iHuman Inc. [IH] Filings

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

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FORM 20-F

(Mark One)

☐REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

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☒ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022

OR

☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☐SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

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Date of event requiring this shell company report

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For the transition period from                 to

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Commission file number: 001-39591

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iHuman Inc.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

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N/A

(Translation of Registrant’s name into English)

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Cayman Islands

(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

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Floor 8, Building B,

No. 1 Wangjing East Road,

Chaoyang District, Beijing 100102

People’s Republic of China

(Address of principal executive offices)

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Vivien Weiwei Wang, Chief Financial Officer

E-mail: ir@ihuman.com

Telephone: +86 10 5780-6606

Floor 8, Building B,

No. 1 Wangjing East Road,

Chaoyang District, Beijing 100102

People’s Republic of China

(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

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Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

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*Not for trading, but only in connection with the listing on the New York Stock Exchange of our American depositary shares, each American depositary shares representing five Class A ordinary shares.

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Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

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None

(Title of Class)

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Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:

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None

(Title of Class)

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Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report.

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As of December 31, 2022, there were 265,722,467 ordinary shares outstanding, being the sum of 121,722,467 Class A ordinary shares and 144,000,000 Class B ordinary shares.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.☐ Yes ☒ No

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.☐ Yes ☒ No

Note – Checking the box above will not relieve any registrant required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 from their obligations under those Sections.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).☒Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “accelerated filer and large accelerated filer” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:

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If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.☐

†The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.   ☐  Yes   ☒ No

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

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Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has been used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

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If “other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.☐ Item 17 ☐ Item 18

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).☐ Yes ☒ No

(APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court.☐ Yes ☐ No

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INTRODUCTION

Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, references in this annual report to:

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Our reporting currency is RMB. Unless otherwise noted, all translations from Renminbi to U.S. dollars and from U.S. dollars to Renminbi in this annual report are made at a rate of RMB6.8972 to US$1.00, the exchange rate in effect as of December 30, 2022 as set forth in the H.10 statistical release of The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. We make no representation that any Renminbi or U.S. dollar amounts could have been, or could be, converted into U.S. dollars or Renminbi, as the case may be, at any particular rate, or at all.

Due to rounding, numbers presented throughout this annual report may not add up precisely to the total provided and percentages may not precisely reflect the absolute figures.

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FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION

This annual report contains forward-looking statements that reflect our current expectations and views of future events. The forward-looking statements are contained principally in the sections entitled “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors,” “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview,” and “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects.” Known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, including those listed under “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors,” may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.

You can identify some of these forward-looking statements by words or phrases such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “aim,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “is/are likely to,” “potential,” “continue” or other similar expressions. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy and financial needs. These forward-looking statements include statements relating to:

These forward-looking statements involve various risks and uncertainties. Although we believe that our expectations expressed in these forward-looking statements are reasonable, our expectations may later be found to be incorrect. Our actual results could be materially different from our expectations. Important risks and factors that could cause our actual results to be materially different from our expectations are generally set forth in “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors,” “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview,” “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects,” and other sections in this annual report. You should read thoroughly this annual report and the documents that we refer to with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from and worse than what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

This annual report contains certain data and information that we obtained from various government and private publications. Statistical data in these publications also include projections based on a number of assumptions. Our industry may not grow at the rate projected by market data, or at all.

Failure of this market to grow at the projected rate may have a material and adverse effect on our business and the market price of the ADSs. In addition, the rapidly evolving nature of this industry results in significant uncertainties for any projections or estimates relating to the growth prospects or future condition of our market. Furthermore, if any one or more of the assumptions underlying the market data are later found to be incorrect, actual results may differ from the projections based on these assumptions. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements.

The forward-looking statements made in this annual report relate only to events or information as of the date on which the statements are made in this annual report. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, after the date on which the statements are made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. You should read this annual report and the documents that we refer to in this annual report and have filed as exhibits to this annual report completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect.

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PART I.

ITEM 1.IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS

Not applicable.

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ITEM 2.OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

Not applicable.

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ITEM 3.KEY INFORMATION

Cash Flows through Our Organization

iHuman Inc. is a holding company with no material operations of its own. We conduct our operations primarily through our subsidiaries, the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries in mainland China. As a result, iHuman Inc.’s ability to pay dividends depends upon dividends paid by our subsidiaries in China. If our existing subsidiaries in mainland China or any newly formed ones incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing their debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends to us. In addition, current regulations in mainland China permit our subsidiaries in mainland China to pay dividends to their respective shareholders only out of their retained earnings, if any, determined in accordance with accounting standards and regulations in mainland China. Furthermore, our subsidiaries, the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries in mainland China are required to make appropriations to certain statutory reserve funds or may make appropriations to certain discretionary funds, which are not distributable as cash dividends except in the event of a solvent liquidation of the companies. For more details, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—B. Liquidity and Capital Resources—Holding Company Structure.”

We have established stringent controls and procedures for cash flows within our organization. Each transfer of cash between our Cayman Islands holding company and its subsidiaries, the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries is subject to internal approval. The cash inflows of the Cayman Islands holding company were primarily generated from the proceeds we received from our public offerings of ordinary shares. In 2020, there was no capital contributions from iHuman Inc. to our subsidiaries in mainland China. In 2021 and 2022, iHuman Inc., through its intermediate holding company, made capital contributions of RMB63.8 million and RMB68.7 million (US$10.0 million) to our subsidiaries in mainland China, respectively. In 2020, 2021 and 2022, iHuman Inc. provided to its subsidiaries loans of RMB457.0 million, nil and nil, respectively, and received repayments of nil, RMB127.5 million and nil, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, no assets other than cash were transferred between the Cayman Islands holding company and its subsidiaries, the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries; no subsidiaries paid dividends or made other distributions to the holding company; and no dividends or distributions were paid or made to U.S. investors. We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to operate and expand our business. See “Item 8. Financial Information—A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Dividend Policy.” For mainland China and United States federal income tax considerations in connection with an investment in our ADSs, see “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation.”

The VIE is required to transfer cash to our WFOEs by paying service fees according to the contractual arrangements. The VIE paid our WFOEs service fees of RMB5.0 million, RMB43.0 million and RMB89.5 million (US$13.0 million) in 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. In 2020, 2021 and 2022, the VIE provided to our WFOEs loans of nil, RMB55.0 million and RMB126.0 million (US$18.3 million), respectively, and received repayments of nil, nil and RMB90.0 million (US$13.0 million), respectively. For details of the financial position, cash flows and results of the VIE, see “Item 3. Key Information—Financial Information Related to the VIE” and page F-13 of this annual report on Form 20-F. Going forward, we intend to transfer the benefits of the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries to our WFOEs under the contractual arrangements.

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Under laws and regulations in mainland China, our subsidiaries in mainland China and the VIE are subject to certain restrictions with respect to paying dividends or otherwise transferring any of their net assets to us. Remittance of dividends by a wholly foreign-owned enterprise out of China is also subject to examination by the banks designated by State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE. In addition, our subsidiaries in mainland China, the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries generate their revenue primarily in Renminbi, which is not freely convertible into other currencies. As a result, any restriction on currency exchange may limit the ability of our subsidiaries in mainland China to pay dividends to us. For more details, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—We may rely on dividends paid by our subsidiaries in mainland China to fund cash and financing requirements. Any limitation on the ability of our subsidiaries in mainland China to pay dividends to us could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business and to pay dividends to holders of the ADSs and our ordinary shares,” and “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Regulation in mainland China of loans to and direct investment in entities in mainland China by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may delay or prevent us from making loans to our subsidiaries in mainland China and the VIE in mainland China, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.”

For purposes of illustration, the following discussion reflects the hypothetical taxes that might be required to be paid within mainland China, assuming that: (i) we have taxable earnings, and (ii) we determine to pay a dividend in the future:

Notes:

The table above has been prepared under the assumption that all profits of the VIE will be distributed as fees to our subsidiaries in mainland China under tax neutral contractual arrangements. If, in the future, the accumulated earnings of the VIE exceed the service fees paid to our subsidiaries in mainland China (or if the current and contemplated fee structure between the intercompany entities is determined to be non-substantive and disallowed by Chinese tax authorities), the VIE could make a non-deductible transfer to our subsidiaries in mainland China for the amounts of the stranded cash in the VIE. This would result in such transfer being non-deductible expenses for the VIE but still taxable income for the subsidiaries in mainland China. Such a transfer and the related tax burdens would reduce our after-tax income to approximately 50.6% of the pre-tax income. Our management believes that there is only a remote possibility that this scenario would happen.

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Permissions Required from the PRC Authorities for Our Operations

We conduct our business primarily through our subsidiaries and the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries in mainland China. Our operations in mainland China are governed by laws and regulations in mainland China. As of the date of this annual report, our subsidiaries in mainland China and the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries have obtained the licenses and permits from the PRC government authorities that are material for the business operations of our holding company, the VIE, and VIE’s subsidiaries in China, including, among others, four licenses for internet information services, or the ICP Licenses, two Production and Operation of Radio and TV Programs Permits, and one Internet Culture Business Operating License. Given the uncertainties of interpretation and implementation of relevant laws and regulations and the enforcement practice by relevant government authorities, we may be required to obtain additional licenses, permits, filings or approvals for the functions of our platform at the present stage or in the future. For more detailed information, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—We face uncertainties with respect to the development of relevant regulations. Failure to obtain or renew requested licenses or permits in a timely manner or obtain newly required ones, including the Online Publishing Service Permit and the Online Transmission of Audio-Visual Programs License due to adverse changes in regulations or policies could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations,” “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—Significant uncertainties exist in relation to the interpretation and implementation of, or proposed changes to, the laws, regulations and policies in mainland China regarding the industry in which we operate, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations,” and “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—We may be adversely affected by the complexity, uncertainties and changes in regulation in mainland China of internet-related businesses and companies.”

Furthermore, on February 17, 2023, the China Securities Regulatory Commission, or the CSRC, released the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies, or the Trial Measures, and five supporting guidelines, and issued the Notice on Administration for the Filing of Overseas Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies, pursuant to which (i) a major operating entity in mainland China designated by us may be required to file with the CSRC, in connection with any follow-on offering and certain other activities as required by the Trial Measures; and (ii) we may be required to report relevant information to the CSRC after the occurrence of certain events. On the same day, the CSRC also held a press conference for the release of the Trial Measures and the Notice on Administration for the Filing of Overseas Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies, which, among others, clarifies that, domestic companies that have already completed the overseas offering and listing prior to the effectiveness of the Trial Measures are not required to complete the filing procedure at the current stage, but shall complete the filing procedure upon the occurrence of certain matters, such as follow-on offering of securities, as required in the Trial Measures. Therefore, as advised by our PRC counsel, under the Trial Measures, we are not required to file to the CSRC of our previous offering and listing on the NYSE, but could be subject to the filing and reporting requirements to the CSRC with respect to future offerings and occurrence of certain events. If we fail to complete the filing procedures or conceals any material fact or falsifies any major content in our filing documents for any follow-on offering and certain other activities as required by the Trial Measures, we may be subject to administrative penalties, such as order to rectify, warnings, fines or other actions that may have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, reputation and prospects, as well as the trading price of our ADSs. On December 28, 2021, the Cyberspace Administration of China, or the CAC, together with certain other PRC governmental authorities, jointly released the Revised Cybersecurity Review Measures, effective from February 15, 2022, pursuant to which online platform operators that engage in data processing activities which have or may have an implication on national security shall undergo a cybersecurity review. As of the date of this annual report, we have not been involved in any formal investigations on cybersecurity review made by the CAC, nor have we received any notice or inquiry from relevant competent authorities requiring us to apply for cybersecurity review. For more detailed information, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—The filing with the CSRC may be required in connection with our future offshore offerings and the occurrence of certain activities under laws and regulations of mainland China, and we cannot predict whether we will be able to complete such filing.” and “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—Our business generates and processes data in the ordinary course, and we are required to comply with PRC and other applicable laws relating to privacy, data security and cybersecurity. The improper collection, use or disclosure of data could have a material and adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.”

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Financial Information Related to the VIE

The following table presents the condensed consolidating schedule of results of operations, financial position and cash flows for our consolidated subsidiaries, the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries and other entities for the periods ended and as of the dates presented.

Selected Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations Information

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Selected Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets Information

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Selected Condensed Consolidated Cash Flows Information

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Notes:

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Our Holding Company Structure and Contractual Arrangements with the VIE and Its Shareholders

iHuman Inc. is not a Chinese operating company but a Cayman Islands holding company with no equity ownership in the VIE. We conduct our operations in mainland China primarily through (i) our subsidiaries in mainland China and (ii) the VIE with which we have maintained contractual arrangements, and VIE’s subsidiaries. Laws and regulations in mainland China restrict and impose conditions on foreign investment in value-added telecommunication services and certain other businesses. Accordingly, we operate these businesses in China through the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries, and rely on contractual arrangements among our subsidiaries in mainland China, the VIE and its shareholders. The VIE is consolidated for accounting purposes, but is not an entity in which our Cayman Islands holding company, or our investors, own equity. Revenues contributed by the VIE accounted for substantially all of our total revenues for 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. As used in this annual report, “we,” “us,” “our company” and “our” refers to iHuman Inc., its subsidiaries, and, in the context of describing our operations and consolidated financial information, the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries in mainland China, including but not limited to, Tianjin Hongen Perfect Future Education Technology Co., Ltd. Investors in our ADSs are not purchasing equity interest in the VIE in mainland China but instead are purchasing equity interest in a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands.

The following diagram illustrates our corporate structure, including our major subsidiaries, the VIE and its major subsidiaries, as of December 31, 2022:

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Note:

A series of contractual agreements, including powers of attorneys, exclusive call option agreement, exclusive management services and business cooperation agreement, and equity interest pledge agreement have been entered into by and among our subsidiaries, the VIE and its shareholders. For more details of these contractual arrangements, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure—Contractual Arrangements with the VIE and Its Shareholders.”

However, the contractual arrangements may not be as effective as direct ownership of the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries and we may incur substantial costs to enforce the terms of the arrangements. Uncertainties in the legal system in mainland China may limit our ability, as a Cayman Islands holding company, to enforce these contractual arrangements. Meanwhile, there are very few precedents as to whether contractual arrangements would be judged to form the power to direct activities of the VIE that most significantly impact its economic performance, or how contractual arrangements in the context of a VIE should be interpreted or enforced by the courts in mainland China. Should legal actions become necessary, we cannot guarantee that the court will rule in favor of the enforceability of the contractual arrangements. In the event we are unable to enforce these contractual arrangements, or if we suffer significant delay or other obstacles in the process of enforcing these contractual arrangements, we may not be able to exert the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact its economic performance, and our ability to conduct our business may be materially adversely affected. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—The contractual arrangements with the VIE and its shareholders may not be as effective as direct ownership” and “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—The shareholders of the VIE may have actual or potential conflicts of interest with us.”

There are also substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current and future laws, regulations and rules in mainland China regarding the status of the rights of our Cayman Islands holding company with respect to its contractual arrangements with the VIE and its shareholders. It is uncertain whether any new laws or regulations in mainland China relating to VIE structures will be adopted or if adopted, what they would provide. If we or the VIE is found to be in violation of any existing or future laws or regulations in mainland China, or fail to obtain or maintain any of the required permits or approvals, the relevant PRC regulatory authorities would have broad discretion to take action in dealing with such violations or failures. If the PRC government deems that our contractual arrangements with the VIE do not comply with regulatory restrictions in mainland China on foreign investment in the relevant industries, or if these regulations or the interpretation of existing regulations change or are interpreted differently in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations. Our Cayman Islands holding company, our subsidiaries in mainland China, the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries, and investors of our company face uncertainty about potential future actions by the PRC government that could affect the enforceability of the contractual arrangements with the VIE and, consequently, significantly affect the financial performance of the VIE and our company as a whole. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—If the PRC government finds that the agreements that establish the structure for operating some of our operations do not comply with regulations in mainland China relating to the relevant industries, or if these regulations or the interpretation of existing regulations change in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations” and “—Our current corporate structure and business operations may be substantially affected by the Foreign Investment Law.”

Other Risks Related to Our Operations in Mainland China

We face various risks and uncertainties related to doing business in China. Our business operations are primarily conducted in mainland China, and we are subject to complex and evolving laws and regulations in mainland China. For example, we face risks associated with regulatory approvals on offshore offerings, anti-monopoly regulatory actions, and oversight on cybersecurity and data privacy, which may impact our ability to conduct certain businesses, accept foreign investments, or list on a United States exchange. These risks could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs, significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to continue to offer securities to investors, or cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or become worthless. For a detailed description of risks related to doing business in China, please refer to risks disclosed under “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China.”

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PRC government’s significant authority in regulating our operations and its oversight and control over offerings conducted overseas by, and foreign investment in, China-based issuers could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors. Implementation of industry-wide regulations in this nature may cause the value of such securities to significantly decline. For more details, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Significant oversight and discretion by PRC government over our business operation could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs.”

Risks and uncertainties arising from the legal system in mainland China, including risks and uncertainties regarding the enforcement of laws and quickly evolving rules and regulations in mainland China, could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs. For more details, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Uncertainties with respect to the legal system in mainland China could adversely affect us” and “—We may be adversely affected by the complexity, uncertainties and changes in regulation in mainland China of internet-related businesses and companies.”

The Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act

Pursuant to the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the HFCAA, if the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, determines that we have filed audit reports issued by a registered public accounting firm that has not been subject to inspections by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or the PCAOB, for two consecutive years, the SEC will prohibit our shares or the ADSs from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter trading market in the United States. On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a report to notify the SEC of its determination that the PCAOB was unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong, including our auditor. In May 2022, the SEC conclusively listed us as a Commission-Identified Issuer under the HFCAA following the filing of our annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB issued a report that vacated its December 16, 2021 determination and removed mainland China and Hong Kong from the list of jurisdictions where it is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms. For this reason, we do not expect to be identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer under the HFCAA after we file this annual report on Form 20-F. Each year, the PCAOB will determine whether it can inspect and investigate completely audit firms in mainland China and Hong Kong, among other jurisdictions. If PCAOB determines in the future that it no longer has full access to inspect and investigate completely accounting firms in mainland China and Hong Kong and we continue to use an accounting firm headquartered in one of these jurisdictions to issue an audit report on our financial statements filed with the SEC we would be identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer following the filing of the annual report on Form 20-F for the relevant fiscal year. There can be no assurance that we would not be identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer for any future fiscal year, and if we were so identified for two consecutive years, we would become subject to the prohibition on trading under the HFCAA. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—The PCAOB had historically been unable to inspect our auditor in relation to their audit work performed for our financial statements and the inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of our auditor in the past has deprived our investors with the benefits of such inspections,” and “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China —Our ADSs may be prohibited from trading in the United States under the HFCAA in the future if the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely auditors located in China. The delisting of the ADSs, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment.”

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Selected Consolidated Financial Data

The following selected consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, selected consolidated balance sheets data as of December 31, 2021 and 2022, and selected consolidated cash flow data for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements, which are included in this annual report beginning on page F-1. The selected consolidated statements of operations and selected consolidated cash flow data for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2019 and the selected consolidated balance sheets data as of December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements not included in this annual report. Our consolidated financial statements are prepared and presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of results expected for future periods. You should read this Selected Consolidated Financial Data section together with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes in conjunction with “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” included elsewhere in this annual report.

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