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UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D. C. 20549
FORM 10-Q

☒
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2024
OR

☐
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
Commission file number: 001-14733
Lithia_Driveway_Combo_FINAL.jpg
Lithia Motors, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Oregon 93-0572810
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
150 N. Bartlett StreetMedford,Oregon97501
(Address of principal executive offices)(Zip Code)
(541) 776-6401
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code
 
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: 
Title of each classTrading Symbol(s)Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock without par valueLADThe New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filerNon-accelerated filerAccelerated filerSmaller reporting companyEmerging growth company
 ☒ ☐☐☐☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
As of April 26, 2024, there were 27,406,486 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding.


LITHIA MOTORS, INC.
FORM 10-Q QUARTERLY REPORT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
 
Item NumberItemPage
PART IFINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.
Item 2.
Item 3.
Item 4.
PART IIOTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.Legal Proceedings
Item 1A.
Item 2.
Item 5.Other Information
Item 6.
SIGNATURE


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CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In millions; Unaudited)March 31, 2024December 31, 2023
Assets  
Current assets:  
Cash, restricted cash, and cash equivalents
$404.6 $941.4 
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $3.3 and $7.1
1,249.3 1,123.1 
Inventories, net5,861.9 4,753.9 
Other current assets217.4 136.8 
Total current assets7,733.2 6,955.2 
Property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation of $688.1 and $646.7
4,502.0 3,981.4 
Operating lease right-of-use assets753.2 478.8 
Finance receivables, net of allowance for estimated losses of $111.8 and $106.4
3,412.5 3,242.3 
Goodwill2,081.7 1,930.6 
Franchise value2,538.0 2,402.2 
Other non-current assets1,159.4 642.0 
Total assets$22,180.0 $19,632.5 
Liabilities and equity  
Current liabilities:  
Floor plan notes payable$2,533.3 $1,347.0 
Floor plan notes payable: non-trade2,428.7 2,288.5 
Current maturities of long-term debt97.2 75.7 
Current maturities of non-recourse notes payable27.6 33.9 
Trade payables327.6 288.0 
Accrued liabilities1,177.1 899.1 
Total current liabilities6,591.5 4,932.2 
Long-term debt, less current maturities5,662.4 5,483.7 
Non-recourse notes payable, less current maturities1,803.9 1,671.7 
Deferred revenue389.2 264.1 
Deferred income taxes378.9 349.3 
Non-current operating lease liabilities655.1 427.9 
Other long-term liabilities277.4 220.7 
Total liabilities15,758.4 13,349.6 
Redeemable non-controlling interest44.9 44.0 
Equity:  
Preferred stock - no par value; authorized 15.0 shares; none outstanding
— — 
Common stock - no par value; authorized 125.0 shares; issued and outstanding 27.5 and 27.4
1,117.8 1,100.6 
Additional paid-in capital67.8 79.9 
Accumulated other comprehensive income3.7 20.1 
Retained earnings5,162.1 5,013.3 
Total stockholders’ equity - Lithia Motors, Inc.6,351.4 6,213.9 
Non-controlling interest25.3 25.0 
Total equity6,376.7 6,238.9 
Total liabilities, redeemable non-controlling interest, and equity
$22,180.0 $19,632.5 

 See accompanying condensed notes to consolidated financial statements.
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FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
 Three Months Ended March 31,
(In millions, except per share amounts; Unaudited)20242023
Revenues:  
New vehicle retail$4,014.1 $3,278.9 
Used vehicle retail2,800.8 2,227.5 
Used vehicle wholesale337.7 356.7 
Finance and insurance340.6 318.3 
Service, body and parts912.8 736.3 
Fleet and other155.8 56.1 
Total revenues8,561.8 6,973.8 
Cost of sales:  
New vehicle retail3,718.8 2,945.1 
Used vehicle retail2,618.1 2,061.8 
Used vehicle wholesale338.7 359.5 
Service, body and parts410.8 341.9 
Fleet and other140.2 54.0 
Total cost of sales7,226.6 5,762.3 
Gross profit1,335.2 1,211.5 
Financing operations loss(1.7)(20.8)
Selling, general and administrative934.3 764.4 
Depreciation and amortization57.8 47.3 
Operating income341.4 379.0 
Floor plan interest expense(60.7)(27.7)
Other interest expense, net(63.6)(39.0)
Other income, net3.5 2.0 
Income before income taxes220.6 314.3 
Income tax provision(55.6)(84.7)
Net income165.0 229.6 
Net income attributable to non-controlling interest(1.5)(0.7)
Net income attributable to redeemable non-controlling interest(0.9)(0.2)
Net income attributable to Lithia Motors, Inc.$162.6 $228.7 
Basic earnings per share attributable to Lithia Motors, Inc.$5.90 $8.32 
Shares used in basic per share calculations27.5 27.5 
Diluted earnings per share attributable to Lithia Motors, Inc.$5.89 $8.30 
Shares used in diluted per share calculations27.6 27.5 
Cash dividends paid per share$0.50 $0.42 
    
See accompanying condensed notes to consolidated financial statements.
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FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
2

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
 Three Months Ended March 31,
(In millions; Unaudited)20242023
Net income$165.0 $229.6 
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustment(16.2)13.1 
Unrealized loss on debt securities, net of tax benefit of $0.1 and $0.0
(0.2)— 
Total other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax(16.4)13.1 
Comprehensive income148.6 242.7 
Comprehensive income attributable to non-controlling interest(1.5)(0.7)
Comprehensive income attributable to redeemable non-controlling interest
(0.9)(0.2)
Comprehensive income attributable to Lithia Motors, Inc.$146.2 $241.8 

See accompanying condensed notes to consolidated financial statements.
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FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY AND REDEEMABLE NON-CONTROLLING INTEREST
Three Months Ended March 31,
(In millions; Unaudited)20242023
Total equity, beginning balances$6,238.9 $5,210.4 
Common stock, beginning balances1,100.6 1,082.1 
Stock-based compensation26.5 31.7 
Issuance of stock in connection with employee stock purchase plans5.7 6.1 
Repurchase of common stock(15.0)(14.4)
Common stock, ending balances1,117.8 1,105.5 
Additional paid-in capital, beginning balances79.9 76.8 
Stock-based compensation(12.1)(22.6)
Additional paid-in capital, ending balances67.8 54.2 
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), beginning balances20.1 (18.0)
Foreign currency translation adjustment(16.2)13.1 
Unrealized loss on debt securities, net of tax benefit of $0.1 and $0.0
(0.2)— 
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), ending balances3.7 (4.9)
Retained earnings, beginning balances5,013.3 4,065.3 
Net income attributable to Lithia Motors, Inc.162.6 228.7 
Dividends paid(13.8)(11.5)
Retained earnings, ending balances5,162.1 4,282.5 
Non-controlling interest, beginning balances25.0 4.2 
Distribution of non-controlling interest(1.2)(1.3)
Net income attributable to non-controlling interest1.5 0.7 
Non-controlling interest, ending balances25.3 3.6 
Total equity, ending balances$6,376.7 $5,440.9 
Redeemable non-controlling interest, beginning balances$44.0 $40.7 
Net income attributable to redeemable non-controlling interest0.9 0.2 
Redeemable non-controlling interest, ending balances$44.9 $40.9 

See accompanying condensed notes to consolidated financial statements.
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FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
 Three Months Ended March 31,
(In millions; Unaudited)20242023
Cash flows from operating activities:  
Net income$165.0 $229.6 
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: 
Depreciation and amortization75.9 49.6 
Stock-based compensation14.4 9.1 
(Gain) loss on disposal of other assets(0.5)0.1 
Loss (gain) on sales of stores
0.1 (7.2)
Unrealized investment (gain) loss(0.1)0.5 
Deferred income taxes14.8 14.5 
Amortization of operating lease right-of-use assets22.4 15.7 
(Increase) decrease (net of acquisitions and dispositions):
Accounts receivable, net(8.9)23.9 
Inventories(183.3)(56.9)
Finance receivables(173.8)(397.0)
Other assets(19.2)14.1 
Increase (decrease) (net of acquisitions and dispositions):
Floor plan notes payable327.7 38.9 
Trade payables0.2 (10.0)
Accrued liabilities57.5 31.7 
Other long-term liabilities and deferred revenue0.2 (5.6)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities292.4 (49.0)
Cash flows from investing activities: 
Capital expenditures(79.6)(38.9)
Proceeds from sales of assets3.7 0.8 
Cash paid for other investments(122.0)(11.1)
Cash paid for acquisitions, net of cash acquired(1,074.4)(387.4)
Proceeds from sales of stores6.4 22.7 
Net cash used in investing activities(1,265.9)(413.9)
Cash flows from financing activities: 
Borrowings on floor plan notes payable, net: non-trade156.1 187.6 
Borrowings on lines of credit3,658.8 3,462.9 
Repayments on lines of credit(3,606.9)(3,503.3)
Principal payments on long-term debt and finance lease liabilities, scheduled(9.0)(8.7)
Principal payments on long-term debt and finance lease liabilities, other— (3.4)
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt158.9 10.4 
Principal payments on non-recourse notes payable(203.5)(76.5)
Proceeds from issuance of non-recourse notes payable329.4 479.7 
Payment of debt issuance costs(2.6)(3.7)
Proceeds from issuance of common stock5.7 6.1 
Repurchase of common stock(15.0)(14.4)
Dividends paid(13.8)(11.5)
Payment of contingent consideration related to acquisitions(12.0)(14.0)
Other financing activity(1.1)(1.3)
Net cash provided by financing activities445.0 509.9 
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, restricted cash, and cash equivalents
(3.0)6.2 
(Decrease) increase in cash, restricted cash, and cash equivalents
(531.5)53.2 
Cash, restricted cash, and cash equivalents at beginning of year
972.0 271.5 
Cash, restricted cash, and cash equivalents at end of period
$440.5 $324.7 

See accompanying condensed notes to consolidated financial statements.
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FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
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SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION
Three Months Ended March 31,
(In millions)20242023
Reconciliation of cash, restricted cash, and cash equivalents to the consolidated balance sheets
Cash and cash equivalents
$264.4 $184.9 
Restricted cash from collections on auto loans receivable and customer deposits140.2 114.5 
Cash, restricted cash, and cash equivalents
404.6 299.4 
Restricted cash on deposit in reserve accounts, included in other non-current assets35.9 25.3 
Total cash, restricted cash, and cash equivalents reported in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
$440.5 $324.7 
Supplemental cash flow information:
Cash paid during the period for interest$165.8 $95.7 
Cash paid during the period for income taxes, net6.0 5.2 
Debt paid in connection with store disposals1.6 1.6 
Non-cash activities:
Debt assumed in connection with acquisitions$868.1 $365.4 
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease liabilities297.5 103.8 

See accompanying condensed notes to consolidated financial statements.
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FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
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CONDENSED NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
 
NOTE 1. INTERIM FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
 
Basis of Presentation
These condensed Consolidated Financial Statements contain unaudited information as of March 31, 2024, and for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. The unaudited interim financial statements have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations for reporting on Form 10-Q. Accordingly, certain disclosures required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America for annual financial statements are not included herein. In management’s opinion, these unaudited financial statements reflect all adjustments (which include only normal recurring adjustments) necessary for a fair presentation of the information when read in conjunction with our 2023 audited Consolidated Financial Statements and the related notes thereto. The financial information as of December 31, 2023, is derived from our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 23, 2024. The results of operations for the interim periods presented are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year.

Reclassifications
Certain reclassifications of amounts previously reported have been made to the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements to maintain consistency and comparability between periods presented. Within our financing operations income, we disaggregated our “lease income” out of our previously reported “interest, fee, and lease income”, to be its own separately presented line item.

NOTE 2. ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE

Accounts receivable consisted of the following:
(in millions)March 31, 2024December 31, 2023
Contracts in transit$520.3 $559.7 
Trade receivables201.9 153.3 
Vehicle receivables252.7 191.4 
Manufacturer receivables262.7 216.5 
Other receivables, current15.0 9.3 
 1,252.6 1,130.2 
Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts(3.3)(7.1)
Total accounts receivable, net$1,249.3 $1,123.1 
The long-term portions of accounts receivable and allowance for doubtful accounts were included as a component of other non-current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

NOTE 3. INVENTORIES AND FLOOR PLAN NOTES PAYABLE

The components of inventories, net, consisted of the following:
(in millions)March 31, 2024December 31, 2023
New vehicles$3,447.5 $2,886.3 
Used vehicles2,142.8 1,637.5 
Parts and accessories271.6 230.1 
Total inventories$5,861.9 $4,753.9 

The new vehicle inventory cost is generally reduced by manufacturer holdbacks and incentives, while the related floor plan notes payable are reflective of the gross cost of the vehicle.
(in millions)March 31, 2024December 31, 2023
Floor plan notes payable$2,533.3 $1,347.0 
Floor plan notes payable: non-trade2,428.7 2,288.5 
Total floor plan debt$4,962.0 $3,635.5 

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NOTE 4. FINANCE RECEIVABLES

Interest income on finance receivables is recognized based on the contractual terms of each loan and is accrued until repayment, reaching non-accrual status, charge-off, or repossession. Direct costs associated with loan originations are capitalized and expensed as an offset to interest income when recognized on the loans.

The balances of finance receivables are made up of loans and leases secured by the related vehicles. More than 99% of the portfolio is aged less than 60 days past due with less than 1% on non-accrual status.


Finance Receivables, net
(in millions)March 31, 2024December 31, 2023
Asset-backed term funding$2,298.0 $2,146.5 
Warehouse facilities808.3 749.3 
Other managed receivables418.0 452.9 
Total finance receivables3,524.3 3,348.7 
Less: Allowance for finance receivable losses(111.8)(106.4)
Finance receivables, net$3,412.5 $3,242.3 

Finance Receivables by FICO Score
As of March 31, 2024
Year of Origination
($ in millions)20242023202220212020Total
<599
$16.8 $57.3 $34.0 $15.6 $2.1 $125.8 
600-699140.3 549.1 418.8 135.3 13.9 1,257.4 
700-774135.4 532.7 386.5 57.0 5.1 1,116.7 
775+141.7 445.8 240.4 13.1 2.3 843.3 
Total auto loan receivables$434.2 $1,584.9 $1,079.7 $221.0 $23.4 3,343.2 
Other finance receivables 1
181.1 
Total finance receivables$3,524.3 
As of December 31, 2023
Year of Origination
($ in millions)2023202220212020Total
<599
$62.2 $39.0 $17.6 $2.4 $121.2 
600-699586.6 463.6 152.7 16.1 1,219.0 
700-774568.1 422.5 63.9 5.9 1,060.4 
775+490.3 263.5 14.7 2.7 771.2 
Total auto loan receivables$1,707.2 $1,188.6 $248.9 $27.1 3,171.8 
Other finance receivables 1
176.9 
Total finance receivables$3,348.7 
1Includes legacy portfolio, loans that are originated with no FICO score available, and lease receivables.

In accordance with ASC Topic 326, the allowance for loan and lease losses is estimated based on our historical write-off experience, current conditions and forecasts, as well as the value of any underlying assets securing these loans. Consideration is given to recent delinquency trends and recovery rates. Account balances are charged against the allowance upon reaching 120 days past due status.

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Rollforward of Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses
Our allowance for loan and lease losses represents the net credit losses expected over the remaining contractual life of our managed receivables. The allowances for credit losses related to finance receivables consisted of the following changes during the period:
Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions)20242023
Allowance at beginning of period$106.4 $69.3 
Charge-offs(34.1)(24.8)
Recoveries14.8 11.4 
Sold loans
(0.3)— 
Provision expense25.0 26.3 
Allowance at end of period$111.8 $82.2 

Charge-off Activity by Year of Origination
Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions)20242023
2024$— $— 
202313.4 0.1 
202215.1 14.2 
20214.9 8.9 
Other finance receivables 1
0.7 1.6 
Total charge-offs$34.1 $24.8 
1Includes legacy portfolio, loans that are originated with no FICO score available, and lease receivables.

NOTE 5. GOODWILL AND FRANCHISE VALUE

The changes in the carrying amounts of goodwill are as follows:
(in millions)Vehicle OperationsFinancing OperationsConsolidated
Balance as of December 31, 2022$1,443.5 $17.2 $1,460.7 
Additions through acquisitions 1
519.1 — 519.1 
Reductions through divestitures(51.1)— (51.1)
Currency translation1.5 0.4 1.9 
Balance as of December 31, 20231,913.0 17.6 1,930.6 
Adjustments to purchase price allocations2
47.6 — 47.6 
Additions through acquisitions3
105.5 — 105.5 
Reductions through divestitures(0.2)— (0.2)
Currency translation(1.8)— (1.8)
Balance as of March 31, 2024$2,064.1 $17.6 $2,081.7 
1Our purchase price allocation for the 2022 acquisitions were finalized in 2023. As a result, we added $285.9 million of goodwill. Preliminary purchase price allocation for a portion of our 2023 acquisitions resulted in adding $233.2 million of goodwill. Our purchase price allocation for the remaining 2023 acquisitions are preliminary and goodwill is not yet allocated to our segments. These amounts are included in other non-current assets until we finalize our purchase accounting. See Note 12 – Acquisitions.
2Our purchase price allocation for a portion of the 2023 acquisitions recognized in 2023 was adjusted and finalized in 2024 upon the completion of our fair value adjustments for assumed contract liabilities, acquired loan portfolio, and contingent consideration, adding $47.6 million of goodwill.
3Our purchase price allocation for a portion of the 2023 acquisitions were finalized in 2024. As a result, we added $105.5 million of goodwill. Our purchase price allocation for the remaining 2023 and 2024 acquisitions are preliminary and goodwill is not yet allocated to our segments. These amounts are included in other non-current assets until we finalize our purchase accounting. See Note 12 – Acquisitions.
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NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
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The changes in the carrying amounts of franchise value are as follows:
(in millions)Franchise Value
Balance as of December 31, 2022$1,856.2 
Additions through acquisitions 1
556.5 
Reductions through divestitures(14.5)
Currency translation4.0 
Balance as of December 31, 20232,402.2 
Additions through acquisitions 2
140.8 
Reductions through divestitures(1.2)
Currency translation(3.8)
Balance as of March 31, 2024$2,538.0 
1Our purchase price allocation for the 2022 acquisitions were finalized in 2023. As a result, we added $363.1 million of franchise value. Preliminary purchase price allocation for a portion of our 2023 acquisitions resulted in adding $193.4 million of franchise value. Our purchase price allocation for the remaining 2023 acquisitions are preliminary and franchise value is not yet allocated to our reporting units. These amounts are included in other non-current assets until we finalize our purchase accounting. See Note 12 – Acquisitions.
2Our purchase price allocations for a portion of the 2023 acquisitions were finalized in 2024. As a result, we added $140.8 million of franchise value. Our purchase price allocation for the remaining 2023 and 2024 acquisitions are preliminary and franchise value is not yet allocated to our reporting units. These amounts are included in other non-current assets until we finalize our purchase accounting. See Note 12 – Acquisitions.

NOTE 6. NET INVESTMENT IN OPERATING LEASES

Net investment in operating leases consists primarily of lease contracts for vehicles with individuals and business entities. Assets subject to operating leases are depreciated using the straight-line method over the term of the lease to reduce the asset to its estimated residual value. Estimated residual values are based on assumptions for used vehicle prices at lease termination and the number of vehicles that are expected to be returned.

Net investment in operating leases was as follows:

(in millions)March 31, 2024December 31, 2023
Vehicles, at cost 1
$295.7 $102.7 
Accumulated depreciation 1
(16.3)(11.2)
Net investment in operating leases$279.4 $91.5 
1Vehicles, at cost and accumulated depreciation are recorded in other current assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

NOTE 7. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Contract Liabilities
We are the obligor on our lifetime oil and at home valet contracts. Revenue is allocated to these performance obligations and is recognized over time as services are provided to the customer. The amount of revenue recognized is calculated, net of cancellations, using an input method, which most closely depicts performance of the contracts. Our contract liability balances were $385.5 million and $317.0 million as of March 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, respectively; and we recognized $15.8 million of revenue in the three months ended March 31, 2024 related to our contract liability balance at December 31, 2023. Our contract liability balance is included in accrued liabilities and deferred revenue.

Leases
We lease certain dealerships, office space, land and equipment. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet. We recognize lease expense for these leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. We have elected not to bifurcate lease and non-lease components related to leases of real property.

Most leases include one or more options to renew, with renewal terms that can extend the lease term from one to 23 years or more. The exercise of lease renewal options is at our sole discretion. Certain leases also include options to purchase the leased property. The depreciable life of assets and leasehold improvements are limited by the expected lease term, unless there is a transfer of title or purchase option reasonably certain of exercise.
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Certain of our lease agreements include rental payments based on a percentage of retail sales over contractual levels and others include rental payments adjusted periodically for inflation. Our lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants.

Our finance lease liabilities are included in long-term debt, with the current portion included in current maturities of long-term debt. The related assets are included in property, plant and equipment, net of accumulated amortization.

We rent or sublease certain real estate to third parties.

Litigation
We are party to numerous legal proceedings arising in the normal course of our business. Although we do not anticipate that the resolution of legal proceedings arising in the normal course of business will have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, or cash flows, we cannot predict this with certainty.

NOTE 8. DEBT

Credit Facilities
US Bank Syndicated Credit Facility
On February 23, 2024, we amended our existing syndicated credit facility (USB credit facility), comprised of 21 financial institutions, including eight manufacturer-affiliated finance companies, maturing February 23, 2029. The amendment increased the total financing commitment and the amount to which the commitment could be further expanded.

This USB credit facility provides for a total financing commitment of $6.0 billion, which may be further expanded, subject to lender approval and the satisfaction of other conditions, up to a total of $6.5 billion. The allocation of the financing commitment is for up to $2.9 billion in new vehicle inventory floorplan financing, up to $800 million in used vehicle inventory floorplan financing, up to $100 million in service loaner vehicle floorplan financing, and up to $2.2 billion in revolving financing for general corporate purposes, including acquisitions and working capital. We have the option to reallocate the commitments under this USB credit facility, provided that the aggregate revolving loan commitment may not be more than 40% of the amount of the aggregate commitment, and the aggregate service loaner vehicle floorplan commitment may not be more than the 3% of the amount of the aggregate commitment. All borrowings from, and repayments to, our lending group are presented in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows as financing activities.

Our obligations under our USB credit facility are secured by a substantial amount of our assets, including our inventory (including new and used vehicles, parts and accessories), equipment, accounts receivable (and other rights to payment) and our equity interests in certain of our subsidiaries. Under our USB credit facility, our obligations relating to new vehicle floor plan loans are secured only by collateral owned by Lithia and its dealerships borrowing under the new vehicle floor plan portion of the USB credit facility.

The interest rate on the USB credit facility varies based on the type of debt, with the rate of one-day SOFR plus a credit spread adjustment of 0.10% plus a margin of 1.10% for new vehicle floor plan financing, 1.40% for used vehicle floor plan financing, 1.20% for service loaner floor plan financing, and a variable interest rate on the revolving financing ranging from 1.00% to 2.00% depending on our leverage ratio. The annual interest rates associated with our floor plan commitments are as follows:
CommitmentAnnual Interest Rate at March 31, 2024
New vehicle floor plan6.54%
Used vehicle floor plan6.84%
Service loaner floor plan6.64%
Revolving line of credit6.44%

JPM Warehouse Facility
On February 23, 2024, we amended our securitization facility for our auto loan portfolio (JPM warehouse facility) with JPMorgan Chase Bank, as administrative agent and account bank, providing initial commitments for borrowings of up to $1.0 billion. The JPM warehouse facility matures on July 18, 2025. The interest rate on the JPM
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warehouse facility varies based on the Daily Simple SOFR rate plus 1.15% to 1.95%. As of March 31, 2024, we had $389.0 million drawn on the JPM warehouse facility.

Mizuho Warehouse Facility
On February 16, 2024, we amended our securitization facility for our auto loan portfolio (Mizuho warehouse facility), with Mizuho Bank Ltd. as administrative agent and account bank, providing initial commitments for borrowings of up to $750 million. The Mizuho warehouse facility matures on July 20, 2026. The interest rate on the Mizuho warehouse facility varies based on the Daily Simple SOFR rate plus 1.20%. As of March 31, 2024, we had $247.0 million drawn on the Mizuho warehouse facility.

Bank of Nova Scotia Syndicated Credit Facility
On March 18, 2024, we amended our syndicated credit agreement with The Bank of Nova Scotia as agent (BNS credit facility), comprised of six financing institutions, including two manufacturer-affiliated finance companies, to extend the maturity date.

The BNS credit facility provides for a total financing commitment of approximately $1.1 billion CAD, including a working capital revolving credit facility of up to $100 million CAD, a wholesale flooring facility for new vehicles up to $500 million CAD, used vehicle flooring facility of up to $100 million CAD, wholesale leasing facility of up to $400 million CAD, and daily rental vehicle facility up to $25 million CAD.

The interest rate on the Bank of Nova Scotia syndicated credit facility varies based on the type of debt, with the daily compound rate of the Canadian Overnight Repo Rate Average (CORRA) plus a margin of 1.00-1.30%. The annual interest rates associated with our floor plan commitments are as follows:

CommitmentAnnual Interest Rate at March 31, 2024
Wholesale flooring facility6.05%
Used vehicle flooring facility6.30%
Daily rental facility6.25%
Wholesale leasing facility6.35%
Working capital revolving facility6.30%

All Canadian facilities other than the wholesale flooring facility, which is a demand facility, mature on March 18, 2027. The credit agreement includes various financial and other covenants typical of such agreements.

Non-Recourse Notes Payable
In 2024, we issued $329.4 million in non-recourse notes payable related to asset-backed term funding transactions. Below is a summary of outstanding non-recourse notes payable issued:
($ in millions)Balance as of March 31, 2024Initial Principal AmountIssuance DateInterest Rate RangeFinal Distribution Date
LAD Auto Receivables Trust 2021-1 Class A-D82.6 $344.4 11/24/21
1.30% to 3.99%
Various dates through Nov 2029
LAD Auto Receivables Trust 2022-1 Class A-C131.6 298.1 08/17/22
5.21% to 6.85%
Various dates through Apr 2030
LAD Auto Receivables Trust 2023-1 Class A-D279.0 479.7 02/14/23
5.48% to 7.30%
Various dates through Jun 2030
LAD Auto Receivables Trust 2023-2 Class A-D362.5 556.7 05/24/23
5.42% to 6.30%
Various dates through Feb 2031
LAD Auto Receivables Trust 2023-3 Class A-D316.9 415.4 08/23/23
5.95% to 6.92%
Various dates through Dec 2030
LAD Auto Receivables Trust 2023-4 Class A-D352.4 421.2 11/15/23
6.10% to 7.37%
Various dates through Apr 2031
LAD Auto Receivables Trust 2024-1 Class A-D306.5 329.4 02/14/24
5.17% to 6.15%
Various dates through Jun 2031
Total non-recourse notes payable$1,831.5 $2,844.9 

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NOTE 9. RETIREMENT PLANS AND POSTRETIREMENT BENEFITS

Company-Sponsored Defined Benefit Pension Plan
In January 2024, we acquired Pendragon PLC’s Fleet Management and UK Motor Divisions in the United Kingdom, which included the assumption of its company-sponsored defined benefit plan applicable to a portion of the salaried present and past employees, closed to future accrual. At the time of acquisition, these balances increased our defined benefit obligations $465.7 million and increased our fair value of plan assets $466.4 million.

Net Periodic (Benefit) Cost
Interest cost represents the increase in the projected benefit obligation, which is a discounted amount, due to the passage of time. The expected return on plan assets reflects the computed amount of current-year earnings from the investment of plan assets using an estimated long-term rate of return.
($ in millions)March 31, 2024
Interest cost$5.6 
Expected return on plan assets(6.2)
Net periodic benefit
$(0.6)

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, funding of pension plans was $12.7 million. For the remainder of 2024, we estimate approximately $3.3 million of cash contributions.

NOTE 10. EQUITY

Repurchases of Common Stock
Repurchases of our common stock occurred under a repurchase authorization granted by our Board of Directors and related to shares withheld as part of the vesting of restricted stock units (RSUs). Share repurchases under our authorization were as follows:
 Repurchases Occurring in 2024Cumulative Repurchases as of March 31, 2024
 SharesAverage PriceSharesAverage Price
Share Repurchase Authorization— $— 7,047,510 $174.96 

As of March 31, 2024, we had $467.0 million available for repurchases pursuant to our share repurchase authorization from our Board of Directors in 2022 and prior years.

In addition, during 2024, we repurchased 45,516 shares at an average price of $329.21 per share, for a total of $15.0 million, related to tax withholding associated with the vesting of RSUs. The repurchase of shares related to tax withholding associated with stock awards does not reduce the number of shares available for repurchase as approved by our Board of Directors.

NOTE 11. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

Factors used in determining the fair value of our financial assets and liabilities are summarized into three broad categories:

•Level 1 - quoted prices in active markets for identical securities;
•Level 2 - other significant observable inputs, including quoted prices for similar securities, interest rates, prepayment spreads, credit risk; and
•Level 3 - significant unobservable inputs, including our own assumptions in determining fair value.

We determined the carrying value of cash equivalents, accounts receivable, trade payables, accrued liabilities, finance receivables, and short-term borrowings approximate their fair values because of the nature of their terms and current market rates of these instruments. We believe the carrying value of our variable rate debt approximates fair value.

Beginning in January of 2024, our captive insurance subsidiary began investing the cash in excess of current needs in marketable securities, recorded as part of Other current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. For the
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three-month period ended March 31, 2024, the net unrealized investment losses, net of tax, of $0.2 million were recorded in Other comprehensive income (loss) and the net realized investment gains of $0.1 million were recorded in Other income, net. Amortized cost for these marketable securities was $50.1 million as of March 31, 2024.

We have fixed rate debt primarily consisting of amounts outstanding under our senior notes, non-recourse notes payable, and real estate mortgages. We calculated the estimated fair value of the senior notes using quoted prices for the identical liability (Level 1). The fair value of non-recourse notes payable are measured using observable Level 2 market expectations at each measurement date. The calculated estimated fair values of the fixed rate real estate mortgages and finance lease liabilities use a discounted cash flow methodology with estimated current interest rates based on a similar risk profile and duration (Level 2). The fixed cash flows are discounted and summed to compute the fair value of the debt.

We have derivative instruments consisting of an offsetting set of interest rate caps. The fair value of derivative assets and liabilities are measured using observable Level 2 market expectations at each measurement date and is recorded as other current assets, current liabilities and other long-term liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Nonfinancial assets such as goodwill, franchise value, or other long-lived assets are measured and recorded at fair value during a business combination or when there is an indicator of impairment. We evaluate our goodwill and franchise value using a qualitative assessment process. If the qualitative factors determine that it is more likely than not that the carrying value exceeds the fair value, we would further evaluate for potential impairment using a quantitative assessment. The quantitative assessment estimates fair values using unobservable (Level 3) inputs by discounting expected future cash flows of the store for franchise value, or reporting unit for goodwill. The forecasted cash flows contain inherent uncertainties, including significant estimates and assumptions related to growth rates, margins, working capital requirements, and cost of capital, for which we utilize certain market participant-based assumptions we believe to be reasonable. We estimate the value of other long-lived assets that are recorded at fair value on a non-recurring basis on a market valuation approach. We use prices and other relevant information generated primarily by recent market transactions involving similar or comparable assets, as well as our historical experience in divestitures, acquisitions and real estate transactions. Additionally, we may use a cost valuation approach to value long-lived assets when a market valuation approach is unavailable. Under this approach, we determine the cost to replace the service capacity of an asset, adjusted for physical and economic obsolescence. When available, we use valuation inputs from independent valuation experts, such as real estate appraisers and brokers, to corroborate our estimates of fair value. Real estate appraisers’ and brokers’ valuations are typically developed using one or more valuation techniques including market, income and replacement cost approaches. Because these valuations contain unobservable inputs, we classified the measurement of fair value of long-lived assets as Level 3.

There were no changes to our valuation techniques during the three-month period ended March 31, 2024.

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Below are our assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value:
As of March 31, 2024As of December 31, 2023
($ in millions)Carrying ValueLevel 1Level 2Level 3Carrying ValueLevel 1Level 2Level 3
Recorded at fair value
Marketable securities
Equity securities$2.0 $2.0 $— $— $— $— $— $— 
U.S. Treasury$19.8 $19.8 $— $— $— $— $— $— 
Corporate debt28.1 — 28.1 — — — — — 
Total debt securities$47.9 $19.8 $28.1 $— $— $— $— $— 
Derivatives
Derivative assets$11.0 $— $11.0 $— $12.3 $— $12.3 $— 
Derivative liabilities11.0 — 11.0 — 12.3 — 12.3 — 
Recorded at historical value
Fixed rate debt 1
4.625% Senior notes due 2027
$400.0 $383.0 $— $— $400.0 $380.0 $— $— 
4.375% Senior notes due 2031
550.0 490.9 — — 550.0 492.3 — — 
3.875% Senior notes due 2029
800.0 720.0 — — 800.0 716.0 — — 
Non-recourse notes payable1,831.5 — 1,828.3 — 1,705.6 — 1,705.1 — 
Real estate mortgages and other debt723.4 — 744.6 — 603.5 — 644.5 — 
1Excluding unamortized debt issuance costs

NOTE 12. ACQUISITIONS

In the first three months of 2024, we completed the following acquisitions:

•In January 2024, Pendragon PLC’s Fleet Management and UK Motor Divisions in the United Kingdom.
•In February 2024, Carousel Motor Group in Minnesota and Wisconsin.

Revenue and operating income contributed by the 2024 acquisitions subsequent to the date of acquisition were as follows (in millions):
Three Months Ended March 31,2024
Revenue$985.4 
Operating income13.6 

In the first three months of 2023, we completed the following acquisitions:

•In February 2023, Thornhill Acura in Canada.
•In March 2023, Jardine Motors Group UK Limited in the United Kingdom.

All acquisitions were accounted for as business combinations under the acquisition method of accounting. The results of operations of the acquired stores are included in our Consolidated Financial Statements from the date of acquisition.
 
The following tables summarize the consideration paid for the 2024 acquisitions and the preliminary purchase price allocations for identified assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date:
(in millions) Consideration
Cash paid, net of cash acquired$1,074.4 
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(in millions)Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed
Trade receivables, net$119.0 
Inventories972.1 
Property and equipment499.6 
Operating lease right-of-use assets289.7 
Net investment in operating leases
181.5 
Deferred taxes, net20.5 
Other assets494.1 
Trade payables(39.6)
Floor plan notes payable(868.1)
Operating lease liability
(283.9)
Other liabilities and deferred revenue
(310.5)
Total net assets acquired and liabilities assumed$1,074.4 

The purchase price allocations for the acquisitions from the third quarter of 2023 through the first quarter of 2024 are preliminary, and we have not obtained and evaluated all of the detailed information necessary to finalize the opening balance sheet amounts in all respects. We recorded the purchase price allocations based upon information that is currently available and recorded unallocated items as a component of other non-current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

We expect all of the goodwill related to North American acquisitions completed in 2023 and 2024 to be deductible for US federal income tax purposes. Due to local country laws, we do not expect goodwill related to UK acquisitions completed in 2023 and 2024 to be deductible for UK income tax purposes.

In the three-month period ended March 31, 2024, we recorded $7.7 million in acquisition-related expenses as a component of selling, general and administrative expense. Comparatively, we recorded $1.3 million of acquisition-related expenses in the same period of 2023.
 
The following unaudited pro forma summary presents consolidated information as if all acquisitions in the three-month periods ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 had occurred on January 1, 2023:
Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions, except per share amounts)20242023
Revenue$9,024.4 $8,197.2 
Net income attributable to Lithia Motors, Inc.170.8 245.7 
Basic earnings per share attributable to Lithia Motors, Inc.6.20 8.94 
Diluted earnings per share attributable to Lithia Motors, Inc.6.19 8.92 
 
These amounts have been calculated by applying our accounting policies and estimates. The results of the acquired stores have been adjusted to reflect the following: depreciation on a straight-line basis over the expected lives for property and equipment, accounting for inventory on a specific identification method, and recognition of interest expense for real estate financing related to stores where we purchased the facility. No nonrecurring proforma adjustments directly attributable to the acquisitions are included in the reported proforma revenues and earnings.

NOTE 13. EARNINGS PER SHARE

We calculate basic earnings per share (EPS) by dividing net income attributable to Lithia Motors, Inc. by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period, including vested RSU awards. Diluted EPS is calculated by dividing net income attributable to Lithia Motors, Inc. by the weighted average number of shares outstanding, adjusted for the dilutive effect of unvested RSU awards and employee stock purchases.

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The following is a reconciliation of net income attributable to Lithia Motors, Inc. and weighted average shares used for our basic EPS and diluted EPS:
Three Months Ended March 31,Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions, except per share amounts)20242023
Net income attributable to Lithia Motors, Inc. and applicable to common stockholders$162.6 $228.7 
Weighted average common shares outstanding – basic27.5 27.5 
Effect of employee stock purchases and restricted stock units on weighted average common shares outstanding0.1 — 
Weighted average common shares outstanding – diluted 27.6 27.5 
Basic earnings per share attributable to Lithia Motors, Inc.$5.90 $8.32 
Diluted earnings per share attributable to Lithia Motors, Inc.$5.89 $8.30 

The effect of antidilutive securities on common stock was evaluated for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 and was determined to be immaterial.

NOTE 14. SEGMENTS

We operate in two reportable segments: Vehicle Operations and Financing Operations. Our Vehicle Operations consists of all aspects of our auto merchandising and service operations, excluding financing provided by our Financing Operations. Our Financing Operations segment provides financing to customers buying and leasing retail vehicles from our Vehicle Operations, as well as leasing vehicles from our fleet management services provider.

All other remaining unallocated corporate overhead expenses and internal charges are reported under “Corporate and Other”. Asset information by segment is not utilized for purposes of assessing performance or allocating resources and, as a result, such information has not been presented.

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Certain financial information on a segment basis is as follows:
 Three Months Ended
March 31,
(in millions)20242023
Vehicle operations revenue$8,561.8 $6,973.8 
Vehicle operations gross profit1,335.2 1,211.5 
Floor plan interest expense(60.7)(27.7)
Vehicle operations selling, general and administrative(990.1)(822.6)
Vehicle operations income284.4 361.2 
Financing operations interest margin:
Interest and fee income77.3 49.3 
Interest expense(47.8)(37.5)
Total interest margin29.5 11.8 
Lease income22.4 4.6 
Depreciation and amortization(18.0)(2.3)
Lease income, net
4.4 2.3 
Selling, general and administrative(10.6)(8.6)
Provision expense(25.0)(26.3)
Financing operations loss(1.7)(20.8)
Total segment income for reportable segments282.7 340.4 
Corporate and other55.8 58.2 
Depreciation and amortization(57.8)(47.3)
Other interest expense(63.6)(39.0)
Other income, net3.5 2.0 
Income before income taxes$220.6 $314.3 

NOTE 15. RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued an accounting standards update (ASU) 2023-07 related to improvements to reportable segment disclosures. The amendments in this update require additional disclosure of significant expenses related to our reportable segments, additional segment disclosures on an interim basis, and qualitative disclosures regarding the decision making process for segment resources. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. We have adopted this pronouncement and plan to make the necessary updates to our segment disclosures for the year ending December 31, 2024, and, aside from these disclosure changes, we do not expect the amendments to have a material effect on our financial statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09 related to improvements to income tax disclosures. The amendments in this update require enhanced jurisdictional and other disaggregated disclosures for the effective tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. We plan to adopt this pronouncement and make the necessary updates to our disclosures for the year ending December 31, 2025, and, aside from these disclosure changes, we do not expect the amendments to have a material effect on our financial statements.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
 
Forward-Looking Statements and Risk Factors
Certain statements under the sections entitled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Form 10-Q constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the “Safe Harbor” provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Generally, you can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as “project,” “outlook,” “target,” “may,” “will,” “would,” “should,” “seek,” “expect,” “plan,” “intend,” “forecast,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” “likely,” “goal,” “strategy,” “future,” “maintain,” and “continue” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terms. Examples of forward-looking statements in this Form 10-Q include, among others, statements we make regarding:

•Future market conditions, including anticipated car and other sales levels and the supply of inventory
•Our business strategy and plans, including our achieving our long-term EPS target
•The growth, expansion, make-up and success of our network, including our finding accretive acquisitions and acquiring additional stores
•Annualized revenues from acquired stores
•The growth and performance of our Driveway e-commerce home solution and Driveway Finance Corporation (DFC), their synergies and other impacts on our business and our ability to meet Driveway and DFC-related targets
•The impact of sustainable vehicles and other market and regulatory changes on our business
•Our capital allocations and uses and levels of capital expenditures in the future
•Expected operating results, such as improved store performance, continued improvement of selling, general and administrative expenses (SG&A) as a percentage of gross profit and any projections
•Our anticipated financial condition and liquidity, including from our cash and the future availability of our credit facilities, unfinanced real estate and other financing sources
•Our continuing to purchase shares under our share repurchase program
•Our compliance with financial and restrictive covenants in our credit facilities and other debt agreements
•Our programs and initiatives for employee recruitment, training, and retention
•Our strategies and targets for customer retention, growth, market position, operations, financial results and risk management
 
The forward-looking statements contained in this Form 10-Q involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and situations that may cause our actual results to materially differ from the results expressed or implied by these statements. Certain important factors that could cause actual results to differ from our expectations are discussed in the Risk Factors section of our 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K, as supplemented and amended from time to time in Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).
 
By their nature, forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties because they relate to events that depend on circumstances that may or may not occur in the future. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which it is made. We assume no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement.

Overview
Lithia and Driveway (LAD) is one of the largest global automotive retailers providing an array of products and services throughout the vehicle ownership lifecycle. Simple, convenient and transparent experiences are offered through our comprehensive network of physical locations, e-commerce platforms, captive finance solutions and other synergistic adjacencies. We have delivered consistent profitable growth in a massive and unconsolidated industry. Our highly diversified and competitively differentiated design provides us the flexibility and scale to pursue our vision to modernize personal transportation solutions wherever, whenever and however consumers desire. As of March 31, 2024, we operated 482 locations representing 51 brands in three countries.

We offer a wide array of products and services fulfilling the entire vehicle ownership lifecycle including new and used vehicles, financing and insurance products and automotive repair and maintenance. We strive for diversification in our products, services, brands and geographic locations to reduce dependence on any one manufacturer, reduce susceptibility to changing consumer preferences, manage market risk and maintain profitability. Our diversification, along with our operating structure, provides a resilient and nimble business model.
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We seek to provide customers with a seamless, blended online and physical retail experience, broad selection and access to specialized expertise and knowledge. Our comprehensive network enables us to provide convenient touch points for customers and provides services throughout the vehicle life cycle. We seek to increase market share and optimize profitability by focusing on the consumer experience and applying proprietary performance measurement systems fueled by data science. Our Driveway and GreenCars brands complement our in-store experiences in the United States and provide convenient, simple and transparent platforms that serve as our e-commerce home solutions and allow us to deliver differentiated, proprietary digital experiences. Enhancing our business with Driveway Finance Corporation (DFC), our captive auto finance division, allows us to provide financing solutions for customers and diversify our business model with an adjacent product.

Our long-term strategy to create value for our customers, employees and shareholders includes the following elements:

Driving operational excellence, innovation and diversification
LAD builds magnetic brand loyalty in our 482 stores and with Driveway, our e-commerce home delivery experience, and GreenCars, our electric vehicle learning resource and marketplace. Operational excellence is achieved by focusing the business on convenient and transparent consumer experiences supported by proprietary data science to improve market share, consumer loyalty, and profitability. By promoting an entrepreneurial model with our in-store experiences, we build strong businesses responsive to each of our local markets. Utilizing performance-based action plans, we develop high-performing teams and foster manufacturer relationships.

In response to evolving consumer preferences, we invest in modernization that supports and expands our core business. These digital strategies combine our experienced, knowledgeable workforce with our owned inventory and physical network of stores, enabling us to be agile and adapt to consumer preferences and market specific conditions. Additionally, we systematically explore transformative adjacencies, which are identified to be synergistic and complementary to our existing business such as DFC, our captive auto loan portfolio.

Our investments in modernization are well under way and are taking hold with our teams as they provide digital shopping experiences including finance, contactless test drives and home delivery or curbside pickup for vehicle purchases. Our people and these solutions power our national brands, overlaying our physical footprint in a way that we believe attracts a larger population of digital consumers seeking transparent, empowered, flexible and simple buying and servicing experiences.

Our performance-based culture is geared toward an incentive-based compensation structure for a majority of our personnel. We develop pay plans that are measured based upon various factors such as customer satisfaction, profitability and individual performance metrics. These plans serve to reward team members for creating customer loyalty, achieving store potential, developing high-performing talent, meeting and exceeding manufacturer requirements and living our core values.

We have centralized many administrative functions to drive efficiencies and streamline store-level operations. The reduction of administrative functions at our stores allows our local managers to focus on customer-facing opportunities to increase revenues and gross profit. Our operations are supported by regional and corporate management, as well as dedicated training and personnel development programs which allow us to share best practices across our network and develop management talent.

Growth through acquisition and network optimization
Our acquisition growth strategy has been successful both financially and culturally. Our disciplined approach focuses on acquiring new vehicle franchises, which operate in markets ranging from mid-sized regional markets to metropolitan markets. Acquisition of these businesses increases our proximity to consumers throughout North America and the United Kingdom. While we target annual after tax return of more than 15% for our acquisitions, we have averaged over a 25% return by the third year of ownership due to a disciplined approach focusing on accretive, cash flow positive targets at reasonable valuations. In addition to being financially accretive, acquisitions aim to drive network growth that improves our ability to serve customers through vast selection, greater density and access to customers and ability to leverage national branding and advertising.

As we focus on expanding our physical network of stores, one of the criteria we evaluate is a valuation multiple between 3x to 6x of investment in intangibles to estimated annualized adjusted EBITDA, with various factors
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including location, ability to expand our network and talent considered in determining value. We also target an investment in intangibles as a percentage of annualized revenues in the range of 15% to 30%.

We regularly optimize and balance our network through strategic divestitures to ensure continued high performance. We believe our disciplined approach provides us with attractive acquisition opportunities and expanded coast-to-coast coverage.

Thoughtful capital allocation
We manage our liquidity and available cash to support our long-term plan focused on growth through acquisitions and investments in our existing business, technology and adjacencies that expand and diversify our business model. In the current market of elevated acquisition pricing, we have adjusted our free cash flow deployment strategy. Under current conditions, including recent trends in our stock price, we may consider repurchases as a more attractive use of funds than acquisitions. Our current free cash flow deployment strategy has shifted to an allocation of 50 to 60% investment in acquisitions, 25% investment in capital expenditures, innovation, and diversification and 15 to 25% in shareholder return in the form of dividends and share repurchases. During the first three months of 2024, we utilized $79.6 million for capital expenditures investing in our existing business and paid $13.8 million in dividends. As of March 31, 2024, we had available liquidity of approximately $1.3 billion, which was comprised of $264.4 million in unrestricted cash, $49.9 million in marketable securities, and $1.0 billion availability on our credit facilities. In addition, our unfinanced real estate could provide additional liquidity of approximately $0.3 billion.

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Financial Performance
2627 29
We experienced growth of revenue in 2024 compared to 2023, primarily driven by increases in volume related to acquisitions, complemented by organic growth in new vehicle retail sales and service, body and parts sales. Gross profit on new and used vehicle retail sales declined compared to 2023 due to continued normalization of margins. Net income decline was primarily driven by this margin normalization, increased interest expense, and increased SG&A as a percentage of gross profit.
362363
549755814299549755814300
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Vehicle Operations
Key performance metrics for revenue and gross profit were as follows:

Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in millions, except per unit values)20242023Change
Revenues
New vehicle retail$4,014.1 $3,278.9 22.4  %
Used vehicle retail2,800.8 2,227.5 25.7 
Finance and insurance340.6 318.3 7.0 
Service, body and parts912.8 736.3 24.0 
Total revenues8,561.8 6,973.8 22.8 
Gross profit
New vehicle retail$295.3 $333.8 (11.5) %
Used vehicle retail182.7 165.7 10.3 
Finance and insurance340.6 318.3 7.0 
Service, body and parts502.0 394.4 27.3 
Total gross profit1,335.2 1,211.5 10.2 
Gross profit margins
New vehicle retail7.4 %10.2 %(280) bps
Used vehicle retail6.5 7.4 (90)
Finance and insurance100.0 100.0 — 
Service, body and parts55.0 53.6 140 
Total gross profit margin15.6 17.4 (180)
Retail units sold
New vehicles85,683 67,796 26.4  %
Used vehicles102,436 78,142 31.1 
Average selling price per retail unit
New vehicles$46,848 $48,364 (3.1) %
Used vehicles27,342 28,506 (4.1)
Average gross profit per retail unit
New vehicles$3,447 $4,924 (30.0)%
Used vehicles1,783 2,120 (15.9)
Finance and insurance1,811 2,181 (17.0)
Total vehicle 1
4,346 5,585 (22.2)
1Includes the sales and gross profit related to new, used retail, used wholesale and finance and insurance and unit sales for new and used retail.

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Same Store Operating Data
We believe that same store comparisons are an important indicator of our financial performance. Same store measures demonstrate our ability to grow revenues in our existing locations. As a result, same store measures have been integrated into the discussion below.
 
Same store measures reflect results for stores that were operating in each comparison period and only include the months when operations occurred in both periods. For example, a store acquired in February 2023 would be included in same store operating data beginning in March 2024, after its first complete comparable month of operation. The first quarter operating results for the same store comparisons would include results for that store in only the month of March for both comparable periods.
Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in millions, except per unit values)20242023Change
Revenues
New vehicle retail$3,261.0 $3,188.7 2.3  %
Used vehicle retail2,039.6 2,148.0 (5.0)
Finance and insurance297.7 312.7 (4.8)
Service, body and parts740.2 717.5 3.2 
Total revenues6,639.8 6,771.1 (1.9)
Gross profit
New vehicle retail$235.7 $323.5 (27.1) %
Used vehicle retail152.6 160.6 (5.0)
Finance and insurance297.7 312.7 (4.8)
Service, body and parts409.7 384.4 6.6 
Total gross profit1,094.8 1,180.3 (7.2)
Gross profit margins
New vehicle retail7.2 %10.1 %(290) bps
Used vehicle retail7.5 7.5 — 
Finance and insurance100.0 100.0 — 
Service, body and parts55.4 53.6 180 
Total gross profit margin16.5 17.4 (90)
Retail units sold
New vehicles68,373 65,980 3.6  %
Used vehicles74,710 75,928 (1.6)
Average selling price per retail unit
New vehicles$47,695 $48,328 (1.3) %
Used vehicles27,300 28,290 (3.5)
Average gross profit per retail unit
New vehicles$3,448 $4,903 (29.7)%
Used vehicles2,043 2,116 (3.4)
Finance and insurance2,080 2,204 (5.6)
Total vehicle 1
4,760 5,594 (14.9)
1Includes the sales and gross profit related to new, used retail, used wholesale and finance and insurance and unit sales for new and used retail.

New Retail Vehicles
We believe that our new vehicle retail sales create incremental profit opportunities through certain manufacturer incentive programs, arranging of third-party financing, vehicle service and insurance contracts, future resale of used vehicles acquired through trade-in, and parts and service work. Our leaders in each market continue to adapt to changing conditions, respond to customer needs and manage inventory availability and selection.

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YTD 2024 vs. YTD 2023
New vehicle retail revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2024 increased 22.4% compared to the same period of 2023 primarily due to acquisition activity. Same store new vehicle retail revenue increased 2.3% due to an increase in unit volume of 3.6%, partially offset by a decrease in average selling prices of 1.3%.

Same store new vehicle retail gross profit per unit decreased 29.7%, driven by a decrease in new vehicle retail gross profit margins of 290 bps. Total same store new vehicle retail gross profit per unit, which includes the finance and insurance revenue generated from the sales of new retail vehicles, decreased $1,640 to $5,771.

Used Retail Vehicles
Used vehicle retail sales are a strategic focus for organic growth. We offer three categories of used vehicles: manufacturer certified pre-owned (CPO) vehicles; core vehicles, or late-model vehicles with lower mileage; and value autos, or vehicles with over 80,000 miles. We continue to focus on procuring vehicles across the full spectrum of the addressable used vehicle market to provide customers with a wide selection meeting all levels of affordability, driving increased used vehicle unit volumes. Our used vehicle operations provide an opportunity to generate sales to customers unable or unwilling to purchase a new vehicle, sell brands other than the store’s new vehicle franchise(s) and increase sales from finance and insurance and parts and service.

We have established a company-wide target of achieving a per store average of 100 used retail units per month. Strategies to achieve this target include reducing wholesale sales and selling the full spectrum of used units, from late model CPO models to vehicles up to twenty years old. For the trailing twelve months ended March 31, 2024, our stores sold an average of 84 used vehicles per store per month.

YTD 2024 vs. YTD 2023
Used vehicle retail revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2024 increased 25.7% compared to the same period of 2023 driven by acquisition activity. On a same store basis, used vehicle retail sales decreased 5.0% due to a decrease in average selling prices of 3.5% and a decrease in unit volume of 1.6%. Volume decreases were driven by decreasing volumes associated with core vehicles. Total same store used vehicle retail gross profit per unit, which includes the finance and insurance revenue generated from the sales of used retail vehicles, decreased $154 to $3,901.

Finance and Insurance
We believe that arranging vehicle financing is an important part of our ability to sell vehicles, and we attempt to arrange financing for every vehicle we sell. We also offer related products such as extended warranties, insurance contracts and vehicle and theft protection which drive continued engagement with the consumer throughout the ownership lifecycle.

YTD 2024 vs. YTD 2023
Total finance and insurance income increased 7.0% in the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the same period of 2023, driven by acquisition activity. Same store finance and insurance revenues decreased 4.8%, driven by a decline in service contract penetration rates. On a same store basis, our finance and insurance revenue per retail unit decreased $123 to $2,080.

Service, body and parts
We provide automotive repair and maintenance services for customers for the new vehicle brands sold by our stores, as well as service and repairs for most other makes and models. These after sales services are an integral part of our customer retention and the largest contributor to our overall profitability. Earnings from after sales continue to prove to be more resilient during economic downturns, when owners tend to repair their existing vehicles rather than buy new vehicles.

YTD 2024 vs. YTD 2023
Our service, body, and parts revenue increased 24.0% in the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the same period of 2023, driven by acquisitions, as well as an increase in warranty and customer pay revenues. Same store customer pay revenues was the largest contribution to our service, body and parts revenue at $414.8 million.

Same store service, body and parts gross profit increased 6.6%. This increase was primarily due to increased volumes of warranty and customer pay transactions. Overall same store service, body, and parts gross margins
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increased 180 bps, primarily as a result of our mix continuing to shift towards customer pay, which has higher margins than other service work. Same store customer pay gross margin increased 30 bps.

Financing Operations

In the United States, Financing Operations is a captive lender, originating loans only from our stores and Driveway. In Canada, Financing Operations originates loans and leases from both our Canadian stores and third-party dealerships. In the United Kingdom, Financing Operations is related to our fleet management leasing operations. Financing Operations provides an opportunity to capture additional profits, cash flows, and sales while managing our reliance on third-party finance sources.

Financing Operations income reflects the interest and fee income generated by the portfolio of auto loan and finance lease receivables, plus the lease income generated by our net investment in operating leases, less the interest expense associated with the debt utilized to fund the lending, including internal capital, a provision for estimated loan and lease losses, depreciation on vehicles leased via operating leases, and directly-related expenses.

Selected Financing Operations Financial Information
Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in millions)2024
% 1
2023
% 1
Interest margin:
Interest and fee income$77.3 9.0 $49.3 8.1 
Interest expense(47.8)(5.6)(37.5)(6.2)
Total interest margin29.5 3.5 11.8 1.9 
Lease income22.4 4.6 
Depreciation and amortization(18.0)(2.3)
Lease income, net
4.4 2.3 
Selling, general and administrative(10.6)(8.6)
Provision expense(25.0)(2.9)(26.3)(4.3)
Financing operations loss$(1.7)$(20.8)
Total average managed finance receivables$3,436.6 $2,461.9 
1Annualized percentage of total average managed finance receivables.

DFC Portfolio Information1
Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in millions)20242023
Loan origination information
Net loans originated$492.8 $629.1 
Vehicle units financed17,219 20,928 
Total penetration rate 2
11.7 %14.3 %
Weighted average contract rate10.2 %9.0 %
Weighted average credit score 3
735 731 
Weighted average FE LTV 4
95.2 %95.9 %
Weighted average term (in months)
72 73 
Loan performance information
Total ending managed receivables$3,349.7 $2,516.0 
Total average managed receivables$3,263.7 $2,312.7 
Allowance for loan losses$107.9 $78.0 
Allowance for loan losses as a percentage of ending managed receivables3.2 %3.1 %
Net credit losses on managed receivables19.3 13.4 
Annualized net credit losses as a percentage of total average managed receivables2.4 %2.3 %
Past due accounts as a percentage of ending managed receivables 5
3.8 %3.7 %
Average recovery rate 6
43.2 %53.9 %
1Excludes Canadian portfolio
2Units financed as a percentage of total new and used vehicle retail units sold.
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3The credit scores represent FICO scores and reflect only receivables with obligors that have a FICO score at the time of application. For receivables with co-borrowers, the FICO score is the primary borrower’s. FICO scores are not a significant factor in our proprietary credit model, which relies on information from credit bureaus and other application information.
4Front-end loan-to-value represents the ratio of the amount financed to the total collateral value, which is measured as the vehicle selling price plus applicable taxes, title and fees.
5Past due means loans at least 3 months old that are 30 or more days delinquent
6The average recovery rate represents the average percentage of the outstanding principal balance we receive when a vehicle is repossessed and liquidated, generally at wholesale auctions.

YTD 2024 vs. YTD 2023
Financing operations loss decreased in the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the same period of 2023 primarily due to the addition of the UK Financing Operations business and increased contract rates to borrowers, resulting in an expansion of total interest margin to 3.5%.

The weighted average contract rate on loans originated in the three months ended March 31, 2024 increased to 10.2%, compared with 9.0% in the same period of 2023. The decrease in provision expense compared to the year ago quarter reflected the increased credit quality of the portfolio and strong performance of our operational teams. The decrease in selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of receivables compared to the year ago quarter reflected improved operational performance and economies of scale.

Operating Expenses

Selling, General and Administrative Expense (SG&A)
SG&A includes salaries and related personnel expenses, advertising (net of manufacturer cooperative advertising credits), rent, facility costs, and other general corporate expenses.

YTD 2024 vs. YTD 2023
 Three Months Ended March 31,Increase% Increase
($ in millions)20242023
Personnel$602.4 $509.0 $93.4 18.3 %
Advertising63.4 59.9 3.5 5.8 
Rent30.4 18.9 11.5 60.8 
Facility costs 1
58.8 41.3 17.5 42.4 
Gain on sale of assets(1.0)(7.1)6.1 NM
Other180.3 142.4 37.9 26.6 
Total SG&A$934.3 $764.4 $169.9 22.2 %
1Includes variable lease costs related to the reimbursement of actual costs incurred by our lessors for common area maintenance, property taxes and insurance on leased property.
NM - not meaningful

 Three Months Ended March 31,Increase (Decrease)
As a % of gross profit20242023
Personnel45.1 %42.0 %310 bps
Advertising4.8 4.9 (10)
Rent2.3 1.6 70 
Facility costs4.4 3.4 100 
Gain on sale of assets(0.1)(0.6)50 
Other13.5 11.8 170 
Total SG&A70.0 %63.1 %690 bps
 

SG&A as a percentage of gross profit was 70.0% for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to 63.1% for the same period of 2023. Total SG&A expense increased 22.2%, driven by increases in all areas, primarily as a result of our growth in the United Kingdom.

On a same store basis and excluding non-core charges, SG&A as a percentage of gross profit was 66.9% compared to 62.8% for the same period of 2023. The increase was primarily related to the decrease in gross profit exceeding the decrease in same store SG&A costs.

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SG&A expense adjusted for non-core charges was as follows:
YTD 2024 vs. YTD 2023
 Three Months Ended March 31,Increase (Decrease)% Increase
($ in millions)20242023
Personnel$602.4 $509.0 $93.4 18.3 %
Advertising63.4 59.9 3.5 5.8 %
Rent30.4 18.9 11.5 60.8 %
Facility costs1
58.8 41.3 17.5 42.4 %
Adjusted (gain) loss on sale of assets(1.0)0.1 (1.1)NM
Adjusted other172.6 130.9 41.7 31.9 %
Adjusted total SG&A$926.6 $760.1 $166.5 21.9 %
1Includes variable lease costs related to the reimbursement of actual costs incurred by our lessors for common area maintenance, property taxes and insurance on leased property.
NM - not meaningful
 Three Months Ended March 31,Increase (Decrease)
As a % of gross profit20242023
Personnel45.1 %42.0 %310 bps
Advertising4.8 4.9 (10)
Rent2.3 1.6 70 
Facility costs4.4 3.4 100 
Adjusted gain on sale of assets(0.1)— (10)
Adjusted other12.9 10.8 210 
Adjusted total SG&A69.4 %62.7 %670 bps

Adjusted SG&A for the three months ended March 31, 2024 excludes $7.7 million in acquisition-related expenses.

Adjusted SG&A for the three months ended March 31, 2023 excludes $10.1 million in one-time contract buyouts, $1.3 million in acquisition-related expenses and $0.1 million in storm insurance charges, offset by a $7.2 million net gain on store disposals.

Adjusted SG&A is a non-GAAP measure. See “Non-GAAP Reconciliations” for more details.

Floor Plan Interest Expense and Floor Plan Assistance
Floor plan assistance is provided by manufacturers to support store financing of new vehicle inventory and is recorded as a component of new vehicle gross profit when the specific vehicle is sold. However, because manufacturers provide this assistance to offset inventory carrying costs, we believe a comparison of floor plan interest expense to floor plan assistance is a useful measure of the efficiency of our new vehicle sales relative to stocking levels.

Shown below are the details for carrying costs for new vehicles net of floor plan assistance earned:

YTD 2024 vs. YTD 2023
 Three Months Ended March 31, %
($ in millions)20242023ChangeChange
Floor plan interest expense (new vehicles)$60.7 $27.7 $33.0 119.1 %
Floor plan assistance (included as an offset to cost of sales)(40.0)(34.5)(5.5)15.9 
Net new vehicle carrying costs (benefit)
$20.7 $(6.8)$27.5 (404.4)

Floor plan interest expense increased $33.0 million in the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the same period of 2023 due to rising interest rates and increased inventory levels.

Depreciation and Amortization
Depreciation and amortization is comprised of depreciation expense related to buildings, significant remodels or improvements, furniture, tools, equipment, signage, and amortization of certain intangible assets, including customer lists.
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YTD 2024 vs. YTD 2023
 Three Months Ended March 31,Increase% Increase
($ in millions)20242023
Depreciation and amortization$57.8 $47.3 $10.5 22.2 %
Acquisition activity contributed to the increase in depreciation and amortization in 2024 compared to 2023. We acquired $1.0 billion of depreciable property as part of our acquisition activity over the twelve months ended March 31, 2024. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, we invested $79.6 million in capital expenditures. These investments increased the amount of depreciation expense in the three months ended March 31, 2024. See the discussion under “Liquidity and Capital Resources” for additional information.

Operating Income
Operating income as a percentage of revenue, or operating margin, was as follows:

YTD 2024 vs. YTD 2023
 Three Months Ended March 31,
 20242023
Operating margin4.0 %5.4 %
Operating margin adjusted for non-core charges 1
4.1 %5.5 %
1See “Non-GAAP Reconciliations” for more details.

Operating margin decreased 140 bps in the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023, primarily due to increased SG&A of 22.2% and a 10.2% decrease in gross profit.

Non-Operating Expenses

Other Interest Expense
Other interest expense includes interest on senior notes, debt incurred related to acquisitions, real estate mortgages, used and service loaner vehicle inventory financing commitments, and revolving lines of credit.

YTD 2024 vs. YTD 2023
 Three Months Ended March 31,Increase% Increase
($ in millions)20242023
Mortgage interest$11.3 $7.9 $3.4 43.0 %
Other interest53.6 31.9 21.7 68.0 
Capitalized interest(1.3)(0.8)0.5 NM
Total other interest expense$63.6 $39.0 24.6 63.1 
NM - not meaningful

Other interest expense for the three months ended March 31, 2024 increased $24.6 million related to increased borrowings and interest rates compared to the same period of 2023.

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Income Tax Provision
Our effective income tax rate was as follows:
 Three Months Ended March 31,
 20242023
Effective income tax rate25.2 %26.9 %
Effective income tax rate excluding non-core items25.0 %26.9 %
 
Our effective income tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to last year was positively affected by a reduction in the current and deferred state tax rate due to the impact of global network expansion on worldwide combined reporting states, filing elections and statutory rate changes. Our rate was also positively affected by an increase in tax benefit from stock awards vesting in the current period and an increase in general business credits. Excluding non-core charges, we estimate our annual effective income tax rate to be 26.0%.

Non-GAAP Reconciliations
Non-GAAP measures do not have definitions under GAAP and may be defined differently by and not comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies. As a result, we review any non-GAAP financial measures in connection with a review of the most directly comparable measures calculated in accordance with GAAP. We caution you not to place undue reliance on such non-GAAP measures, but also to consider them with the most directly comparable GAAP measures. We believe each of the non-GAAP financial measures below improves the transparency of our disclosures, provides a meaningful presentation of our results from the core business operations because they exclude items not related to our ongoing core business operations and other non-cash items, and improves the period-to-period comparability of our results from the core business operations. We use these measures in conjunction with GAAP financial measures to assess our business, including our compliance with covenants in our credit facility and in communications with our Board of Directors concerning financial performance. These measures should not be considered an alternative to GAAP measures.

The following tables reconcile certain reported non-GAAP measures, which we refer to as “adjusted,” to the most comparable GAAP measure from our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

 Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
(in millions, except per share amounts)As reportedAcquisition expensesAdjusted
Selling, general and administrative$934.3 $(7.7)$926.6 
Operating income341.4 7.7 349.1 
Income before income taxes$220.6 $7.7 $228.3 
Income tax provision(55.6)(1.6)(57.2)
Net income165.0 6.1 171.1 
Net income attributable to non-controlling interest(1.5)— (1.5)
Net income attributable to redeemable non-controlling interest(0.9)— (0.9)
Net income attributable to Lithia Motors, Inc.$162.6 $6.1 $168.7 
Diluted earnings per share attributable to Lithia Motors, Inc.$5.89 $0.22 $6.11 
Diluted share count27.6 

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 Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
(in millions, except per share amounts)As reportedNet disposal gain on sale of storesInvestment lossInsurance reservesAcquisition expensesContract buyoutsAdjusted
Selling, general and administrative$764.4 $7.2 $— $(0.1)$(1.3)$(10.1)$760.1 
Operating income (loss)379.0 (7.2)— 0.1 1.3 10.1 383.3 
Other income, net2.0 — 0.5 — — — 2.5 
Income (loss) before income taxes$314.3 $(7.2)$0.5 $0.1 $1.3 $10.1 $319.1 
Income tax (provision) benefit(84.7)1.9 — — (0.2)(2.7)(85.7)
Net income (loss)229.6 (5.3)0.5 0.1 1.1 7.4 233.4 
Net income attributable to non-controlling interest(0.7)— — — — — (0.7)
Net income attributable to redeemable non-controlling interest(0.2)— — — — — (0.2)
Net income (loss) attributable to Lithia Motors, Inc.$228.7 $(5.3)$0.5 $0.1 $1.1 $7.4 $232.5 
Diluted earnings (loss) per share attributable to Lithia Motors, Inc.$8.30 $(0.19)$0.02 $— $0.04 $0.27 $8.44 
Diluted share count27.5 

Liquidity and Capital Resources
We manage our liquidity and capital resources in the context of our overall business strategy, continually forecasting and managing our cash, working capital balances and capital structure in a way that we believe will meet the short-term and long-term obligations of our business while maintaining liquidity and financial flexibility. In the current market of elevated acquisition pricing, we have adjusted our free cash flow deployment strategy. Under current conditions, including recent trends in our stock price, we may consider repurchases as a more attractive use of funds than acquisitions. Our current free cash flow deployment strategy has shifted to allocation of 50% to 60% investment in acquisitions, 25% investment in capital expenditures, Driveway and Driveway Finance Corporation and 15% to 25% in shareholder return in the form of dividends and share repurchases.

We believe we have sufficient sources of funding to meet our business requirements for the next 12 months and in the longer term. Cash flows from operations and borrowings under our credit facilities are our main sources for liquidity. In addition to the above sources of liquidity, potential sources to fund our business strategy include financing of real estate and proceeds from debt or equity offerings. We evaluate all of these options and may select one or more of them depending on overall capital needs and the availability and cost of capital, although no assurances can be provided that these capital sources will be available in sufficient amounts or with terms acceptable to us.
 
Available Sources
Below is a summary of our immediately available funds:
($ in millions)March 31, 2024December 31, 2023Change% Change
Cash and cash equivalents
$264.4 $825.0 $(560.6)(68.0)%
Marketable securities
49.9 — 49.9 — 
Available credit on credit facilities969.8 870.4 99.4 11.4 
Total current available funds$1,284.1 $1,695.4 $(411.3)(24.3)%

Information about our cash flows, by category, is presented in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. The following table summarizes our cash flows:
 Three Months Ended March 31,Change
(in millions)20242023in Cash Flow
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities$292.4 $(49.0)$341.4 
Net cash used in investing activities(1,265.9)(413.9)(852.0)
Net cash provided by financing activities445.0 509.9 (64.9)

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Operating Activities
Cash provided by (used in) operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2024 increased $341.4 million compared to the same period of 2023, primarily related to an increase in floor plan notes payable and finance receivables activity, partially offset by inventory activity and a decrease in net income compared to the same period of 2023.
 
Borrowings from and repayments to our syndicated credit facilities related to our new vehicle inventory floor plan financing are presented as financing activities. To better understand the impact of changes in inventory, other assets, and the associated financing, we also consider our adjusted net cash provided by operating activities to include borrowings or repayments associated with our new vehicle floor plan commitment and exclude the impact of our financing receivables activity. Adjusted net cash provided by operating activities, a non-GAAP measure, is presented below:
 Three Months Ended March 31,Change
(in millions)20242023in Cash Flow
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities – as reported$292.4 $(49.0)$341.4 
Adjust: Net borrowings on floor plan notes payable, non-trade156.1 187.6 (31.5)
Less: Borrowings on floor plan notes payable, non-trade associated with acquired new vehicle inventory(71.7)(3.7)(68.0)
Adjust: Financing receivables activity173.8 397.0 (223.2)
Net cash provided by operating activities – adjusted$550.6 $531.9 $18.7 

Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities totaled $1.3 billion and $0.4 billion, respectively, for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.
 
Below are highlights of significant activity related to our cash flows from investing activities:
 Three Months Ended March 31,Change
(in millions)20242023in Cash Flow
Capital expenditures$(79.6)$(38.9)$(40.7)
Cash paid for acquisitions, net of cash acquired(1,074.4)(387.4)(687.0)
Cash paid for other investments(122.0)(11.1)(110.9)
Proceeds from sales of stores6.4 22.7 (16.3)

Capital Expenditures
Below is a summary of our capital expenditure activities ($ in millions):
316
Many manufacturers provide assistance in the form of additional incentives or assistance if facilities meet specified standards and requirements. We expect that certain facility upgrades and remodels will generate additional
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manufacturer incentive payments. Also, tax laws allowing accelerated deductions for capital expenditures reduce the overall investment needed and encourage accelerated project timelines.
We expect to use a portion of our future capital expenditures to upgrade facilities that we recently acquired. This additional capital investment is contemplated in our initial evaluation of the investment return metrics applied to each acquisition and is usually associated with manufacturer standards and requirements.

The increase in capital expenditures for the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to the same period of 2023 related primarily to higher existing operations improvements.

If we undertake a significant capital commitment in the future, we expect to pay for the commitment out of existing cash balances, construction financing and borrowings on our credit facility. Upon completion of the projects, we believe we would have the ability to secure long-term financing and general borrowings from third party lenders for 70% to 90% of the amounts expended, although no assurances can be provided that these financings will be available to us in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us.

Acquisitions
We focus on acquiring stores at attractive purchase prices that meet our return thresholds and strategic objectives. We look for acquisitions that diversify our brand and geographic mix as we continue to evaluate our portfolio to minimize exposure to any one manufacturer and achieve financial returns.
 
We are able to subsequently floor new vehicle inventory acquired as part of an acquisition; however, the cash generated by this transaction is recorded as borrowings on floor plan notes payable, non-trade.

Adjusted net cash paid for acquisitions, as well as certain other acquisition-related information is presented below:
 Three Months Ended March 31,
20242023
Number of locations acquired139 37 
(in millions)
Cash paid for acquisitions, net of cash acquired$(1,074.4)$(387.4)
Less: Borrowings on floor plan notes payable: non-trade associated with acquired new vehicle inventory71.7 3.7 
Cash paid for acquisitions, net of cash acquired – adjusted$(1,002.7)$(383.7)
 
We evaluate potential capital investments primarily based on targeted rates of return on assets and return on our net equity investment.

Financing Activities
Adjusted net cash provided by financing activities, a non-GAAP measure, which is adjusted for borrowings and repayments on floor plan facilities: non-trade and borrowings and repayments associated with our Financing Operations segment was as follows:
 Three Months Ended March 31,Change
(in millions)20242023in Cash Flow
Cash provided by financing activities, as reported$445.0 $509.9 $(64.9)
Less: Net borrowings on floor plan notes payable: non-trade(156.1)(187.6)31.5 
Less: Net borrowings on non-recourse notes payable
(125.9)(403.2)277.3 
Cash provided by (used in) financing activities, as adjusted$163.0 $(80.9)$243.9 

Below are highlights of significant activity related to our cash flows from financing activities, excluding borrowings and repayments on floor plan notes payable: non-trade, which are discussed above:
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 Three Months Ended March 31,Change
(in millions)20242023in Cash Flow
Net borrowings (repayments) on lines of credit$51.9 $(40.4)$92.3 
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt158.9 10.4 148.5 
Principal payments on non-recourse notes payable(203.5)(76.5)(127.0)
Proceeds from the issuance of non-recourse notes payable329.4 479.7 (150.3)
Repurchase of common stock(15.0)(14.4)(0.6)
Dividends paid(13.8)(11.5)(2.3)
Payment of contingent consideration related to acquisitions(12.0)(14.0)2.0 

Equity Transactions
Our Board of Directors has authorized the repurchase of up to $1.2 billion of our Common Stock. We repurchased a total of 45,516 shares of our Common Stock at an average price of $329.21 in the first three months of 2024, all related to tax withholding on vesting RSUs, none related to our repurchase authorization. As of March 31, 2024, we had $467.0 million remaining available for repurchases and the authorization does not have an expiration date.

In the first three months of 2024, we declared and paid dividends on our Common Stock as follows:
Dividend paid:Dividend amount
per share		Total amount of dividend
(in millions)
March 2024$0.50 $13.8 
 
We evaluate performance and make a recommendation to the Board of Directors on dividend payments on a quarterly basis.

Summary of Outstanding Balances on Credit Facilities and Long-Term Debt
Below is a summary of our outstanding balances on credit facilities and long-term debt:
As of March 31, 2024
(in millions)OutstandingRemaining Available 
Floor plan note payable: non-trade$2,428.7 $— 1
Floor plan notes payable2,533.3 —  
Used and service loaner vehicle inventory financing commitments912.7 31.7 2
Revolving lines of credit1,610.5 918.5 2, 3
Warehouse facilities636.0 19.6 
Non-recourse notes payable1,831.5 — 
4.625% Senior notes due 2027400.0 — 
4.375% Senior notes due 2031550.0 — 
3.875% Senior notes due 2029800.0 — 
Real estate mortgages, finance lease obligations, and other debt880.6 —  
Unamortized debt issuance costs(30.2)— 4
Total debt, net$12,553.1 $969.8 
1As of March 31, 2024, we had a $2.9 billion new vehicle floor plan commitment as part of our US Bank syndicated credit facility, and a $500 million CAD wholesale floorplan commitment as part of our Bank of Nova Scotia syndicated credit facility.
2The amount available on these credit facilities are limited based on borrowing base calculations and fluctuates monthly.
3Available credit is based on the borrowing base amount effective as of February 29, 2024. This amount is reduced by $37.0 million for outstanding letters of credit.
4Debt issuance costs are presented on the balance sheet as a reduction from the carrying amount of the related debt liability.

Financial Covenants
Our credit facilities, non-recourse notes payable, and senior notes contain customary representations and warranties, conditions and covenants for transactions of these types.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 15 – Recent Accounting Pronouncements for discussion.
 
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Critical Accounting Policies and Use of Estimates
There have been no material changes in the critical accounting policies and use of estimates described in our 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 23, 2024.

Seasonality and Quarterly Fluctuations
Historically, our sales have been lower in the first quarter of each year due to consumer purchasing patterns and inclement weather in certain of our markets. As a result, financial performance is expected to be lower during the first quarter than during the second, third and fourth quarters of each fiscal year. We believe that interest rates, levels of consumer debt, consumer confidence and manufacturer sales incentives, as well as general economic conditions, also contribute to fluctuations in sales and operating results.
 
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a material current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources.
 
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
 
There have been no material changes in our reported market risks or risk management policies since the filing of our 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K, which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 23, 2024.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures
 
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We evaluated, with the participation and under the supervision of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information we are required to disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure and that such information is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in Securities and Exchange Commission rules and forms.
 
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during our most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II - OTHER INFORMATION
 
Item 1. Legal Proceedings

We are party to numerous legal proceedings arising in the normal course of our business. Although we do not anticipate that the resolution of legal proceedings arising in the normal course of business will have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, or cash flows, we cannot predict this with certainty.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

The information in this Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the risk factors and information disclosed in our 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K, which was filed with the SEC on February 23, 2024. We have described in our 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K, under “Risk Factors” in Item 1A, the primary risks related to our business and securities.

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Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
 
We repurchased the following shares of our common stock during the first quarter of 2024:
For the full calendar month of
Total number of shares purchased2
Average price paid per share
Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plans1
Maximum dollar value of shares that may yet be purchased under publicly announced plan (in thousands)1
January45,409 $329.28 — $466,996 
February— — — 466,996 
March107 299.06 — 466,996 
Total45,516 329.21 — 
1On November 1, 2022, our Board of Directors approved an additional $450 million repurchase authorization of our common stock. This authorization was in addition to the $750 million repurchase authorization authorized by the Board on November 30, 2021. The current share repurchase plan has no expiration date.
2All of the shares repurchased in the first quarter of 2024 were related to tax withholding upon the vesting of RSUs and none related to our repurchase authorization.

Item 5. Other Information

No director or officer adopted or terminated any Rule 10b5-1 plan or any non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement during the first quarter of 2024.

Item 6. Exhibits

The following exhibits are filed herewith and this list is intended to constitute the exhibit index.
Incorporated by ReferenceFiled or Furnished Herewith
Exhibit NumberExhibit DescriptionFormFile NumberExhibitFiling Date
Restated Articles of Incorporation of Lithia Motors, Inc.10-Q001-147333.107/28/21
Second Amended and Restated Bylaws of Lithia Motors, Inc.8-K001-147333.204/25/19
Omnibus Amendment No. 2 to Loan Agreement, dated February 16, 2024, among DFC Business Services, LLC, Driveway Finance Corporation, the lenders party thereto from time to time, the agents from time to time party thereto, and Mizuho Bank, Ltd. X
Amendment No. 9 to Amended and Restated Loan Agreement, dated February 23, 2024, among SCFC Business Services LLC, Driveway Finance Corporation, the lenders from time to time parties hereto, the agents from time to time parties hereto, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.X
Fifth Amendment to Fourth Amended and Restated Loan Agreement, dated February 23, 2024, among Lithia Motors, Inc., the subsidiaries of Lithia Motors, Inc. listed on the signature pages of the agreement or that thereafter become borrowers thereunder, the lenders party thereto from time to time, and U.S. Bank National Association.*8-K001-1473310-102/27/24
First Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated March 18, 2024, among Lithia Master LP Company, LP, the subsidiaries of Lithia Motors, Inc. listed on the signature pages of the agreement or that thereafter become borrowers thereunder, Lithia Master GP Company, Inc. and the other general partners of the Borrowers, the lenders party thereto from time to time, and The Bank of Nova Scotia.*X
Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.X
Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.X
Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and 18 U.S.C. Section 1350.X
Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and 18 U.S.C. Section 1350.X
101Inline XBRL Document Set for the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes to consolidated financial statementsX
104Cover page formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101.X
*Certain confidential and immaterial terms redacted pursuant to Item 601(b)(10)(iv) of Regulation S-K.
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SIGNATURE

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
Date: April 26, 2024LITHIA MOTORS, INC.
Registrant
By:/s/ Tina Miller
Tina Miller
Chief Financial Officer, Senior Vice President, and Principal Accounting Officer

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