based on three main pillars: sensory, processing, and execution.

Our 3D vision-based solution meets both sensing and processing requirements of the autonomous solution.

In the race towards achieving full autonomy, the automotive industry is facing many technological challenges. However, when assessing such challenges within the sensory context, there are two predominant challenges:

Additional Markets

Our solutions offer a significant competitive advantage in the industrial equipment, agriculture and defense sectors, which are known for shorter sale cycles and fast results. Foresight has achieved several important milestones that should support its short-term revenue generation plans.

Defense Market

ADAS and autonomous technology offer many advantages on the battlefield. Defense vehicles must be able to adapt to complex conflict zones and operate in the harshest environmental conditions, including off-road driving and zero-visibility sandstorms. Currently, the most commonly used sensors for military vehicles are active LiDAR sensors, which constantly broadcast their location and can be easily detected by the enemy. Our non-active QuadSight technology creates a high-resolution point cloud that provides a unique 3D perception of the environment, leaving no energy signature discernible to an adversary.

According to an October 2022 forecast by MarketsandMarkets, the market for armored vehicles is expected to reach $34.1 billion by 2027, with the combat vehicle sector accounting for $20.2 billion of this total.

In June 2022, Elbit Systems Ltd. (“Elbit”), showcased an unmanned robotic combat vehicle, equipped with our QuadSight vision solution, at Eurosatory, the world’s leading land and airland defense and security exhibition. Our stereo camera solution empowers autonomous features such as obstacle detection, terrain analysis and navigation plans in the most challenging conditions, including off-road driving and zero-visibility sandstorms.

In February 2023, Foresight’s QuadSight® stereovision solution was recognized as a significant technological breakthrough by Israel’s Ministry of Defense. The QuadSight® solution outperformed competing sensors, including LiDAR, during extensive testing, following which the Ministry of Defense concluded that Foresight’s passive stereo technology exceeded all requirements and declared it to be a significant technological breakthrough for defense applications.

In July 2023, Foresight signed a mutual exclusive agreement with Elbit for the commercialization of its image processing software solution, securing potential revenues of up to $4 million over five years, starting in the second half of 2023. Elbit started to commercialize Foresight’s software solution, exclusively and globally, in the form of a software license. Foresight’s solution is offered to Elbit’s end customers as a component ADAS for driving safety, as well as a solution for semi and fully-autonomous platforms used in unmanned combat and security ground vehicles in the defense, paramilitary and homeland security markets.

Heavy Machinery and Agriculture Markets

Advanced technologies, such as ours, provide a myriad of benefits for agriculture and construction machinery. These vehicles can complete standard tasks while operators can handle other high value-added jobs, allowing companies to use their workforce more effectively. In construction, for example, this is critical because of a significant shortage of heavy equipment operators.

Our thermal stereoscopic capabilities have been developed to significantly reduce risks and add value for agriculture and heavy machinery. For example, accuracy and efficacy in detecting obstacles can help reduce fatigue and stress on human heavy machinery operators, resulting in improved safety. In addition, the use of thermal stereo addresses detection challenges that are caused by dust and fertilizer particles, harsh weather, sun glare and complete darkness, and brings added value to precision agriculture and automated machines. Our stereo vision solution provides 3D raw data for obstacle detection, creating 3D terrain maps for precision agriculture, enabling autonomous navigation and automated grain loading.

In addition, our DynamiCal, automatic calibration solution, optimizes existing stereo systems used in agriculture vehicles by overcoming miscalibration challenges caused by changes in temperature and equipment vibrations.

A February 2022 report by Allied Market Research states that the global heavy construction equipment market size was valued at $176.2 billion in 2020, and is projected to reach $273.5 billion by 2030, registering a CAGR of 4.4% from 2021 to 2030. According to Preco, a leading vendor for collision mitigation technology optimized for heavy-duty equipment, 18% of the users of heavy industrial equipment vehicles already have a system for collision mitigation and 48% of the users would consider installing such a system.

According to a market report by MarketsandMarkets published in March 2022, the precision farming market is expected to grow from $8.5 billion in 2022 to $15.6 billion by 2030, at a CAGR of 7.9%.

In May 2022, we signed a memorandum of understanding with SUNWAY-AI Technology (Changzhou) Co., Ltd., or SUNWAY, a global Chinese manufacturer of autonomous and unmanned intelligent vehicle products, for a joint development of an obstacle detection system to be used by unmanned vehicles based on our stereoscopic technology, using both visible light and thermal cameras. SUNWAY intends to incorporate our stereo vision technology into its unmanned agricultural vehicles and heavy machinery.

In June 2023, we signed a collaboration agreement with KONEC, a Republic of Korea Tier One supplier. A joint development project, aiming to introduce autonomous capabilities to tractors, is in the planning stages. Upon signing a final agreement, the project is expected to begin in 2024.

In August 2023, we announced the signing of a proof-of-concept (POC) project with one of the world’s largest industrial equipment manufacturers to add autonomous capabilities to the manufacturer’s mining and construction trucks. As the project nears completion, the Company believes that it will proceed to the next stage of the agreement within 2024.

Our 3D vision solutions

Mono2Stereo – Creating 3D stereo perception from existing mono cameras

Generating 3D stereo perception from 2 separate mono cameras with different fields of view

Current ADAS use mono camera-based solutions. Vehicle manufacturers desire to advance existing systems’ performance while keeping the existing hardware in order to avoid integration complexities and design changes that can affect production timelines.

Our Mono2Stereo solution enhances existing vision sensor systems by using proprietary software-based algorithms to create a 3D perception stereo vision solution. This solution is designed to amplify the performance of existing ADAS sensors resulting in better distance accuracy and more robust active safety features.

In 2022 and 2023, we participated in several paid POC projects with leading Tier One suppliers in the automotive industry to assess our ability to improve distance measurement and object detection capabilities of various ADAS systems, using existing cameras. These projects include evaluations by Hitachi Astemo, Ltd. (“Hitachi”), a global Japanese Tier One supplier and ZF North America, Inc. (“ZF North America”), a leading global Tier One technology company.

In addition, over the past year, Foresight has formed meaningful connections and partnerships with leading vehicle manufacturers and Tier One suppliers which are potential purchasers of the Mono2Stereo, including the POC agreement we signed in August 2023 with a leading global Japanese vehicle manufacturer to improve safety measures and the partnership we announced in September 2023 with one of the world’s largest Chinese electric vehicles manufacturers to enhance the original equipment manufacturer’s (OEM) automotive vision solutions.

Key benefits of the Mono2Stereo solution include:

Generating 3D stereo perception from 2 separate mono cameras with different fields of view

ScaleCam™ - Separated Stereo Cameras Solution

Stereoscopic vision systems must maintain continuous calibration at all times in order to ensure distance accuracy. Mounting stereo cameras on a fixed beam compensates for decalibrations caused by vibrations but may limit camera placement positions and result in installation-related technical complications.

Our ScaleCam solution enables the separation of stereo cameras, allowing flexible placement of cameras on the vehicle, increasing the distance between the cameras, and, as a result, extending obstacle detection range with greater accuracy up to several hundred meters.

Separated cameras require ongoing calibration to optimize distance accuracy. Combined with our DynamiCal auto calibration solution, we are able to compensate for deviations caused by external factors, such as vibrations and temperature changes.

In September 2022, we signed a POC project with a leading U.S. manufacturer of electric vehicles to evaluate its ability to create 3D stereo perception with software only, using the manufacturer’s existing pair of mono cameras mounted on a large baseline (distance between the cameras). We believe that our cost-effective advanced stereo vision technology may be beneficial to electric vehicle manufacturers as they develop more advanced autonomous capabilities, resulting in better distance accuracy and improved active safety features, contributing to a greener and safer future.

Options for Stereo Cameras Placement

The QuadSight® Automotive Vision Solution

The QuadSight solution, a four-camera multi-spectral vision solution, consists of software based on a chip and hardware (camera and processors) that we can customize to a customer’s needs. The solution offers unprecedented accuracy through exceptional distance and location measurements due to its 3D stereo perception capabilities and dynamic stereo auto calibration. The solution uses a four-camera technology that combines two sets of stereoscopic infrared and visible-light cameras, enabling highly accurate and reliable obstacle detection.

The solution is designed to achieve near 100% obstacle detection with the lowest rates of false alerts, under harsh weather and lighting conditions, including complete darkness, rain, haze, fog and glare.

In contrast to other active technologies, QuadSight is a non-active sensor that emits no energy during operation. As a result, the QuadSight solution does not interfere with other systems and is hazard-free.

We believe that our QuadSight multispectral vision solution is the key component that will solve the two main challenges of detecting any obstacle and allowing autonomous vehicles to safely endure extreme weather and lighting conditions.

In November 2022, we signed a commercial agreement with SUNWAY for the development and supply of obstacle detection systems and cloud gateway for driverless vehicles, as well as for ADAS systems for airport ground support vehicles, using both visible light and thermal cameras. Our QuadSight stereoscopic technology, including both proprietary software and cameras, will be licensed to SUNWAY and will serve as the underlying technology for SUNWAY’s ADAS systems, intended for integration into several types of vehicles working closely with aircrafts. Foresight’s passive, non-emitting sensors are a perfect fit for airport vehicles that employ autonomous systems in sensor-filled environments and can benefit from non-interfering solutions.

DynamiCal™ - Automatic Calibration Solution

Stereoscopic vision systems require continuous camera calibration in order to create an accurate stereoscopic 3D perception. External factors, such as small vibrations or temperature changes, trigger miscalibration. A miscalibrated system may lead to inaccurate 3D perception of the environment and affect the decision-making mechanism of any automated system.

We have developed DynamiCal – a proprietary automatic calibration software solution designed to ensure that stereo cameras remain calibrated at all times regardless of their configuration or position on a vehicle, in order to create accurate and continuous 3D depth perception.

In addition to applications of the automatic calibration solution for the automotive world, we are looking into different markets that can benefit from our proprietary innovation such as unmanned ground systems, agriculture, heavy machinery, aviation, unmanned aerial vehicles and drones, medical robotics, manufacturing, and mobile phones.

Calibrated depth map using Foresight’s DynamiCal automatic calibration solution	Real scene captured by visible-light cameras

Percept3D™ – 3D point cloud solution

Point cloud provides 3D raw data that can be used for obstacle detection, terrain analysis and autonomous vehicle sensor fusion. The use of stereoscopic technology is designed to offer a non-emitting and cost-effective solution for generating a high-resolution point cloud.

Our Percept3D point cloud solution provides rich and accurate per pixel information that enables precise object detection. The use of passive sensors, such as visible-light and thermal cameras, leaves no energy signature, making the Percept3D an ideal for use in the defense industry.

Competition

Semi and fully autonomous vehicle markets are considered relatively new markets with increasing competition and a great potential for sensor module and system providers. For our vision solutions, we believe that our main competitors are dedicated, large companies focusing on technologies that enable detection and 3D perception such as radar and LiDAR technologies. As the world of stereo vision is moving towards enhancing existing stereo systems, there are a few companies that offer extended stereo capabilities, similar to our automatic calibration solution. However, our Mono2Stereo solution, which allows the creation of 3D stereo perception from two mono cameras, is a unique IP-protected solution, and, to the best of our knowledge, does not have any direct competition. Additionally, as the automotive industry comes to understand the value that thermal cameras have to offer to autonomous vehicles, the number of thermal cameras manufacturers and providers are expected to increase. To the best of our knowledge, we are the only company that uses thermal imaging in a stereoscopic configuration, allowing us to generate an accurate depth map and offer a unique dense 3D point cloud based on thermal cameras.

Many of our competitors, either on their own or through their strategic partners, enjoy better brand recognition and have substantially greater financial, technical, manufacturing, marketing and human resources than we do. These competitors also have significantly greater experience in the research and development of automotive sensors and a better infrastructure and are already commercializing those products around the world.

Sales and Marketing

A typical sales cycle of our 3D vision solutions, consists primarily of the following steps:

Our stereoscopic 3D vision solutions are modular and can be customized to meet customer needs:

To date, we have signed two commercial agreements: (1) a commercial agreement with SUNWAY for up to $51 million for the development and supply of obstacle detection systems for driverless vehicles, as well as for ADAS systems for airport ground support vehicles; and (2) a commercial agreement with Elbit, a leading defense company in Israel.

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We have successfully completed several POC projects with notable customers, including a leading European OEM, a global Japanese Tier One supplier - Hitachi, a leading global Tier One technology company, ZF North America, as well as a leading American manufacturer of electric vehicles. Furthermore, we are presently engaged in multiple POC projects with leading OEMs and Tier One suppliers in Japan, Europe and China.

Additionally, we have successfully completed a development project for a customized 3D perception solution to meet the requirements of the Israeli Defense Forces, or IDF. The customized solution was showcased in June 2022 by Elbit on an unmanned ground robotic combat vehicle at Eurosatory, the world’s leading land and airland defense and security exhibition in Paris.

Our main focus for 2024 is to (1) increase the number of customers engaged in POC projects in order to allow them to test and evaluate the performance of our technology, (2) engage with customers in co-development projects, allowing us to tailor our solutions to each customer’s individual needs, (3) initiate sales of our products to SUNWAY-AI’s customers for airport ground vehicles, and (4) initiate software license sales to Elbit’s end customers in the defense markets.

In March 2021, we announced the sale of a QuadSight prototype to the U.S. division of Hitachi, a leading Japanese Tier One supplier and manufacturer of stereo vision systems for the automotive industry. Hitachi was interested in assessing our thermal stereo capabilities for possible enhancement of its current visible light stereo capabilities. The successful evaluation of our technology led to the signing of two POC projects with Hitachi, one in January 2022 and another one in June 2022. The POC projects consisted of technological evaluation and testing of predefined simulated and real-life scenarios. We paired our QuadSight® and Mono2Stereo™ technologies with Hitachi’s existing camera systems in an effort to improve distance measurement and object detection. Both POC projects were completed successfully, and, during the fourth quarter of 2022, Hitachi demonstrated our solution to their customers, primarily automotive OEMs, and received positive feedback. Currently, negotiations are ongoing for potential future steps, which may involve a joint development project.

In January 2022, we deepened our Chinese footprint with the establishment of Foresight Changzhou in Jiangsu Province, China. The Chinese subsidiary was established in cooperation with the China-Israel Changzhou Innovation Park (CIP), a bi-national governmental initiative that provides a unique platform for Israeli industrial companies seeking to enter the Chinese market. With the support of CIP’s facilities and its dedicated staff, Foresight Changzhou will receive a package of incentives and grants from the Jiangsu Province’s government to aid in overcoming barriers and achieving success in China. The subsidiary has hired local engineers and high-quality staff, who are based in CIP.

Additionally, in January 2022, we announced the signing of a multiphase business cooperation agreement with SUNWAY-AI. The first phase consisted of a POC project in which SUNWAY will test the QuadSight vision prototype solution and evaluate our technology and its further potential integration into SUNWAY’s products and services. The POC project was completed successfully and in May 2022 we announced the signing of a memorandum of understanding with SUNWAY. The memorandum of understanding established a joint development program for an obstacle detection system for unmanned vehicles based on our stereoscopic technology, using both visible light and thermal cameras. Consequently, in November 2022, we signed a joint development and supply agreement with SUNWAY to strengthen our relationship. Over the contractual period of four years, the deal may yield up to $51 million in revenue based on demand from SUNWAY. The agreement establishes a joint program for the development and supply of obstacle detection systems and cloud gateway for driverless vehicles, as well as for ADAS for airport ground support vehicles, using both visible light and thermal cameras. Starting in the second half of 2023, SUNWAY will commercialize the ADAS systems to its customers and to third parties in Mainland China, as well as to Hong Kong, Taiwan and Macao. SUNWAY will assume responsibility for all regulatory clearances in connection with commercialization, as well as all installation, deployment, maintenance and support activities. Additionally, and subject to predefined commercial terms, SUNWAY was granted exclusive commercialization rights in China regarding the ADAS systems for ground support vehicles used in airports. Our QuadSight stereoscopic technology, including both proprietary software and cameras, will be licensed to SUNWAY and will serve as the underlying technology for SUNWAY’s ADAS systems, intended for integration into several types of vehicles working closely with aircraft, including fueling vehicles, garbage trucks, boarding vehicles, etc. The QuadSight system allows all obstacle detection in challenging weather and lighting conditions.

In February 2022, we announced that we will customize products and solutions for a leading Israeli defense integrator, Elbit. We developed a customized 3D perception solution to meet the requirements of Elbit’s end-customer, the IDF. Total revenue from the project amounted to approximately $220,000 during 2022. The customization project followed extensive testing of QuadSight prototype solutions by Elbit, over a period of two years, as well as numerous successful demonstrations performed by Elbit to the IDF. Following the successful process, Elbit plans to replace the use of LiDAR in its solutions with our vision technology. In June 2022, Elbit showcased our customized 3D solution on an unmanned ground robotic combat vehicle at Eurosatory, the world’s leading land and airland defense and security exhibition in Paris. Consequently, in July 2023, Foresight signed an exclusive agreement with Elbit for the commercialization of its image processing software solution, securing potential revenues of up to $4 million over five years, starting in the second half of 2023. Elbit has started to commercialize Foresight’s software solution, exclusively and globally, in the form of a software license. Foresight’s solution is offered to Elbit’s end customers as a component ADAS for driving safety, as well as a solution for semi and fully-autonomous platforms used in unmanned combat and security ground vehicles in the defense, paramilitary and homeland security markets.

In June 2022, we announced the signing of an agreement for a POC project with ZF North America, a subsidiary of ZF Friedrichshafen AG, one of the top three leading Tier One technology companies supplying systems for passenger cars, commercial vehicles and industrial technology, enabling the next generation of mobility. The POC project followed our winning of the ZF Pitch Event that took place at the 2022 Consumer Electronics Show exhibition in January 2022. The POC project was completed successfully and discussions are underway with ZF North America regarding potential next steps, which could involve collaborating on a joint development initiative.

In September 2022, we signed a paid joint POC project with a leading American manufacturer of electric vehicles. The project consists of technological evaluation and testing of predefined scenarios. We intend to demonstrate our ability to create 3D stereo perception with software only, using the manufacturer’s existing pair of mono cameras mounted on a large baseline (distance between the cameras). Our proprietary ScaleCam separated stereo camera solution allows manufacturers to place cameras on a large baseline. This solution increases distance accuracy at long ranges, allows detection of any type of obstacle, and improves the safety and robustness of the manufacturer’s driver assistance system.

In February 2023, our QuadSight stereovision solution was recognized as a significant technological breakthrough by Israel’s Ministry of Defense. After extensive testing by the Administration for Research and Development of Weapons and Technological Infrastructure of Israel’s Ministry of Defense in search for an alternative sensor to replace active LiDAR sensors, the QuadSight non-active stereo technology exceeded all requirements and was declared a significant technological breakthrough for defense applications.

Additionally, in February 2023, we announced that our wholly owned subsidiary, Foresight Changzhou Automotive Ltd. won the Outstanding Enterprise in International Cooperation award from China Israel Changzhou Innovation Park (CICP), Jiangsu Province. Foresight Changzhou was one of five companies to win this award, out of nearly 200 companies in the CICP. Foresight registered in the CICP at the end of 2021 and signed a commercial contract of up to $51 million with SUNWAY in November 2022, enhancing its support in the open innovation and high-quality development of the CICP and Changzhou City.

In March 2023, we signed a paid joint POC project with a leading global Japanese automaker. The project consists of evaluating our unique automatic calibration capabilities to ensure that the location and orientation of mono cameras on a vehicle are known at all times. The parties will work together to develop a breakthrough solution capable of detecting when a single camera’s position has changed as well as providing real-time correction of the camera’s position while the vehicle is in motion, through the use of our proprietary software. To the best of our knowledge, no existing solution is able to resolve these miscalibration issues. If successful, the POC project may provide a solution that eliminates the need for external calibration in a garage for all vehicles using mono cameras.

In June 2023, we signed a memorandum of understanding for cooperation with KONEC Co. Ltd., a leading Tier One automotive supplier, to collaborate on developing ADAS and autonomous driving solutions, expanding KONEC Co. Ltd’s product offering to global customers, including Hyundai, Tesla and Magna.

In August 2023, we signed a paid POC project with the Chinese subsidiary of one of the world’s leading manufacturers of industrial equipment, heavy machinery, construction and mining equipment. The purpose of this POC is to assess the accuracy of our unique automatic calibration capabilities in enhancing 3D depth perception.

Also, in August 2023, we signed an agreement for two POC projects with a leading global vehicle manufacturer so that we can assess the accuracy of our automatic calibration capabilities in enhancing 3D perception and have our Mono2Stereo™ perception enhancement solution assessed in how it is used in existing mono camera with different fields of view. In February 2024, we announced the successful completion of the two POC projects. Following the successful completion of these projects, the parties involved are exploring co-development initiatives for further evaluation of the solution’s capabilities.

In September 2023, we signed a multi-phase cooperation agreement with a leading Chinese electrical vehicle original equipment manufacturer. The first phase of the agreement consists of a POC project to evaluate our 3D perception capabilities including high resolution point cloud, object detection and disparity mapping, for possible enhancement of the OEM’s current automotive vision solution.

In October 2023, we received a notice of allowance from the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office for our patent application “System and Method for Stereoscopic Image analysis”. The patented technology creates 3D depth perception from any given pair of cameras. The cameras may have different optical properties and fields of view, allowing for flexible cameras positioning on the vehicle or leveraging different existing cameras that normally could not be used for depth perception. This technology improves obstacle detection and enhances understanding of road conditions for advanced driver-assistance system (ADAS) or autonomous driving. The patented technology includes a method for automatic calibration of such cameras and a computationally efficient method for calculating dense depth maps. This technology transforms a pair of cameras and a processor into a high frequency and accurate depth sensor. This patent serves as the underlying technology of Mono2Stereo™ and Mono2Stereo™ 360° perception enhancement solutions. Our Mono2Stereo and Mono2Stereo™ 360° solutions enhance existing vision sensor systems by using proprietary software-based algorithms to create a 3D and 360° 3D perception, respectively. These solutions are designed to amplify the performance of existing ADAS sensors resulting in better distance accuracy and more robust active safety features.

Towards the end of 2023, we made a strategic decision to refocus on strengthening client-facing initiatives in the fields of defense and industrial vehicles and reallocate resources accordingly. Throughout 2023, we achieved major milestones in our journey towards commercialization, strengthening our position as a key player in the evolving market of 3D perception solutions for semi and fully-autonomous vehicles.

Foresight’s success lies, in key part, in the modularity of our software vision solutions. This business model enables us to customize 3D perception solutions and tailor them to our customers’ specific needs. Whether integrating our software seamlessly with existing sensors or providing a comprehensive vision solution by combining our proprietary software with customer-requested hardware, we are at the forefront of driving innovation in the industry.

Vehicle-to Everything (V2X) Solutions – Eye-Net Mobile

Vehicle-to-Everything, or V2X, communication, is a wireless technology that allows vehicles, infrastructure, grid, home, and network to communicate with each other. This cutting-edge technology has the potential to revolutionize the automotive industry in the coming years. By enabling more effective traffic management, V2X technology can enhance vehicle performance and alleviate traffic congestion. Additionally, V2X technology could also contribute to improved gas consumption, as well as increased accuracy and precision in location tracking.

V2X technology can be segmented based on the communication medium: vehicle-to-vehicle, or V2V, vehicle-to-infrastructure, or V2I, vehicle-to-pedestrian, or V2P, vehicle-to-grid, or V2G, vehicle-to-cloud, or V2C, and vehicle-to-device, or V2D. The rapid technological advancements that have recently transpired have paved the way for semi-autonomous and autonomous vehicles, which have a wide range of applications in V2X communication technology domain.

V2X technology optimizes traffic flow, increases traffic safety, saves time, reduces emissions, maximizes the benefits of transportation for both commercial users and the public, and increases the convenience factor of the driver and passengers.

Market Opportunity

Market Segments

According to the World Health Organization Global Status Report on Road Safety, released in December 2023, approximately 1.19 million people die each year as a result of road traffic crashes. More than half of all road traffic deaths are among vulnerable road users, including pedestrians, cyclists and motorcyclists.

V2X communication provides features such as intersection collision warning, obstacle detection, rollover warning, road departure warning, forward collision warning and rear impact warning. The increasing demand for real-time traffic and incident alerts that help to increase public safety of both drivers and vulnerable road users is driving the growth of the automotive V2X market in automated driver assistance systems and in location-based applications and services.

Furthermore, growing smartphone adoption rates and worldwide infrastructure developments support market growth as 85% of the world’s population owns a smartphone and enjoys a wide deployment of cellular networks and cloud servers.

As governments make substantial investments in public transportation, a need arises to provide mobility solutions intended for the last mile - the last leg of a journey from a transportation hub to a final destination - giving rise to the increased use of micro-mobility vehicles such as electric bikes (“e-bikes”) and electric scooters (“e-scooters”). Enhancing the safety of vulnerable road users, such as e-bike and e-scooter riders, is of great concern. A March 2023 MarketsandMarkets research report forecasts that the electric bike market is projected to grow from $49.1 billion in 2023 to $62.3 billion by 2028 at a CAGR of 4.9%.

According to a July 2023 forecast by Precedence Research, the global automotive V2X market size reached $2.4 billion in 2022 and is expected to reach $66.26 billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 39.4% during the forecast period from 2023 to 2032.

The automotive sector has experienced remarkable momentum and is projected to undergo substantial growth in the foreseeable future. The integration of diverse safety features and communication technologies in vehicles has notably improved the convenience aspect of automobiles. Moreover, substantial demand from consumers for these advanced features serves as a driving force behind the market’s expansion. In addition, factors such as increased adoption of connected cars and a rise in urbanization & industrialization are expected to drive the market growth.

Micro-mobility market

Micro-mobility refers to a rapidly growing market segment that encompasses various modes of transportation, including electric scooters, bicycles, and hoverboards, among others. These vehicles offer a convenient and eco-friendly solution to short-distance travel in urban areas and have quickly gained popularity in recent years. According to Acumen Research and Consulting, the Global Micro-mobility Market Size gathered $49.3 Billion in 2021 and is set to garner a market size of $186.2 Billion by 2030 growing at a CAGR of 16.2% from 2022 to 2030.

ADAS market

The global ADAS market will witness a robust CAGR of 13.83%, valued at $23.44 billion in 2021, expected to appreciate and reach $75.23 billion by 2030, confirms Strategic Market Research. ADAS are technologies and electronic systems in a vehicle to assist the driver. ADAS utilizes the sensors that are present inside the vehicle, such as a camera and a radar, to have a vigil on the outside world. ADAS provides pivotal information like the level of congestion present on the roads, updates on traffic, blockage, and closure of roads ahead so that the driver gets alerted beforehand. This system also measures the driver’s distraction and level of fatigue of the driver, thereby suggesting the precautions that need to be taken.

Available technology and challenges for V2X communication

The V2X technological landscape is divided into two main sections:

Hardware-based solutions require costly and complex designated hardware. As the technology is not fully regulated, there are standardization concerns. Hardware-based solutions are intended primarily to be installed in vehicles, providing only partial coverage, leaving vulnerable users (pedestrians, cyclists, etc.) unprotected. The use of DSRC technology increases the number of emitting units on the road (in addition to vehicle sensors and mobile phones), as it requires a separate communication band which emits additional energy. In addition, the market penetration cycle time is long due to regulatory concerns and a global crisis of chip shortage.

Software-based cellular V2X solutions rely on existing infrastructure and do not require special certification. Using intuitive applications for smart devices (such as smartphones, infotainment systems, head up displays, dash cams and ADAS), software-based solutions have a short market penetration cycle.

The above-mentioned industry forecast also claims that cellular V2X technology is designed to be compatible with upcoming 5G network technologies which will be used as the ultimate platforms to enable cooperative intelligent transport systems services and technology. Cellular V2X can be applied in use cases such as location-based applications (for example, navigation, shared transportation, and fitness applications), micro-mobility services to e-bikes and e-scooter riders, autonomous driving, platooning, vehicle safety and traffic efficiency which require efficient communication technology and is expected to offer profitable growth opportunities for automotive V2X market.

The Eye-Net Products

Eye-Net Mobile offers two software-based products:

1. Eye-Net Protect (Market penetration – Under commercial integration)

In December 2019, we completed the SDK configuration of the Eye-Net Protect solution. The Eye-Net Protect is a comprehensive solution that includes an intuitive mobile interface designed to provide real-time pre-collision alerts to all road users, including the most vulnerable ones (pedestrians, cyclists, and micro-mobility riders)

An SDK configuration indicates commercial engagement readiness and will allow Eye-Net Mobile to integrate its solution with leading location-based applications, such as navigation, ridesharing, parking, and fitness applications. This configuration will enable rapid market penetration, providing a life-saving accident prevention solution that is readily available for deployment.

Eye-Net Protect family of products (Eye-Net Protect, Eye-Net Protect Plus, Eye-Net Protect Pro) provides real-time pre-collision alerts to all road users by using smartphones with SDK configuration installed, relying on existing cellular networks.

Features:

Unique Characteristics:

Protects most road users (vulnerable & drivers)

Identifies threats outside the field of view.

Works under all weather and lighting conditions.

Exceptionally accurate design with near zero false alerts.

Anonymous service. Requires no registration.

SDK package compatible with iOS and Android.

Runs as a seamless automatic background process.

Relies on existing cellular infrastructures.

Real-time alerts utilizing adaptive network latency compensation of each users’ cellular devices.

Eye-Net Protect is an intuitive and easy-to-use cellular-based V2X solution that provides real-time pre-collision alerts to drivers and vulnerable road users, including pedestrians, cyclists, scooter drivers, etc., by using smartphones and relying on existing cellular networks.

The solution calculates user location and collision probability multiple times per second and utilizes a sophisticated probability analysis for spatial cross-correlation of bearing, velocity, and acceleration to determine an imminent collision, with near zero false alarm rate.

Eye-Net’s unique V2X collision prediction and prevention software-based platform incorporates AI-powered algorithms that enhance accuracy, predict collisions, reduce latency, and optimize device resource consumption.

Designed to provide a complementary layer of protection beyond traditional ADAS, Eye-Net Protect extends protection to road users who are not in direct line of sight, and not covered by other alerting systems and sensors.

The Eye-Net Protect solution aims to solve three main limitations of conventional ADAS systems:

Eye-Zone is a V2X collision detection and accident prevention solution that sends alerts and indications to the driver. Eye-Zone uses a unique virtual sensor RUDAR™ (Road Users Detection and Ranging) designed to provides a point cloud of the real time location, movement characteristics and probability of collision with each of the road users around the vehicle.

Eye-Zone is designed to provide unique features and capabilities enhancing automotive safety, without any hardware changes, allowing vehicles to communicate with all road users.

A revolutionary OS-agnostic software add-on that can be seamlessly integrated into automotive systems (such as ADAS, navigation, infotainment).

Eye-Net utilizes existing cellular networks, without requiring any hardware installation other than using smartphones and other smart devices within vehicles. It incorporates cutting-edge algorithms, protocols, and system architecture to enhance accuracy, predict collisions, reduce latency, and optimize device resource consumption.

Features (Current and Future):

Unique Characteristics:

Analyzes & classifies all users in the vicinity of the vehicle.

Identifies threats outside the field of view.

Works under all weather and lighting conditions.

Exceptionally accurate design with near zero false alerts.

Anonymous service. Requires no registration.

Seamless automatic background process which capable of running on a single ARM.

Relies on existing cellular infrastructures.

Seamlessly connecting to external location sources

Competition

There are many companies competing in the V2X communication market, including vehicle manufacturers, automotive Tier One suppliers the majority of which are pushing for CV2X (hardware-based) protocols. Over the past year, we see that small startups that have attempted to develop similar V2X cellular-based solutions have ceased activities mainly due to technological and financial barriers. On the other hand, we can see a growing number of vehicle manufacturers, Tier One automotive suppliers, smartphone manufacturers and cellular service providers that have taken the first steps to develop a similar solution to Eye-Net. As far as we know to date, none of our competitors has reached product completion and deployment readiness stage for a V2X product.

Sales and Marketing

Eye-Net Mobile focuses on increasing public awareness of its products and technology by conducting controlled public trials and participating in conferences worldwide. The Eye-Net Protect solution was first launched in February 2019 at the Mobile World Congress in Barcelona, the world’s largest mobile conference.

Over the course of 2021, Eye-Net Mobile modified its penetration strategy to concentrate on Israel, Japan, Europe and the United States and to address the following markets that may benefit from its unique accident prevention solution suite:

3rd-party applications - Location-based application providers, such as developers of navigation, shared transportation, and fitness applications, may offer the Eye-Net solution to existing user install base as a global added value on top of their existing platforms, enhancing road safety to all users.

Micro-mobility - The shared urban mobility landscape creates numerous safety concerns for riders and pedestrians. Micro mobility riders, unlike cars, lack any kind of safety warning system to avoid accidents. Eye-Net’s collision prediction and prevention solution answers a real need for a simple, hands-free, camera-free situational awareness and road safety solution that can be incorporated on any micro mobility vehicle, shared or owned. Relying on communication between smartphones through a dedicated app, the all-around solution is accessible to anyone and with any vehicle, for real-time pre-collision alerts anywhere, at any time.

Automotive - Sophisticated ADAS systems improve driver safety– but none of them can see what’s coming from around the corner. Eye-Net’s solution brings a new paradigm in road safety, with an anytime, anywhere collision detection system that extends the field of view beyond line-of-sight, accurately identifying potential collisions and sending an alert in real time, to complement commonly used ADAS solutions. Cars equipped with in-vehicle infotainment systems, head-up display units (HUD) advanced dashcams, can be integrated with beyond line-of-sight warning capability enhance all-around protection for drivers, passengers, and pedestrians.

Mobile Network Operators and cellular providers

The interconnection of vehicles, micro mobility devices, infrastructure and vulnerable road users represents a unique opportunity for mobile network operators to enhance road safety. Eye-Net’s anytime, anywhere, and all-around collision detection system utilizes interconnected cellular-based V2X communication to provide comprehensive protection for vulnerable road users and pedestrians. The solution uses existing cellular infrastructures and is compatible with 3G, 4G and 5G networks.

Mobile network operators can enhance the service offered to subscribers without the need for a dedicated device – built-in as part of a cellular offering to incorporate as part of the infrastructure for safe cities to residents, in cooperation with road authorities, and for all transportation markets – micro mobility, motorcycle, and automotive.

In 2022, Eye-Net Mobile achieved the following significant milestones:

In February 2022, Eye-Net Mobile was one of five winners selected by the Paris2Connect consortium to participate in an urban mobility experiment to take place in Paris’ Urban Innovation District. The Paris2Connect consortium includes Nokia (HEL: NOKIA), ATC France (a subsidiary of American Tower Corporation), Aximum, RATP Group, and Signify N.V. (AMS: LIGHT).

In September 2022, Eye-Net Mobile signed a five-year commercial cooperation agreement with Pango Pay & Go Ltd., or Pango. Pango is the developer of the leading mobility-as-a-service parking, vehicle, road services and payment application in Israel. Pursuant to the agreement, the parties will cooperate to integrate Eye-Net™ Protect products into Pango’s app as an SDK. The integration will enable Pango app users who completed the onboarding process, to use the service operated by Eye-Net Mobile through the app, which is intended to provide a layer of protection to Pango’s users, potentially preventing accidents by alerting drivers and road users about oncoming collisions. In addition, Pango will be entitled to 50% of third-party revenues received by Eye-Net Mobile for services provided in Israel. Moreover, Pango will be granted options to purchase 2,500 ordinary shares, 0.01 par value per share of Eye-Net Mobile, constituting, if exercised in full, 2.22% of Eye-Net Mobile’s issued and outstanding share capital on a fully diluted basis at an exercise price which reflects a $40 million company valuation. Upon the successful integration of Eye-Net Protect into Pango’s app, Pango will release an updated version of its app, which will include the integrated SDK configuration of the Eye-Net Protect, to its millions of users in Israel. The new integrated solution will include the free-of-charge Eye-Net Protect feature and a potential shared revenue stream derived from offering the premium Eye-Net Protect Plus feature for a monthly subscription fee. In August 2023, Eye-Net Mobile and Pango agreed to postpone the integration process of the Eye-Net Protect products into Pango’s application to the second quarter of 2024 due to internal changes in Pango. As of the date of this annual report on Form 20-F, it is uncertain as to whether the integration will be completed.

In November 2022, Eye-Net Mobile successfully completed a technological roadshow of the Eye-Net Protect solution in Japan. Eye-Net Mobile demonstrated the technology for 20 automotive-related companies, including five leading Japanese OEMs, Tier One and Tier Two suppliers, as well as 11 dashboard cameras (dashcam) companies. Eye-Net Mobile’s successful demonstrations generated significant interest among several world-leading OEMs and manufacturers of complementary equipment to the automotive industry (including infotainment systems and dashcams) who expressed interest in pursuing further technological evaluation.

In 2023, Eye-Net Mobile continued to achieve significant milestones:

In February 2023, Eye-Net Mobile was engaged in a paid POC project to integrate Eye-Zone™ automotive system with a leading Japanese vehicle manufacturer’s existing ADAS systems. The parties engaged in a paid POC project to evaluate the added value and capabilities of Eye-Zone as a software V2X communication layer, allowing for unprecedented, seamless communication between vehicles and all road users (including vulnerable road users). The POC was conducted in collaboration with a leading Japanese technology and communication company that provided the communication infrastructure and advanced communication modules. In March 2024, Eye-Net has received an additional order for a paid development project from the vehicle manufacturer, following the successful completion of the first two phases of the POC project. The next phase will evaluate the potential of Eye-Zone™ as key infrastructure for safety message transmission, aiming to facilitate seamless communication between vehicles and all road users, particularly vulnerable road users. Upon successful evaluation, the parties will explore potential commercial opportunities.

In August 2023, Eye-Net Mobile signed a multi-phase agreement with SoftBank Corp. (“SoftBank”), a Japan-based telecommunications and IT operator, under which the parties engaged in a POC project to validate the integration of Eye-Net Mobile’s server-side technology with SoftBank’s multi-access edge computing infrastructure. The validation project was part of the multi-phase agreement which was a prerequisite for the potential deployment of Eye-Net Mobile’s solutions in the Japanese market. In November 2023, Eye-Net Mobile successfully completed the first phase of the POC project. In March 2024, Eye-Net and SoftBank successfully completed Eye-Net’s technology validation, following which SoftBank will collaborate with its business partners to initiate commercial validation efforts of Eye-Net’s solutions for improved collision prevention in the Japanese market.

In November 2023, Eye-Net Mobile was selected by the European Software République consortium to take part in an incubation program for a project that will deliver an accessible vehicle-to-everything road safety solution for all road users. Software République is a European innovation ecosystem for intelligent, secure, and sustainable mobility, founded by Dassault Systèmes SE, Eviden, Orange S.A., Renault Group, STMicroelectronics N.V and Thales Group.

Investment in Railway Safety

We have leveraged our unique expertise in advanced image processing algorithms and Computer vision technology into the rail industry. As of December 31, 2023 we held a 10.2% stake in Rail Vision Ltd., or Rail Vision (Nasdaq: RVSN), a development stage company that is seeking to revolutionize railway safety and the data-related market.

In April 2022, Rail Vision completed an initial public offering of its ordinary shares and warrants on the Nasdaq Capital Market.

In January 2023, Rail Vision signed a contract with Israel Railways to purchase ten Rail Vision Main Line Systems and related services for a total amount of approximately $1.4 million. The delivery is expected to start during the first quarter of 2024. Rail Vision believes that the first order for such system by a commercial operator will have an impact on the market.

In February 2023, a leading U.S.-based rail and leasing services company purchased a Rail Vision Switch Yard System for $140,000 with support, to evaluate its performance during a six-month trial. The US-based customer offers a suite of rail-centric services including in-plant rail switching and material handling services. Consequently, and after a successful evaluation, in January 2024, Rail Vision announced that it had signed a supply contract with the leading U.S.-based rail and leasing services company valued at up to $5 million for the purchase of Rail Vision’s AI-based Switch Yard Systems.

In October 2023, Rail Vision received a $500,000 order for a single Main Line system and relates services from a leading Latin American mining company.

In January 2024, Rail Vision announced that it had received formal certifications for critical European Union railway standards for its Main Line system: EN 50155, EN 50126, EN 50657, and EN 45545.

In February 2024, the Company sold its entire investment stake in Rail Vision for approximately $1,840,000 in gross proceeds, at an average share price of $6.07. After accounting for selling fees, the net proceeds from the sale totaled approximately $1,832,000.

Intellectual Property

We seek patent and trademark protection as well as other effective intellectual property rights for our products and technologies in the United States and internationally. Our policy is to pursue, maintain and defend intellectual property rights developed internally and to protect the technology, inventions and improvements that are commercially important to the development of our business.

Foresight Automotive has a portfolio of four granted U.S. non-provisional applications, two granted patents with the Israeli Patent Office (“IPO”), two granted patents and four full applications in China, six applications in Europe, four applications in Japan, and one PCT application. Eye-Net Mobile has a portfolio of one granted U.S. patent, four PCT applications, one full application with the IPO and one application in Europe. A provisional patent application is a preliminary application that establishes a priority date for the patenting process for the invention concerned and provides certain provisional patent rights. We cannot be certain that patents will be granted with respect to any of our pending patent applications or with respect to any patent applications filed by us in the future, nor can we be sure that any of our existing patents or any patents granted to us in the future will be commercially useful in protecting our technology. Despite our efforts to protect our intellectual property, any of our intellectual property and proprietary rights could be challenged, invalidated, circumvented, infringed or misappropriated, or such intellectual property and proprietary rights may not be sufficient to permit us to take advantage of current market trends or otherwise to provide competitive advantages. For more information, please see “Risks Related to our Intellectual Property.”

On January 5, 2016, we entered into an asset transfer agreement with Magna whereby Magna transferred to us certain intellectual property rights and assets in the field of vehicle safety. The asset transfer agreement became effective retroactively on October 11, 2015. In addition, and since the date of our Merger, Magna has provided us with certain services, primarily with respect to the design and development of algorithms and ADAS designated computer vision software.

In addition to patent protection, we have also filed trademark applications for the purpose of preserving rights to the identity of our products. Foresight Automotive has two trademarks that have been granted in Israel and two additional applications that were filed via the Madrid Protocol, one of them has been granted in Europe, UK, Japan and the U.S. and the second has been granted in Europe and the UK. Eye-Net Mobile has One trademark that has been granted in Israel, one additional application was filed via the Madrid Protocol and has been granted in Europe and the UK. While we pay great attention to its trademark rights and to the avoidance of disputes relating to its products, there is no assurance that third parties may not allege that a use of our trademarks constitutes infringement of third-party trademark rights or other rights. However, when registration of our trademarks is perfected, we expect that the danger of any such adverse occurrence will be minimized or avoided entirely.

Research and Development

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, we incurred approximately $11,587,000, $11,534,000 and $10,170,000, respectively, of research and development expenses, net.

Through Foresight Automotive, we have a development services agreement with Magna, pursuant to which Magna provides Foresight Automotive with software development services in consideration of monthly payments at agreed upon rates for each of Magna’s employees, not to exceed the aggregate monthly consideration of NIS 70,000, plus VAT. We expect that the services provided by Magna will decrease as we hire additional employees and expand our in-house capabilities.

Grants from the Israel Innovation Authority

Our research and development efforts are financed in part through royalty-bearing grants from the IIA. As of December 31, 2023, we have received the aggregate amount of approximately $620,000 from the IIA for the development of our technology. With respect to such grants, we are committed to pay certain royalties up to the total grant amount. Regardless of any royalty payment, we are further required to comply with the requirements of the Research Law, with respect to those past grants. When a company develops know-how, technology or products using IIA grants, the terms of these grants and the Research Law restrict the transfer of such know-how, and the transfer of manufacturing or manufacturing rights of such products, technologies or know-how outside of Israel, without the prior approval of the IIA. We do not believe that these requirements will materially restrict us in any way.

Magna B.S.P. Ltd., a private company incorporated in Israel, holds approximately 7.57% of our issued and outstanding share capital as of the date of this annual report on Form 20-F. We currently have two wholly-owned subsidiaries: Foresight Automotive and Eye-Net Mobile. In addition, Foresight Automotive has one wholly-owned subsidiary, Foresight Changzhou, incorporated in Jiangsu Province, China.

On January 5, 2022, we announced the establishment of Foresight Changzhou Automotive Ltd., a wholly owned subsidiary, in Jiangsu Province, China. The Chinese subsidiary was established in cooperation with the China-Israel Changzhou Innovation Park, or CIP, a bi-national governmental initiative that provides a unique platform for Israeli industrial companies seeking to enter the Chinese market.

On September 15, 2022, Eye-Net Mobile became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company.

Our offices and research and development facilities are located at the Science Industrial Park in Ness Ziona, Israel, where we currently occupy approximately 15,000 square feet. We lease our facilities, and our leases end on March 31, 2027 and December 15, 2024. Both of our leases have an extension option for additional 3-year periods. Our monthly rent payment is approximately NIS 142,000 (approximately $39,000).

ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

Not applicable.

ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F. The discussion below contains forward-looking statements that are based upon our current expectations and are subject to uncertainty and changes in circumstances. Actual results may differ materially from these expectations due to inaccurate assumptions and known or unknown risks and uncertainties, including those identified in “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and under “Risk Factors” elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F. Our discussion and analysis for the year ended December 31, 2022 can be found in our Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the SEC on March 30, 2023.

Overview

We are a technology company engaged in the design, development and commercialization of sensor solutions for the automotive industry. Through our wholly owned subsidiaries, Foresight Automotive, Eye-Net Mobile and Foresight Changzhou, we develop both “in-line-of-sight” vision solutions and “beyond-line-of-site” cellular-based applications. Our 3D vision solutions include modules of automatic calibration and dense 3D point cloud that can be applied to diverse markets such as automotive, defense, autonomous vehicles, agriculture and heavy industrial equipment. Eye-Net Mobile’s cellular-based solution suite provides real-time pre-collision alerts to enhance road safety and situational awareness for all road users in the urban mobility environment by incorporating cutting-edge AI technology and advanced analytics. Our solutions are designed to increase safety by enabling highly accurate and reliable threat detection while ensuring the lowest rates of false alerts. Each of our solutions is designed, developed and commercialized by one of our subsidiaries. Foresight Automotive and Eye-Net Mobile, all of which are located in our corporate headquarters, benefit from our collective engineering, operating, regulatory and marketing infrastructure to support their respective activities.

Operating Expenses

Our current operating expenses consist of three components — research and development expenses, marketing and sales expenses and general and administrative expenses.

Research and development expenses, net

Our research and development expenses, net consist primarily of salaries and related personnel expenses, subcontracted work and consulting and other related research and development expenses.

The following table discloses the breakdown of research and development expenses:

We expect that our research and development expenses will increase as we will need to recruit more employees as we move closer to commercialization of our solutions.

Sales and marketing

Our sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of salaries and related personnel expenses, consultants, exhibitions and travel expenses and other marketing and sales expenses.

The following table discloses the breakdown of sales and marketing expenses:

General and administrative

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and related personnel expenses, professional service fees (for accounting, legal, bookkeeping, intellectual property and facilities), directors fees and insurance and other general and administrative expenses.

The following table discloses the breakdown of general and administrative expenses: