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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

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FORM 20-F

(Mark One)☐REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR SECTION 12(g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

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For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023

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For the transition period from                      to

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Date of event requiring this shell company report

Commission file number: 001-40758

GDEV Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

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GDEV Inc.

55, Griva Digeni

3101, Limassol

Cyprus

Telephone: +35725580040

(Address of principal executive offices)

Andrey Fadeev

Chief Executive Officer

GDEV Inc.

55, Griva Digeni

3101, Limassol

Cyprus

Telephone: +35725580040

(Name, Telephone, Email and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

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Securities registered or to be registered, pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act

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Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: None

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital stock or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report:             197,641,407             ordinary shares.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.     Yes  ☐    No  ☒

Note—Checking the box above will not relieve any registrant required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 from their obligations under those Sections.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.     Yes  ☒     No  ☐

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).     Yes  ☒     No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

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If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐

† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to Rule 10D-1(b) under the Exchange Act.  ☐

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

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If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.    Item 17  ☐    Item 18  ☐

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

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ABOUT THIS ANNUAL REPORT

Except where the context otherwise requires or where otherwise indicated in this Annual Report, all references to the “Company,” the “Group,” “we,” “us” or “our” refer to GDEV Inc., together with its consolidated subsidiaries as a consolidated entity, and references to the “Issuer” refer to GDEV Inc. as a standalone company.

All references in this Annual Report to “dollar,” “USD,” “US$” or “$” refer to U.S. dollars and the terms “€” or “euro” refer to the currency introduced at the start of the third stage of European economic and monetary union pursuant to the treaty establishing the European Community, as amended.

SELECTED DEFINITIONS

The following terms used in this Annual Report are defined below, unless the context otherwise requires:

“2021 ESOP” means the Company’s 2021 Employee Stock Option Plan adopted by the Company’s board of directors on November 16, 2021.

“Business Combination Agreement” means the Business Combination Agreement, dated as of January 31, 2021, as amended on July 17, 2021 and August 11, 2021, by and among Kismet, the Issuer, the Sponsor, solely in its capacity as Kismet’s representative, Nexters Global, Fantina Holdings Limited, a private limited liability company domiciled in Cyprus, solely in its capacity as the Company Shareholders representative, and the shareholders of Nexters Global party thereto.

“BVI” means British Virgin Islands.

“Code” means the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended.

“cohort” means a group of users or players who share common characteristics. In the context of user cohort analysis, it is usually used in respect of the group of players with a similar acquisition date.

“Companies Act” means the BVI Business Companies Act, 2004 (as amended).

“Company” means GDEV Inc. (formerly, Nexters Inc.), a British Virgin Islands business company, and its consolidated subsidiaries.

“Company Shareholders” means the shareholders of Nexters Global prior to the closing of the Transactions.

“Exchange Act” means the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

“GDEV” means GDEV Inc. (formerly, Nexters Inc.), a British Virgin Islands business company.

“IFRS” means International Financial Reporting Standards as adopted by the International Accounting Standards Board.

“IPO” means Kismet’s initial public offering of Kismet units, consummated on August 10, 2020.

“JOBS Act” means the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, as amended.

“Kismet” means, prior to the Transactions, Kismet Acquisition One Corp, a company incorporated under the laws of the British Virgin Islands.

“Kismet founder shares” means the Kismet ordinary shares issued prior to the IPO.

“Nasdaq” means the Nasdaq Global Market.

“Nexters Global” means Nexters Global Ltd., a private limited liability company domiciled in Cyprus, and its consolidated subsidiaries.

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“PCAOB” means the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board.

“PIPE” means the issuance and sale of newly issued ordinary shares of the Issuer to the certain investors in private placements outside the United States in reliance on Regulation S under the Securities Act consummated substantially concurrently with the closing of the Transactions.

“SEC” means the U.S. Securities Exchange Commission.

“Securities Act” means the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

“Sponsor” means Kismet Sponsor Limited, a British Virgin Islands business company.

“Transactions” means the transactions contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement, including, unless the context otherwise requires, the PIPE subscription financing.

“Warrant Agreement” means the warrant agreement governing GDEV’s outstanding warrants, comprising the warrant agreement, dated as of August 5, 2020, between Kismet and Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company and the assignment, assumption and amendment agreement, dated as of August 25, 2021, by and among Kismet, the Issuer and Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company.

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PRESENTATION OF FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Our consolidated financial statements are presented in U.S. dollars and have been prepared in accordance with IFRS as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IFRS”). We have made rounding adjustments to some of the figures included in this Annual Report. Accordingly, any numerical discrepancies in any table between totals and sums of the amounts listed are due to rounding.

KEY PERFORMANCE METRICS

Throughout this Annual Report, we provide a number of key performance metrics used by our management to manage our business. Our key performance metrics include the following:

For more information on each of these metrics, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Key Performance Metrics.”

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INDUSTRY AND MARKET DATA

In this Annual Report, we present industry data, information and statistics regarding the markets in which we compete as well as publicly available information, industry and general publications and research and studies conducted by third parties. This information is supplemented where necessary with our own internal estimates and information obtained from discussions with our customers, taking into account publicly available information about other industry participants and the Company’s management’s judgment where information is not publicly available. This information appears in “Item 4. Information on the Company,” “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects,” and other sections of this Annual Report.

Industry publications, research, studies and forecasts generally state that the information they contain has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but that the accuracy and completeness of such information is not guaranteed. Forecasts and other forward-looking information obtained from these sources are subject to the same qualifications and uncertainties as the other forward-looking statements in this Annual Report. These forecasts and forward-looking information are subject to uncertainty and risk due to a variety of factors, including those described under “Item 1. Key Information—D. Risk Factors.” These and other factors could cause results to differ materially from those expressed in any forecasts or estimates.

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TRADEMARKS

We have proprietary rights to trademarks used in this Annual Report that are important to our business, many of which are registered under applicable intellectual property laws. Solely for convenience, trademarks and trade names referred to in this Annual Report may appear without the “®” or “™” symbols, but such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that we will not assert, to the fullest extent possible under applicable law, our rights or the rights of the applicable licensor to these trademarks and trade names. We do not intend our use or display of other companies’ trademarks, trade names or service marks to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us by, any other companies. Each trademark, trade name or service mark of any other company appearing in this Annual Report is the property of its respective holder.

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CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report and the information incorporated by reference herein include certain “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Exchange Act. Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements with respect to (i) our revenues, Bookings, performance, strategies, plans, prospects, forecasts and other aspects of our business, (ii) trends in the gaming industry, (iii) our target cohorts and user and the expected arrangement with them, (iv) our projected growth opportunities, including relative to our competitors and (v) other statements regarding our expectations, hopes, beliefs, intentions or strategies regarding the future.

Such statements are based on current expectations that are subject to risks and uncertainties. In addition, any statements that refer to projections, forecasts or other characterizations of future events or circumstances, including any underlying assumptions, are forward-looking statements. The words “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “might,” “plan,” “possible,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “should,” “would” and similar expressions may identify forward-looking statements, but the absence of these words does not mean that a statement is not forward-looking. The forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report are based our current expectations and beliefs concerning future developments and their potential effects on us. There can be no assurance that future developments affecting us will be those that we have anticipated. Forward-looking statements involve a number of risks, uncertainties (some of which are beyond our control) or other assumptions. Many factors could cause actual results or performance to be materially different from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements in this Annual Report, including among other things:

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The foregoing list of factors is not exhaustive. The forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report are based on our current expectations and beliefs concerning future developments and their potential effects on us. There can be no assurance that future developments affecting us will be those that we have anticipated. These forward-looking statements involve a number of risks, uncertainties (some of which are beyond our control) or other assumptions that may cause actual results or performance to be materially different from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, those factors described under the heading “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors.” Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should any of the assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary in material respects from those projected in these forward-looking statements. Some of these risks and uncertainties may in the future be amplified by the COVID-19 pandemic and there may be additional risks that we consider immaterial or which are unknown. It is not possible to predict or identify all such risks. We will not and do not undertake any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as may be required under applicable securities laws.

You should read this Annual Report and information incorporated by reference herein with the understanding that our actual future results, levels of activity, performance and events and circumstances may be materially different from what we expect.

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PART I

ITEM 1.  IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS

Not applicable.

ITEM 2.  OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

Not applicable.

ITEM 3.  KEY INFORMATION

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

Our business faces significant risks and uncertainties. You should carefully consider all of the information set forth in this Annual Report and in the other documents we file with or furnish to the SEC, including the following risk factors, before deciding to invest in or to maintain an investment in our securities. Our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially and adversely affected by any of these risks, any of which could have an adverse effect on the trading price of our securities. Additional risks not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also impair our business, financial condition and results of operations in future periods.

Summary of Risk Factors

The risks more fully described below that relate to our business include, but are not limited to, the following important risks:

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Risks Related to the Company’s Business and Operations

We rely on third-party platforms, such as the iOS App Store, Facebook, Huawei and Google Play Store, to distribute our games and collect revenues generated on such platforms and rely on third-party payment service providers to collect revenues generated on our own platforms.

Our games are primarily accessed and operated through Apple, Facebook, Google, Xsolla and Huawei, which also serve as significant online distribution platforms for our games. Substantially all of the virtual items that we or our distributors sell to paying players are purchased using the payment processing systems of these platforms. Consequently, our prospects and expansion depend on our continued relationships with these providers, and any other emerging platform providers that are widely adopted by our target players. We and our distributors are subject to the standard terms and conditions of these platform providers for application developers, which govern the content, promotion, distribution, operation of games and other applications on their platforms, as well as the terms of the payment processing services provided by the platforms, and which the platform providers can change unilaterally with little or no notice. Our business would be harmed if:

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If our platform providers do not perform their obligations in accordance with our platform agreements, we could be adversely impacted. For example, in the past, some of these platform providers have been unavailable for short periods of time, unexpectedly changed their terms and conditions, or experienced issues with their features that permit our players to purchase virtual items. Additionally, we rely on Xsolla, a third-party online payment service provider, to process any payments generated on games accessed and operated on our own proprietary platform. If this third-party service provider is unable to process payments, even for a short period of time, our business would be harmed. These platforms and our third-party online payment service provider may also experience security breaches or other issues with their functionalities, which could expose us to data breaches and could result in negative publicity, loss of customer confidence, fines from regulators and exposure to litigation. In addition, if we do not adhere to the terms and conditions of our platform providers, the platform providers may take actions to limit the operations of, suspend or remove our games from the platform, and/or we may be exposed to liability or litigation. For example, in August 2020, Epic Games, Inc., or Epic Games, attempted to bypass Apple and Google’s payment systems for in-game purchases with an update that allowed users to make purchases directly through Epic Games in its game, Fortnite. Apple and Google promptly removed Fortnite from their respective app stores, and Apple filed a lawsuit seeking injunctive relief to block the use of Epic Games’ payment system and seeking monetary damages to recover funds made while the updated version of Fortnite was active. In September 2021, a court ruled that Apple must provide other payment options for in-app game purchases within a certain time, however, Apple is not required to allow Fortnite back on its app store. On appeal by both parties, the Ninth Circuit in April 2023 upheld the lower court’s ruling, and the Supreme Court declined to hear a further appeal by both parties of the Ninth Circuit’s ruling.

If any events described above or similar to those described above were to occur on a short-term or long-term basis, or if these third-party platforms and our online payment service provider otherwise experience issues that impact the ability of players to download or access our games, access social features, or make in-game purchases, they could have a material adverse effect on our brands and reputation, as well as our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If general economic conditions decline, demand for our games could decline. In addition, our business is vulnerable to changing economic conditions and to other factors that adversely affect the gaming industry, which could negatively impact our business.

In-game purchases involve discretionary spending on the part of consumers. Consumers are generally more willing to make discretionary purchases, including purchases of games and services like ours, during periods in which favorable economic conditions prevail. As a result, our games may be sensitive to general economic conditions and economic cycles. Difficult economic conditions in the markets in which we compete or seek to expand, such as decreases in per capita income and level of disposable income driven by increases in inflation, energy costs, income (and other) taxes and the cost of living, increased and prolonged unemployment or a decline in consumer confidence, in each case, as a result of worldwide or regional recession, the COVID-19 pandemic, the ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict and conflicts in the Middle East or other geopolitical tension, political instability or other country-specific factors, or other economic disruptions, could have a material adverse effect on the demand for our games. For example, under difficult economic conditions, consumers may seek to reduce discretionary spending by foregoing entertainment activities such as the playing of our games and incurring costs related to in-game purchases.

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In fact, 2022 was the first year over the past decade when the worldwide gaming revenue decreased year-over-year, with a 5.1% decrease of the total gaming market in 2022 as compared with 2021, according to Newzoo. In 2023, the worldwide gaming market remained at the depressed levels of 2022, with revenues in 2023 increasing only marginally, by 0.6%, compared to 2022. While one of the key reasons for the negative market dynamics since 2022 was, we believe, a result of the easing of the COVID-19 restrictions, which brought consumers’ spending in online games back to historical normal levels in 2022 as compared with the earlier years impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, we also attribute part of the decrease to more difficult economic conditions brought on by inflation, which limited consumers’ disposable income, as well as the increasing complexity of targeting players. Correlating with the general negative development in the gaming market, during 2022, the Company’s Bookings declined by 20% compared to 2021, with the significant reduction in our marketing spend in 2022 contributing to that decline. In 2023, the Company’s Bookings continued to exhibit a downward trend, decreasing by 6% compared to 2022. Furthermore, MPUs for Hero Wars for 2022 decreased by 24% compared to 2021, remaining at the same level in 2022.

A reduction or shift in domestic or international consumer spending could also result in an increase in our marketing and promotional expenses, in an effort to offset that reduction, and could negatively impact our business.

Discretionary spending on entertainment activities could further decline for reasons beyond our control, such as natural disasters, acts of war, pandemics, terrorism, transportation disruptions or the results of adverse weather conditions. Any prolonged or significant decrease in consumer spending on entertainment activities could result in reduced play levels in decreased spending on our games, and could adversely impact our results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

Our core game offering, Hero Wars, generates a substantial portion of our revenue. There can be no assurance as to the continued success of Hero Wars, and we may be unable to offset any declines in revenues from Hero Wars.

Our business is primarily dependent on the success of a single core game offering, Hero Wars, and on our ability to consistently enhance and improve it, as well as our other games that achieve popularity. Historically, we have depended on Hero Wars for a majority of our revenues, and we expect that this dependency will continue for the foreseeable future. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, Hero Wars generated 90%, 96% and 99%, respectively, of our revenues for each period. For a game to remain popular and to retain players, we must constantly enhance, expand and upgrade the game with new features, offers, and content that players find attractive. As a result, each of our games require significant product development, marketing and other resources to develop, launch and sustain popularity through regular upgrades, expansions and new content, and such costs on average have increased over time. Even with these investments, we may experience sudden declines in the popularity of Hero Wars or any of our other games and fluctuations in the number of daily average users and monthly average users.

A small percentage of total users have generated a majority of our revenues, and we may be unable to attract new paying or retain existing paying users and maintain their spending levels.

Revenues of free-to-play games typically rely on a small percentage of players who spend moderate or large amounts of money in games to receive special advantages, levels, access and other features, offers, or content. The vast majority of users play free of charge or only occasionally spend money in games. As a result, compared to all users who play our games in any period, only a small percentage of such users were paying users. For example, for the year ended December 31, 2023, our Monthly Payer Conversion was 3.3%. In addition, a large percentage of our revenues comes from a small subset of these paying users. For example, for the year ended December 31, 2023, 163 thousand high paying users, which we define as the top 10% by Bookings of our total number of the annual paying users, generated 86% of our Bookings, while for the year ended December 31, 2022, 126 thousand high paying users generated 87% of our Bookings. Because many users do not generate revenues, and each paying user does not generate an equal amount of revenues, it is particularly important for us to retain the small percentage of paying users and to maintain or increase their spending levels. There can be no assurance that we will be able to continue to retain paying users or that paying users will maintain or increase their spending. If we fail to attract and retain a significant number of new and existing players to our games or if we experience a reduction in the number of players of our most popular games or any other adverse developments relating to our most popular games occur, our market share and reputation could be harmed and there could be a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. It is possible that we could lose more paying users than we gain in the future, which would cause a decrease in the monetization of our games and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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We invest in new user acquisition and rely on monetization strategies to convert users to paying users, retain our existing paying users and maintain or increase the spending levels of our paying users. After significantly reducing our marketing budget in 2022 in response to a decline in the effectiveness of our marketing spend due to market conditions in the gaming industry in that year, we considerably increased our marketing investments in 2023, to which we attribute the growth in our Monthly Paying Users in 2023. If our investments on new user acquisition and monetization strategies do not succeed in producing the desired results, we may fail to attract, retain or monetize users and may experience a decrease in spending levels of existing paying users, any of which would result in lower revenues for our games and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We believe that the key factors in attracting and retaining paying users include our ability to enhance existing games and game experiences in ways that are specifically appealing to paying users. These abilities are subject to various uncertainties, including but not limited to:

Some of our users also depend on our customer support organization to answer questions relating to our games. Our ability to provide high-quality effective customer support is largely dependent on our ability to attract, resource, and retain employees who are not only qualified to support our users, but are also well versed in our games. Any failure to maintain high-quality customer support, or a market perception that we do not maintain high-quality customer support, could harm our reputation and adversely affect our ability to sell virtual items within our games to existing and prospective users.

If we are unable to maintain or increase our customer base or engagement, or effectively monetize our customer base’s use of our products and offerings, our revenue and financial results may be adversely affected. Any decrease in customer retention, growth or engagement, including player liquidity, could render our products less attractive to customers, which is likely to have a material and adverse impact on our revenue, business, financial condition and results of operations. If our active player growth rate slows, we will become increasingly dependent on our ability to maintain or increase levels of player engagement and monetization in order to drive revenue growth.

If we are unable to attract and retain users, especially paying users, it would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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We utilize a free-to-play business model, which depends on players making optional in-game purchases, and the value of the virtual items sold in our games is highly dependent on how we manage the game revenues and pricing models.

Our games are available to players free of charge, and we generate the majority of our revenues from the sale of virtual items when players make voluntary in-game purchases. For example, in each of the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, we derived 93.5%, 95.8% and 93.7%, respectively, of our revenues from in-game purchases.

Paying users usually spend money in our games because of the perceived value of the virtual items that we offer for purchase. The perceived value of these virtual items can be impacted by various actions that we take in the games, such as offering discounts, giving away virtual items in promotions or providing easier non-paid means to secure such virtual items. If we fail to manage our game economies properly, players may be less likely to spend money in the games, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Unrelated third parties have developed, and may continue to develop, “cheats” or guides that enable players to advance in our games or result in other types of malfunction, which could reduce the demand for in-game virtual items. In particular, for our games where players play against each other, such as our Hero Wars game, there is a higher risk that these “cheats” will enable players to obtain unfair advantages over those players who play fairly, and harm the experience of those players. Additionally, these unrelated third parties may attempt to scam our players with fake offers for virtual items or other game benefits. These scams may harm the experience of our players, disrupt the economies of our games and reduce the demand for our virtual items, which may result in increased costs to combat such programs and scams, a loss of revenues from the sale of virtual items and a loss of players. As a result, players may have a negative gaming experience and be less likely to spend money in the games, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business depends on our ability to collect and use data to deliver relevant content and advertisements, and any limitation on the collection and use of this data could cause us to lose revenues.

When our players use our games, we may collect both personally identifiable and non-personally identifiable data about the player. Often, we use some of this data to provide a better experience for the player by delivering relevant content and advertisements. Our players may decide not to allow us to collect some or all of this data or may limit our use of this data. Any limitation on our ability to collect data about players and game interactions would likely make it more difficult for us to deliver targeted content and advertisements to our players. Furthermore, evolving data protection laws could impact our ability to collect data and to deliver targeted content and advertisements. See “—Risks Related to the Company’s Information Technology and Data Security—Data privacy and security laws and regulations, and related guidance and standards, in the jurisdictions in which we do business could increase the cost of our operations and subject us to possible sanctions, civil lawsuits (including class action or similar representative lawsuits) and other penalties; such laws and regulations are continually evolving. Our or our platform and service providers’ actual or perceived failure to comply with these laws and regulations could harm our business.” Interruptions, failures or defects in our data collection, mining, analysis and storage systems, as well as privacy concerns and regulatory restrictions regarding the collection of data, could also limit our ability to aggregate and analyze player data. If that happens, we may not be able to successfully adapt to player preferences to improve and enhance our games, retain existing players and maintain the popularity of our games, which could cause our business, financial condition, or results of operations to suffer.

Additionally, internet-connected devices and operating systems controlled by third parties increasingly contain features that allow device users to disable functionality that allows for the delivery of advertising on their devices, including through Apple’s Identifier for Advertising, or IDFA, or Google’s Advertising ID for Android devices, or AAID. Device and browser manufacturers may include or expand these features as part of their standard device specifications. For example, since April 2021, Apples’s iOS requires app users to opt-in before their IDFA can be accessed by an app. Further changes could include the removal of such mobile advertising IDs from operating systems altogether. As a consequence, the ability of advertisers to accurately target and measure their advertising campaigns at the user level has become and may continue to be significantly limited and developers have experienced and may continue to experience a significant increase in costs. If players elect to not opt-in once these changes are in effect, if they utilize the current opt-out mechanisms in greater numbers, or if mobile advertising IDs are phased out, our ability to deliver effective advertisements would suffer, which has adversely affected and could continue to adversely affect our revenues from in-game advertising. Furthermore, our ability to efficiently target users is impacted, which has led and could continue to lead to less efficient user acquisition and make it more difficult for us to attract paying users, which could cause our business, financial condition or results of operations to suffer.

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Our inability to complete acquisitions and integrate any acquired businesses successfully could limit our growth or disrupt our plans and operations.

We believe that acquisitions may be one of the sources of growth in the future. Our ability to succeed in implementing our strategy will depend to some degree upon our ability to identify quality games and businesses and complete commercially viable acquisitions. We can provide no assurance that acquisition opportunities will be available on acceptable terms or at all, or that we will be able to obtain necessary financing or regulatory approvals to complete potential acquisitions. In some cases, the costs of such acquisitions may be substantial and there is no assurance that the time and resources expended in pursuing a particular acquisition will result in a completed transaction, or that any completed transaction will ultimately be successful. Furthermore, our ability to successfully grow through these types of transactions also depends upon our ability to identify, negotiate, complete and integrate suitable target businesses, technologies and products and to obtain any necessary financing, and is subject to numerous risks, including:

In addition, the expected cost synergies associated with such acquisitions may not be fully realized in the anticipated amounts or within the contemplated timeframes, which could result in increased costs and have an adverse effect on our prospects, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition. Moreover, in order to successfully integrate any acquired companies’ operations into ours, we will need to align their accounting, corporate governance and other policies with our own internal structures, consistent with those of a public company. We would expect to incur incremental costs and capital expenditures related to integration activities. Acquisition transactions may also disrupt our ongoing business, as the integration of acquisitions would require significant time and focus from management and might delay the achievement of our strategic objectives. Furthermore, if we are unable to identify or adequately assess the quality of potential new projects or properly manage the cost of our investments, or if our investments do not prove to be successful due to various reasons outside of our control (including without limitation, due to market conditions, actions of our counterparties or regulatory requirements), we may not realize the expected benefit, incur increased costs or suffer reputational damage, which may lead to a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and result of operations.

If we are unable to identify suitable target businesses, technologies or products, or if we are unable to successfully integrate any acquired businesses, technologies and products effectively, we may not realize the expected benefits, and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected, and we can provide no assurances that we will be able to adequately supplement any such inability to successfully acquire and integrate with organic growth. Also, while we employ several different methodologies to assess potential business opportunities, the businesses we may acquire may not meet or exceed our expectations.

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Furthermore, we may target or maintain a non-controlling interest in companies as part of our acquisition strategy. For example, in 2022 we acquired non-controlling stakes in RJ Games (the publisher of Puzzle Breakers, a puzzle RPG) and Royal Ark (the publisher of the survival RPG titles Dawn of Zombies and Shelter War). Acquisitions of interests in companies in which we share or have no control, and the dilution of our interests in or a further reduction of our control of companies, will involve additional risks that could cause the performance of our interests and our operating results to suffer, including:

Our inability to control companies in which we have a non-controlling interest also could prevent us from assisting them, financially or otherwise, or could prevent us from liquidating our interests in them at a time or at a price that is favorable to us. Additionally, these companies may not act in ways that are consistent with our business strategy. These factors could hamper our ability to maximize returns on our interests and cause us to incur losses on our interests in these companies.

If we fail to develop or acquire new games that achieve broad popularity, we may be unable to attract new players or retain existing players, which could negatively impact our business.

Developing or acquiring new games that achieve broad popularity is vital to our continued growth and success. In 2021, we launched two new titles, Chibi Island and Island Questaway; in 2022, we invested in developing titles, Puzzle Breakers, Dawn of Zombies and Shelter War; and in 2023, we globally released Island Hoppers following the successful completion of its soft launch under its former title, Island Questaway, in 2021. We plan to further expand gameplays within our current products as well as work towards new game offerings. Our ability to successfully develop these games or to acquire and progress new games, and the ability of any of our games to achieve broad popularity and commercial success depends on a number of factors, including our ability to:

These and other uncertainties make it difficult to know whether we will succeed in continuing to develop or acquire successful games and launch new games that achieve broad popularity. If we are unable to successfully acquire new games or develop new games in-house, it could have a material effect on our pipeline and negatively affect our growth and results of operations.

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We operate in a highly competitive industry with low barriers to entry, and our success depends on our ability to effectively compete.

The mobile gaming industry is a rapidly evolving industry with low barriers to entry, and we expect more companies to enter the industry and a wider range of competing games to be introduced. As a result, we are dependent on our ability to successfully compete against a large and growing number of industry participants. In addition, the market for our games is characterized by rapid technological developments, frequent launches of new games and enhancements to current games, changes in player needs and behavior, disruption by innovative entrants and evolving business models and industry standards. As a result, our industry is constantly changing games and business models in order to adopt and optimize new technologies, increase cost efficiency and adapt to player preferences. Our competitors may adapt to an emerging technology or business model more quickly or effectively, developing products and games or business models that are technologically superior to ours, more appealing to consumers, or both. Potential new competitors could have significant resources for developing, enhancing or acquiring games and gaming companies, and may also be able to incorporate their own strong brands and assets into their games or distribution of their games. We also face competition from a vast number of small companies and individuals who may be successful in creating and launching games and other content for these devices and platforms using relatively limited resources and with relatively limited start-up time or expertise. New game developers enter the gaming market continuously, some of which experience significant success in a short period of time. A significant number of new titles are introduced each day.

In addition, the high ratings of our games on the platforms on which we operate are important as they help drive users to find our games. If the ratings of any of our games decline or if we receive significant negative reviews that result in a decrease in our ratings, our games could be more difficult for players to find or recommend. In addition, we may be subject to negative review campaigns or defamation campaigns intended to harm our ratings. This could lead to loss of users and revenues, additional advertising and marketing costs, and reputation harm.

Additionally, if our platform providers were to develop competitive offerings, either on their own or in cooperation with one or more competitors, our growth prospects could be negatively impacted. For example, in September 2019, Apple launched its own video game subscription service, Apple Arcade, which includes a catalogue of game offerings that may compete with our games. Increased competition and success of other brands, genres, business models and games could result in, among other things, a loss of players, or negatively impact our ability to acquire new players cost-effectively, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Moreover, current and future competitors may also make strategic acquisitions or establish cooperative relationships among themselves or with others, including our current or future business partners or third-party software providers. In fact, some of the largest mergers and acquisitions in the history of the gaming industry took place in 2022 and 2023, including Microsoft’s acquisition of Activision Blizzard for $68.7 billion, Take-Two’s purchase of Zynga for $12.7 billion and Sony’s purchase of Bungie for $3.6 billion. Any such strategic acquisitions or cooperative relations established by our competitors may increase their scale, their ability to meet the needs of existing or prospective players and compete for similar human resources. If we are unable to compete effectively, successfully and at a reasonable cost against our existing and future competitors, our results of operations, cash flows and financial condition would be adversely impacted.

Our ability to successfully attract in-game advertisers depends on our ability to design an attractive advertising model that retains players.

While the vast majority of our revenues are generated by in-game purchases, a portion of our revenues are generated from the sale of in-game advertisements. For example, in each of the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, we derived 6.5%, 4.2% and 6.3%, respectively, of our revenues from in-game advertising. If we are unable to attract and maintain a sufficient player base or otherwise fail to offer attractive in-game advertising models, advertisers may not be interested in purchasing such advertisements in our games, which could adversely affect our revenues from in-game advertising. Alternatively, if our advertising inventory is unavailable and the demand exceeds the supply, this limits our ability to generate further revenues from in-game advertising, particularly during peak hours and in key geographies. Further, a full inventory may divert advertisers from seeking to obtain advertising inventory from us in the future, and thus deprive us of potential future in-game advertising revenues. This could have a material adverse effect on our reputation and our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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In addition, if we include in-game advertising in our games that players view as excessive, such advertising may materially detract from players’ gaming experiences, thereby creating player dissatisfaction, which may cause us to lose players and revenues, and negatively affect the in-game experience for players making purchases of virtual items in our games.

If we develop and acquire new games that achieve success, it is possible that these games could divert players of our other games without growing the overall size of our network, which could harm our results of operations.

As we develop and acquire new games, it is possible that these games could cause players to reduce their playing time and purchases in our other existing games without increasing their overall playing time or purchases. In addition, we also may cross-promote our new games in our other games, which could further encourage players of existing games to divert some of their playing time and spending on existing games. If new games do not grow or generate sufficient additional revenues to offset any declines in purchases from our other games, our revenues could be materially and adversely affected.

Changes to digital platforms’ rules, including those relating to “loot boxes,” or the potential adoption of regulations or legislation impacting loot boxes, could require us to make changes to some of our games’ economies or design, which could negatively impact the monetization of these games, thereby reducing our revenues.

In December 2017, Apple updated its terms of service to require publishers of applications that include “loot boxes” to disclose the odds of receiving each type of item within each loot box to customers prior to purchase. Google similarly updated its terms of service in May 2019. Loot boxes are a commonly used monetization technique in free-to-play mobile games in which a player can acquire a virtual loot box, but the player does not know which virtual item(s) he or she will receive (which may be a common, rare or extremely rare item, and may be a duplicate of an item the player already has in his or her inventory) until the loot box is opened. The player will always receive one or more virtual items when he or she opens the loot box. In the event that Apple, Google, or any of our other platform providers changes its developer terms of service to include more onerous requirements or if any of our platform providers were to prohibit the use of loot boxes in games distributed on its digital platform, we would be required to redesign the economies of the affected games in order to continue distribution on the impacted platforms, which would likely cause a decline in the revenues generated from these games and require us to incur additional costs.

In addition, there are ongoing academic, political and regulatory discussions in the United States, Europe, Australia and other jurisdictions regarding whether certain game mechanics, such as loot boxes, should be subject to a higher level or different type of regulation than other game genres or mechanics to protect consumers, in particular minors and persons susceptible to addiction, and, if so, what such regulation should include. Additionally, loot box game mechanics have been the subject of increased public discussion – for example, the Federal Trade Commission, or FTC, held a public workshop on loot boxes in August 2019, and at least one bill has been introduced in the U.S. Senate that would regulate loot boxes in games marketed toward players under the age of 18. Belgium has imposed an effective ban on loot boxes in video games which are purchasable with real world currency, and loot boxes remain under legislative scrutiny in other European jurisdictions, including the Netherlands, Germany, Spain and Finland, and Austrian courts have recently classified the purchase of loot boxes as illegal gambling, and a number of European consumer groups are advocating for tighter restrictions on the use of paid-for loot boxes. In January 2023, the European Parliament adopted a report calling on the European Commission to enhance controls on loot boxes. Following a two-year inquiry and UK government calls for the industry to self-regulate more effectively, a UK technical working group was convened to pursue enhanced industry-led measures to improve consumer protections (the “TWG”). The Association for UK Interactive Entertainment (the “UKIE”) published the TWG’s recommendations in July 2023 which comprise 11 principles aiming to restrict access to loot boxes for players under the age of 18 and provide players with transparent information via targeted public information campaigns. The TWG will work with the UK Government to assess the effectiveness of the principles after an implementation period of 12 months, after which some changes may occur as a result of technological innovation in the gaming space. China has applied stringent requirements and limitations on online game operations and has been developing and tightening the regulations on the offering of loot boxes in recent years, including, among other things, that loot boxes cannot be acquired with direct investment of real money or virtual currency, that all items available in loot boxes must be obtainable through other means or be provided with items of the same features obtainable through other means, and the odds of winning must be published. Japan has implemented a self-regulatory approach to loot boxes. In September 2023, Australia enacted legislation, effective from September 2024, requiring any computer games released in Australia that feature in-game purchases linked to elements of chance, including paid loot boxes, to be automatically rated “R18+”, legally restricting their availability only to players who are over the age of 18.

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In some of our games, certain mechanics may be deemed to be loot boxes. New regulations by the FTC, U.S. states or other international jurisdictions, which may vary significantly across jurisdictions and with which we may be required to comply, could require that these game mechanics be modified or removed from games, increase the costs of operating our games due to disclosure or other regulatory requirements, impact player engagement and monetization, or otherwise harm our business performance. It is difficult to predict how existing or new laws may be applied to these or similar game mechanics. If we become liable under these laws or regulations, we could be directly harmed, and we may be forced to implement new measures to reduce our exposure to this liability. This may require us to expend substantial resources, to modify our games or to discontinue game offerings in certain jurisdictions, which would harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, the increased attention focused upon liability issues as a result of lawsuits and legislative proposals could harm our reputation or otherwise impact the growth of our business, in particular, increasing European case law classifying loot boxes as illegal gambling may lead to an increasing amount of lawsuits being filed in the future. Any costs incurred as a result of this potential liability could harm our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our online offerings are part of new and evolving industries, which presents significant uncertainty and business risks.

The online gaming and interactive entertainment industries are relatively new and continue to evolve. Whether these industries grow and whether our online business will ultimately succeed, will be affected by, among other things, developments in social networks, mobile platforms, legal and regulatory developments (such as the passage of new laws or regulations or the extension of existing laws or regulations to online gaming and related activities), taxation of gaming activities, data and information privacy and payment processing laws and regulations, and other factors that we are unable to predict and which are beyond our control. Given the dynamic evolution of these industries, it can be difficult to plan strategically, including as it relates to product launches in new or existing jurisdictions that may be delayed or denied, and it is possible that competitors will be more successful than we are at adapting to change and pursuing business opportunities. Additionally, as the online gaming industry advances, including with respect to regulation in new and existing jurisdictions, we may become subject to additional compliance-related costs, including as it relates to regulatory payments and charges, licensing and taxes. For example, we have in the past received a notification from regulatory authorities in Vietnam that we should obtain certain licenses in order to able to continue offering our games in Vietnam. There can be no assurance that we will be not required to cease offering our games on certain platforms in Vietnam pending receipt of the relevant licenses. Consequently, we cannot provide assurance that our online and interactive offerings will grow at the rates expected, or be successful in the long term. If our products do not obtain popularity or maintain popularity, or if they fail to grow in a manner that meets its expectations, or if we cannot offer our product offerings in particular jurisdictions that may be material to our business, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be harmed.

We are subject to risks related to pandemics, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, and similar health epidemics and contagious disease outbreaks, which could significantly disrupt our operations and adversely affect our business, results of operations, cash flows or financial condition.

Pandemics, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, epidemics, medical emergencies and other public health crises outside of our control could have a negative impact on our business. Large-scale medical emergencies can take many forms and can cause widespread illness and death. The potential effects of future contagious disease outbreaks, epidemics or pandemics (including the resurgence of the COVID-19 pandemic) include, but are not limited to, the impact on general economic conditions, changes in customer behavior and continuity in business operations.

In particular, the global pandemic associated with COVID-19 caused major disruption to all aspects of the global economy and daily life over the past few years. The COVID-19 pandemic led governments and other authorities around the world to impose measures intended to control its spread, including restrictions on large gatherings of people, travel bans, border closings and restrictions, business closures, quarantines, shelter-in-place orders, social distancing measures and vaccine requirements. While restrictions have generally eased worldwide, with the World Health Organization declaring an end to the COVID-19 pandemic as a global health emergency in May 2023, new variants of COVID-19 continue emerging, spreading globally and causing significant uncertainty.

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While we saw increased consumer interest and engagement in online gaming during 2020 and 2021, which we in part attribute to the travel restrictions, lockdowns and other social distancing measures implemented by governments to combat the COVID-19 pandemic, with the easing of these restrictions, the gaming industry has generally experienced a decline in Bookings. Our Bookings decreased in 2022 by 20% as compared with 2021 correlating to this trend and certain other negative effects in the market, and decreased further in 2023. As our marketing investments tapered back to historical normal levels, we could experience a further decrease in user activity or spending in line with the general industry trend, which could adversely impact our cash flows, operating results, and financial condition. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that any re-imposition of any such restrictive measures in a renewed effort to control the spread of COVID-19 variants or any other contagious disease outbreaks will result in the effects we have experienced in the past.

Legal or regulatory restrictions could adversely impact our business and limit the growth of our operations.

There is significant opposition in some jurisdictions to interactive social gaming. In September 2018, the World Health Organization added “gaming disorder” to the International Classification of Diseases, defining the disorder as a pattern of behavior characterized by impaired control over gaming and an increase in the priority of gaming over other interests and daily activities. Additionally, the public has become increasingly concerned with the amount of time spent using phones, tablets and computers per day, and these concerns have increased as people spend more time at home and on their devices over the course of the stay-at-home orders caused by, as well as the increasing work-from-home flexibility granted by employers as a consequence of, the COVID-19 pandemic. Such opposition could lead these jurisdictions to adopt legislation or impose a regulatory framework to govern interactive social gaming specifically. These could result in a prohibition on interactive social gaming altogether, restrict our ability to advertise our games, or substantially increase our costs to comply with these regulations, all of which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations, cash flows and financial condition. We cannot predict the likelihood, timing, scope or terms of any such legislation or regulation or the extent to which they may affect our business.

Consumer protection concerns regarding games such as ours have been raised in the past and may again be raised in the future. These concerns include: (i) methods to limit the ability of children to make in-game purchases, and (ii) a concern that mobile game companies are using big data and advanced technology to predict and target “vulnerable” users who may spend significant time and money on mobile games in lieu of other activities. Such concerns could lead to increased scrutiny over the manner in which our games are designed, developed, distributed and presented. We cannot predict the likelihood, timing or scope of any concern reaching a level that will impact our business, or whether we would suffer any adverse impacts to our results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

Legal proceedings may materially adversely affect our business and our results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

We have been party to, and in the future may become subject to, legal proceedings in the operation of our business, including in respect of the implementation of our mergers and acquisitions strategy. Such legal proceedings could include, but not limited to, those relating to advertising, consumer protection, employee matters, tax matters, alleged service and system malfunctions, alleged intellectual property infringement and claims relating to our contracts, licenses and strategic investments, as well as claims by or against our shareholders (present or past), directors, officers and employees.

Legal proceedings targeting our games and claiming violations of laws could occur based on the unique and particular laws of each jurisdiction, particularly as litigation claims and regulations continue to evolve. Defending ourselves against claims by third parties, or the initiation of litigation to enforce any rights that we may have against third parties, could result in substantial costs and diversion of our resources, causing a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Given the nature of our business, we may from time to time be party to various legal, administrative and regulatory inquiries, investigations, proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of business. Because the outcome of such legal matters is inherently uncertain, they could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, cash flows or financial condition.

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We rely on a limited number of geographies for a significant portion of our revenues.

Although we have players across the globe, we derive a significant portion of our revenues from a limited number of countries and are dependent on access to those markets. For example, for the year ended December 31, 2023, 35% of our revenues were derived from users located in the United States, 24% of our revenues were derived from users located in Asia, with Japan and South Korea being the key drivers, and 25% of our revenues were derived from users located in Europe. Our ability to retain paying players depends on our success in these geographies, and if we were to lose access to these markets or experience a decline in players in these geographies for any reason, it would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our systems and operations are vulnerable to damage or interruption from natural disasters, power losses, telecommunications failures, cyber-attacks, terrorist attacks, acts of war, human errors, break-ins and similar events.

We may experience disruption as a result of catastrophic events such as natural disasters, power losses, telecommunications failures, cyber-attacks, terrorist attacks, acts of war, human errors, break-ins and similar events. In the occurrence of a catastrophic event, including a global pandemic like the COVID-19 pandemic, we may be unable to continue our operations and may endure system interruptions, reputational harm, delays in application development, lengthy interruptions in our services, breaches of data security and loss of critical data, such as player, customer and billing data as well as trade secret or other confidential information, software versions or other relevant data regarding operations, and we do not maintain insurance policies to compensate us for any resulting losses, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, we grant certain employees the choice to work remotely. If a natural disaster, power outage, connectivity issue or other event occurred that impacted our employees’ ability to work remotely, it may be difficult or, in certain cases, impossible, for us to continue our business for a substantial period of time.

We primarily rely on skilled employees with creative and technical backgrounds. The loss of one or more of our key employees, or our failure to attract and retain other highly qualified employees in the future, could significantly harm our business.

We primarily rely on our highly skilled, technically trained and creative employees to develop new technologies and create innovative games. Such employees, particularly game designers, engineers and project managers with desirable skill sets are in high demand, and we devote significant resources to identifying, hiring, training, successfully integrating and retaining these employees. The loss of employees or the inability to hire additional skilled employees as necessary could result in significant disruptions to our business, and the integration of replacement personnel could be time-consuming and expensive and cause additional disruptions to our business.

We are highly dependent on the continued services and performance of our key personnel, including, in particular Andrey Fadeev, one of our co-founders, Anton Reinhold, our Chief Operating Officer, and our other executive officers as well as our senior management team. Moreover, our success is highly dependent on the abilities of our senior managers’ decision-making process with respect to the day-to-day and ongoing needs of our business, as well as their more fundamental understanding of our Company. Although we have entered into employment agreements with our senior managers, such agreements may be terminated, subject to certain agreed notice periods and post-termination restrictive covenants. We do not maintain key-man insurance for any executive officer or member of our senior management team.

In addition, our games are created, developed, enhanced and supported in our in-house game studios. The loss of key game studio personnel, including members of management as well as key engineering, game development, artists, product, marketing and sales personnel, could disrupt our current games, delay new game development or game enhancements, and decrease player retention, which would have an adverse effect on our business.

As we continue to grow, we cannot guarantee we will continue to attract the personnel we need to maintain our competitive position. In particular, we expect to face significant competition from other companies in hiring such personnel as well as recruiting well-qualified staff in multiple international jurisdictions. Furthermore, our competitors may lure away our existing personnel by offering them employment terms that our personnel view as more favorable. As we mature, the incentives to attract, retain and motivate our staff provided by our equity awards or by future arrangements, such as through cash bonuses, may not be as effective as in the past. If we do not succeed in attracting, hiring and integrating excellent personnel, or retaining and motivating existing personnel, we may be unable to grow effectively.

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We track certain performance metrics with internal and third-party tools and do not independently verify such metrics. Certain of our performance metrics are subject to inherent challenges in measurement, and real or perceived inaccuracies in such metrics may harm our reputation and adversely affect our business.

We track certain performance metrics, including the number of active and paying players of our games using a combination of internal and third-party analytics tools, including such tools provided by Apple, Facebook and Google. Our performance metrics tools have a number of limitations, including limitations placed on third-party tools, such as (i) the complicated and time consuming process of the validation of our data by comparison to the third-party data due to (a) differences between calendar periods used in our systems and billing periods used in the third-party tools and (b) differences in foreign exchange rates applied in our systems, which use the rates at the date of each in-game purchase, and certain third-party tools that use the exchange rates determined as at a different date, such as the date of the invoice; (ii) incomplete data in our system that was used prior to mid-2018; (iii) inconsistencies of definitions of metrics in our current system compared with the system that we used prior to mid-2018; and (iv) untimely updates of the master data in our system regarding the platform commission fees and indirect taxes, due to numerous changes of these parameters that we may not always be able to identify and process. Such tools are subject to change unilaterally by the relevant third parties and our methodologies for tracking these metrics or access to these metrics may change over time, which could result in unexpected changes to our metrics, including the metrics we report. If the internal or external tools we use to track these metrics under-count or over-count performance or contain technical errors, the data we report may not be accurate, and we may not be able to detect such inaccuracies, particularly with respect to third-party analytics tools. In addition, limitations or errors with respect to how we measure data (or how third parties present that data to us) may affect our understanding of certain details of our business, which could affect our long-term strategies. We also may not have access to comparable quality data for games we acquire with respect to periods before integration, which may impact our ability to rely on such data. Furthermore, such limitations or errors could cause players, analysts or business partners to view our performance metrics as unreliable or inaccurate. If our performance metrics are not accurate representations of our business, player base or traffic levels, if we discover material inaccuracies in our metrics or if the metrics we rely on to track our performance do not provide an accurate measurement of our business or otherwise change, our reputation may be harmed and our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

We compete with other forms of leisure activities, and a failure to successfully compete with such activities could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We face competition for leisure time, attention and discretionary spending of our players. Other forms of entertainment, such as offline, traditional online, personal computer and console games, television, movies, sports and the internet, together represent much larger or more well-established markets and may be perceived by our players to offer greater variety, affordability, interactivity and enjoyment. Consumer tastes and preferences for leisure time activities are also subject to sudden or unpredictable change on account of new innovations, developments or product launches. If consumers do not find our games to be compelling or if other existing or new leisure time activities are perceived by our players to offer greater variety, affordability, interactivity and overall enjoyment, our business could be materially and adversely affected.

Our revenue growth rate and financial performance in prior periods may not be indicative of future performance, and our revenue has declined and may continue to decline in the future compared to prior periods.

Although we experienced rapid revenue growth in prior periods, for example with revenue of $479.7 million, $434.1 million and $260.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, as we continue to grow our business, for the year ended December 31, 2023, we experienced a decline in revenues compared to the prior year, and our revenue growth rates have declined since 2020. The level of revenue we are able to generate, as well as our revenue growth rate, may continue to decline compared to prior fiscal years due to a number of reasons, which may include a decrease in the growth of our overall market or market saturation, slowing demand for our games, our inability to develop and launch new games, our inability to acquire new users of our games in an efficient manner, our inability to continue to acquire games or game studios, and our inability to capitalize on growth opportunities. In addition, our revenue may experience increased volatility due to global societal and economic disruption, such as those related to the COVID-19 pandemic and related government responses thereto as well as ongoing geopolitical conflicts.

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Our business may suffer if we do not successfully manage our current and potential future growth.

Despite the decline in revenues in year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, on the whole, we have grown significantly in recent years, and we intend to continue to expand the scope of the games we provide. Our revenues increased from $260.9 million in the year ended December 31, 2020 to $434.1 million in the year ended December 31, 2021 and to $479.7 million in the year ended December 31, 2022. Our anticipated future growth, particularly to the extent that growth is rapid, will likely place significant demands on our management and operations. Our success in managing our growth will depend, to a significant degree, on the ability of our executive officers and other members of senior management to operate effectively, and on our ability to improve and develop our financial and management information systems, controls and procedures. In addition, we will likely have to successfully adapt our existing systems and introduce new systems, expand, train and manage our employees and improve and expand our marketing capabilities. Further, our continued growth will depend to some degree on our continuing ability to find additional commercially viable acquisitions, or expanding our internal development.

If we are unable to properly and prudently manage our operations as and to the extent they continue to grow, or if the quality of our games deteriorates due to mismanagement, our brand name and reputation could be severely harmed, and our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

We may require additional capital to meet our financial obligations and support business growth, and this capital may not be available on acceptable terms or at all.

Based on our current plans and market conditions, we believe that cash flows generated from our operations will be sufficient to satisfy our anticipated cash requirements in the ordinary course of business for the foreseeable future. However, we intend to continue to make significant investments to support our business growth and may require additional funds to respond to business challenges, including the need to develop new games and features or enhance our existing games, improve our operating infrastructure or acquire complementary businesses, personnel and technologies. Accordingly, we may need to engage in equity or debt financings to secure additional funds. If we raise additional funds through future issuances of equity or convertible debt securities, our existing shareholders could suffer significant dilution, and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences and privileges superior to those of holders of our ordinary shares. Any debt financing we secure in the future could include restrictive covenants relating to our capital raising activities and other financial and operational matters, which may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities, including potential acquisitions. We may not be able to obtain additional financing on terms favorable to us, if at all. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us when we require it, our ability to continue to support our business growth and to respond to business challenges could be significantly impaired, and our business may be harmed.

Our insurance may not provide adequate levels of coverage against claims.

We generally do not maintain insurance coverage other than director and officer liability insurance and certain limited professional indemnity insurance, as we believe that the majority of the risks that we face cannot be insured against or cannot be insured on economically reasonable terms. Therefore, any losses that we incur generally would not benefit from insurance coverage, and such losses could adversely affect our business prospects, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

Changes in tax laws or approach to their enforcement, new tax rulings, and audits or examinations of our filing positions, including withholding taxes, could materially affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Tax laws are dynamic and therefore subject to regular change as new laws are passed and new interpretations of existing laws are issued or applied. Our existing corporate structure and intercompany arrangements have been implemented in a manner which we consider to be in compliance with current prevailing tax laws. However, the tax treatment of our structure and any transactions between entities in our group, in the British Virgin Islands and Cyprus as well as in other applicable jurisdictions, could be subject to material adjustment. In addition, we expect taxing authorities in the jurisdictions where we do business, or are deemed to do business, for tax purposes, to audit or examine our income and transactions. The ultimate outcome of any such review processes, and any engagement we have with the relevant tax authorities, are difficult to predict.

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We may be exposed to taxation in jurisdictions other than Cyprus if we are treated as having a permanent establishment or as being a tax resident in any of those jurisdictions. While we do not believe that either the Issuer or Nexters Global will be treated as having a tax residence or a permanent establishment elsewhere outside of Cyprus, we cannot provide assurance that foreign tax authorities will not attempt to claim that our entities have permanent establishment or tax residence in their jurisdictions. If any of the foregoing occurs, additional taxes, as well as related penalties, may be imposed on us and our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

We could be required to collect sales taxes or be subject to other use-based tax liabilities in relation to past sales.

One or more countries or U.S. states or localities may seek to collect what they view as past or existing, or impose additional, sales, value added taxes or use or similar taxes on us by reference to the location of the users of our games. While we generally are not responsible for taxes generated on games accessed and operated through third-party platforms, we are responsible for collecting and remitting applicable sales, value added, use or similar taxes for revenue generated on games accessed and operated on our own platforms and/or in countries where the law requires the game publishers to collect and pay such taxes even if games are made available for users through third-party platforms. Furthermore, an increasing number of U.S. states have considered or adopted laws that attempt to impose tax collection obligations on out-of-state companies. This is also the case in respect of the European Union, where value added taxes or digital services taxes may be imposed on companies making digital sales to consumers within the European Union. Additionally, since the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc. et al, or Wayfair, that online sellers can be required to collect sales and use tax despite not having a physical presence in the state of the customer, most U.S. states impose such obligations, and other U.S. states or local governments may adopt, or begin to enforce, laws requiring us to calculate, collect and remit taxes on sales in their jurisdictions.

As a result of the above, we are in the process of evaluating whether our activities give rise to sales, use, value added taxes and any other taxes in jurisdictions in which we historically have not registered to collect and remit taxes. In addition, we are monitoring indirect tax developments globally to confirm the impact of future anticipated indirect taxes on our business and services. A successful assertion by one or more of the countries or jurisdictions requiring us to collect taxes where we presently do not do so, or to collect more taxes in a jurisdiction in which we currently collect some taxes, could result in substantial liabilities, including taxes on past sales, as well as interest and penalties, and could create significant administrative burdens for us or otherwise harm our business.

Risks Related to the Company’s Information Technology and Data Security

Our success depends upon our ability to adapt to, and keep pace with, changes in technology, platforms and devices, and evolving industry standards.

Our success depends upon our ability to attract and retain players, which is largely driven by maintaining and increasing the quality and content of our games. To satisfy players, we need to continue to improve their experience and innovate and introduce games that players find useful and that cause them to return to our suite of games more frequently. This includes continuing to improve our technology to tailor our game offerings to the preferences and requirements of additional geographic and market segments, and adapt to the release of new devices and platforms and to improve the user-friendliness and overall availability of our games, all of which can be costly and generate risk. Our ability to anticipate or respond to changing technology and evolving industry standards and to develop and introduce improvements and enhancements to games on a timely basis is a significant factor affecting our ability to remain competitive, expand and attract new players and retain existing players. We cannot assure you that we will achieve the necessary technological advances or have the financial or other resources needed to introduce new games or improvements and enhancements to games on a timely basis or at all. In addition, our ability to increase the number of players of our games will depend on continued player adoption of such games. Accordingly, our failure to develop or adjust to changes in technology, platforms, devices and operating models and evolving industry standards could adversely impact our business. Even where we are able to successfully adapt to changing technology, platforms, devices and operating models and evolving industry standards, we may require substantial expenditures to do so, which could adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Our games and other software applications and systems, and the third-party platforms upon which they are made available, could contain undetected errors.

Our games and other software applications and systems, as well as the third-party platforms upon which they are made available, could contain undetected errors, bugs, flaws, corrupted data, defects and other vulnerabilities that could adversely affect the performance of our games. These defects may only become apparent after we launch a new game or publish an update to an existing game, particularly as we launch new games or updates and rapidly release new features to existing games under tight time constraints. For example, these errors could prevent a player from making in-game purchases of virtual items, which could harm our reputation or results of operations. These errors could also be exploited by cheating programs and other forms of misappropriation, thus harming the overall game-playing experience for our players. This could cause players to reduce their playing time or in-game purchases, discontinue playing our games altogether, or not recommend our games to other players, which could result in further harm to our reputation or results of operations. Such errors could also result in our games being non-compliant with applicable laws or create legal liability for us. Resolving such errors could disrupt our operations, cause us to divert resources from other projects, or harm our results of operations.

Any failure or significant interruption in our network could impact our operations and harm our business.

Our technology infrastructure is critical to the performance of our games and to player satisfaction. Most of our games run on public cloud computing systems run through Amazon Web Services with respective servers located in Ireland and Germany. The servers that host our systems located in these data centers are vulnerable to damage or interruption from fire, flood, power loss, telecommunications failure, terrorist attacks, acts of war, electronic and physical break-ins, computer viruses, earthquakes and similar events. The occurrence of any of these events could cause our games to become unavailable for a short or long period of time. We have experienced, and may in the future experience, website disruptions, outages and other performance problems due to a variety of factors, including infrastructure changes, human or software errors, malicious attempts to cause platform unavailability, and capacity constraints. If a particular game is unavailable when players attempt to access it or navigation through a game is slower than they expect, players may stop playing the game and may be less likely to return to the game as often, if at all. Similarly, certain games rely on third-party data centers, which may have similar risks over which we would have less control. A failure or significant interruption in our game service would harm our reputation and operations. We expect to continue to make significant investments in our technology infrastructure to maintain and improve all aspects of player experience and game performance. To the extent that our disaster recovery systems are not adequate, or we do not effectively address capacity constraints, upgrade our systems as needed and continually develop our technology and network architecture to accommodate increasing traffic, our business and results of operations may suffer. We do not maintain insurance policies covering losses relating to our systems and we do not have business interruption insurance, which may increase any potential harms that the business may suffer from systems failure or business interruptions.

Our success depends on the security and integrity of the games we offer, and security breaches or other disruptions could compromise our information or the information of our players and expose us to liability, which would cause our business and reputation to suffer.

We believe that our success depends in large part on providing secure games to our players. Our business sometimes involves the collection, storage, processing and transmission of players’ proprietary, confidential and personal information. We also maintain certain other proprietary and confidential information relating to our business and personal information of our personnel. Despite our security measures, our games may be vulnerable to attacks by hackers, players, vendors or employees or breaches due to malfeasance or other disruptions. Any security breach or incident that we experience could result in unauthorized access to, misuse of, or unauthorized acquisition of our or our players’ data, the loss, corruption or alteration of this data, interruptions in our operations, or damage to our computers or systems or those of our players or third-party platforms. Any of these could expose us to claims, litigation, fines and potential liability.

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An increasing number of online services have disclosed security breaches, some of which have involved sophisticated and highly targeted attacks on portions of their services. Because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, disable or degrade service, or sabotage systems change frequently and often are not foreseeable or recognized until launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures. If an actual or perceived breach of our security occurs, public perception of the effectiveness of our security measures and brand could be harmed, and we could lose players. Data security breaches and other data security incidents may also result from non-technical means, such as actions by employees or contractors. Any compromise of our security could result in a violation of applicable privacy and other laws, regulatory or other governmental investigations, enforcement actions, and legal and financial exposure, including potential contractual liability that is not always limited to the amounts covered by our insurance. Any such compromise could also result in damage to our reputation and a loss of confidence in our security measures. Any of these effects could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

Our ability to prevent anomalies and monitor and ensure the quality and integrity of our games and software is periodically reviewed and enhanced, but may not be sufficient to prevent future attacks, breaches or disruptions. Similarly, we assess the adequacy of our security systems, including the security of our games and software to protect against any material loss to any of our players and the integrity of our games to players. However, we cannot provide assurances that our business will not be affected by a security breach or lapse.

If we sustain cyber-attacks or other privacy or data security incidents that result in security breaches, we could suffer a loss of sales and increased costs, exposure to significant liability, reputational harm and other negative consequences.

Our computer systems, hardware, software, technology infrastructure and online sites and networks for both internal and external operations (collectively, “IT Systems”) may be vulnerable to computer viruses or physical or electronic intrusions that our security measures may not detect. We have experienced security incidents in the past, and we may face additional attempted and actual security intrusions in the future. Any circumvention of our security measures could result in the misappropriation or disclosure of information about players, employees, business partners and others, including personal information, as well as proprietary information belonging to our business such as trade secrets (collectively, “Confidential Information”), interrupt our operations, result in financial loss or otherwise cause damage to our reputation and business. Further, the ability to bypass our information security controls could degrade our trust and safety programs, which could expose individuals to a risk of physical harm or violence.

If there is a breach of our IT Systems or Confidential Information and we know or suspect that certain personal information has been exfiltrated, accessed, or used inappropriately, we may need to inform individual whose data was stolen, accessed, or used. For instance, laws in all fifty U.S. states and outside the United States (and sometimes contractual and/or other obligations) and certain international laws and regulations require notification of certain incidents to a number of third parties, such as impacted customers, regulators, credit reporting agencies or others when certain information has been compromised as a result of a security breach. Further, under certain regulatory schemes, such as the California Consumer Privacy Act, as discussed below, we may be fined and/or liable for statutory damages on a per breached record basis, irrespective of any actual damages or harm to the individual. This means that in the event of a breach we could face government scrutiny or consumer class actions alleging statutory damages amounting to hundreds of millions, and possibly billions of dollars. In addition, a cyber incident resulting in an adverse impact to the availability, integrity or confidentiality of our IT Systems or Confidential Information can result in harm to our reputation, cause us to breach our contracts with other parties or subject us to legal claims or proceedings (such as class actions), regulatory investigations and enforcement actions, fines and penalties, any of which could materially affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

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There are risks of cyber incidents both on and off our systems as we increase the types of technology we use to operate our platform, including mobile apps and third-party payment processing providers, and as we collaborate with third parties that may need to process our user data or have access to our infrastructure. The evolution of technology systems introduces ever more complex security risks that are difficult to predict and defend against. Further, there has been a surge in widespread cyber-attacks during the COVID-19 pandemic. The increase in the frequency and scope of cyber-attacks during the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated data security risks. An increasing number of companies, including those with significant online operations, have recently disclosed breaches of their security, some of which involved sophisticated tactics and techniques allegedly attributable to criminal enterprises or nation-state actors. While we take significant measures to guard against the type of activity that can lead to data breaches, the techniques used by bad actors to obtain unauthorized access, disable or degrade service, or sabotage systems change frequently and often are unknown until launched against a target. Cyber-attacks are also expected to accelerate on a global basis in frequency and magnitude as threat actors are becoming increasingly sophisticated in using techniques and tools – including artificial intelligence – that circumvent security controls, evade detection and remove forensic evidence. As such, we may be unable to anticipate these tactics and techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures to detect, prevent or mitigate future cyber-attacks or other incidents, or to avoid a material adverse impact to our IT Systems, Confidential Information or business. In addition, we and our third-party vendors or suppliers that host our data have experienced cyber-attacks in the past and may encounter cyber-attacks in the future, which may take a variety of forms, including denial of service attacks, botnets, malicious file attacks, cross-site scripting, credential abuse, ransomware, bugs, viruses, worms, and malicious software programs. All of these types of cyber incidents can give rise to a variety of losses and costs, including legal exposure and regulatory fines, damages to reputation, and others.

Further, with a large geographically disparate employee base, we are not immune from the possibility of a malicious insider compromising our IT Systems and infrastructure. This risk has grown in light of the greater adoption of remote work following the COVID-19 pandemic. We also have a distributed community support organization including third-party providers that have access to personal information. We and other companies in our industry have dealt with incidents involving such insiders exfiltrating the personal information of customers, stealing corporate trade secrets and key financial metrics, and illegally diverting funds. No series of measures can fully safeguard against a sufficiently determined and skilled insider threat.

In addition, there may be an increased risk of cyber-attacks by state actors or others due to the ongoing conflict between Russia and the Ukraine including, on the one hand, cybersecurity attacks perpetrated by Russia or others at its direction in response to economic sanctions or other actions taken by certain jurisdictions (including Cyprus, where our headquarters are located) against Russia in connection with its military action in Ukraine and, on the other hand, cybersecurity attacks against the Company due to its origins in Russia and its historical association with Russia, in spite of its recent divestment of all of its Russia-based subsidiaries. Any increase in such attacks on us or our systems could adversely affect our platform, networks, IT Systems or other operations.

Bad actors have targeted and will continue to target us, such as through phishing attacks where a third party attempts to infiltrate our IT Systems or acquire information by posing as a legitimate inquiry or electronic communication, which are fraudulent identity theft schemes designed to appear as legitimate emails from us or from our users. Bad actors may also employ other schemes aimed at defrauding our users in ways that we may not anticipate or be able to adequately guard against. Even if phishing and spamming attacks and other fraud schemes are not carried out through our systems, victims may nevertheless seek recovery from us. Because of our prominence, we believe that we are a particularly attractive target for such attacks. Though it is difficult to determine what, if any, harm may directly result from any specific scheme or attack, any failure to maintain performance, reliability, security, confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our offerings, services, and technical infrastructure and may harm our reputation.

The costs to eliminate or address the foregoing security threats and vulnerabilities before or after a cyber-incident could be significant. Our remediation efforts may not be successful and could result in interruptions, delays or cessation of service, and loss of existing or potential suppliers or players. We maintain cybersecurity policies and procedures to manage risk to our information technology systems, and we continuously adapt our systems and processes to mitigate such threats, and plan to enhance our protections against such attacks. Nevertheless, in light of the complex and evolving nature of such incidents, there can also be no assurance that our cybersecurity risk management program and processes, including our policies, controls or procedures, will be fully implemented, complied with or effective in protecting our IT Systems and Confidential Information. Moreover, because we make extensive use of third party suppliers and service providers, such as cloud services that support our internal and external-facing operations, successful cyber-attacks that disrupt or result in unauthorized access to third party IT Systems can materially impact our operations and financial results. As a result, we may not be able to address these threats proactively or implement adequate preventative measures, and we may be unable to promptly detect and address any such disruption and/or cyber breach, if at all. While to date no incidents have had a material impact on our operations or financial results, we cannot guarantee that material incidents will not occur in the future.

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In addition, as threats related to cyber-attacks develop and grow, we may also find it necessary to make further investments to protect our data and infrastructure, which may impact our results of operations. We may be unable to cover all possible claims stemming from security breaches, cyber-attacks and other types of unlawful activity, or any resulting disruptions from such events, and we may suffer losses that could have a material adverse effect on our business. We do not maintain insurance policies covering losses relating to cybersecurity incidents, which may increase any potential harms that the business may suffer from a cyber-attack. We could also be negatively impacted by existing and proposed laws and regulations in the United States, Cyprus and other jurisdictions in which we operate, as well as government policies and practices related to cybersecurity, data privacy, data localization, data protection and access to data. In addition, the platforms on which we distribute games may encourage, or require, compliance with certain security standards, such as the voluntary cybersecurity framework released by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology, or NIST, which consists of controls designed to identify and manage cyber-security risks, and we could be negatively impacted to the extent we are unable to comply with such standards. See “—Data privacy and security laws and regulations, and related guidance and standards, in the jurisdictions in which we do business could increase the cost of our operations and subject us to possible sanctions, civil lawsuits (including class action or similar representative lawsuits) and other penalties; such laws and regulations are continually evolving. Our or our platform and service providers’ actual or perceived failure to comply with these laws and regulations could harm our business.”

We rely on information technology and other systems, and any failures in our systems or errors, defects or disruptions in our games could diminish our brand and reputation, subject us to liability and disrupt our business and adversely impact our results of operations.

We rely on IT Systems that are important to the operation of our business, some of which are managed by third parties. These third parties are typically under no obligation to renew agreements and there is no guarantee that we will be able to renew these agreements on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. These systems are used to process, transmit and store electronic information, to manage and support our business operations and to maintain internal control over our financial reporting. In addition, we collect and store certain data, including Confidential Information, and may have access to confidential or personal information in certain of our businesses that is subject to privacy and security laws and regulations. We could encounter difficulties in developing new systems, maintaining and upgrading current systems and preventing security breaches. Among other things, as described above, our systems are susceptible to damage, outages, disruptions or shutdowns due to fire, floods, power loss, break-ins, as well as evolving cybersecurity risks that threaten the confidentiality, integrity and availability of our IT Systems and Confidential Information, including from diverse threat actors, such as state-sponsored organizations, opportunistic hackers and hacktivists, as well as through diverse attack vectors, such as social engineering/phishing, malware (including ransomware), malfeasance by insiders, human or technological error, malicious file attacks, bugs, viruses, worms, cross-site scripting, credential abuse, network penetration, denial of service attacks, and as a result of bugs, misconfigurations or exploited vulnerabilities in software or hardware. Moreover, any failures in our IT Systems or telecommunications services could affect our ability to operate our games or otherwise conduct business.

Portions of our IT Systems, including those operated by third parties, may experience interruptions, delays or cessations of service or produce errors in connection with systems integration or migration work that takes place from time to time. We may not be successful in implementing new systems and transitioning data, which could cause business disruptions and be more expensive, time-consuming, disruptive and resource-intensive. In addition, as described above, our IT Systems and Confidential Information are also vulnerable to a range of cybersecurity risks and threats, including malicious code embedded in open-source software, or misconfigurations, bugs or other vulnerabilities in commercial software that is integrated into our (or our third parties’) IT systems, products or services. We have no control over third parties that provide services to us and those parties could suffer problems or make decisions adverse to our business.

We have contingency plans in place to prevent or mitigate the impact of these events. However, such disruptions could materially and adversely impact our ability to deliver games to players and interrupt other processes. If our IT Systems do not allow us to transmit accurate information, even for a short period of time, to key decision-makers, the ability to manage our business could be disrupted and our results of operations, cash flows and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected. Failure to properly or adequately address these issues could impact our ability to perform necessary business operations, which could materially and adversely affect our reputation, competitive position, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

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Substantially all of our games rely on data transferred over the internet, including wireless internet. Access to the internet in a timely fashion is necessary to provide a satisfactory player experience to the players of our games. Third parties, such as telecommunications companies, could prevent access to the internet or limit the speed of our data transmissions, with or without reason, causing an adverse impact on our player experience that may materially and adversely affect our reputation, competitive position, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition. In addition, telecommunications companies may implement certain measures, such as increased cost or restrictions based on the type or amount of data transmitted, that would impact consumers’ ability to access our games, which could in turn materially and adversely affect our reputation, competitive position, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition. Furthermore, internet penetration may be adversely affected by difficult global economic conditions or the cancellation of government programs to expand broadband access. Moreover, access to internet, applications and services which we operate or on which we depend may, in some jurisdictions, be blocked or restricted as a matter of law and speed of internet may be reduced based on decisions of regulators and courts.

Our business depends on the growth and maintenance of wireless communications infrastructure.

Our success depends on the continued growth and maintenance of wireless communications infrastructure in the United States and internationally. This includes deployment and maintenance of reliable next-generation digital networks with the speed, data capacity and security necessary to provide reliable wireless communications services. Wireless communications infrastructure may be unable to support the demands placed on it if the number of subscribers continues to increase, or if existing or future subscribers increase their bandwidth requirements. Wireless communications have experienced a variety of outages and other delays as a result of infrastructure and equipment failures, and could face outages and delays in the future. These outages and delays could reduce the level of wireless communications usage as well as our ability to distribute our games successfully. In addition, changes by a wireless carrier to network infrastructure may interfere with downloads of our games and may cause players to lose functionality in our games that they have already downloaded. This could harm our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

Data privacy and security laws and regulations, and related guidance and standards, in the jurisdictions in which we do business could increase the cost of our operations and subject us to possible sanctions, civil lawsuits (including class action or similar representative lawsuits) and other penalties; such laws and regulations are continually evolving. Our or our platform and service providers’ actual or perceived failure to comply with these laws and regulations could harm our business.

We collect, process, store, use and share data, some of which contains personal information, including the personal information of our players. Our business is therefore subject to a number of federal, state, local and foreign laws, regulations, regulatory codes and guidelines governing data privacy, data protection and security, including with respect to the collection, storage, use, processing, transmission, sharing and protection of personal information. Such laws, regulations, regulatory codes and guidelines are complex, may be inconsistent across jurisdictions or conflict with other rules and their interpretation is rapidly evolving, making implementation and enforcement, and thus compliance requirements, ambiguous, uncertain, and potentially inconsistent. Compliance with such laws may require changes to our data collection, use, transfer, disclosure, other processing, and certain other related business practices and may thereby increase compliance costs or have other material adverse effects on our business.

As the scope of data privacy and security regulations worldwide continues to evolve, we believe that the adoption of increasingly restrictive regulations in this area is likely within the United States and other jurisdictions. For example, in the United States, a number of state-level data privacy laws have or will soon go into effect that introduce new data privacy rights for consumers and new operational requirements for companies. For instance, the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”) provides data privacy rights for California residents and operational requirements for covered companies. Among other things, companies covered by the CCPA must provide new disclosures to California residents and afford such residents certain privacy rights relating to their personal information. The CCPA provides for civil penalties for violations, as well as a private right of action for data breaches that is expected to increase data breach litigation. In addition, the California Privacy Rights Act (“CPRA”), which took effect in January 2023, expanded the rights granted under the CCPA, created a new enforcement agency, the California Privacy Protection Agency, and imposed additional obligations on covered companies.

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Additionally, other U.S. states have implemented, or are in the process of implementing, similar new laws or regulations. For example, the Virginia Consumer Data Protection Act (“VCDPA”), which took effect on January 1, 2023, the Colorado Privacy Act (“CPA”) and the Connecticut Data Privacy Act (“CTDPA”), which both took effect on July 1, 2023, and the Utah Consumer Privacy Act (“UCPA”), which took effect on December 31, 2023, similarly impose new privacy rights and obligations on covered companies. In addition to the CCPA, the VCDPA, CPA, CTDPA and UCPA provide for civil penalties for violations that are enforceable by the Attorney General of its respective state, which could range into the millions of dollars. More generally, the enactment of the CCPA, VCDPA, CPA, CTDPA and UCPA could mark the beginning of a trend toward more stringent United States federal privacy legislation, which could increase our potential liability and adversely affect our business. We cannot fully predict the impact of these laws, or subsequent guidance, regulations or rules on our business or operations, including those that are still in draft form, but they may increase our compliance costs and potential liability, particularly in the event of a data breach, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, including how we use personal information, our financial condition, and the results of our operations or prospects. Further, if we become subject to other state-level data privacy laws, guidelines or regulations, we may be required again to modify our data collection or processing practices and policies and to incur substantial costs and expenses in an effort to comply and increase our potential exposure to regulatory enforcement and/or litigation.

Outside of the United States, many countries have also adopted comprehensive data protection and security laws. In the BVI we are subject to the Data Protection Act, 2021 (the “BVI DPA”) The DPA establishes a framework of rights and duties designed to safeguard individuals’ personal data, balanced against the need of public authorities, businesses and organizations to collect and use personal data for lawful purposes. The BVI DPA is centered around seven data protection principles (the General Principle, the Notice and Choice Principle, the Disclosure Principle, the Security Principle, the Retention Principle, the Data Integrity Principle and the Access Principle). The BVI DPA is however based on the original UK Data Protection Act 1998 and therefore less comprehensive than the GDPR (defined below) and UK GDPR (defined below) to which we are also subject.

We are also subject to the EU General Data Protection Regulation 2016/679 (the “GDPR”) in the European Economic Area (the “EEA”), and, following the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union, we have had to comply with the GDPR as implemented in the United Kingdom, which together with the amended United Kingdom Data Protection Act 2018 (together, the “UK GDPR”), retains in large part the GDPR in United Kingdom national law. The GDPR and the UK GDPR (collectively, the “Applicable UK/EU Data Protection Laws”) impose comprehensive data privacy compliance obligations on controllers and processors of personal data in the EEA and the United Kingdom, including, for example, specific standards for obtaining consent from individuals to process their personal data, robust disclosures to individuals and a comprehensive individual data rights regime, and defined timelines for data breach notifications. The Applicable UK/EU Data Protection Laws create compliance obligations applicable to our business and some of our players, which can be uncertain given rapidly developing guidance and case law, and could change our business practices, expose us to significant reputational damage, regulatory enforcement actions or assessment notices (for a compulsory audit), orders to cease/change our data processing activities, and/or civil lawsuits (including class action or similar representative lawsuits) by consumers or consumer organizations, amongst others, for alleged breach of data protection laws. The Applicable UK/EU Data Protection Laws include financial penalties for noncompliance including possible fines of up to the greater of 4% of global annual revenues for the preceding financial year or €20 million, or £17.5 million in the United Kingdom, for the most serious violations. Many geographies in which we operate, including Australia, Brazil, Canada and India, have passed or are in the process of passing comparable or other robust data privacy legislation or regulation, which may lead to additional costs and increase our overall risk exposure.

We are also subject to EU and UK rules with respect to cross-border transfers of personal data out of the EEA and the UK, respectively, and recent legal developments and guidance have created complexity and uncertainty regarding such transfers to other countries, in particular in relation to transfers to the United States. In July 2020, the Court of Justice of the European Union (“CJEU”) invalidated the EU-US Privacy Shield and further noted that reliance on the standard contractual clauses (a standard form of contract approved by the European Commission as an adequate personal data transfer mechanism and potential alternative to the Privacy Shield) alone may not necessarily be sufficient in all circumstances and that transfers must be assessed on a case-by-case basis. A replacement for the Privacy Shield Framework was introduced, the EU-US Data Privacy Framework (“DPF”); however, this framework may also face challenges. The European Commission adopted its adequacy decision in 2023 rendering the DPF effective as an EU GDPR transfer mechanism to U.S. entities self-certified under the DPF. On October 12, 2023, the UK Extension to the DPF came into effect (as approved by the UK Government) as a UK GDPR data transfer mechanism to U.S. entities self-certified under the UK Extension to the DPF. There has been increased regulatory action and attention in relation to international data transfers.

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We currently rely on the standard contractual clauses to transfer personal information outside the EEA and the UK, including to the United States, with respect to both intragroup and third party transfers. As the enforcement landscape further develops, and supervisory authorities issue further decisions and guidance on personal information export mechanisms, we could suffer additional costs, complaints and/or regulatory investigations or fines, we may have to stop using certain tools and vendors and make other operational changes, we have had to and will have to implement revised standard contractual clauses for existing intragroup, customer and vendor arrangements within required time frames, and/or if we are otherwise unable to transfer personal information between and among countries and regions in which we operate, it could affect the manner in which we provide our services, the geographical location or segregation of our relevant systems and operations, and could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. In particular, given the complexity and constantly evolving nature of our cross-border data transfers, our standard contractual clauses will need to be updated over time to fully legitimize our data transfers, and a failure to do so could result in enforcement action from regulators. There can be no assurances that we will be successful in our efforts to comply with the GDPR or other privacy and data protection laws and regulations, or that violations will not occur, particularly given the complexity of both these laws and our business, as well as the uncertainties that accompany new laws.

Our business also increasingly relies on machine learning, artificial intelligence and automated decision making to improve our services and tailor our interactions with our customers (see “—Risks Related to the Company’s Intellectual Property—Use of generative artificial intelligence tools in our business may result in significant reputational harm and liability”). However, in recent years use of these methods has come under increased regulatory scrutiny. New laws, guidance and/or decisions in this area may limit our ability to use our machine learning and artificial intelligence, or require us to make changes to our platform or operations that may decrease our operational efficiency, result in an increase to operating costs and/or hinder our ability to improve our services. For example, there are specific rules on the use of automated decision making under the Applicable UK/EU Data Protection Laws that require the existence of automated decision making to be disclosed to the data subject with a meaningful explanation of the logic used in such decision making in certain circumstances, and safeguards must be implemented to safeguard individual rights, including the right to obtain human intervention and to contest any decision. Equally, the regulatory framework around the development and use of machine learning, artificial intelligence and automated decision making is evolving. In Europe, European Union legislators recently reached a political agreement on the EU Artificial Intelligence Act (“EU AI Act”), which establishes a comprehensive, risk-based governance framework for artificial intelligence in the EU market. The EU AI Act is expected to enter into force in 2024, and the majority of the substantive requirements will apply two years later. The EU AI Act will apply to companies that develop, use and/or provide artificial intelligence in the EU and includes requirements around transparency, conformity assessments and monitoring, risk assessments, human oversight, security, accuracy, general purpose artificial intelligence and foundation models, and proposes fines for breach of up to 7% of worldwide annual turnover. In addition, on September 28, 2022, the European Commission proposed two Directives seeking to establish a harmonized civil liability regime for artificial intelligence in the EU in order to facilitate civil claims in respect of harm caused by artificial intelligence and to include artificial intelligence-enabled products within the scope of the EU’s existing strict liability regime. Once fully applicable, the EU AI Act will have a material impact on the way artificial intelligence is regulated in the EU, and together with developing guidance and/or decisions in this area, may affect our use of artificial intelligence and our ability to provide and to improve our services, require additional compliance measures and changes to our operations and processes, result in increased compliance costs and potential increases in civil claims against us, and could adversely affect our business, operations and financial condition.

Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with our posted privacy policies, our privacy-related obligations to players or other third parties, or any other legal obligations or regulatory requirements relating to privacy, data protection, or information security may result in governmental investigations or enforcement actions, litigation, claims (including class actions), or public statements against us by consumer advocacy groups or others and could result in significant liability, cause our players to lose trust in us, and otherwise materially and adversely affect our reputation and business. Furthermore, the costs of compliance with, and other burdens imposed by, the laws, regulations, and policies that are applicable to us may limit the adoption and use of, and reduce the overall demand for, our games. Additionally, if third parties we work with, such as our service providers or data sharing partners, violate applicable laws, regulations, or agreements, such violations may put our players’ and/or employees’ data at risk, could result in governmental investigations or enforcement actions, fines, litigation, claims (including class action claims) or public statements against us by consumer advocacy groups or others and could result in significant liability, cause our players to lose trust in us and otherwise materially and adversely affect our reputation and business. Further, public scrutiny of, or complaints about, technology companies or their data handling or data protection practices, even if unrelated to our business, industry or operations, may lead to increased scrutiny of technology companies, including us, and may cause government agencies to enact additional regulatory requirements, or to modify their enforcement or investigation activities, which may increase our costs and risks.

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In addition, in some cases, we are dependent upon our platform providers to solicit, collect and provide us with information regarding our players that is necessary for compliance with these various types of regulations. Our business, including our ability to operate and expand internationally, could be adversely affected if laws or regulations are adopted, interpreted or implemented in a manner that is inconsistent with our current business practices and that require changes to these practices, the design of our games, features or our privacy policy. These platform providers may dictate rules, conduct or technical features that do not properly comply with federal, state, local and foreign laws, regulations and regulatory codes and guidelines governing data privacy, data protection and security, including with respect to the collection, storage, use, processing, transmission, sharing and protection of personal information and other consumer data. In addition, these platforms may dictate rules, conduct or technical features relating to the collection, storage, use, transmission, sharing and protection of personal information and other consumer data, which may result in substantial costs and may necessitate changes to our business practices, which in turn may compromise our growth strategy, adversely affect our ability to attract, monetize or retain players, and otherwise adversely affect our business, reputation, legal exposures, financial condition and results of operations. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with these platform-dictated rules, conduct or technical features may result in platform-led investigations or enforcement actions, litigation, or public statements against us, which in turn could result in significant liability or temporary or permanent suspension of our business activities with these platforms, cause our players to lose trust in us, and otherwise compromise our growth strategy, adversely affect our ability to attract, monetize or retain players, and otherwise adversely affect our business, reputation, legal exposures, financial condition and results of operations.

Player interaction with our games is subject to our privacy policy and terms of service. If we fail to comply with our posted privacy policy or terms of service or if we fail to comply with existing privacy-related or data protection laws and regulations, it could result in complaints by data subjects or proceedings or litigation against us by governmental authorities or others, which could result in fines or judgments against us, damage our reputation, non-availability of our services, impact our financial condition and harm our business. If regulators, the media or consumers raise any concerns about our privacy and data protection or consumer protection practices, even if unfounded, this could also result in fines or judgments against us, damage our reputation, and negatively impact our financial condition and damage our business.

In the area of information security and data protection, many jurisdictions have passed laws requiring notification when there is a security breach for personal information or requiring the adoption of minimum information security standards that are often vaguely defined and difficult to implement. Our security measures and standards may not be sufficient to protect personal information and we cannot guarantee that our security measures will prevent security breaches, cyber-attacks, acts of vandalism, computer viruses, malware, ransomware, denial-of-service attacks, human error issues or other similar events that lead to misplaced or lost information, programming and/or other similar issues. A security breach that compromises personal information could harm our reputation and result in a loss of player and/or employee confidence in our games and ultimately in a loss of players, which could adversely affect our business and impact our financial condition. A security breach could also involve loss or unavailability of business-critical data, and could require us to spend significant resources to mitigate and repair the breach, which in turn could compromise our growth and adversely affect our ability to attract, monetize or retain players. These risks could also subject us to liability under applicable security breach-related laws and regulations and could result in additional compliance costs, costs related to regulatory inquiries and investigations, and an inability to conduct our business. See “—If we sustain cyber-attacks or other privacy or data security incidents that result in security breaches, we could suffer a loss of sales and increased costs, exposure to significant liability, reputational harm and other negative consequences.”

Our business could be adversely impacted by changes relating to electronic marketing or the restriction of the use of third-party cookies and similar tracking technologies.

In recent years, European lawmakers and regulators have expressed concern over electronic marketing and the use of third-party cookies, web beacons and similar technology for online behavioral advertising. In the EEA and the United Kingdom, under national laws derived from the ePrivacy Directive, informed consent is required for the placement of certain cookies or similar technologies on a user’s device and for direct electronic marketing. European data protection laws also impose conditions on obtaining valid consent for cookies, such as a prohibition on pre-checked consents and a requirement to ensure separate consents are sought for each type of cookie or similar technology. Recent European court and regulator decisions and regulatory guidance are driving increased attention to cookies and tracking technologies and regulators across the EU and in the UK are increasingly active in enforcement in this area.

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Regulation of cookies, web beacons and other tracking technologies may lead to broader restrictions on our online activities, including efforts to understand followers’ internet usage and promote ourselves to them. If the trend of increasing enforcement by regulators of the strict approach to opt-in consent for all but essential use cases, as seen in recent guidance and decisions continues, this could lead to substantial costs, require significant systems changes, limit the effectiveness of our marketing activities, compromise our growth strategy, adversely affect our ability to attract, monetize or retain players, divert the attention of our technology personnel, increase regulatory scrutiny, and adversely affect our business, reputation, legal exposures, margins, financial condition and results of operations. Changes proposed by providers of major browsers to eliminate or restrict the usage of third-party cookies to track user behaviors, and to allow users to limit the collection of certain data generally or from specified websites and apps, could impair our ability to collect user information, including personal data and usage information, that helps us to understand followers’ internet usage, promote ourselves to them, and provide more targeted advertising. These changes could adversely affect our business, given our use of cookies and similar technologies to target our marketing and personalize the user experience. See “—Risks Related to the Company’s Business and Operations—Our business depends on our ability to collect and use data to deliver relevant content and advertisements, and any limitation on the collection and use of this data could cause us to lose revenues.”

In light of the complex and evolving nature of EU, EU Member State and UK privacy laws on cookies and tracking technologies, there can be no assurances that we will be successful in our efforts to comply with such laws; violations of such laws could result in regulatory investigations, fines, orders to cease/ change our use of such technologies, as well as civil claims including class actions, and reputational damage.

Our business, products, and distribution are subject to increasing regulation of content. If we do not successfully respond to these regulations, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

The video game industry has come under increased scrutiny from regulators and consumer advocacy groups, many of which are calling for increased regulation/oversight of the content of video games. While none of our games target children under 13 years of age as their primary audience, the FTC, as well as consumer organizations, may consider that the characteristics of several of our games attract children under 13 years of age. The U.S. Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act, or COPPA, regulates the collection, use and disclosure of personal information from children under 13 years of age. While none of our games are directed at children under 13 years of age, if COPPA were to apply to us, failure to comply with COPPA may increase our costs, subject us to expensive and distracting government investigations and could result in substantial fines. Although we have taken certain measures to identify which of our games are subject to COPPA due to their child-appealing nature and to comply with COPPA with respect to those games, if COPPA were to apply to us in a manner other than we have assessed or prepared for, our actual or alleged failure to comply with COPPA may increase our costs, subject us to expensive and distracting lawsuits or government investigations, could result in substantial fines or civil damages and could cause us to temporarily or permanently discontinue certain games or certain features and functions in games. On December 20, 2023, the Federal Trade Commission issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking recommending amendments to COPPA. The proposed changes would impose significant obligations on covered businesses and if adopted, would materially impact how companies subject to COPPA may collect personal information from children under 13 years of age.

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It is likely that other countries will follow with their own codes or guidance documents relating to processing personal information from children or in relation to online harms. For example, in the European Union, regulators are increasingly focusing on risks related to children’s data as part of the data protection and privacy compliance enforcement. In addition, in November 2022, the EU Digital Services Act (“DSA”) came into force, and the majority of the DSA’s substantive provisions relating to content moderation and transparency will take effect between 2023 and 2024. The DSA may increase our compliance costs and require changes to our user interfaces, processes and operations which may adversely affect our ability to attract, retain and provide our services to users, and may otherwise adversely affect our business, operations and financial condition. Failure to comply with the DSA can result in fines of up to 6% of total annual worldwide turnover and recipients of services have the right to seek compensation from providers in respect of damage or loss suffered due to infringement by the provider to comply with the DSA. The United Kingdom has enacted the “Age Appropriate Design Code,” a statutory code of practice pursuant to the United Kingdom Data Protection Act 2018. This code came into force on September 2, 2021, following a 12-month transition period for organizations to conform. The code requires online services, including our games that are likely to be accessed by children under 18, to put the best interests of the child’s privacy first in the design, development and data-related behavior of the game. The UK government has passed legislation relating to "online harms" (the Online Safety Act, “OSA”), which sets forth an extensive regulatory framework for certain services and imposes obligations to protect users from illegal content which, if applicable, may increase compliance costs and may otherwise adversely affect our business, operations and financial condition. Failure to comply with the OSA can result in fines of up to 10% of total annual worldwide turnover or £18 million (whichever is greater). New laws and regulations relating to children’s data, content moderation, online harms and online safety may result in substantial costs and may necessitate changes to our business practices which may compromise our growth strategy, adversely affect our ability to attract, monetize or retain players, and otherwise adversely affect our business, reputation, legal exposures, financial condition and results of operations. The improvements and changes we make may not be sufficient and we may find ourselves in breach of legislation, subject to audits and reviews by governmental authorities and subject to fines or penalties as a result of user content. Our brand and reputation may be damaged by reports of non-compliance.

Additionally, certain countries, such as the People’s Republic of China (the “PRC” or “China”), have laws that permit governmental entities to restrict marketing or distribution of interactive entertainment software products because of the content therein. For example, the government and regulatory authorities in China have adopted regulations governing content contained within videos, games, and other information over the internet. Under these regulations, internet content providers are prohibited from posting or displaying over the internet content that, among other things, violates the PRC laws and regulations, impairs the national dignity of China or the public interest, or is obscene, superstitious, fraudulent, violent or defamatory. Internet content providers are also prohibited from displaying content that may be deemed by relevant government authorities as “socially destabilizing” or leaking “state secrets” of China. Such regulations may extend to a prohibition on certain state flags, or scrutiny of in-game chat and messaging functions. These rules and regulations could limit our growth potential in China and may damage our reputation, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business. See “—Risk Related to the Company’s International Operations and Ownership—Expansion into new international markets, such as China, would subject us to increased regulatory oversight and regulatory, economic, social, health and political uncertainties, which could cause a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, and results of operations.”

Furthermore, the future implementation of similar laws or regulations in the jurisdictions in which we operate may restrict or prohibit the sale of our games or may require modifications to our games that are costly to implement, degrade the consumer experience to the point where users cease to play the affected games, or are not feasible at all. Further changes in the regulations, their interpretation or their enforcement could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

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Risks Related to the Company’s Intellectual Property

Our intellectual property rights and proprietary information help protect our business. If we are unable to obtain, maintain and enforce intellectual property protection for our games, or if the scope of intellectual property protection is not sufficiently broad, others may be able to develop and commercialize games substantially similar to ours, and our ability to successfully commercialize our games may be compromised.

We believe that our success depends, in part, on protecting our owned and licensed intellectual property, and we rely on applicable laws in various jurisdictions, as well as contractual restrictions. Our intellectual property rights include certain trademarks, copyrights and trade secrets relating to our games or technology we operate, and other rights in proprietary or confidential information. Our success may depend, in part, on our and our licensors’ ability to protect the trademarks, trade dress, names, logos or symbols under which we market our games and other products and to obtain and maintain copyright, trade secret and other intellectual property protection for the technologies, designs, software and innovations used in our games and our business. It is possible that third parties, including our competitors, may develop similar technology to ours that overlap or compete with our technology. If we are unable to adequately protect our intellectual property and other proprietary rights, our competitive position and our business could be harmed. We do not own any patents or pending patent applications, and may not own any in the future. Accordingly, we are not able to assert any patent infringement claims against any third party. Furthermore there is a risk that third parties may assert that our technology infringes their patents, and we may not be able successfully to defend such claims or to counterclaim in order to invalidate such third party patents. These third parties may seek to charge us a licensing fee or otherwise preclude the use of our technology.

We have pursued and continue to pursue the filing and registration of trademarks in the United States and certain other jurisdictions, a process that is expensive and time-consuming, particularly when it is likely that not all trademark applications will be successful. We may not pursue infringement claims or be able to obtain protection for our intellectual property rights in all jurisdictions. Our copyrights may not be recognized and our trademark applications may be denied in certain jurisdictions because they are determined, pursuant to the applicable law, not to fulfill the criteria for copyright or trademark protection. In some cases, to the extent that a trademark is not registered within a certain class or region, a third party may attempt to have a ‘competing’ trademark registered in such class or region thus diluting our trademark and damaging our goodwill. Even if we are successful in obtaining registered trademark and registered copyright protection, it is expensive to maintain these rights and the costs of defending our rights could be substantial. Moreover, our failure to develop and properly manage new intellectual property could hurt our market position and limit or eliminate our business opportunities. Furthermore, changes to intellectual property laws may jeopardize the enforceability and validity of our existing intellectual property portfolio and harm our ability to obtain protection for future intellectual property rights.

In addition, we cannot assure you that we will be able to maintain consumer value in our trademarks, copyrights or other intellectual property rights in our technologies, designs, software and innovations. The measures we take to protect our intellectual property rights may not provide us with a competitive advantage and our competitive position and our business could be harmed. Any of our owned or licensed intellectual property rights could be challenged, invalidated, circumvented, infringed, misappropriated or otherwise violated, our trade secrets and other confidential information could be disclosed in an unauthorized manner to third parties, or our intellectual property rights may not be sufficient to permit us to take advantage of current market trends, which could result in competitive harm.

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If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, our business and competitive position would be harmed.

We rely on maintaining as confidential our trade secrets and other proprietary information, including our know-how, software source code and technology, to maintain our competitive position. We enter into agreements containing obligations of confidentiality with our employees, independent contractors and other third parties in order to limit access to, and disclosure and use of, our trade secrets and proprietary information, but we cannot guarantee that we have entered into such agreements with each party that may have or have had access to our trade secrets or proprietary information. Further, any of these parties may breach the agreements and disclose our proprietary information, including our trade secrets, and we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for such breaches. Additionally, even if parties to whom we intentionally disclose our trade secrets and other proprietary information maintain the confidentiality of that information, third party actions may result in a breach of our information technology systems, or those of the persons to whom we disclosed our trade secrets or proprietary information, which could result in the loss of confidentiality of our trade secrets and proprietary information. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret is difficult, expensive, and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, some courts inside and outside the United States are less willing or unwilling to protect trade secrets. Trade secrets do not provide a monopoly protection right, so if any of our trade secrets were to be lawfully obtained or independently developed by a competitor or other third party, we would have no right to prevent them from using that technology or information to compete with us, which could harm our competitive position, business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

We may be subject to claims that our employees, consultants or advisors have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their current or former employers or claims asserting ownership of what we regard as our own intellectual property.

Many of our employees, consultants and advisors are currently or were previously employed at other companies in our field, including our competitors or potential competitors. Although we try to ensure that our employees, consultants and advisors do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us by including standard provisions in our employment agreements and contracts with consultants and advisors, we may be subject to claims that we or these individuals have used or disclosed intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of any such individual’s current or former employer in the performance of their work for us. If any such claims are asserted, whether they are made with or without basis, we may need to engage in litigation to defend against them. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable personnel and the right to use valuable intellectual property or proprietary information. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and our employees.

In addition, while it is our policy to require our employees and contractors who may be involved in the conception or development of intellectual property to execute agreements assigning such intellectual property to us, we may be unsuccessful in executing such an agreement with each party who, in fact, conceives or develops intellectual property that we regard as our own. The assignment of intellectual property rights may not be self-executing, or the assignment agreements may be breached, and we may be forced to bring claims against third parties, or defend claims that they may bring against us, to determine the ownership of what we regard as our intellectual property. Any of the foregoing could harm our competitive position, business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We may become involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our intellectual property, which could be expensive, time consuming and unsuccessful.

Third parties, including our competitors, could be infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating our intellectual property rights. Monitoring unauthorized use of our intellectual property is difficult and costly. The steps we have taken to protect our proprietary rights may not be adequate to enforce our rights against infringement, misappropriation or other violation of our intellectual property. We may not be able to detect unauthorized use of, or take appropriate steps to enforce, our intellectual property rights. Any inability to meaningfully enforce our intellectual property rights could harm our ability to compete and reduce demand for our games.

In the future, we may make claims of infringement against third parties, or make claims that third-party intellectual property rights are invalid or unenforceable. These claims could:

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In any lawsuit we bring to enforce our intellectual property rights, a court may refuse to stop the other party from using the technology at issue on grounds that our intellectual property rights do not cover the technology in question or that certain use which we believe to be harmful is a fair use. Further, in such proceedings, the defendant could counterclaim that our intellectual property is invalid or unenforceable and the court may agree, in which case we could lose valuable intellectual property rights. The outcome in any such lawsuits are unpredictable.

Litigation or other legal proceedings could result in public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments, and if securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the price of our common stock. We may not have sufficient financial or other resources to conduct such litigation or proceedings adequately. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of such litigation or proceedings more effectively than we can because of their greater financial resources and more mature and developed intellectual property portfolios. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of intellectual property proceedings could harm our ability to compete in the marketplace. In addition, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. Although disclosures made in the course of litigation are usually subject to non-disclosure and non-compete obligations, if a recipient of such disclosures did choose to use the information in its business it may be difficult for us to prove that any developments made by such recipient is as a direct result of unauthorized use of our confidential information. Any of the foregoing could harm our competitive position, business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We license certain intellectual property rights from third parties and, in the future, we may enter into additional agreements that provide us with licenses to valuable intellectual property rights or technology.

We license certain intellectual property rights from third parties related to the operations of our business, including licensed content for our games, rights needed to develop our own intellectual property and non-exclusive licenses with respect to the use of certain intellectual property rights of the platforms on which our games are offered. Even if games based on licensed content or brands remain popular, any of our licensors could decide not to renew our existing licenses or not to license additional intellectual property rights to us and instead license to our competitors or develop and publish its own games or other applications, competing with us in the marketplace. Many of these licensors already develop games for other platforms, and may have significant experience and development resources available to them should they decide to compete with us rather than license to us.

Failure to maintain or renew our existing licenses or to obtain additional licenses would impair our ability to introduce new games or to continue to offer our current games, which would materially harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. If we breach our obligations under existing or future licenses, we may be required to pay damages and our licensors might have the right to terminate the license. Termination by a licensor would cause us to lose valuable rights and could inhibit our ability to commercialize future games, which would harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, most of our licensed intellectual property rights are licensed to us on a non-exclusive basis. The owners of nonexclusively licensed intellectual property rights are free to license such rights to third parties, including our competitors, on terms that may be more advantageous than those offered to us, which could place us at a competitive disadvantage. In addition, the agreements under which we license intellectual property rights or technology from third parties are generally complex, and certain provisions in such agreements may be susceptible to multiple interpretations.

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In the future, we may identify additional third-party intellectual property rights we may need to license in order to engage in our business, including to develop or commercialize new games. However, such licenses may not be available on acceptable terms or at all. The licensing or acquisition of third-party intellectual property rights is a competitive area, and several more established companies may pursue strategies to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights that we may consider attractive or necessary. These established companies may have a competitive advantage over us due to their size, capital resources and greater development or commercialization capabilities. In addition, companies that perceive us to be a competitor may be unwilling to assign or license rights to us. Even if such licenses are available, we may be required to pay the licensor substantial royalties based on our net sales. Moreover, such licenses may be non-exclusive, which could give our competitors access to the same intellectual property rights licensed to us. If we are unable to enter into the necessary licenses on acceptable terms or at all, if any necessary licenses are subsequently terminated, if our licensors fail to abide by the terms of the licenses, if our licensors fail to prevent infringement by third parties, or if the licensed intellectual property rights are found to be invalid or unenforceable, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

Even if we are successful in gaining new licenses or extending existing licenses, we may fail to anticipate the entertainment preferences of our players when making choices about which brands or other content to license. If the entertainment preferences of players shift to content or brands owned or developed by companies with which we do not have relationships, we may be unable to establish and maintain successful relationships with these developers and owners, which would materially harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, some rights are licensed from licensors that have or may develop financial difficulties, and may enter into bankruptcy protection under U.S. federal law or the laws of other countries. We do not have source code escrow arrangements in place with any of these licensors and, as such, if any of our licensors files for bankruptcy, (i) our licenses might be impaired or voided, and (ii) we would not be provided with access to the proprietary source code which would enable us to keep running the software without the permission or assistance of the licensor, each of which could materially harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We use open source software in connection with certain of our games, which may pose particular risks to our proprietary software, games and services in a manner that could have a negative impact on our business.

We use open source software in connection with our technology and games. The original developers of the open source code provide no warranties on such code and open source software may have unknown bugs, malfunctions and other security vulnerabilities which could impact the performance and information security of our technology. Some open source software licenses impose significant limitations on the use of their proprietary software, including, among other things, a limitation on the number of free copies that may be distributed as well as the requirement to publicly disclose all or part of the source code to such proprietary software and/or make available any derivative works of the open source code on terms which would be unfavorable to us or at no cost. Although we believe we are in compliance with the license terms of the open source software that we use, from time to time, we may face claims from the copyright holders of open source software alleging copyright infringement and breach of contract for failure to meet the open source license terms, such as the failure to publicly disclose our proprietary code that is a derivative work of the open source software. Additionally, the copyright holders of certain open source software could demand release of the source code of any of our proprietary code that is a derivative work of the open source software, or otherwise seek to enforce, have us specifically perform, or recover damages for the alleged infringement or breach of, the terms of the applicable open source license. While we would not expect there to be a basis for such claims or for them to succeed, there is a risk that these types of claims may be brought and it is possible that such claims could succeed. These claims could also result in litigation, require us to purchase a costly license or require us to devote additional research and development resources to change our games and replace problematic open source software with third party licensed software or our proprietary software. The terms of various open source licenses have been interpreted by courts to a very limited extent, and there is a risk that such licenses could be construed in a manner that imposes unanticipated conditions, obligations or restrictions on our use of the open source software. We endeavor to use open source software in a manner that complies with the terms of the open source licenses while at the same time not requiring the disclosure of the source code of our proprietary software. Any failure to comply with the terms of the open source licenses could result in our being enjoined from using certain software and require us to replace certain code used in our games, pay a royalty or license fee to use some open source code, make the source code of our games publicly available, pay damages for copyright infringement or breach of contract of open source licenses, or temporarily or permanently discontinue certain games. The above risks could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, business, reputation, legal exposures, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

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The intellectual property rights of others may prevent us from developing new games and services or entering new markets or may expose us to liability or costly litigation.

Our success depends in part on our ability to continually adapt our games to incorporate new technologies, as well as intellectual property related to game mechanics and procedures, and to expand into markets that may be created by these new developments. If technologies are protected by the intellectual property rights of others, including our competitors, we may be prevented from introducing games based on these technologies or expanding into markets created by these technologies.

We cannot assure you that our business activities and games will not infringe upon the proprietary rights of others, or that other parties will not assert infringement claims against us. We may in the future be subject to litigation alleging that we have infringed the trademarks, copyrights, patents and other intellectual property rights of third parties, including our competitors, non-practicing entities and former employers of our personnel. A successful claim of infringement by a third party against us, our games or one of our licensees in connection with the use of our technologies, game mechanics or procedures, or an unsuccessful claim of infringement made by us against a third party or its products or games, could adversely affect our business or cause us financial harm. Any such claim and any resulting litigation, should it occur, could:

If any of our technologies or games are found to infringe, misappropriate or otherwise violate a third party’s intellectual property rights, we could be required to obtain a license from such third party to continue commercializing or using such technology or game. However, we may not be able to obtain any required license on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Even if we were able to obtain a license, it could be non-exclusive, thereby giving our competitors and other third parties access to the same technologies licensed to us, and it could require us to make substantial licensing and royalty payments. We could also be forced, including by court order, to cease the commercialization or use of the infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating technology, game or game element. Accordingly, we may be forced to design around such infringed, misappropriated or otherwise violated intellectual property, which may be expensive, time-consuming or infeasible. In addition, we could be found liable for significant monetary damages, including enhanced damages and attorneys’ fees, if we are found to have willfully infringed a patent or other intellectual property right. Claims that we have misappropriated the confidential information or trade secrets of third parties could similarly harm our business. If we are required to make substantial payments or undertake any of the other actions noted above as a result of any intellectual property infringement, misappropriation or other violation claims against us, such payments, costs or actions could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

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We may not be able to enforce our intellectual property rights throughout the world.

We may be required to protect our intellectual property and proprietary information in an increasing number of jurisdictions, a process that is expensive and may not be successful. Or we may not pursue protection of our intellectual property in every jurisdiction in which we or our licensees operate. Filing, prosecuting, maintaining, defending, and enforcing our intellectual property rights in all jurisdictions throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, and our intellectual property rights in some jurisdictions outside the United States may be less extensive than those in the United States. Competitors may use what we regard as our intellectual property in jurisdictions where we do not have protection over that intellectual property to develop their own games and, further, may export otherwise violating games to territories where we have protection. These games may compete with our games, and our intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent such competition. In addition, the laws of some foreign jurisdictions do not protect proprietary rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States, and many companies have encountered significant challenges in establishing and enforcing their intellectual property and other proprietary rights outside of the United States. These challenges can be caused by the absence or inconsistency of the application of rules and methods for the establishment and enforcement of intellectual property rights outside of the United States. In addition, the legal systems of some jurisdictions do not favor the enforcement of intellectual property protection. This could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement, misappropriation or other violation of our intellectual property rights. Accordingly, we may choose not to seek protection in certain jurisdictions, and we will not have the benefit of protection in such jurisdictions. Proceedings to enforce our intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business. Accordingly, our efforts to protect our intellectual property rights in such jurisdictions may be inadequate. In addition, changes in the law and legal decisions by courts in the United States and foreign jurisdictions may affect our ability to obtain adequate protection for our games or enforce our intellectual property rights. Any of the foregoing could harm our competitive position, business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

If our trademarks and trade names are not adequately protected, we may not be able to build name recognition in our markets of interest and our competitive position may be harmed.

The registered or unregistered trademarks or trade names that we own or use may be challenged, infringed, circumvented, declared generic, lapsed or determined to be infringing on or dilutive of other trademarks. We may not be able to protect or maintain our rights in these trademarks and trade names, which we need in order to build name recognition. In addition, third parties have filed, and may in the future file, for registration of trademarks similar or identical to our trademarks, thereby impeding our ability to build brand identity and possibly leading to market confusion and trademark dilution. If third parties succeed in registering or developing common law rights in such trademarks, and if we are not successful in challenging such third-party rights, we may not be able to use these trademarks to develop brand recognition of our games. In addition, there could be potential trade name or trademark infringement claims brought by owners of other registered trademarks or trademarks that incorporate variations of our registered or unregistered trademarks or trade names. If we are unable to establish name recognition based on our trademarks and trade names, we may not be able to compete effectively, which could harm our competitive position, business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

If we are not able to maintain and enhance our brand, our business and operating results may be adversely affected.

Our brand name, image and the goodwill that exists in both are integral to the growth of our business and to the implementation of our strategies for expanding our business. We believe that our brand image has significantly contributed to the success of our business and is critical to maintaining and expanding our customer base. Maintaining and enhancing our brand and goodwill may require us to make substantial investments in areas such as research and development, marketing and customer experience, and these investments may not be successful. Acquisitions of new businesses in accordance with our acquisition strategy may put additional pressure on our existing and newly acquired brands, and require us to invest more resources in developing, maintaining and further enhancing our brands.

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We anticipate that, as our business expands into new markets, we launch new game offerings and the industry in which we operate becomes increasingly competitive, maintaining and enhancing our brand may become difficult and expensive. For example, consumers in any new international markets into which we expand may not know our brand and/or may not accept our brand, resulting in increased costs to market and attract customers to our brand. Our brand may also be adversely affected if our public image or reputation is tarnished by negative publicity, including negative social media campaigns, poor reviews of our products or negative customer experiences. For example, we receive complaints from users regarding various aspect of our games, our policies and our practices. In particular, we have received complaints regarding inappropriate behavior and content posted in our in-game chats and via private messages among game players. Although we have implemented internal mechanisms to track and react to inappropriate behavior by our customers, we can provide no assurance that we will be able to react to such behavior in a timely manner in the future. This inability to react to such behavior in a timely manner may become increasingly problematic as legislation is being implemented in various jurisdictions in order to implement controls over harmful online behavior and increase the responsibility of platforms (see “—Risks Related to the Company’s Information Technology and Data Security—Our business, products, and distribution are subject to increasing regulation of content. If we do not successfully respond to these regulations, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected” above for further detail). In addition, we can provide no assurance that we will not be party to further claims and actions by either the customers affected by any inappropriate behavior or the customers who have been restricted or banned from our in-game chats for such behavior.

Additionally, in light of Russia’s ongoing military conflict in Ukraine, our brand may be adversely affected by our historical association with Russia. Our nexus to Russia was limited even prior to the Ukraine conflict, and we have minimized our exposure to Russia since its outbreak. The Issuer is incorporated in the British Virgin Islands and maintains its principal place of business in Cyprus. Moreover, the senior management team functions and the majority of the critical operations for the Company are conducted from Cyprus. While the Company draws upon personnel located in many other jurisdictions, which historically included Russia, the Company has relocated all personnel to jurisdictions outside Russia, Ukraine and Belarus and has divested itself of all subsidiaries in Russia. The Company has fully implemented its plan to eliminate, to the maximum extent possible within its control, all remaining connections to Russia. Notwithstanding these facts, any action or inaction taken by the Company arising from or relating to the Russian military conflict in Ukraine, including in respect of our former presence in Russia or our past association with Russia, could adversely affect our brand and could be negatively viewed by our investors, users or employees. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition (including our liquidity position) and results of operations.

Furthermore, ineffective marketing, product diversion to unauthorized distribution channels, product defects, unfair competition practices, unfair labor practices and failure to protect our intellectual property rights are among the potential threats to the strength of our brand, and those and other factors could rapidly and severely diminish consumer confidence in us and our brand. Failure to maintain the strength of our brand could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Use of generative artificial intelligence tools in our business may result in significant reputational harm and liability.

We use generative artificial intelligence tools (“Generative AI Tools”) in our business, including to generate software code and other materials and content for use in our games, and expect to use Generative AI Tools in the future. Generative AI refers to AI technology that creates new content (such as text, audio, data, images, video, software code) (“Output”) by leveraging content that the technology was trained on (e.g., through machine learning) in response to prompts submitted by a user (“Prompts”). Generative AI provides significant opportunities for new and efficient forms of content development across a wide range of applications. However, generative AI is relatively new and the business, legal and ethical landscape regarding its use, commercialization and regulation is unsettled and constantly evolving. Uncertainty in the legal regulatory regime relating to AI may require significant resources to modify and maintain business practices to comply with applicable laws.

Even in jurisdictions where copyright protection may be extended to AI-generated works, the ownership of any Outputs generated using Generative AI Tools may be subject to legal challenge. As a result, we may not be the legal owner of the Output, which in turn is likely to prevent or limit our ability to enforce our rights in the Output or make us unable to prevent others from copying it or reusing it, or unable to stop the provider of the Generative AI Tool from using identical Outputs. The Generative AI Tool’s terms of service may also declare that the provider of the Generative AI Tool owns the Outputs, or that it retains a broad right to re-use the Outputs beyond the right to use the Outputs (and the Prompts) to train the Generative AI Tool.

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In addition, we have little or no insight into the third-party content and materials used to train the Generative AI Tools, or the extent of the original works which remain in the Output. As a result, we may face claims from third parties claiming infringement of their intellectual property rights, or infringement of open-source licenses or other license terms. We could also be subject to claims from the providers of the Generative AI Tools if our use of the Output or the service is inconsistent with, or in breach of, the terms of use, and claims from our customers, including contractual claims if the agreement prohibits the use of AI-generated content in our offering and indemnification claims if our products or services, including our games, incorporate infringing Output. Any of these claims could result in legal proceedings and could require us to purchase a costly license, comply with the requirements of open-source software license terms, limit or cease using the Output unless and until we can re-engineer such Output to avoid infringement, or change the use of, or remove, the implicated Output. In practice, this could prevent us from selling the affected games or otherwise monetize the use of our games, and require removal of such games from the market, which could lead to reputational damage and loss of revenue.

Our use of Generative AI Tools for software development may also present additional security risks because the generated source code may have been modelled from publicly available code, or otherwise not subject to all of our standard internal controls. In addition, AI algorithms may be flawed, and datasets may be insufficient or contain biased information, which could result in inaccurate Output, or Output that contains security vulnerabilities or is discriminatory, unethical or biased.

We also face risks in respect of any personal data or confidential or proprietary information of the Company which may be included in any Prompts. Generative AI Tools do not typically have confidentiality or security obligations with respect to Prompts or Outputs. As a result, if our confidential information, or information of a third party to which we have an obligation to keep confidential, is included in the Prompt provided to the Generative AI Tool, the Generative AI Tool may disclose or reuse such confidential information, including re-creating the Output to others, or using the confidential information as training data for other Outputs, and we may not have the ability to prevent the Generative AI Tool from doing so. Additionally, there is the risk of personal data being included in a Prompt, which could result in such personal data being inappropriately transferred or processed. This could result in a breach of our obligations under applicable data protection laws, or contracts with third parties, which could put us at risk of a fine from the relevant regulator and/or a claim for damages. See “—Risks Related to the Company’s Information Technology and Data Security—Data privacy and security laws and regulations, and related guidance and standards, in the jurisdictions in which we do business could increase the cost of our operations and subject us to possible sanctions, civil lawsuits (including class action or similar representative lawsuits) and other penalties; such laws and regulations are continually evolving. Our or our platform and service providers’ actual or perceived failure to comply with these laws and regulations could harm our business).”

The risks resulting from use of Generative AI Tools could be difficult to eliminate or manage, and, if not addressed, could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, results of operations, financial condition and future prospects.

Risks Related to the Company’s International Operations and Ownership

We face added business, political, regulatory, operational, financial and economic risks as a result of our operations and distribution in a variety of countries, any of which could increase our costs and hinder our growth.

A significant portion of our operations are outside of the United States, including our principal executive offices in Cyprus and development centers in Armenia and Kazakhstan, and we generate a significant portion of our revenues from operations outside of the United States. For each of the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, we derived 65%, 67% and 69%, respectively, of our revenues from sales to players outside of the United States. Our operations in foreign jurisdictions may subject us to additional risks customarily associated with such operations, including:

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Certain of these laws also contain provisions that require accurate record keeping and further require companies to devise and maintain an adequate system of internal accounting controls. Although we have implemented policies and controls that are designed to ensure compliance with these laws, if those controls are ineffective or an employee or intermediary fails to comply with the applicable regulations, we may be subject to criminal and civil sanctions and other penalties. Any such violation could disrupt our business and adversely affect our reputation, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

Further, violations of the complex laws and regulations that apply to our business’ international operations in the various countries in which we operate may result in fines, criminal actions or sanctions against us, our officers or our employees; prohibitions on the conduct of our business; and damage to our reputation. Although we have implemented policies and procedures designed to promote compliance with these laws, there can be no assurance that our employees, contractors or agents will not violate our policies. These risks inherent in our international operations and expansion increase our costs of doing business internationally and could harm our business.

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Lastly, our ability to expand successfully in foreign jurisdictions involves other risks, including difficulties in integrating foreign operations, risks associated with entering jurisdictions in which we may have little experience and the day-to-day management of a growing and increasingly geographically diverse company. We may not realize the operating efficiencies, competitive advantages or financial results that we anticipate from our investments in foreign jurisdictions. In addition, our international business operations could be interrupted and negatively affected by terrorist activity, political unrest or other economic or political uncertainties. Moreover, foreign jurisdictions could impose tariffs, quotas, trade barriers and other similar restrictions on our international sales.

Our business may be adversely affected by the Company’s historical association with Russia.

The Company’s historical association with Russia could expose the Company to political or other risks related to Russia. While the Company believes its nexus to Russia is minimal, especially in light of the substantial measures we have taken to minimize our exposure to Russian country risk in the past years since the outbreak of the Russian military conflict in Ukraine, the Company’s historical association with Russia could continue to subject us to certain risks associated with Russia. Furthermore, for the year ended December 31, 2023, we derived 8% of our total revenue from the Former Soviet Union countries.

All of our vital infrastructure, including our servers and licenses, as well as our personnel, are located outside Russia. However, historically, we conducted what we consider to be non-vital business operations within Russia. Following the outbreak of the Russian military action in Ukraine and the severe measures taken by members of the global community in response thereto, our board of directors determined that it is in the best interests of the Company, our player community and our investors to eliminate – to the maximum extent possible within the Company’s control – our exposure to country risks related to Russia, and implemented a strategic plan to exit Russia.

We have completed the execution of our strategic plan in 2023. In particular, we have (i) fully divested ourselves of all of our (former) Russian-based subsidiaries, which entities were subsequently liquidated by the acquiring owners, (ii) discontinued offering of our games through Russian social networks, (iii) relocated or laid-off all employees in Russia, and (iv) moved all our former Russian business operations to other countries.

We are actively monitoring the situation in Ukraine and assessing its impact on our business. To date we have not experienced any material interruptions in our infrastructure, supplies, technology systems or networks needed to support our operations. We have no way to predict the progress or outcome of the conflict in Ukraine or its impacts in Ukraine, Russia or Belarus as the conflict, and any resulting government reactions, continue to develop and beyond our control. The extent and duration of the military action, sanctions and resulting market disruptions could be significant and could potentially have substantial impact on the global economy and our business for an unknown period of time. Any of the abovementioned factors could impact our revenue stream from paying users in Russia and could have a material adverse impact on our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results. Any such disruptions may also magnify the impact of other risks described in this Annual Report.

Additionally, in the future, we may consider independent studios in the Former Soviet Union as potential acquisition targets, which would expose us to a higher risk of potential violations of sanctions related to Russia due to the higher potential for those studios to have ties to sanctioned persons. While we undertake a customary level of due diligence in respect of every company we target for acquisition, we can provide no assurance that our due diligence investigation of these companies will always be sufficient to uncover every potential violation of sanctioned activities or relationships with sanctioned persons. In the event that we should be or become in violation of compliance with existing or future sanctions in connection with our acquisition strategy or otherwise, we could be subject to significant penalties, including substantial monetary fines, and reputational harm. See “—Any failure to comply with the anti-corruption, trade compliance and economic sanctions laws and regulations of the United States and applicable jurisdictions could materially adversely affect our reputation and results of operations.”

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Any failure to comply with the anti-corruption, trade compliance and economic sanctions laws and regulations of the United States and applicable jurisdictions could materially adversely affect our reputation and results of operations.

Because we operate internationally, we must comply with anti-corruption laws and regulations imposed by governments around the world with jurisdiction over our operations, which may include the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 (the “FCPA”) and the UK Bribery Act 2010 (the “Bribery Act”), as well as the laws of the countries where we do business. These laws and regulations apply to companies, individual directors, officers, employees and agents, and may restrict our operations, trade practices, investment decisions and partnering activities. Where they apply, the FCPA and the Bribery Act prohibit us and our officers, directors, employees and business partners acting on our behalf, including joint venture partners and agents, from corruptly offering, promising, authorizing or providing anything of value to public officials for the purposes of influencing official decisions or obtaining or retaining business or otherwise obtaining favorable treatment. The Bribery Act also prohibits non-governmental “commercial” bribery and accepting bribes. As part of our business, we may deal with governments and state-owned business enterprises, the employees and representatives of which may be considered public officials for purposes of the FCPA and the Bribery Act. We also are subject to the jurisdiction of various governments and regulatory agencies around the world, which may bring our personnel and agents into contact with public officials responsible for issuing or renewing permits, licenses or approvals or for enforcing other governmental regulations. In addition, some of the international locations in which we operate lack a developed legal system and have elevated levels of corruption.

Our business also must be conducted in compliance with applicable economic and trade sanctions and export control laws and regulations, such as those administered and enforced by the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”), the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Department of Commerce, the United Nations Security Council, and other relevant authorities. Our global operations expose us to the risk of violating, or being accused of violating, anti-corruption, economic and trade sanction, and export control laws and regulations. Any failure to comply with these laws and regulations may expose us to reputational harm as well as significant penalties, including criminal fines, imprisonment, civil fines, disgorgement of profits, injunctions and debarment from government contracts, as well as other remedial measures. Investigations of alleged violations can be expensive and disruptive. Despite our compliance efforts and activities we cannot assure compliance by our employees or representatives for which we may be held responsible, and any such violation could materially adversely affect our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

We do not currently have contracts directly with persons, entities, or businesses that are the target of comprehensive U.S. or other applicable sanctions, such as parties on the Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List (the “SDN List”) maintained by OFAC, or similar sanctions-related lists of designated persons maintained by other relevant sanctions authorities.¹ We continuously review and monitor our third-party relationships to confirm that our business partners and contractual counterparties, as well as any beneficial owners of our securities of which we are aware (“Business Contacts”) are not the target of such sanctions. In the event that we were to determine that a party with which we have an existing relationship became the target of comprehensive sanctions, we would immediately activate a legal analysis to determine the most appropriate course of action to comply with the sanction regulations, together with the impact of a contractual termination according to the applicable law, and then proceed as required by the regulatory authorities. To the extent that a Business Contact were to become the target of comprehensive sanctions, the existence of this relationship (including the past association with the Company) could materially adversely affect our reputation, which may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

¹On December 12, 2023, Ivan Tavrin – a former member of our board of directors and a minority shareholder in the Company through his beneficial ownership (or deemed beneficial ownership) of GDEV ordinary shares and warrants – was added to the SDN List by OFAC pursuant to Executive Order 14024. The Company does not have any outstanding contracts with Ivan Tavrin or any of his affiliates, and does not believe that the sanctions imposed on Ivan Tavrin have any direct impact on the Company, its business operations or processes.

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Furthermore, even if an entity is not formally targeted by sanctions by the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom or other jurisdictions, customers and business partners of such entity may decide to reevaluate or cancel projects with such entity for reputational or other reasons. As result of the ongoing conflict in Ukraine, many U.S. and other multi-national businesses across a variety of industries, including consumer goods and retail, food, energy, finance, media and entertainment, technology, travel and logistics, manufacturing and others, have indefinitely suspended their operations and paused commercial activities in Russia and Belarus. For example, Apple and Google, two of the primary platforms that distribute our games, have suspended their respective digital wallet and mobile payment services, Apple Pay and Google Pay, in relation to credit cards issued by Russian financial institutions that are the subject of sanctions. Players who access our games via these platforms in Russia (that use credit cards issued by such financial institutions) will therefore be disconnected from the primary means to make in-game purchases. We therefore have experienced and expect a continued significant decline in Bookings, and therefore revenues, derived from players located in Russia, which may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Further, because end-users may download our games on third-party platforms that we do not control, our games may be downloaded and played by persons that are the target, or individuals in countries or territories that are the target, of economic sanctions administered by the United States, the European Union and other governmental authorities. Although we have taken steps to limit the ability of end-users to download our games from sanctioned countries, we cannot eliminate the risk that our games will be played in countries or territories that are the target of economic sanctions administered by the United States, the European Union and other governmental authorities.

It may be difficult to enforce a judgment of a U.S. court against us and our officers and directors, to assert U.S. securities laws claims in Cyprus or to serve process on our officers and directors.

We maintain offices in Cyprus and many of our employees and officers and directors are residents of Cyprus. Certain of our assets and the assets of these persons are located in Cyprus. Therefore, a judgment obtained against us, or any of these persons, including a judgment based on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws, may not be collectible in the United States and may not necessarily be enforced by a Cypriot court. It also may be difficult to affect service of process on these persons in the United States or to assert U.S. securities law claims in original actions instituted in Cyprus. Additionally, it may be difficult for an investor, or any other person or entity, to initiate an action with respect to U.S. securities laws in Cyprus. Cypriot courts may refuse to hear a claim based on an alleged violation of U.S. securities laws reasoning that Cyprus is not the most appropriate forum in which to bring such a claim. In addition, even if a Cypriot court agrees to hear a claim, it may determine that Cypriot law and not U.S. law is applicable to the claim. If U.S. law is found to be applicable, the content of applicable U.S. law must be proven as a fact by expert witnesses, which can be a time consuming and costly process. Certain matters of procedure will also be governed by Cypriot law. There is little binding case law in Cyprus that addresses the matters described above. As a result of the difficulty associated with enforcing a judgment against us in Cyprus, you may not be able to collect any damages awarded by either a U.S. or foreign court.

We are exposed to fluctuations in currency exchange rates, which could negatively affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Our functional currency is the U.S. Dollar and our expenses are primarily denominated in U.S. Dollars. However, a substantial portion of our revenue are denominated in euros and other currencies. This foreign currency exposure gives rise to market risk associated with weakening of these other currencies versus the U.S. Dollar.

Users of our games pay for in game purchases with their local currencies in the jurisdictions in which we operate. We receive Bookings from third-party platforms that distribute our games, which convert payments received in local currencies into U.S. Dollars and/or euros at spot rates that are outside of our control. For example, in the past, we have experienced a reduction of our Bookings due to a fast depreciation in Japanese yen. Should exchange rates change dramatically, this could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. In addition, increased international sales in the future may result in greater foreign currency denominated sales, increasing our foreign currency risk.

Moreover, operating expenses incurred outside the United States and denominated in foreign currencies are increasing and are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. If we are not able to successfully hedge against the risks associated with currency fluctuations, our financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected. To date, we have not entered into any hedging transactions in an effort to reduce our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. While we may decide to enter into hedging transactions in the future, the availability and effectiveness of these hedging transactions may be limited and we may not be able to successfully hedge our exposure, which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

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We are subject to various laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which we operate, many of which are unsettled or are subject to change. We may be unable to identify or address regulatory changes in timely manner or at all, which could lead to additional compliance costs, customer claims and investigations by regulators, which in turn, can have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to a variety of laws in the jurisdictions in which we operate, including laws regarding advertising, consumer protection and intellectual property, which are continuously evolving and developing. The scope and interpretation of the laws that are or may be applicable to us are often uncertain and may be conflicting, particularly laws outside the United States. For example, in 2022 and 2023, we received notification from regulators in Canada, Australia and Germany alleging that certain of our advertising was misleading or inappropriate. While we have amended or discontinued the adverts referenced in the notices and do not expect further action from the relevant regulators, we may be subject to further complaints and, as a result, our reputation may be harmed and our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Additionally, laws relating to the liability of providers of online services for activities of their users and other third parties are currently being tested by a number of claims, including actions based on invasion of privacy and other torts, unfair competition, copyright and trademark infringement, and other theories based on the nature and content of the materials searched, the adverts posted or the content provided by users. It is also likely that as our business grows and evolves and our games are played in a greater number of countries, we will become subject to laws and regulations in additional jurisdictions. We are potentially subject to a number of foreign and domestic laws and regulations that affect the offering of certain types of content, such as content that depicts violence, many of which are ambiguous, still evolving and could be interpreted in ways that could harm our business or expose us to liability. It is difficult to predict how existing laws will be applied to our business and the new laws to which we may become subject.

We may be unable to identify or address regulatory changes in a timely manner or at all, which could lead to additional compliance costs, customer claims and investigations by regulators, which in turn, can have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. We may be forced to implement new measures to address regulatory changes, which may require us to expend substantial resources or to modify our games, which would harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, the increased attention focused upon liability issues as a result of lawsuits and legislative proposals could harm our reputation or otherwise impact the growth of our business. Any costs incurred as a result of this potential liability could harm our business and operating results.

We have no controlling shareholders, however, the loss of one or more of our largest shareholders could significantly harm our business.

We are held by a diverse group of shareholders. Our largest shareholders include our co-founders, Andrey Fadeev and Boris Gertsovskiy and Everix Investments Limited, who beneficially own an aggregate of approximately 22%, 16% and 41%, respectively, of our currently outstanding ordinary shares, and whose individual interests will influence the decision-making process of the Company by means of their representation on our Board of Directors. As a result, we have no single controlling shareholder able to influence key decision making and therefore any disagreements among our largest shareholders could potentially adversely affect the key decision-making process, which could result in significant disruptions to our business and may materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, cash flows or financial condition.

Conversely, these largest shareholders, acting together, could have significant influence over the outcome of matters submitted to our shareholders for approval, including the election or removal of directors; any amendments to our memorandum and articles of association; any merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of our assets; and over the management and affairs of the Company. Furthermore, our memorandum and articles of association contain provisions requiring certain matters to be approved by a supermajority vote of directors (all directors minus one) that effectively allow any two directors to block actions that the other directors believe are in the best interests of the Company and may materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, cash flows or financial condition. Matters that require the approval of a supermajority of directors include:

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The limitations on the ability of the directors to amend the Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association are set out below. The directors do not have the power to amend the Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association:

The beneficial owners of Everix Investments Limited are Igor Bukhman and Dmitrii Bukhman, founders of Playrix (a leading global mobile games developer), which is a competitor of the Company. As a result, they may have a conflict of interest in certain decision-making processes, which may be adverse to that of the Company or our shareholders.

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Our largest shareholders have particular expertise in various aspects essential to the ongoing operations and growth plans of the Company. Any loss of any particular group of shareholders that contributes its expertise to the Company, either by way of disposition of shares and/or discontinuation of their representation on our Board of Directors, could result in the loss of expertise essential to the ongoing operations and growth plans of the Company and could result in significant disruptions to our business, and therefore be materially adverse.

Expansion into new international markets, such as China, would subject us to increased regulatory oversight and regulatory, economic, social, health and political uncertainties, which could cause a material adverse effect on our business, financial position and results of operations.

We may in the future expand our business and operations into new international jurisdictions in which we have limited operating experience, including with respect to seeking regulatory approvals and marketing and selling our games, products and services. For example, our growth in China could be limited by the available legal protections and uncertain aspects of the PRC legal system. Furthermore, under the PRC legal system, the government’s intervention power can be more expansive than in other jurisdictions. The PRC legal system is a civil law system based on written statutes. Unlike common law systems, decided legal cases have little precedential value. In 1979, the PRC government began to promulgate a comprehensive system of laws and regulations governing economic matters in general. The overall effect of legislation over the past three decades has significantly enhanced the protections afforded to various forms of foreign investment in China. For example, with respect to data protection and cybersecurity, China has recently passed its Cybersecurity Law, Data Security Law and Personal Information Protection Law, all of which aim to regulate the processing of and activities related to data and personal data. However, these laws, regulations and legal requirements change frequently, and their interpretation and enforcement involve uncertainties. The PRC administrative and court authorities have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory and contractual terms, it may be more difficult to evaluate the outcome of administrative and court proceedings and the level of legal protection available than in other legal systems. Furthermore, the PRC legal system is based in part on government policies and internal rules (some of which are not published on a timely basis or at all) that may have a retroactive effect. Furthermore, intellectual property rights and confidentiality protections in China may not be as effective as in the United States or other countries. Additionally, the Chinese central government exercises significant control over the Chinese economy, including through controlling capital, foreign currency exchange, foreign exchange rates and tax regulations, providing preferential treatment to certain industry segments or companies and issuing required licenses to conduct business. These uncertainties could limit our growth potential in China, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Changes in tax law and differences in interpretation of tax laws and regulations may adversely impact our financial statements.

We operate in multiple jurisdictions and are subject to tax laws and regulations of the U.S. federal, state and local and non-U.S. governments. U.S. federal, state and local and non-U.S. tax laws and regulations are complex and subject to varying interpretations. U.S. federal, state and local and non-U.S. tax authorities may interpret tax laws and regulations differently than we do and challenge tax positions that we have taken. This may result in differences in the treatment of revenues, deductions, credits and/or differences in the timing of these items. The differences in treatment may result in payment of additional taxes, interest or penalties that could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Further, future changes to U.S. federal, state and local and non-U.S. tax laws and regulations could increase our tax obligations in jurisdictions where we do business, or are deemed to do business, for tax purposes, or require us to change the manner in which we conduct some aspects of our business.

Due to the nature of our business, we are likely subject to significant taxes and fees that could increase at any time and could materially affect our financial condition and results of operations.

The gaming industry represents a significant source of tax revenue to many jurisdictions. Gaming companies are currently subject to significant taxes and fees in addition to normal corporate income taxes, and such taxes and fees are subject to increase at any time. From time to time, various legislators and other government officials have proposed and adopted changes in tax laws, or in the administration or interpretation of such laws, affecting the gaming industry. In addition, any worsening of economic conditions and the large number of jurisdictions with significant current or projected budget deficits could intensify the efforts of governments to raise revenues through increases in gaming taxes and/or other taxes. It is not possible to determine with certainty the likelihood of changes in tax laws or in the administration or interpretation or enforcement of such laws. Any material increase in tax rates, or the adoption of additional taxes or fees, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

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Additionally, tax authorities may impose indirect taxes on internet-related commercial activity based on existing statutes and regulations or newly enacted law. Tax authorities may interpret existing tax laws originally enacted for commercial activities that are physically carried out and apply it to internet-based activities as well. The application of such laws may be inconsistent from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Our in-jurisdiction activities may vary from period to period which could result in differences in nexus from period to period.

Risks Related to the Company’s Securities and the Offering

The price of our ordinary shares and warrants may be volatile.

The price of our ordinary shares and warrants may fluctuate due to a variety of factors, including:

Additionally, prompted by sanctions imposed in response to geopolitical developments between Russia and Ukraine, on February 28, 2022, Nasdaq imposed a suspension of trading in GDEV’s ordinary shares and warrants. Since that date, the Company has substantially minimized its exposure to Russia, which was limited even prior to the Ukraine conflict, and trading of our securities resumed on Nasdaq as of March 16, 2023, over one year following the imposition of the trading suspension. Since the time it has resumed, trading of GDEV’s ordinary shares and warrants on Nasdaq has been highly volatile, and it may continue to experience significant pressure for some time as a result of the lack of liquidity during the prolonged period in which trading was suspended.

These market and industry factors may materially reduce the market price of our ordinary shares and warrants, regardless of our operating performance. Broad market and industry fluctuations, as well as general economic, political, regulatory and market conditions, may also negatively impact the market price of our ordinary shares and warrants. In addition, technology stocks have historically experienced high levels of volatility. In the past, companies who have experienced volatility in the market price of their securities have been subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future, which could result in substantial expenses and divert our management’s attention.

Sales of a substantial number of our ordinary shares in the public market by our securityholders could cause the price of our ordinary shares to fall, and the Sponsor may still experience a positive rate of return on its resale of our ordinary shares.

We have registered for resale by certain selling securityholders up to 222,516,619 ordinary shares and up to 7,750,000 warrants. Furthermore, we have registered 9,826,155 ordinary shares subject to issuance under our 2021 Employee Stock Option Plan, which ordinary shares may, upon issuance, be resold in the public market. Sales of a substantial number of ordinary shares in the public market by those selling securityholders and/or by our other securityholders, or the perception that those sales might occur, could depress the market price of our ordinary shares and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities. We are unable to predict the effect that such sales may have on the prevailing market price of our ordinary shares.

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Upon Kismet’s initial public offering (the “IPO”), the Sponsor held an aggregate of 6,750,000 Kismet founder shares which it had acquired against a capital contribution of $25,000, representing an acquisition price of approximately $0.0037 per share. In the IPO, Kismet issued 25,000,000 units to public holders at a price of $10.00 per unit, with each unit consisting of one Kismet ordinary share and one-half of one Kismet warrant. Simultaneously with the consummation of the IPO, the Sponsor purchased 6,750,000 Kismet private placement warrants at a purchase price of $6,750,000, or $1.00 per private placement warrant. Upon the consummation of the Transactions, (i) the Sponsor’s 6,750,000 Kismet founder shares were converted into 6,750,000 GDEV ordinary shares, (ii) 3,188,758 Kismet ordinary shares issued to public holders (following the redemption of 21,811,242 Kismet ordinary shares prior to the Transactions) were converted to 3,188,758 GDEV ordinary shares, (iii) the Sponsor’s 6,750,000 Kismet private placement warrants were converted into 6,750,000 GDEV private placement warrants, (iv) the Sponsor acquired, pursuant to the terms of an amended and restated forward purchase agreement, 5,000,000 GDEV ordinary shares and 1,000,000 GDEV warrants for an aggregate purchase price of $50,000,000, or approximately $9.86 per GDEV ordinary share and approximately $0.72 per GDEV warrant (assuming an estimated purchase price allocation based upon the closing trading price of Kismet’s public warrants of $0.72 on August 27, 2021, the closing date of the Transactions), and (v) the Sponsor transferred, pursuant to the PIPE subscription financing, 1,625,000 GDEV private placement warrants to the PIPE investors, for which the Sponsor did not receive any consideration.

The ordinary shares being offered for resale by the aforementioned selling securityholders amounts to approximately 90.0% of our ordinary shares outstanding as of December 31, 2023 on a fully diluted basis assuming both (a) the exercise of all outstanding warrants and the exercise of all options vested as of that date and (b) the issuance of all ordinary shares issuable under our 2021 Employee Stock Option Plan (excluding ordinary shares associated with such vested options). Given the substantial number of ordinary shares registered for potential resale by those selling securityholders, the sale of ordinary shares by those selling securityholders, or the perception in the market that the selling securityholders of a large number of shares intend to sell shares, could increase the volatility of the market price of our ordinary shares or result in a significant decline in the public trading price of our ordinary shares. Even if our trading price is significantly below $10.00, the offering price of the Kismet units offered in its IPO, the Sponsor, one of those selling securityholders, may still have an incentive to sell our ordinary shares because it acquired 6,750,000 ordinary shares relating to the 6,750,000 Kismet founder shares at prices lower than the public investors or the last reported trading price of our ordinary shares. For example, based on the last reported sale price of our ordinary shares of $2.23 on April 26, 2024, the Sponsor would experience a potential profit in respect of 6,750,000 of its GDEV ordinary shares relating to the 6,750,000 Kismet founder shares of up to approximately $2.226 per share, or approximately $15.0 million in the aggregate. While the Sponsor may experience a positive rate of return based on the trading price of our ordinary shares, the public holders of our ordinary shares may not experience a similar rate of return on the ordinary shares they purchase due to differences in the applicable purchase price and trading price. Ivan Tavrin, a former director of the Company and the former sole owner of the Sponsor who maintains sole voting and dispositive power over all of GDEV ordinary shares held by the Sponsor until February 15, 2025 (and therefore may be deemed to share beneficial ownership over the GDEV ordinary shares owned by the Sponsor), has caused the Sponsor to offer its entire holding in GDEV securities, comprising 11,750,000 ordinary shares and 6,125,000 warrants, for resale. On December 12, 2023, the U.S. Department of Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control added Ivan Tavrin to its Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List (“SDN List”) pursuant to Executive Order 14024. Accordingly, until such time, if any, that Ivan Tavrin is removed from the SDN List, the Sponsor will be restricted from selling any GDEV ordinary shares held by it.

We will be able to issue additional ordinary shares upon the exercise of our outstanding warrants, the exercise of the options granted to Kismet’s former independent directors, and issuances pursuant to an equity incentive plan, all of which would increase the number of shares eligible for future resale in the public market and result in dilution to our shareholders.

Upon consummation of the Transactions, we had 20,249,993 warrants outstanding, each of which entitles the holder thereof to one Company ordinary share upon exercise, as well as options entitling Kismet’s former independent directors to 120,000 Company ordinary shares upon exercise. Furthermore, our 2021 Employment Stock Option Plan has a total size equaling 5% of our total ordinary shares outstanding upon the consummation of the Transactions. Our warrants became exercisable commencing on September 25, 2021 and will expire at 5:00 p.m., New York City time, on August 26, 2026 or earlier upon redemption or liquidation, and the options granted to Kismet’s former independent directors are immediately exercisable. To the extent the warrants or options are exercised, or awards are made under our 2021 Employment Stock Option Plan, additional Company ordinary shares will be issued, which will result in dilution to our shareholders and increase the number of our ordinary shares eligible for resale in the public market. Sales of substantial numbers of such shares in the public market or the fact that such securities may be exercised could adversely affect the market price of our ordinary shares.

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Furthermore, we may issue additional equity or convertible debt securities in the future which may dilute our existing shareholders’ holdings. In accordance with our Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association, we are authorized to issue an unlimited number of ordinary shares, and existing shareholders will have no pre-emptive rights in connection with such further issuances. The Company currently holds 17,570,264 of its ordinary shares in treasury, all or a portion of which the Company intends to reintroduce into the securities markets with the aim to bolster the trading liquidity of the Company’s ordinary shares by increasing its public float. We cannot predict the size or nature of future issuances or the effect that future issuances and sales of our ordinary shares will have on the market price of our ordinary shares. Issuances of a substantial number of additional ordinary shares, including in connection with acquisitions of new businesses in accordance with our acquisition strategy, or the perception that such issuances could occur, may adversely affect prevailing market prices for our ordinary shares. With any additional issuance of our ordinary shares, our investors will suffer dilution to their voting power and economic interest.

Certain Company Shareholders control the Company and their interests may conflict with ours or those of our shareholders in the future.

Approximately 79.5% of our currently outstanding ordinary shares are beneficially owned by Andrey Fadeev, Boris Gertsovskiy and Everix Investments Limited. Moreover, these shareholders have the right to designate directors subject to the maintenance of certain ownership requirements in the Company. See “Item 10 Additional Information—B. Memorandum and Articles of Association.” Even if and when these shareholders cease to own a majority of our outstanding ordinary shares, for so long as they continue to own a significant percentage of our ordinary shares, they will still be able to significantly influence or effectively control the composition of our board of directors and the approval of actions requiring shareholder approval through their voting power. Accordingly, for such period of time, these will have significant influence with respect to the Company’s management, business plans and policies, including the appointment and removal of our officers. In particular, for so long as these shareholders continue to own a significant percentage of our outstanding ordinary shares, these will be able to cause or prevent a change of control of the Company or a change in the composition of our board of directors and could preclude any unsolicited acquisition of the Company. The concentration of ownership could deprive our shareholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their shares as part of a sale of the Company and ultimately might affect the market price of our ordinary shares.

If we fail to maintain an effective system of disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting, our ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements or comply with applicable regulations could be impaired.

As a U.S. public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”), and the rules and regulations of the applicable listing standards of Nasdaq subject to applicable exemptions as long as we qualify as a foreign private issuer and emerging growth company. Our management expects that the requirements of these rules and regulations will continue to increase our legal, accounting and financial compliance costs, make some activities more difficult, time-consuming and costly and place significant strain on our personnel, systems and resources.

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. In particular, Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (“Section 404”) requires us to perform system and process evaluation and testing of our internal control over financial reporting to allow management to report on, and our independent registered public accounting firm potentially to attest to, the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. As an emerging growth company, our management expects to avail itself of the exemption from the requirement that our independent registered public accounting firm attest to the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404. See “—As an ‘emerging growth company,’ we cannot be certain if the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to ‘emerging growth companies’ will make our ordinary shares less attractive to investors.” However, we may no longer avail ourselves of this exemption when we cease to be an emerging growth company. At such time, our independent registered public accounting firm may issue a report that is adverse in the event it is not satisfied with the level at which our internal control over financial reporting is documented, designed or operating. As a public company, we are required to provide an annual management report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Since becoming subject to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act as a U.S. public company, in the financial years prior to the year ended December 31, 2023, we identified material weaknesses and significant deficiencies in our internal controls over financial reporting, which we have fully remediated as of December 31, 2023. Nevertheless, we can give no assurance that additional material weaknesses and/or significant deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting will not be identified in the future. Any failure to maintain effective disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting could have a material and adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition and could cause a decline in the trading price of our ordinary shares.

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As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from a number of rules under the U.S. securities laws and are permitted to file less information with the SEC than a U.S. company. This may limit the information available to holders of our ordinary shares.

We are a foreign private issuer, as such term is defined in Rule 405 under the Securities Act. However, under Rule 405, the determination of foreign private issuer status is made annually on the last business day of an issuer’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter and, accordingly, the next determination will be made with respect to the Company on June 30, 2024.

As a foreign private issuer, we are not subject to all of the disclosure requirements applicable to public companies organized within the United States. For example, we are exempt from certain rules under the Exchange Act that regulate disclosure obligations and procedural requirements related to the solicitation of proxies, consents or authorizations applicable to a security registered under the Exchange Act, including the U.S. proxy rules under Section 14 of the Exchange Act (including the requirement applicable to emerging growth companies to disclose the compensation of its Chief Executive Officer and the other two most highly compensated executive officers on an individual, rather than an aggregate, basis). In addition, our officers and directors are exempt from the reporting and “short-swing” profit recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act and related rules with respect to their purchases and sales of our securities. Moreover, while our management expects to submit quarterly interim consolidated financial data to the SEC under cover of the SEC’s Form 6-K, we will not be required to file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. public companies, and will not be required to file quarterly reports on Form 10-Q or current reports on Form 8-K under the Exchange Act. Furthermore, our ordinary shares are not listed on any market in BVI and we do not currently intend to list our ordinary shares on any market in BVI, the Company’s home country. As a result, we are not subject to the reporting and other requirements of companies listed in BVI. Accordingly, there may be less publicly available information concerning our business than there would be if the Company were a public company organized in the United States.

We may lose our foreign private issuer status in the future, which could result in significant additional cost and expense.

In the future, the Company would lose its foreign private issuer status if a majority of its shareholders, directors or management are U.S. citizens or residents and it fails to meet additional requirements necessary to avoid loss of foreign private issuer status. Although our management has elected to comply with certain U.S. regulatory provisions, the loss of foreign private issuer status would make such provisions mandatory. The regulatory and compliance costs to the Company under U.S. securities laws as a U.S. domestic issuer may be significantly higher. If we are not a foreign private issuer, we will be required to file periodic reports and registration statements on U.S. domestic issuer forms with the SEC, which are more detailed and extensive than the forms available to a foreign private issuer. For example, the annual report on Form 10-K requires domestic issuers to disclose executive compensation information on an individual basis with specific disclosure regarding the domestic compensation philosophy, objectives, annual total compensation (base salary, bonus, and equity compensation) and potential payments in connection with change in control, retirement, death or disability, while the annual report on Form 20-F permits foreign private issuers to disclose compensation information on an aggregate basis. We would also have to mandatorily comply with U.S. federal proxy requirements, and our officers, directors, and principal shareholders will become subject to the short-swing profit disclosure and recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act. We may also be required to modify certain of our policies to comply with good governance practices associated with U.S. domestic issuers. Such conversion and modifications will involve additional costs. In addition, we may lose our ability to rely upon exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements on U.S. stock exchanges that are available to foreign private issuers.

We incur costs and obligations as a result of being a public company.

As a privately held company, Nexters Global was not required to comply with certain corporate governance and financial reporting practices and policies required of a publicly traded company. As a publicly traded company following the consummation of the Transactions, we incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we were not required to incur in the recent past, and will incur additional expenses after we are no longer an “emerging growth company” as defined under the JOBS Act. In addition, new and changing laws, regulations and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure, including the Dodd Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and the rules and regulations promulgated and to be promulgated thereunder, as well as under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the JOBS Act, and the rules and regulations of the SEC and national securities exchanges have created uncertainty for public companies and increased the costs and the time that our board of directors and management must devote to complying with these rules and regulations. Our management expects these rules and regulations to increase our legal and financial compliance costs and lead to a diversion of management time and attention from revenues generating activities.

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Furthermore, the need to establish the corporate infrastructure demanded of a public company may divert management’s attention from its focus on our business strategy, which could prevent the Company from improving its business, results of operations and financial condition. We have made, and will continue to make, changes to our internal controls and procedures for financial reporting and accounting systems to meet our reporting obligations as a publicly traded company. However, the measures it takes may not be sufficient to satisfy our obligations as a publicly traded company.

For as long as we remain an “emerging growth company” as defined in the JOBS Act, we may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not “emerging growth companies.” We may remain an “emerging growth company” until the fifth anniversary of the date on which our ordinary shares were offered in connection with the Transactions or until such earlier time that the Company has more than $1.235 billion in annual revenues, has more than $700 million in market value of its ordinary shares held by non-affiliates, or issues more than $1.0 billion of non-convertible debt over a three-year period. Further, there is no guarantee that the exemptions available to us under the JOBS Act will result in significant savings. To the extent that our management chooses not to use exemptions from various reporting requirements under the JOBS Act, we will incur additional compliance costs, which may impact earnings.

As an “emerging growth company”, we cannot be certain if the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to “emerging growth companies” will make our ordinary shares less attractive to investors.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act, and we may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies including, but not limited to, not being required to obtain an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting from our independent registered public accounting firm pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. Our management cannot predict if investors will find our ordinary shares less attractive because we will rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our ordinary shares less attractive as a result, there may be a less active market for our ordinary shares and the Company’s share price may be more volatile.

Reports published by analysts, including projections in those reports that differ from our actual results, could adversely affect the price and trading volume of our ordinary shares.

Our management currently expects that securities research analysts may establish and publish their own periodic projections for the Company’s business. These projections may vary widely and may not accurately predict the results we actually achieve. The Company’s share price may decline if its actual results do not match the projections of these securities research analysts. Similarly, if one or more of the analysts who write reports on the Company downgrades its stock or publishes inaccurate or unfavorable research about its business, its share price could decline. If one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of the Company or fails to publish reports on it regularly, our share price or trading volume could decline. While our management expects research analyst coverage, if no analysts commence coverage of the Company, the trading price and volume for our ordinary shares could be adversely affected.

If we or any of our subsidiaries are characterized as a passive foreign investment company for U.S. federal income tax purposes, U.S. holders may suffer adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences.

A non-U.S. corporation generally will be treated as a passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes, in any taxable year if either (1) at least 75% of its gross income for such year is passive income or (2) at least 50% of the value of its assets (generally based on an average of the quarterly values of the assets) during such year is attributable to assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income. Based on the composition of our and our subsidiaries’ income, assets (including goodwill) and operations during the relevant period, we do not believe we were a PFIC for the taxable year ending on December 31, 2023. However, there can be no assurances in this regard, nor can there be any assurances that we will not be treated as a PFIC in the current taxable year or any future taxable year. Moreover, the application of the PFIC rules is subject to uncertainty in several respects, and we can make no assurances that the IRS will not take a contrary position or that a court will not sustain such a challenge by the IRS.

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Whether we are or any of our subsidiaries is treated as a PFIC is determined on an annual basis after the close of each taxable year. The determination of whether we are or any of our subsidiaries is a PFIC is a factual determination that depends on, among other things, the composition of our income and assets (including goodwill), and the fair market value of our and our subsidiaries’ shares and assets. In this regard, changes in the fair market value of its shares could cause GDEV to become treated as a PFIC because such changes would generally result in changes in the value of goodwill of GDEV for the purposes of determining the PFIC status of GDEV under applicable U.S. federal income tax law. Similarly, changes in the composition of our or any of our subsidiaries’ income or assets may cause us to be or become a PFIC for the current or subsequent taxable years as well.

If we are a PFIC for any taxable year, a U.S. holder of our ordinary shares and/or warrants may be subject to adverse tax consequences and may incur certain information reporting obligations. For a further discussion, see “Item 10 Additional Information—E. Taxation—Certain Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations—U.S. Holders—Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules.” U.S. holders of our ordinary shares and/or warrants are strongly encouraged to consult their own advisors regarding the potential application of these rules to us and the ownership of our ordinary shares.

ITEM 4.  INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

GDEV Inc. (formerly, Nexters Inc.), “GDEV” or the “Issuer”, is a business company incorporated under the laws of the British Virgin Islands on January 27, 2021. GDEV was formed for the sole purpose of effectuating the Transactions contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement, including the merger of Kismet Acquisition One Corp. (“Kismet”) into the Issuer and the acquisition by the Issuer of all of the issued and outstanding share capital of Nexters Global Ltd. (“Nexters Global”). The Transactions were consummated on August 26, 2021.

Prior to the Transactions, GDEV had no material assets and did not conduct any material activities other than those incidental to its formation and the matters contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement, such as the making of certain required securities law filings. Upon the closing of the Transactions, the Issuer became the direct parent of Nexters Global, a developer of mobile, web, and social games. For an overview of the history of Nexters Global, see “—B. Business Overview—Our History.”

On June 21, 2023, GDEV filed a Certificate of Name Change with the Registrar of Corporate Affairs of the British Virgin Islands to change its name from “Nexters Inc.” to “GDEV Inc.” The name change was effective as of the date of filing of the Certificate of Name Change. The name change reflects the evolution of the Company as a holding company focused on the growth of its diversified portfolio of studios and franchises. GDEV’s ordinary shares and warrants continue to trade on Nasdaq as “GDEV” and “GDEVW”, respectively, under the same CUSIPs and ISIN numbers as prior to the name change.

On December 19, 2023, the Company launched a tender offer to purchase for cash a minimum of 15,000,000 of its ordinary shares, up to a maximum of 20,000,000 ordinary shares, at a purchase price of $2.00 per share (the “Tender Offer”). The Tender Offer expired on January 18, 2024, resulting in the Company’s accepting for purchase 16,554,256 shares. The shares acquired pursuant to the Tender Offer are held by the Company as treasury shares, and will remain available for the Company to issue in the future.

The principal executive office of GDEV is 55, Griva Digeni, 3101, Limassol, Cyprus, and the telephone number of GDEV is +35722580040. The website address of GDEV is: https://gdev.inc. The information contained on the website does not form a part of, and is not incorporated by reference into, this Annual Report. The SEC maintains an internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC, such as GDEV, at: http://www.sec.gov.

For a description of our principal capital expenditures and divestitures for the three years ended December 31, 2023 and for those currently in progress, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects.”

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Overview

We build mobile, web and social games for millions of players to enjoy globally. We are one of the top five independent mobile game developers in Europe (excluding developers owned and controlled by other companies active in the gaming market) based on in-game purchases in 2023, net of platform fees, according to data provided by data.ai. Our games are free to play, and we continuously innovate our games to provide novel, curated in-game content to our users at optimal points in their game journeys.

Our core product offering, Hero Wars, offers a suite of games across mobile, social and web-based platforms and has, since its launch in 2016, evolved into a well-recognized global gaming franchise in the RPG genre, with 5.6 million MAUs across more than 70 countries in 2023. In 2023, Hero Wars ranked 7^th on Android and 6^th on iOS according to data provided by AppMagic.

Continuous improvements in game content and focus on customer engagement has allowed us to monetize on the popularity of our games and achieve attractive key performance metrics. In particular, between 2018 and 2021, we achieved 13 times’ growth in Bookings and as of December 31, 2022, our cumulative all time Bookings crossed the $1.5 billion mark. We benefit from predictable cohorts and a loyal base of core players, which supports our ability to sustain our monetization per user. In the year ended December 31, 2023, cohorts from previous periods accounted for approximately 72% of our Bookings for our core product, Hero Wars.

Since our formation over a decade ago, we have developed a sizeable built-to-scale platform, enabling us to streamline content development and offering a value-enhancing opportunity for our new and existing games. In 2022, we entered into agreements to acquire four separate gaming studios to expand our portfolio of midcore games, enlarge our player base and expand into new genres. We plan to further expand gameplays within our current products as well as work towards new game offerings.

Our headquarters are in Cyprus. As of December 31, 2023, we had 726 employees. Our revenue for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $464.5 million and $479.7 million, respectively, and our Bookings² for the same periods were $421.6 million and $449.4 million, respectively. We recorded net cash flows generated from operating activities of $17.9 million and $116.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Our total comprehensive income net of tax for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $48.0 million and $10.7 million, respectively.

Our Industry

We operate in the global digital gaming market, a large and strategically important component of the overall entertainment market. The global digital gaming market attracted approximately $184.0 billion of consumer spending in 2023 according to Newzoo. Also, according to Newzoo, the global gaming population amounted to 3.3 billion people in 2023, which is 4.3% higher than 2022’s player number. These “gamers” were active across a variety of platforms, including both traditional PC and console as well as newer formats such as mobile, tablet, and cloud. The digital gaming market is also a truly global market, with the Asia-Pacific region accounting for 52% of the global players in 2023, and the Americas and Europe accounting for 17% and 14%, respectively, according to Newzoo.

Driven by the expansion of mobile broadband and the proliferation of smartphones, games today can be enjoyed whenever and wherever players desire. According to NewZoo, the mobile gaming market is the largest segment within the gaming industry, amounting to an estimated $90.5 billion in consumer spend in 2023 representing approximately 49% of the total gaming market.

²For a definition of Bookings, see “—Key performance metrics—Bookings.”

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In 2023 the worldwide gaming revenue increased year-over-year, with a 0.6% increase of the total gaming market in 2023 as compared with 2022 despite challenging macroeconomic factors, according to Newzoo. The mobile segment experienced a year-on-year revenue decline of 1.4% in 2023, as opposed to high growth rates prior to 2022, though the decrease in 2023 decelerated as compared to 2022 (a 6.7% decrease of the mobile gaming market in 2022 in comparison with 2021) according to Newzoo. However, according to Newzoo, the revenue growth in emerging markets and the continued strong performance of mobile’s biggest legacy hits ensured certain stability in the market in 2023, but not enough to secure growth in the segment. Mobile remained gaming’s most significant segment by consumer spending by far, accounting for just under a half of the entire global market. Newzoo also highlighted that mobile publishers are currently facing privacy-related monetization and user-acquisition challenges due to policies of Apple, Google and other platforms. As a consequence, mobile gaming companies started to adjust their marketing and user acquisition strategies and experiment with new instruments and channels while scaling down the investments in user acquisition in 2022 and 2023 as compared with prior years.

Still, we believe the overall prospects remain relatively positive: according to Newzoo, looking further ahead, the number of global players will continue to grow with a 2021-2026 CAGR of +3.7% to reach 3.68 billion players by the end of 2026 and the number of worldwide payers will continue to grow with a CAGR (2021-2026) of +4.2% to reach 1.62 billion payers by the end of 2026.

Casual vs. Hardcore and Mid-Core games

Based on the intensity and complexity of the game content and their breadth of appeal, games can be sub-divided into casual, hardcore and mid-core. The Company defines Hero Wars as mid-core and Island Hoppers as casual.

Casual games cover the widest range of games, targeting a broad audience and requiring only a light learning curve and strategizing. Casual games are low intensity in both time commitment, mechanics and strategizing. Gameplay is intended to be fun and easy to understand for large audience of players, with gaming mechanics usually controlled by a few buttons or a simple tap-and-swipe interface on a mobile phone. Casual games have diverse monetization strategies but are primarily based on a free-to-play model with in-app purchases and in-app ads.

Hardcore games are characterized by their high intensity in terms of time commitment and strategizing. The player base of hardcore games tends to be overwhelmingly male, with games usually targeted at niche markets. Mid-core games take the basic theme and narrative acts of hardcore games, but make them more accessible to a broader audience. Storylines may be easier to follow and gaming mechanics simpler to control. Whereas hardcore games are designed primarily for highly committed gamers who have large amounts of time to dedicate to mastering the game, mid-core games are much less demanding in their appeal. Nevertheless, mid-core games are more immersive and require more hours of game time than casual games, which are specifically designed to be picked up and put down sporadically.

RPG genre

RPG (role-playing game) is a game in which players control a fictional character or characters that undertake a quest in an imaginary world. RPG games often share the following key elements: