MDB Capital Holdings, LLC [MDBH] Filings

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

FOR THE ANNUAL PERIOD ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2023

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission File Number: 001-41751

MDB CAPITAL HOLDINGS, LLC

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

(945) 262-9012

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act:

None

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☒ No ☐.

Indicate by check mark whether the issuer (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the last 90 days. YES ☒ NO ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). YES ☒ NO ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “non-accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐ 

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☒

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). YES ☐ NO ☒

As of March 29, 2024, the number of outstanding shares of Class A Common Shares, representing limited liability interests, of the registrant was 4,295,632. There are also 5,000,000 outstanding shares of Class B Common Shares, representing limited liability interests of the registrant, each of which votes with the Class A Common Shares on all matters presented to the holders of the Class A Common Shares. The registrant completed its initial public offering and listed its Class A Common Stock for trading on the Nasdaq Stock Market on September 20, 2023, therefore no common shares were traded as of the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

None.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

In this Annual Report, unless otherwise indicated, the “Company”, “MDB,” “we”, “us” or “our” refer to MDB Capital Holdings, LLC and, where appropriate, together with its wholly-owned and controlled subsidiaries.

CAUTIONARY STATEMENT

This Annual Report on Form 10-K, including “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Item 7, contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. These forward-looking statements are not historical facts but are based on current management expectations that involve substantial risks, uncertainties, and other factors, some of which are beyond our control and difficult to predict and could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed in, or implied by, these forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements relate to future events or our future financial performance. We generally identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “expects,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “could,” “intends,” “target,” “projects,” “contemplates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “potential” or “continue” or the negative of these terms or other similar words. All statements, other than statements of historical fact, are statements that could be deemed forward-looking statements including, but not limited to, any projections of revenue, gross profit, earnings or loss, tax provisions, cash flows or other financial items; any statements of the plans, strategies or objectives of management for future operations; any statements regarding current or future macroeconomic or industry-specific trends or events and the impact of those trends and events on us or our financial performance; any statements regarding pending investigations, legal claims or tax disputes; any statements of expectation or belief; and any statements of assumptions underlying any of the foregoing.

These forward-looking statements are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties, assumptions and other factors that could cause our actual results of operations, financial condition, liquidity, performance, prospects, opportunities, achievements or industry results, as well as those of the markets we serve or intend to serve, to differ materially from those expressed in, or suggested by, these forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are based on assumptions regarding our present and future business strategies and the environment in which we operate.

Although we believe that the assumptions on which these forward-looking statements are based are reasonable, any of those assumptions could prove to be inaccurate, and as a result, the forward-looking statements based on those assumptions also could be inaccurate. In light of these and other uncertainties, the inclusion of a projection or forward-looking statement in this annual report on Form 10-K should not be regarded as a representation by us that our plans and objectives will be achieved. These risks and uncertainties include those described or identified in “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which apply only as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Except as required by the federal securities laws, we undertake no obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, to reflect events or circumstances occurring after the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Important factors that could cause those differences include, but are not limited to:

These above factors should not be construed as exhaustive and should be read with the other cautionary statements in this annual report.

PART I

Item 1. Business

Introduction

MDB Capital Holdings (“MDB”) serves as a foundational platform specializing in financing startups, partnering with co-founders, and fostering significant value creation. This platform sets the stage for nascent ideas and entrepreneurial talent to take root. MDB is comprised of a group of companies that together serve as this unified foundational platform.

One of the companies in our group, Public Ventures, LLC (“Public Ventures”) operates as a growth catalyst, focusing on community-driven micro and small-cap financings. It enables companies to scale through the initial financing stages ranging from five to sixty million dollars and facilitates their transition into public markets with select IPOs valued in the range of twenty to fifty million dollars. Public Ventures also will provide financing to post-IPO companies that continue to meet its overall business criteria for investment.

Another company in our group, PatentVest, Inc. (“PatentVest”) complements the platform as an integrated intellectual property (“IP”) solution and IP service provider, acting as a strategic law firm to guide technology companies through the intricacies of IP law and provides companies with IP strategy development. It plays a pivotal role in positioning companies to become leaders in their respective spaces and curates premier opportunities for MDB and Public Ventures, which leads to our Big Idea Companies.

Invizyne Technologies Inc. (“Invizyne”), one of our partner companies and currently about 60% owned, is a Big Idea Company. Through our foundational platform, Invizyne was identified from the Big Idea Pipeline (described below). Invizyne is making strides in modernizing the process of turning natural resources into valuable chemicals through a platform called SimplePath™. This platform sidesteps traditional, often inefficient methods like chemical synthesis, which can be costly and harmful to the environment, or natural extraction, which can be wasteful and damaging to the environment. Invizyne has already shown in the laboratory that its processes can work and is optimistic about scaling to commercial production. This innovative approach could lead to a new era of biomanufacturing, Biomanufacturing 2.0, transforming how we produce essential chemicals sustainably.

MDB supports a continuous process, dubbed our Big Idea Pipeline, designed to surface new Big Idea Companies and other opportunities for our platform. We believe that the Big Idea Pipeline showcases the progression of tech initiatives from discovery to commercialization stages. Initially, in any give calendar cycle, a substantial number of potential tech ideas are scouted from various sources such as community referrals, universities, and conferences. From this broad pool, approximately 250 technologies are identified as relevant and with potential alignment with our business model. A more focused group of these ideas, about 50, evolves into, what we call, active Big Idea companies. Progressing further, approximately ten of these companies reach advanced stages within the selection process, indicating a deeper engagement and evaluation by MDB. At the pinnacle of the pipeline, as of the date of this report, two Big Idea companies are currently in active negotiations, marking the final step before potential partnership or investment. This is a continuous process with the Big Idea Pipeline in constant flux as new ideas emerge or evolve. MDB’s disciplined and structured approach to vetting the Big Idea pipeline allows us to cultivate and invest in innovative technologies with the potential to scale and succeed in the market.

MDB’s investment criteria focuses in on six key areas to identify early-stage companies poised for success in public markets. These potential partner companies should exhibit “Tech Leadership Potential,” with distinct differentiation that pioneers a new technology category. “Platform Technology” is essential, with core technology that can span various vertical markets or indications. They should be at an “Early Inflection Point,” where the timeline and costs to validate technology feasibility in the commercial marketplace are reasonable. “Clear Market Insertion” is also critical, with technology disruption significant enough to incentivize stakeholders for market entry. The target companies should have “Large Market Potential,” addressing substantial unmet needs with vast market opportunities. Lastly, a “Strong IP Position” is necessary, meaning a robust and defensible intellectual property stance with broad claims to secure a sustainable competitive edge.

In essence, the investment philosophy is to scout for companies that not only stand at the vanguard of technology but also demonstrate the capacity to disrupt markets, backed by solid intellectual property and clear pathways to market adoption and growth.

Together, our platform represents a holistic approach to leadership development in the general technology industry. Our objective is to provide a continuum of support to our partner companies, from inception through growth phases, culminating in market leadership. Each part of the overall platform is integral to the journey of a start-up, providing tailored resources, expertise, management guidance and resources, and financial backing as necessary to evolve our partner company into a significant player in the technology sector. This unity of purpose exemplifies the strategic foresight of MDB’s commitment to launching Big Ideas and developing industry leaders.

Overview

MDB was founded in 1997, originally operating as MDB Capital Group, LLC, for the purpose of engaging with companies holding visionary technology, inventors, and technology entrepreneurs. To maximize the impact of our actions and culture, under our business plan, we embark on each journey with a company at an early point, typically acting as founders and providing the initial rounds of capital, in the manner of a partner and usually before a specified management structure has been put in place. Part of our role as founders often includes locating the technology that will form the basis of the new enterprise. The technologies may be found in universities, in larger companies where it is not being used or understood, in start-up companies, and with inventors. Not only do we act as founders and providing the first capital rounds, we assist with structuring the plans for the company development, such as the steps from research and development to initial commercialization, the intellectual property strategy, business objectives, and financing. We refer to these subsidiary companies as “partner companies.”

Our model typically includes a two-step financing approach with our partner companies: we put in seed capital, as founders, and the first round of capital between $5 to $10 million dollars to set the business on an operational foundation. Our plan is to then raise additional amounts of substantive capital to bring the technology closer to validation or to be able to commence commercialization, typically in the range of $20 to $60 million overall. We plan on additional financing viapublic offerings or alternative value realization. Our community of sophisticated, individual investors with like-minded goals and values, we believe supports our model, where we will draw on their capital, knowledge, connections and expertise. We anticipate that value creation will be generated after any number of years of patient ownership and corporate effort, and value realization might include any number of methods, such as continued holding and operating, initial public offerings, or IPO, joint ventures, licensing, asset sales and merger transactions, depending on the particular business model and industry.

We believe that we successfully have used the private and public capital markets to finance growth companies. Being able to find disruptive technologies to develop, acting as corporate founders, owners, directors and management, and conducting financing activities for those companies in which we are strategically involved for the long term, we believe we have a different model of helping companies grow than that of the typical private venture capital model. We refer to our approach as public venture capital. We find the technology and then we work to analyze the technology leadership position by our surveying the marketplace so as to establish a research and development and intellectual property development strategy to create a dominant position in the distinct technology vertical. Then we create the basic company, we set up its management, we define its business plan, we nurture its enterprise, and we provide its financings in its early stage rounds, and then we likely will act as the underwriter or selling agent for their IPO, other financing or disposition. It is our plan to remain involved with our partner companies for the long term. Where there is an IPO, we plan to stay on for several years thereafter, by being members of the board, having consulting agreements, providing strategic business advice, and participating in, advising on or facilitating further financing rounds. We believe, most importantly, that one gauge of the partner company success is that the partner company will successfully foster community in connection with our broker-dealer, Public Ventures. In that regard, we intend to follow a “Member-focused” model (further discussed below) for conducting Public Ventures-led company financings. Our typical complete public and private follow-on offerings continue supporting their research, development, growth and marketing of their technologies’ potential. MDB, we believe, builds value by building partner companies with the right foundations

Past Examples

In having been able to find disruptive technologies to develop, acting as corporate founders, owners, directors and management, and conducting investing activities for those companies in which we have been strategically involved for the long term, we believe we now have a different model for helping companies grow than that of the typical private venture capital model. We refer to our approach as public venture capital. We find the technology, and then we work to analyze the technology leadership position and survey the marketplace so as to establish a research and development and intellectual property development strategy to create a dominant position in the distinct technology vertical. Then we create the basic company, we set up its management, we define its business plan, we nurture its enterprise, and we facilitate its financings in its early-stage rounds of private funding. Then we likely will act as the underwriter or selling agent for their IPO, other financing or disposition. It is our plan to remain involved with our partner companies for the long term. Where there is an IPO, we plan to stay involved on for several years thereafter, by being members of the board, having consulting agreements, providing strategic business advice, and participating in, advising on or facilitating further financing rounds. We believe, most importantly, that one gauge of the partner company success is that the partner company will successfully complete a private and public follow-on offering to continue supporting their research, development, growth and marketing of their technologies’ potential.

Three companies for which we started as founders and for which we conducted their IPOs, have traded for a period of time at near or over $1 billion in market value, which we believe is crucial for maximizing the probability the companies can raise sufficient capital to get to commercialization. These companies are as follows:

● Provention Bio, Inc. (“Provention”). Provention was established in 2016. Public Ventures created Provention to license molecules from several larger pharmaceutical companies, conceived the business strategy, assisted in licensing negotiations and provided seed capital, engaged the initial board of directors’ members, and recruited C-level executives as well as executed the successful IPO.

● Cue BioPharma, Inc. (“Cue”). Cue was established in 2014. Public Ventures created Cue to license a platform technology from Einstein University, engaged the members of the board of directors, recruited C- level executives and, formed the corporate and IP strategy and provided the seed capital and well as executing the successful IPO.

● Pulse Biosciences, Inc. (“Pulse”). Pulse was established in 2014, Public Ventures created a new entity that rolled up the intellectual property from 2 academic institutions and one private entity. Public Ventures then completed a seed financing, created the business and IP strategy, assembled the management team and Board. Subsequently Public Ventures successfully executed the IPO for Pulse.

Key Pillars

Since inception, we have defined and refined the key pillars that support what we believe is our successful company creation approach. These pillars are defined in Our Partner Company Criteria section. We believe that our model is only suitable for companies that can be sustained in the public markets at an early stage. Typically, these companies own what appear to be category-defining platforms capable of solving big problems.

We have established a process to position partner companies for success, with the intention of maximizing the value early in a company’s history. We seek to create a strong foundation during the development phase of the partner company. We believe that this helps the partner company attract the best people who are capable of building a successful enterprise over the long term. We call this our “Rational Design Process For New Companies.”

A traditional perceived shortcoming of the public markets is that they attract short-sighted investors. We understand that to make early-stage public venture feasible; we need to create a community of investors that have the intention of helping our companies get off the ground. We believe our investors are committed community members who seek to create value at the companies in which they invest and are critical to sustaining value. Our investors, unlike traditional institutional investors, generally have long holding periods and value long-term impact over quarterly performance numbers.

Our Partner Company Criteria

We seek companies that we believe meet certain criteria. Our criteria focuses first on the probability that an early-stage technology company ultimately can sustain its value in the public markets. We look for novel technology platforms that are category-defining and solve big unmet needs. Our criteria are founded in the following:

Rational Analytical Process

We recognize that early visionary technologies are frail ideas that need to be nurtured correctly with the right corporate and financial foundation in order for them to become commercially viable and established companies. This is especially true with respect to platform technologies in which the overall corporate and asset development and positioning can have a drastic impact on the early development of the partner company.

We begin our process by seeking to gain a deep understanding all of the relevant players in a given space and the key issues, and how, if solved, they could effectively create a new category and enable the partner company to rapidly become a category leader. We work to develop a clear understanding of our companies’ potential sustainable competitive advantage. Once the “Theory of Opportunity” is established, we develop the business strategy, financing strategy and intellectual property strategy and the innovation and R&D prioritization road map. We test our assumptions by seeking input regarding our strategic decisions with experts in the space until we are comfortable that they are credible and convincing. With a clearly articulated understanding of what we believe to be the partner company’s potential, we endeavor to recruit the best possible talent to execute the strategy and bring the vision to fruition. We strive to instill a corporate culture that is constantly re-evaluating the partner company’s working thesis, which we believe will establish and keep the partner company as the leader in a given category or enable the partner company to pivot its strategy to a new area based upon changing circumstances.

Our Community

A key element of our public venture model is our community of more than 500 sophisticated investors, entrepreneurs and microcap and smallcap market participants who have significant experience with our approach and who we believe will advocate for our public venture mission. In addition, investors can have a significant impact by supporting the companies they invest in. We believe that this community is vital to the success of our public venture model.

We have strived to create community of like-minded persons who share our vision and are supportive of the partner companies we have co-founded. This group consists of patient company owners with a long-term focus on the value that can be unlocked upon the de-risking of our partner companies’ technologies. This long-term focus is key to building value and stability for early-stage companies in the public markets. In addition, we believe that our community members are often authorities in multiple industries and are capable of providing support to our partner companies with their invaluable access and reach. We believe that MDB shareholders will comprise this community and will continue to participate in the partner companies through their MDB share ownership as well as participation in partner company direct investment opportunities. MDB plans to sustain a cohesive community by keeping persons engaged and curious so that they continuously help us improve our decision process as and when selecting partner companies with which to work.

We believe that MDB is strengthening our community of MDB shareholders and can simplify our process of developing partner companies. We intend to use a portion of our capital to identify and found partner companies. We believe that being a public company will give us greater flexibility and nimbleness to source new technologies and make it quicker and easier to deploy capital towards opportunities that arise.

We also will seek to foster community in connection with our broker-dealer, Public Ventures. In that regard, we intend to follow a “Member-focused” model (further discussed below) for conducting Public Ventures-led company financings. Our typical Public Ventures Member will be a long-term investor and/or entrepreneur who is motivated to help develop the next generation of growth companies. Public Ventures Members may or may not be MDB shareholders. Members may or may not provide direct financing to partner companies.

Holistic and Sustainable Model

Our public venture model is fundamentally different than the typical venture capital fund model. We believe that bringing well developed early-stage companies to either the public markets or fostering a merger and acquisition exit or other realization event, while still taking care to address the unique nature and needs of these early-stage companies, provides more liquidity, efficiency, transparency, better protections for investors and alignment of the interests of everyone involved as described below.

Inventors/Universities/Co-founders

Taking companies public will allow shareholders to own the same class of common stock as the company’s early founders. In addition, the ownership interests of inventors, universities, and other co-founders become valuable, tradable shares when a company is public and listed on an exchange. As a result, we believe that, in most cases, these ownership stakes will have much greater value than they would otherwise have in the traditional venture capital model. We also believe that our model gives companies greater leeway to execute pivots or to pursue other strategic initiatives, such as licensing, asset sales or corporate merger and acquisition transactions.

Partner Company Management & Board Members

We expect that the management and board members of our partner companies will benefit from the Company being public. The ability to grant valuable, liquid equity as part of an employment compensation package is a strong incentive to attract and retain employees and align their interests with those of the company at which they work. Being public can help a partner company raise substantial amounts of capital more easily than as a private company or through traditional venture capital.

MDB Shareholders

Under our model, MDB shareholders can buy or sell their shares in the holding company at any time. These shareholders will participate in our partner companies through the holding company structure, for example through the tax benefits of holding an interest in a tax pass through entity or the overall value of the holding company as it reflects the values of our subsidiaries. Where we think it beneficial for a partner company to raise capital directly, rather than taking additional funds from the holding company, we may seek a method that can allow the MDB shareholders to participate in the additional capital formation for a partner company. There are a few means by which the MDB shareholder may participate: for example, a further private placement by the partner company, or by a registered public offering, such as an IPO or rights offering where the MDB shareholder will invest new funds based on the distributed right. If the best course of action is an asset sale, a licensing arrangement or a corporate merger or acquisition transaction of a partner company, then it is expected that MDB shareholders would receive a distribution of the proceeds as a result of the transaction. Moreover, we believe that many of the MDB shareholders own their Class A Common Shares because they are motivated by the opportunity to contribute their knowledge and experience to and engage with our partner companies in an effort to improve them and enhance their value.

MDB Employees

Pursuant to our 2022 Equity Incentive Plan, we have granted our employees interests in the Company as part of their compensation in order to align their interests with those of our shareholders and partner company stakeholders.

Our Holding Company Structure

While each partner company will present its own investment dynamic, at the onset, we intend to take a majority ownership stake in the partner companies we co-found and to hold a significant controlling position through the early stages of development and early capital creation. We plan on seeking one or two partner company opportunities a year, but there is no assurance that we will be able to find suitable opportunities at that rate for inclusion in the holding company.

As a partner company is financed by means other than the holding company putting in more equity capital, such as additional sales of equity by the partner company on a private or public basis, we plan to continue to own at least thirty-five percent (35%) or more of the voting stock of a partner company. We also expect to maintain the right to appoint a number of board members and otherwise be instrumental in the management and direction of the strategy and business development efforts of our partner companies for a period of time before and after each IPO.

It will be our policy to have with the stakeholders of our partner companies, where we do not have a 100% ownership position, a series of contractual rights to obtain regularly the following: (i) financial reports, (ii) milestone achievement reports, and (iii) budget formulations. Other oversight rights which we will seek to have include, (i) approval of capital raises, (ii) approval of incurring and guaranteeing debt in excess of $250,000, (iii) approval of capital expenses in excess of $250,000, (iv) approval of changes in the business plan, (v) participation in budgeting, (vi) review of employment arrangements with key employees, (vii) participation in the selection of directors and director nominees, (viii) approval of sale of the company or assets and merger and acquisition transactions, and (ix) liquidation approval. These rights will be supplemented by agreements that will afford the founders, early owners and the holding company: (i) a right of first refusal on future financings, (ii) approval right on the issuance of securities for compensation purposes and stock option plan sizing, (iii) voting agreements so as to maintain the control by the holding company, (iv) drag-along sale and co-sale agreements, right of first refusal agreement on individual ownership holdings, and (v) an investor rights agreement.

In order to not be deemed an investment company under the regulation of the Investment Company Act of 1940, MDB will not operate in a manner such that it is or holds itself out as being engaged, or proposes to engage, in the business of investing, reinvesting, or trading in securities. Additionally, it will maintain what are characterized as “investment securities” under the Investment Company Act below forty percent (40%) of the value of the total assets of MDB on an unconsolidated basis, unless an exemption or safe harbor applies under that legislation. Securities issued by companies other than consolidated companies are generally considered “investment securities” for purposes of the Investment Company Act, unless other circumstances exist that have the holding company being actively involved in the management of the underlying company. We will consolidate these companies for financial statement purposes as long as they are majority-owned subsidiaries in which we hold voting power of fifty percent (50%) or greater. We expect to continue to have an active role in the management of our partner companies for a long period of time before and after funding, such as an IPO.

Not only for purposes of the Investment Company Act, but also to maintain our focus on exploring new investment opportunities through partner companies, rather than holding partner companies for long term investment and increasing our asset base, our intention is to distribute our partner companies and excess assets beyond what is needed to support the investments we plan to make under our public venture model.

Competition

Getting access to and deploying early-stage capital is very competitive. We believe our main competitors are traditional venture capital firms, other funds specializing in microcap and smallcap investing and investment banks focusing on microcap and smallcap companies.

We believe that our approach provides multiple benefits compared to existing models and traditional methods. However, many of our competitors are larger, have greater brand recognition, longer operating histories, established business relationships, access to greater amounts of capital, and significantly greater resources. We believe that we will be able to compete on many fronts based on our history and reputation, our plan to partner, encourage and support the development of our partner companies and their founders, our wide-ranging contacts in the financial and industry sectors, our ability to provide capital as needed, our ability to source and diligence new technologies and the experience of our professional human capital.

Our Group of Companies

Public Ventures

Our wholly-owned subsidiary, Public Ventures, licensed under the name Public Ventures LLC, a registered broker- dealer (CRD-: 42677/SEC-: 8-49951) is the backbone of our financing business. We are currently expanding its capabilities to act as a licensed clearing firm.

The Vision

We believe that venture stage businesses are more likely to succeed when supported and financed by a community of long-term oriented, like-minded investors and entrepreneurs who are experienced in the development of successful companies. We envision developing a close-knit community of such clients for Public Ventures who we will refer to as our Public Ventures “Members.” Our Members will be able to submit start-up and developing companies as potential candidates for obtaining financing through Public Ventures and/or as candidates to become partner companies for MDB. If they so choose and as dictated by their expertise, our Members will have opportunities to assist in development of companies that we finance at Public Ventures or who become partner companies and help them grow into tomorrow’s leaders.

We believe that such a community of investors can foster the growth of promising public companies under $500 million in market value, also known as microcap and/or smallcap companies, by leveraging the knowledge of the community and sharing risk amongst its Members.

We believe that we are building a robust infrastructure to support our vision for Public Ventures. Our objective is to create a high-end service platform that will make investing in the microcap and/or smallcap segment more accessible to and efficient for the Public Ventures Member community. Public Ventures recently began self-clearing of United States equities. Its FINRA licensed self-clearing broker-dealer is capable of structuring and underwriting financing transactions as well as providing clearing services that enable clients to trade, clear, and settle stocks in these companies. We also are able to provide expanded account maintenance activities, such as wire transfers, securities deposits and interest on cash deposits through typical cash management services.

We have successfully operated our broker-dealer for more than 25 years during which we have specialized in transactions for public venture companies. During that time, we built internal processes to perform diligence and prioritize the financing of deals based on the investment criteria that we have developed. We intend to leverage the lessons we have learned during these experiences to create processes, rating systems and reports that will be made available to our Member community and can be used to supplement their own processes for evaluating each opportunity and associated risks and making informed investment decisions.

The Public Venture Opportunity

Historically, the public markets have served as a significant funding source for companies with new ideas and enabled the growth and development of visionary technologies that lead to advancements in our society. We believe that venture investing in the public markets is the most transparent and liquid method for investors to participate in venture capital. Public venture is available to all classes of investors who all receive typically equal amounts of information about their investments. Companies like Amazon, Tesla, Walmart, Home Depot, among others, were brought public at very early stages, and capital provided through the public markets enabled their spectacular development into industry leaders.

Market dynamics have resulted in companies backed by traditional venture capital staying private for longer periods of time. In addition, regulatory changes affecting broker-dealers have resulted in a shift to high volume trading that relies on payment for order flow to make up for commission-less trading. This has resulted in broker-dealers devoting more resources to trading high volume, popular equities and away from providing service to microcap and small-cap public venture companies and their securities. As a result, the needs of long-term investors looking to support venture stage public companies and those of venture stage companies are not addressed by today’s brokerage firms who cater to traders.

We believe that the expected Public Ventures Member community, consisting of sophisticated individual investors, who are aware of the nature of venture investments and seek to build tomorrow’s leading companies, can drive the future of public venture capital formation. We believe that only this type of community can provide suitable financing options that will meet the needs of small public venture companies. We have the unique opportunity to provide the right framework and platform infrastructure to this community that will enable its Members to collectively underwrite public venture financings.

We expect our Members to be entrepreneurial and involved in different ventures. Under our framework, they will be encouraged and rewarded for successfully identifying business and ownership opportunities for the community that meet our criteria. We envision that our platform will encourage and allow Members to share information and formulate the nature of and pricing for any financing opportunities through the exchange of information about a particular opportunity. In addition, our framework is expected to consist of conducting diligence, creating comparative analysis, providing company information, and implementing rating systems. We believe that this information and transparency will enable high quality, informed decisions and facilitate market integrity.

Members and Member Sponsors

It is our intention to build our community of participants who share the collective goal of elevating and supporting development-stage companies and have an investor rather than a trader mindset. Persons who share the values and vision of the organization can be invited into the community as Members. We expect to encourage active participation of our Members such that they may be mentors of growth through starting, running, or connecting companies within the community or by being active early investors in the various business and ownership opportunities that arise. We plan to sponsor community Member forums, organized by geographic location, investing style, subject matter expertise and/or industry segments. We believe these forums will facilitate in-person meetings with companies, enable due diligence, and support investor engagement and camaraderie.

Members who originate business opportunities for the community will be known as “Member Sponsors” and will have additional roles, as regulations permit, in the financing of our partner companies. A Member Sponsor likely will be a liaison among a company looking for financing, Public Ventures’ internal team, and our community of Members. They will help the potential partner company complete required documentation, shepherding the company through the diligence process, and fostering introductions to Members and coordinating roadshow meetings. To the extent required, Member Sponsors will hold the required securities licenses and registrations.

Efficient Back Office Support

We have an out-source service contract with a Nicaraguan company with which the Company has worked for many years. The company, MDB Capital, S.A. is owned by two of the principal shareholders and officers of the Company. The services that the Company expects to out-source to the service provider will include administrative services to support Public Ventures and PatentVest, such as back office services related to brokerage and clearing firms, background investigations, preparing investment research reports, patent searches and analysis, and customer support services. Services that will be requested will be only those that can be provided by an out-source company within the context of U.S. privacy laws, FINRA regulation, and other applicable U.S. financial service and other regulation.

Based on recent Executive Orders imposing new and expanding prior sanctions on Nicaraguan businesses and on U.S. persons doing business in Nicaragua, however, there may be disruption to our being able to contract for out-sourced services with Nicaraguan entities. Therefore, we may have to adjust our business plan accordingly.

PatentVest

PatentVest is currently expanding its business operations. We believe PatentVest can become the first venture invention and commercialization intelligence platform created to assist technologists, advisors, venture capital investors, and established companies optimize technology commercialization. Our process takes in information from our proprietary patent database and transforms the information about inventions and intellectual property from a complex legal process into a manageable, measurable business process. The PatentVest process clearly defines the boundaries of an invention by providing context for previously developed ideas and analyzes how the invention, and therefore patent claims, differ from the discovered prior art in order to rationalize the essential distinctions that are the key value drivers. Understanding these boundaries, as well as how protectable and valuable these boundaries are, is essential to better guide strategic business and patentability decisions. In our experience, this PatentVest process answers the most important questions for a technology platform: how to innovate, how to improve its ideas, and how to deploy these ideas where they matter most.

Our innovation in a box process seeks to include the following elements and outcomes:

● Improve idea prioritization – Allows inventors and financial backers to weigh the value of a given idea by ascertaining the uniqueness of such invention.

● Enhance the value of an invention – Understanding invention boundaries allows patent attorneys to draft patent claims in a way that confers the most available protection without being encumbered by prior art.

● Optimize strategic decisions – Deeply understand the competitive landscape, identify issues that possible partners are trying to solve, prioritize markets where an invention might be the most valuable, and identify possible acquirers.

PatentVest History

Eighteen years ago, PatentVest’s founders recognized that intellectual property was the most valuable asset for technology companies and began building a proprietary patent database and software platform to help companies manage these assets. During these years, PatentVest has been continuously iterating uses for available information to potentially enable better investment decisions as well as to guide the development of such technology once investment decisions were made. We believe that PatentVest has helped start-up companies move from having novel ideas to becoming technology leaders. As a result, in our opinion, PatentVest is capable of providing the backbone of an investment idea selection process, as well as forming intellectual property and business development strategies. We believe utilizing the PatentVest Innovation in a Box process will enhance our ability to optimize our selection process with respect to partner companies as well as when selecting underwriting candidates for Public Ventures.

We also believe that the PatentVest services will aid companies to define their intellectual property assets in their capital raising activities and will be available to other companies that see to build their intellectual property outside of the context of working with MDB and Public Ventures.

PatentVest Objective

PatentVest starts with a technology assessment, where it evaluates the technology to establish whether or not the technology is unique and a company can create a leadership position with the identified intellectual property. Assessment is extensive covering an investigation into the players in the particular industry space, whether the technology truly is innovating, can value be created with the technology, what is the market and can there ultimately be value creation. The assessment phase includes an examination of existing patents and applications, scientific publications and other public data. After the assessment, a strategy is developed, which will include where to focus R&D, what to patent or keep as a trade secret, and the jurisdictions in which to protect the intellectual property, and based on the assessment and strategy, help develop a business plan to progress the intellectual property. PatentVest also may provide development budgets and help identify critical persons with which to work. PatentVest will be able to implement prosecution of patents and other intellectual property, maintain surveillance of the intellectual property space, and provide reporting on developments in the particular intellectual property space.

We believe that the PatentVest process will provide a fundamental advantage to helping create a leadership position for a company with unique intellectual property. By knowing and understanding the particular intellectual property space, having a focused R&D and intellectual property development plan, a coherent business plan, and providing the related aspects of setting up a development company with the right persons and financial backing, the success of the company in being a value creator in its industry vertical is improved. As part of this overall process, the involvement of Public Ventures can add to the value creation with its financing resources.

It has been our experience when evaluating, investing in or advising technology companies that intellectual property strategy development and related processes are most often led by attorneys and is separate from the other invention and business processes at these companies. We have seen that this work is typically outsourced and, as a result, key company personnel are often neither engaged in the claim drafting process nor are aware of how their patents have potentially changed during prosecution. Many of the inventors and business executives with whom we have engaged have a modest knowledge regarding what their claims cover or what the boundaries of their claims are in relation to other companies. We believe that it is very difficult, if not impossible, to truly understand either what a company “owns” or to effectively evaluate a given invention’s potential uniqueness and ultimately its potential value without this perspective.

We believe the companies that will derive the greatest benefit from PatentVest’s services are technology companies with a few current active patent applications that are expected to primarily drive the value of their companies with their inventions. The analysis and information provided by the PatentVest process, as documented in reports to its clients, is expected to guide technology companies as they seek to prioritize ideas and develop their intellectual property and business strategies. We believe that PatentVest will not only provide MDB with additional clarity in selecting its partner companies and Public Ventures in selecting underwriting candidates, but also to any technology company in their decision-making processes seeking to maximize the value of their inventions.

The PatentVest Model

We plan to use PatentVest to help technology companies innovate and deploy their innovations in the most valuable manner as well as to support our processes. We believe that PatentVest has one of the most comprehensive global patent databases available, containing more than 148 million patents and covering 116 countries. PatentVest has built software processes and tools that make it possible to efficiently mine vast amounts of data and structure this data in a way that can be analyzed by its team of analysts. In addition, PatentVest has assembled the human capital required to cost-effectively analyze such data and build the reports for companies that are expected to be the backbone of our services. Our objective is to serve approximately 30 client companies at any one time once we have scaled our operations.

PatentVest has developed different report formats that provide information within context in a way that we think can be quickly processed by decision-makers and help provide answers to the most valuable questions for the companies we will target as our business development opportunities. The insights presented in our reports are the culmination of a long, iterative process that we have refined by the constant questioning of which data is valuable to building technology companies.

PatentVest as a Law Firm

On September 20, 2022, the Supreme Court of the State of Arizona licensed PatentVest to practice law as an Alternative Business Structure, or ABS. An ABS is a business entity that includes non-lawyers that have an economic interest or decision making authority in a law firm. We intend to develop and maintain a team of highly trained legal professionals and staff that will principally provide legal services related to intellectual property matters under federal law. We are in the process of operationalizing the firm and taking on clients. Matters that we will be undertaking will generally be patent prosecution and intellectual property protection. Through offering legal services we intend to enhance the value of inventions by addressing questions of strategy and perspective along with the technical merits of an invention. The provision of legal services by PatentVest will be limited to those technology companies specifically engaged by PatentVest for such services and is intended to provide all the rights and privileges of the attorney-client relationship.

Because the only other state that permits an ABS like ownership is Colorado, which is a more limited authorization than afforded by Arizona, PatentVest will not be able to expand its Arizona ABS into other states. The focus of the PatentVest ABS is on patent issues and patent prosecution which is largely a federal practice, therefore the restriction of its practice to the State of Arizona is not seen as a limitation. Where it has clients that seek legal representation outside of the State of Arizona, the PatentVest ABS will make referrals to firms licensed in appropriate jurisdictions.

Invizyne

Invizyne, a partner company, was created in early 2019 with the vision of simplifying nature by using nature’s building blocks to create molecules of interest. Invizyne believes it has differentiated technology underlying its unique synthetic biology platform which potentially solves the inherent production bottlenecks of certain legacy technologies. The promise of synthetic biology, we believe, has many uses. If Invizyne’s technology platform is successful at an industrial scale, we believe that it could impact several industries by enabling the exploration of a large number of molecules and properties found in nature. For example, we believe that therapeutic molecules found in nature could be tested for efficacy and quickly created and scaled. Examples of where this has been important include with respect to multiple cannabinoids and other natural compounds, quick replication of novel properties of rare chemicals found in nature, creation of natural flavors and fragrances to naturally enrich food, and the sustainable creation of fuel from renewable energy sources.

Synthetic biology at its core re-wires a unicellular organism, such as yeast, via genetic engineering to produce desired molecules. The problems with traditional methods of producing molecules such as chemical synthesis and extraction include the expense and damage to the environment. For example, chemical synthesis methods are traditionally inefficient, produce significant waste, are often dependent on petroleum-derived chemicals, and expensive. Natural extraction also can be taxing on the environment due to inefficiencies when desired compounds are only found in small concentrations. In addition, it has long production cycles and presents issues with foreign contaminants. The promise of synthetic biology over these traditional methods is that desired molecules can be produced in sustainable ways, production can be scaled consistently and reliably, rare molecules can become readily available, and new and novel compounds can be more readily accessed.

Invizyne identified a fundamental problem in synthetic biology and set out to solve it– namely, that engineering a cell involves engineering a multitude, perhaps thousands, of interrelated and/or interdependent processes and systems. As a living, breathing metabolic entity, cells have evolved and intricately balanced systems that permit survival and success. Within each cell, myriad enzymes turn starter molecules into others and some of these molecules are essential for the survival of the cell while others are waste compounds. The field of synthetic biology seeks to modify cells to express different enzymatic pathways to produce a given molecule. The drawback of this approach is that of the inherent difficulties of dealing with an organism and the complexities noted above. The strain engineering process, which results in an organism that will produce the molecule of interest, is an expensive and long iterative process in which the survival of the cell is balanced with the productivity of the strain.

Invizyne is developing a multi-stage enzymatic bioconversions that are fully cell-free. Invizyne believes that its process, named SimplePath, solves the inherent limitations of traditional synthetic biology. SimplePath uses only the specific enzymes that are involved in the process of making the molecule of interest, therefore radically simplifying the process. Not being bound to the limitations of traditional synthetic biology brings several advantages, including:

Invizyne believes that SimplePath can enable the scalability of synthetic biology. Decoupling the enzymes from a cell’s metabolism, we believe, can greatly increase productivity and throughput while simplifying product development. These benefits, we believe, will allow Invizyne to make the same amount of product using a much smaller footprint and reactor size that will potentially result in lower production costs and CapEx. Invizyne’s systems have both fast conversion times as well as the ability to keep reactions running continuously for long periods of time, both of which increase the ability to produce molecules of interest more efficiently. Additionally, it is believed that the simplicity of Invizyne’s systems will allow faster design, build, test, and learn development cycles for new products thereby increasing the feasibility of creating more products and novel molecules.

Invizyne’s core inventions relate to enzyme and co-factor recyclability, which are both key to maintaining the energy balance within an enzymatic system and enabling reactions to run continuously for long periods of time. Invizyne initially licensed a portfolio of patents from University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and has since filed for several additional patents in addition to developing significant know-how in connection with its systems that it has elected to maintain as trade-secrets. This basket of IP protects different aspects of Invizyne’s co-factor regeneration system, cannabinoid pathways, novel molecules, and stable enzymes. Invizyne believes that its IP portfolio will be significant in defining its position in the field of cell-free enzymatic bioconversions.

Invizyne has been awarded grant funding in excess of $10 million from different institutions, including Department of Energy, Advance Research Projects Agency – Energy, Small Business Innovation Research, and the National Institute of Health. The Invizyne scientific team has published nine academic papers in reputable journals, including Nature, about cell-free synthetic biology processes and topics.

Invizyne is currently focusing on the development of high-value molecules in markets with quick paths to commercialization. Invizyne is validating SimplePath by undertaking efforts to demonstrate linear scale while maintaining high productivity in a commercially-relevant product within a short period of time. To date, development has been in the laboratory, and not yet tested by third parties. As a demonstration, however, of the Simple Path process, Invizyne has scaled production of cannabigerolic acid (CBGA) from 1ml to up to 100 liters, a 100,000x increase, and in the process and to its knowledge, maintained productivity at a rate several times higher than competitors. While there can be no assurances that Invizyne will be able to achieve production on a commercial scale as a result of increasing the scale of the CBGA reaction volume from 1 ml to 100 liters, Invizyne believes that it will be successful in scaling its SimplePath systems to commercial production. So far, Invizyne management believes that SimplePath continues to demonstrate solid development and that commercial success will be demonstrable in the future. Once Invizyne has established manufacturing feasibility at scale with established molecules, it intends to develop a portfolio of products that will include both proprietary and rare molecules.

Additionally, Invizyne believes it is making substantial inroads in the space of 2G biofuels by both pioneering effective methods to make isobutanol at titers and scales that would otherwise be toxic to cellular organisms as well as upgrading ethanol to other more useful and higher value products.

Invizyne also intends to partner with research organizations to validate its ability to produce several novel and rare molecules and as well as with pharmaceutical organizations to seek value creation and commercialization opportunities. Invizyne believes that, as a result of the many clinical trials underway for cannabinoid and other natural molecules showing activity across a range of different indications, there is currently a big shift in contemporary understanding of the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids and other natural molecules. Invizyne believes that its process is potentially well-suited to take advantage of the trends around natural molecules by being able to meet their requirements of pharmaceutical companies for pure and consistent products. Invizyne also believes that its system is better suited for making a wide range of active pharmaceutical ingredients, including novel cannabinoids and other molecules, each potentially having different therapeutic properties.

Invizyne is currently exploring a number of commercial engagements, collaborations, partnerships and joint venture opportunities that could permit market insertion and accelerate the commercialization of Invizyne’s technology. At this time, however, it does not have any agreements or arrangements for the commercial application of any of its intellectual property. Additionally, it cannot predict the time frame in which it may enter into its first agreement for the pursuit of a commercial application. As the field is novel, as mentioned herein, Invizyne believes it will take a substantial time to get to a commercial product.

The viability and benefits of Invizyne’s pipeline products discussed above may be difficult to assess because SimplePath is a relatively novel and complex technology. SimplePath systems and the resultant pipeline products are in various stages of the research and development phase, the pilot production phase and/or in pre-clinical assessment as a therapeutic. It is often an issue that what is possible in the small quantities used at the research level cannot be replicated as production quantities are increased for testing and commercialization. Each pipeline product will be required to be progressively scaled up from early research production quantities to show the feasibility of production in larger quantities, whether for clinical evaluation, testing, and ultimately commercial manufacturing amounts before being made available to clients. As Invizyne continues to develop and optimize SimplePath systems to make its pipeline products in the quantities needed for research, clinical or testing evaluation and manufacturing, there can be no assurance that such pipeline products will be understood, approved, or accepted by clients, regulators and potential investors, that the relevant SimplePath systems can be commercially manufactured, or that it will be able to sell pipeline products at competitive prices and with features sufficient to establish demand and generate revenues or any level of profit. Another consideration is if a pipeline product is a candidate as an active pharmaceutical ingredient, then it will require FDA or any other applicable regulatory approvals, including manufacturing approvals, which may not be obtainable. If it is unable to convince potential clients of the utility and value of its pipeline products, it will not be successful in entering the markets that it has identified, and its business and results of operations will be adversely affected.

Regulation

Broker-Dealer Regulation

Our broker-dealer subsidiary, Public Ventures, is subject to regulations governing every aspect of its securities business, including the execution of securities transactions; capital requirements; record-keeping and reporting procedures; relationships with clients, including the handling of cash and margin accounts; the experience of and training requirements for certain employees; and business interactions with firms that are not members of regulatory bodies. As a participant in the financial services industry, it is subject to the complex and extensive regulation of the U.S. federal and state regulatory agencies, self-regulatory organizations and securities exchanges and certain other authorities with oversight on banking and money laundering. The laws, rules and regulations comprising the regulatory framework applicable to broker-dealers are constantly changing, as are the interpretation and enforcement of existing laws, rules and regulations. The effect of any such changes cannot be predicted.

Public Ventures is registered as a securities broker-dealer with the SEC and is required to be a member of FINRA. FINRA is a self-regulatory body composed of members, such as our broker-dealer subsidiary, that have agreed to abide by its rules and regulations. FINRA may expel, fine and otherwise discipline member firms and their employees. Public Ventures is also licensed as a broker-dealer in 33 states in the U.S., requiring it to comply with the laws, rules and regulations of each state. Additionally, Public Ventures might register in additional states from time to time as needed. Each state may revoke the license to conduct securities business, fine, and otherwise discipline broker-dealers and their employees.

Public Ventures is subject to the SEC’s Uniform Net Capital Rule, Rule 15c3-1, which may limit our ability to make withdrawals of capital from the broker-dealer subsidiary. The Uniform Net Capital Rule sets the minimum level of net capital a broker-dealer must maintain and also requires that a portion of a broker-dealer’s assets be relatively liquid. In addition, Public Ventures is subject to certain notification requirements related to withdrawals of excess net capital.

We are also subject to the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 (the “Patriot Act”), which imposes obligations regarding the prevention and detection of money-laundering activities, including the establishment of client due diligence, client verification and other compliance policies and procedures. Failure to comply with these requirements may result in monetary, regulatory and, in the case of the USA Patriot Act, criminal penalties. We are subject to the Securities Investor Protection Act of 1970, which created the Securities Investors Protection Corporation (SIPC), which provides certain client protection to clients related to their brokerage accounts. We are subject to certain treasury regulations, such as Regulation T, relating to how money may be lent to clients and used, and the rules related to margin accounts.

Broker-dealers are also subject to ongoing duties of financial responsibility, client protection and good conduct. These include, among other things, (i) client funds and securities must be segregated from the broker-dealer’s proprietary business operations, (ii) maintaining basic bookkeeping requirements including records of trades, receipts, positions held in different securities, trial balances, complaints, and compliance, together with reports to be filed periodically, (iii) executing orders on behalf of clients to ensure the best execution possible, disclosing information relevant to investors, charging prices in line with market conditions, and disclosing conflicts of interest, (iv) only recommending investments or strategies that are suitable for the clients concerned, (v) communicating in a fair, balanced, and not misleading way with clients, (vi) observing rules concerning maximum value of gifts made to clients and political contributions, and (vii) filing reports of any suspicious activities noted by the broker-dealer, including investments over predefined monetary limits.

SEC Regulation Best Interest requires that a broker-dealer and its associated persons act in a retail client’s best interest and not place their own financial or other interests ahead of a retail client’s interests when recommending securities transactions or investment strategies, including recommendations of types of accounts. To meet this best interest standard, a broker-dealer must satisfy four component obligations, including a disclosure obligation, a care obligation, a conflict of interest obligation, and a compliance obligation, and both broker-dealers and investment advisers are required to provide disclosures about their standard of conduct and conflicts of interest.

In addition to the SEC, various states have proposed or adopted laws and regulations seeking to impose new standards of conduct on broker-dealers that, as written, differ from the SEC’s new regulations and may lead to additional implementation costs if adopted. The SEC did not indicate an intent to preempt state regulation in this area, and some of the state proposals would allow for a private right of action.

Various regulators, including the SEC, FINRA and state securities regulators and attorneys general, conduct both targeted and industry-wide investigations of certain practices relating to the financial services industry, including sales and marketing practices, valuation practices, and compensation arrangements. In addition, the SEC staff has conducted studies with respect to soft dollar practices in the brokerage and asset management industries and proposed interpretive guidance regarding the scope of permitted brokerage and research services in connection with soft dollar practices.

A variety of data privacy laws to protect personal information obligate broker-dealers to provide notice about its data handling practices, to offer certain opt-outs, and to implement reasonable security measures to deter unauthorized access. Broker-dealer internal and external electronic communications may only be made on approved devices and platforms that are encrypted and secure and will capture all communications in the broker-dealer’s records. The cost and burden of taking cybersecurity measures, having personnel oversee compliance and staying current with respect to new technology developments continues to grow.

Our broker-dealer accounting, administrative and operations personnel are responsible for financial controls, internal and external financial reporting, compliance with regulatory and legal requirements, office and personnel services, management information and telecommunications systems, and the processing of our securities transactions. We are subject to the privacy laws applicable to financial institutions in respect of our securities business.

As is common in the securities industry, our broker-dealer subsidiary is subject to regular reviews of and investigations into our operations, some of which progress to regulatory actions that may result in fines, censures, and limitations on activity. Currently, we are the subject of two reviews of past broker-dealer activities, which may be either resolved without further regulatory action or escalated such that we could be subject to one or more penalties. At this time, we are cooperating with the reviews, and we do not know whether or not they will escalate to regulatory action and, if they do, what violations of rules and regulations may be asserted against the broker-dealer and what potential final resolutions might be.

Self-Clearing Regulation

In January 2024 Public Ventures began self-clearing United States equity securities. As part of this process, in addition to the broker-dealer regulation described above, Public Ventures will be subject to regulation directed to self-clearing operations and must demonstrate that its financial, operational and systems capacities are able to perform this business while complying with regulations, including those of the SEC, FINRA, Depository Trust Clearing Corporation (“DTCC”), and National Securities Clearing Corporation (“NSCC”). To operate the self-clearing activity, we must meet different capitalization requirements than those of an introducing broker-dealer, maintaining a capital structure with various cash and cash equivalent assets and retaining access to necessary lines of credit that can assure our ability to comply with changing deposit requirements. We expect that these regulations will continue to undergo substantial changes and will require additional capital as settlement operations move to T+1 in 2024, and to T+0 settlement in the future.

Data Protection and Cyberattack Regulation

In the course of our operations and in the processing of transactions, we collect, process, store, disclose, use, share and/or transmit personal information and other sensitive data from current, past and prospective clients as well as our employees in and across multiple jurisdictions. The regulatory framework for privacy issues worldwide is rapidly evolving and is likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future. There are federal, state and foreign laws and regulations regarding privacy, data security and the collection, processing, use, storage, protection, sharing and/or transmission of personal information and sensitive data. For example, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (“GLBA”) (along with its implementing regulations) restricts certain collection, processing, storage, use and disclosure of personal information, requires notice to individuals of privacy practices and provides individuals with certain rights to prevent the use and disclosure of certain nonpublic or otherwise legally protected information. Additionally, many states continue to enact legislation on matters of privacy, information security, cybersecurity, data breach and data breach notification requirements. For example, as of January 1, 2020, the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”) grants additional consumer rights with respect to data privacy in California. The CCPA, among other things, entitles California residents to know how their personal information is being collected and shared, to access or request the deletion of their personal information and to opt out of certain sharing of their personal information. The CCPA is subject to further amendments pending certain proposed regulations that are being reviewed and revised by the California Attorney General. The CCPA provides for civil penalties for violations, as well as a private right of action for certain data breaches that result in the loss of personal information. This private right of action may increase the likelihood of, and risks associated with, data breach litigation. We cannot predict the impact of the CCPA on our business, operations or financial condition, but it could result in liabilities and/or require us to modify certain processes or procedures, which could result in additional costs.

Additionally, the California Privacy Rights Act (“CPRA”) was passed in November 2020 and it will be effective in most material respects starting on January 1, 2023. The CPRA imposes additional obligations on companies covered by the legislation and will significantly modify the CCPA, including by expanding clients’ rights with respect to certain sensitive personal information. The CPRA also creates a new state agency that will be vested with authority to implement and enforce the CCPA and the CPRA. The effects of the CCPA and the CPRA are potentially significant and may require us to modify our data collection or processing practices and policies and to incur substantial costs and expenses in an effort to comply and increase our potential exposure to regulatory enforcement and/or litigation.

We expect more states to enact legislation similar to the CCPA and the CPRA, which provide clients with new privacy rights and increase the privacy and security obligations of entities handling certain personal information of such clients. The CCPA has prompted a number of proposals for new federal and state-level privacy legislation, such as in Virginia and Colorado, both with laws to take effect in 2023. It is anticipated that all such laws will add additional complexity, have variation in requirements, restrictions and potential legal risk, require additional investment of resources in compliance programs, impact strategies and the availability of previously useful data and could result in increased compliance costs and/or changes in business practices and policies.

Additionally, our broker-dealer, Public Ventures, is subject to SEC Regulation S-P, which requires that businesses maintain policies and procedures addressing the protection of client information and records. This includes protecting against any anticipated threats or hazards to the security or integrity of client records and information and against unauthorized access to or use of client records or information. Regulation S-P also requires businesses to provide initial and annual privacy notices to clients describing information sharing policies and informing clients of their rights.

Because the interpretation and application of many privacy and data protection laws are uncertain, it is possible that these laws may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our existing data management practices or the features of our services and platform capabilities. If so, in addition to the possibility of fines, lawsuits and other claims, we could be required to fundamentally change our business activities and practices or modify our platform, which could have an adverse effect on our business. Any violations or perceived violations of these laws, rules and regulations by us, or any third parties with which we do business, may require us to change our business practices or operational structure, including limiting our activities in certain states and/or jurisdictions, addressing legal claims by governmental entities or private actors, sustaining monetary penalties, sustaining reputational damage, expending substantial costs, time and other resources and/or sustaining other harms to our business. Furthermore, our online, external-facing privacy policy and website make certain statements regarding our privacy, information security and data security practices with regard to information collected from our clients or visitors to our website. Failure or perceived failure to adhere to such practices may result in regulatory scrutiny and investigation, complaints by affected clients or visitors to our website, reputational damage and/or other harm to our business. If either we, or the third-party service providers with which we share client data, are unable to address privacy concerns, even if unfounded, or to comply with applicable privacy or data protection laws, regulations and policies, it could result in additional costs and liability to us, damage our reputation, inhibit sales and harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In the normal course of business, we collect, process, use and retain sensitive and confidential information regarding our clients and prospective clients, including data provided by and related to clients and their transactions, as well as other data of the counterparties to their payments. We also have arrangements in place with certain third-party service providers that require us to share client information. Although we devote resources and management focus to ensuring the integrity of our systems through information security and business continuity programs, our facilities and systems, and those of third-party service providers, are vulnerable to actual or threatened external or internal security breaches, acts of vandalism, theft, fraud or misconduct on the part of employees, other internal sources or third parties, computer viruses, phishing attacks, internet interruptions, disruptions or losses, misplaced or lost data, ransomware, unauthorized encryption, denial-of-service attacks, social engineering, unauthorized access, spam or other attacks, natural disasters, fires, terrorism, war, telecommunications or electrical interruptions or failures, programming or human errors or malfeasance and other similar malicious or inadvertent disruptions or events. We and our third-party service providers from time to time have experienced and may in the future continue to experience such instances. In some cases, the bad actors facilitated unauthorized financial transactions. We also face security threats from malicious third parties that could obtain unauthorized access to our systems and networks, which threats we anticipate will continue to grow in scope and complexity over time. These events could interrupt our business or operations, result in legal claims or proceedings, result in significant legal and financial exposure, supervisory liability under U.S. federal or state, or non-U.S. laws regarding the privacy and protection of information, including personal information, damage to our reputation and a loss of confidence in the security of our systems, products and services. Although the impact to date from these events has not had a material adverse effect on us, no assurance is given that this will be the case in the future.

Information security risks in the financial services industry have increased recently, in part because of new technologies, the use of the internet and telecommunications technologies (including mobile devices) to conduct financial and other business transactions and the increased sophistication and activities of organized criminals, perpetrators of fraud, hackers, terrorists and other malicious third parties. In addition to cyberattacks and other security breaches involving the theft of sensitive and confidential information, hackers, terrorists, sophisticated nation-state and nation-state supported actors and other malicious third parties recently have engaged in attacks that are designed to disrupt key business services, such as consumer-facing websites. We and our third-party service providers may not be able to anticipate or implement effective preventive measures against all security breaches of these types, especially because the techniques used to sabotage or to obtain unauthorized access to our or our third-party service providers’ technology, systems, networks and/or physical facilities in which data is stored or through which data is transmitted change frequently and because attacks can originate from a wide variety of sources. We employ detection and response mechanisms designed to contain and mitigate security incidents. Nonetheless, early detection efforts may be thwarted by sophisticated attacks and malware designed to avoid detection. We also may fail to detect the existence of a security breach related to the information of our clients and to prevent or detect service interruption, system failure or data loss. Further, as a significant number of people work from home, these cybersecurity risks may be heightened by an increased attack surface across our business and those of our clients and third-party service providers. We cannot guarantee that our efforts, or the efforts of those upon whom we rely and partner with, will be successful in preventing any such information security incidents.

The access by unauthorized persons to, or the improper disclosure by us of, confidential information regarding our clients or our proprietary information, software, methodologies and business secrets could interrupt our business or operations, result in significant legal and financial exposure, supervisory liability, damage to our reputation or a loss of confidence in the security of our systems, products and services, all of which could have a material adverse impact on our business. In addition, there recently have been a number of well-publicized attacks or breaches affecting companies in the financial services industry that have heightened concern by clients, which could also intensify regulatory focus, cause clients to lose trust in the security of the industry in general and result in reduced use of our services and increased costs, all of which could also have a material adverse effect on our business.

Most jurisdictions (including all 50 states) have enacted laws requiring companies to notify individuals, regulatory authorities and/or others of security breaches involving certain types of data. In addition, our agreements with certain partners and service providers may require us to notify them in the event of a security breach. Such mandatory disclosures are costly, could lead to negative publicity, may cause our clients, partners and service providers to lose confidence in the effectiveness of our security measures and require us to expend significant capital and other resources to respond to and/or alleviate problems caused by the actual or perceived security breach. A security breach of any of our vendors that processes personal information of our clients may pose similar risks.

A security breach may also cause us to breach client contracts. Our agreements with certain partners and service providers may require us to use industry-standard or reasonable measures to safeguard personal information. We also may be subject to laws that require us to use industry-standard or reasonable security measures to safeguard personal information. A security breach could lead to claims by our clients or other relevant stakeholders that we have failed to comply with such legal or contractual obligations. As a result, we could be subject to legal action or our clients could end their relationships with us. There can be no assurance that the limitations of liability in our contracts would be enforceable or adequate or would otherwise protect us from liabilities or damages, and in some cases our client agreements may not limit our remediation costs or liability with respect to data breaches.

Litigation resulting from security breaches may adversely affect our business. Unauthorized access to our technology, systems, networks or physical facilities, or those of our third-party service providers, could result in litigation with our clients or other relevant stakeholders. These proceedings could force us to spend money in defense or settlement, divert management’s time and attention, increase our costs of doing business or adversely affect our reputation. We could be required to fundamentally change our business activities and practices or modify our products and/or technology capabilities in response to such litigation, which could have an adverse effect on our business. If a security breach were to occur, and the confidentiality, integrity or availability of personal information was disrupted, we could incur significant liability, or our technology, systems or networks may be perceived as less desirable, which could negatively affect our business and damage our reputation.

We may not have adequate insurance coverage with respect to liabilities that result from any cyberattacks or other security breaches or disruptions suffered by us or third parties upon which we rely. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against us that exceeds our available insurance coverage, or results in changes to our insurance policies (including premium increases or the imposition of large deductible or co-insurance requirements), could have an adverse effect on our business. In addition, we cannot be sure that our existing insurance coverage and coverage for errors and omissions will continue to be available on acceptable terms or that our insurers will not deny coverage as to any future claim.

While we take precautions to prevent consumer identity fraud, it is possible that identity fraud may still occur or has occurred, which may adversely affect the performance of our products and services or subject us to scrutiny or penalties.

Arizona Law Firm Regulation

The law firm owned and operated by PatentVest is subject to the Arizona Supreme Court under Rule 31.1(c) and the Arizona Code of Judicial Administration, or ACJA, Section 7.209, relating to Alternative Business Structures, or ABS. An ABS is an entity that includes non-lawyers who have an economic interest or decision-making authority as defined in ACJA 7-209 which may employ, associate with, or engage a lawyer or lawyers to provide legal services to third parties. An ABS (1) must employ at least one person who is an active member in good standing of the State Bar of Arizona who will supervise the practice of law under the rules of the Arizona Supreme Court for the entity, (2) has been licensed by the Arizona Supreme Court after application to the Committee on ABSs, and (3) will provide legal services by persons authorized to do so and in compliance with the Rules of Supreme Court as generally applied to the practice of law and the particular regulations applicable to an ABS. An approval is made in favor of an ABS application if the Committee on ABSs finds that the applicant meets, among others, the following objectives: (a) protecting and promoting the public interest; (b) promoting access to legal services; and (c) encouraging an independent, strong, diverse, and effective legal profession. The Committee on ABSs should also find that the applicant (a) has lawyers providing legal services to consumers that will act with the independence that is consistent with the lawyers’ professional responsibilities and standards, (b) the lawyers will make decisions in their practice that are in the best interest of clients, (c) the ABS maintains confidentiality consistent with Arizona Rule of Supreme Court 42, and (d) the other business policies or procedures of the ABS do not interfere with a lawyers’ duties and responsibilities to clients.

An ABS is also subject to all the rules and regulations associated with the ethical rules of a law firm operating in the State of Arizona. These rules are found in Section 7-209 of the Code of Judicial Administration and the Arizona Supreme Court Rules. Together the rules address issues relating to (i) conflict of interest situations for client representation, (ii) issues relating to the sale of a law practice, (iii) law firm owner responsibilities such as for having sufficient managerial authority, effective internal policies and procedures, and procedures for the conformity of law employees to the rules of professional conduct and procedures for non-law employees, and (iv) adequate trust account requirements, including the annual certification requirement. The rules also address code of conduct issues such as lawyer independence in the provision of services, the diligent and promptness of rendering legal services, and record maintenance, among others. An ABS and its law employees will be subject to the disciplinary rules 46 et. seq. of the Arizona Supreme Court.

Because the only other state that permits an ABS like ownership is Colorado, which is a more limited authorization than afforded by Arizona, PatentVest will not be able to expand its Arizona ABS into other states. The focus of the PatentVest ABS, however, is on patent issues and patent prosecution which is largely a federal practice, therefore the restriction of its practice to the State of Arizona is not seen as a limitation on its operations. Where it has clients that seek legal representation outside of the State of Arizona, the PatentVest ABS will make referrals to firms licensed in appropriate jurisdictions.

U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act

The U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or FCPA, prohibits U.S. corporations and individuals from engaging in certain activities to obtain or retain business abroad or to influence a person working in an official capacity. It is illegal to pay, offer to pay or authorize the payment of anything of value to any foreign government official, government staff member, political party or political candidate in an attempt to obtain or retain business or to otherwise influence a person working in an official capacity. The scope of the FCPA includes interactions with certain healthcare professionals in many countries. Equivalent laws have been adopted in other foreign countries that impose similar obligations.

Human Capital

As of the date of this filing, overall there are approximately 40 full time employees of MDB, employed directly or indirectly through MDB CG Management, Inc. (“MDB Management”) and Invizyne. We also engage from time-to-time consultants for various activities.

MDB Management also has an agreement with MDB Capital S.A., an affiliated Nicaraguan company, for MDB Capital S.A. to provide services to the Company on an out-source, as required service basis. The services are provided on a specific request, within an identified scope of activity, from time to time. Primarily the services will be administrative support services, research activities, and analytical services as necessitated by the holding company, Public Ventures, PatentVest and partner companies.

As our business develops, we establish partner companies and we enhance our operations, we anticipate the number of employees and consultants will grow. In addition, we also anticipate adding human capital contractors, consultants, clinical research organizations and collaborative businesses to perform clinical studies, toxicology assessment, manufacturing, regulatory, and other operational functions.

Legal Matters

We are not currently subject to any material legal proceedings. However, we may from time to time become a party to various legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Risks Relating to Holding Company Taxation

You may be subject to U.S. federal income tax on your share of our taxable income, regardless of whether you receive any cash distributions from us.

The Class A Common Shares are securities issued by a limited liability company and represent limited liability interests.

Under current law, so long as certain conditions are satisfied (see “Certain Material U.S. Federal Tax Considerations — Classification as a Partnership”), we should be treated, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, as a partnership and not as a corporation. As such, MDB will generally not be subject to U.S. federal income tax. Instead, each shareholder of MDB will be required to take into account its allocable share of each item of MDB’s income, gain, loss, deduction or credit, whether or not MDB distributes any cash to it, including distributions or dividends MDB receives from its corporate entities (i.e., in partner companies). Consequently, it is possible that in any year, a shareholder’s tax liability arising from MDB could exceed the distributions made to him, her or it by MDB. Thus, there may be years in which a shareholder’s tax liability exceeds its share of distributed cash from MDB. If this were to occur, a shareholder would have to use funds from other sources to satisfy his, her or its tax liability.

You may be subject to state, local and other taxes, including with respect to your own particular circumstances.

In addition to U.S. federal income taxes, each shareholder may incur income tax liabilities under the state or local income tax laws of certain jurisdictions in which MDB will operate, as well as in the jurisdiction of that shareholder’s residence or domicile. State and local income tax laws vary from one location to another, and federal, state and local income tax laws are both complex and subject to change. The income tax aspects of an investment in MDB are complicated, and each shareholder should review them with his, her or its own professional advisors familiar with the shareholder’s own income tax situation and with the income tax laws and regulations applicable to the shareholder.

Allocations of income and loss may be re-determined by the IRS.

A shareholder’s distributive share of MDB income, gains, losses, deductions and credits for U.S. federal income tax purposes is generally determined as set forth in the limited liability company agreement governing our company, which we refer to as the operating agreement, unless such items are allocated in a manner that has no “substantial economic effect.” If it is determined that the allocations in the operating agreement do not possess substantial economic effect, then the IRS might seek to allocate MDB related items in a different manner.

MDB may provide delayed final Schedules K-1.

MDB may not be able to provide final Schedules K-1 to shareholders for any given fiscal year until after April 15 of the following year. The board of directors will endeavor to provide shareholders with final Schedules K-1 or with estimates of the taxable income or loss allocated to their shares on or before April 15, but final Schedules K-1 may not be available until MDB has received tax–reporting information necessary to prepare final Schedules K-1. Shareholders may be required to obtain extensions of time to file their U.S. federal, state, and local income tax returns (which do not provide taxpayers with an extension of time to pay any tax that may be due on such tax returns). Each prospective shareholder should consult with its own advisor as to the advisability and tax consequences of an investment in MDB.

If we are treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the value of the shares could be materially adversely affected.

The value of the Class A Common Shares of MDB that you hold will depend in part on MDB being treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes. We intend to manage our affairs so that, upon becoming a “publicly traded partnership” within the meaning of Section 7704 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), we will not be taxable as a corporation because 90% or more of our gross income in each taxable year will be “qualifying income” (see “Certain Material U.S. Federal Tax Considerations—Classification as a Partnership” for a discussion of the rules relating to qualifying income and publicly-traded partnerships). However, there is no assurance or guarantee that we will meet on an ongoing basis the applicable requirements to be taxable as a partnership and, as discussed below, current law may change so as to cause, in either event, MDB to be treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes. If we were treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, then, among other things, (i) we would become subject to corporate income tax and (ii) distributions to our shareholders would be taxable as dividends for U.S. federal income tax purposes to the extent of our earnings and profits. In addition, because a tax would be imposed upon MDB as a corporation, its cash available for distribution would be substantially reduced. We have not requested, and do not plan to request, a ruling from the IRS on this or any other tax matter affecting us.

Our structure involves complex provisions of U.S. federal and state income tax law for which no clear precedent or authority may be available. Our structure is also subject to potential legislative, judicial or administrative change and differing interpretations, possibly on a retroactive basis.

The U.S. federal income tax treatment of holders of our common shares, including the Class A Common Shares representing limited liability interests, depends in some instances on determinations of fact and interpretations of complex provisions of U.S. federal income tax law for which no clear precedent or authority may be available. You should be aware that the U.S. federal and state income tax rules are constantly under review by persons involved in the legislative process, the IRS and the U.S. Treasury Department, and state governments frequently resulting in revised interpretations of established concepts, statutory changes, revisions to regulations and other modifications and interpretations. The IRS pays close attention to the proper application of tax laws to partnerships and entities taxed as partnerships. The present U.S. federal income tax treatment of an investment in our shares may be modified by administrative, legislative or judicial interpretation at any time, and any such action may affect investments and commitments previously made.

Complying with certain tax-related requirements may cause us to forego otherwise attractive business or investment opportunities or enter into acquisitions, borrowings, financings or arrangements we may not have otherwise entered into.

In order for us to be treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and not as a publicly traded partnership taxable as a corporation, we expect that at least 90% of our gross income in each taxable year will need to be “qualifying income” on a continuing basis and we must not be, if we were a corporation, required to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act. In order to obtain such treatment, we (or our subsidiaries) may decide to forego attractive business or investment opportunities. This may cause us to incur additional tax liabilities and/or adversely affect our ability to operate solely to maximize our cash flow.

Shareholders may be subject to restrictions on deductibility of expenses and other losses.

The ability of the shareholders to utilize any tax losses generated by an investment in MDB may be subject to a number of limitations under the Code, including the basis limitations, the passive activity loss limitations, the “at-risk” limitations, and the excess business loss limitations. See “Certain Material U.S. Federal Tax Considerations” for more information regarding such limitations.

Future legislative or regulatory action could significantly change the tax aspects of an investment in our shares.

The discussion of tax aspects contained in this filing is based on law currently in effect and certain proposed Treasury Regulations. Nonetheless, shareholders should be aware that new administrative, legislative or judicial action could significantly change the tax aspects of an investment in our shares. Any such change may be retroactive with respect to transactions entered into or contemplated before the effective date of such change and could have a material adverse effect on the tax consequences of your investment in MDB.

Risks Relating to Our General Business Operations

Although our partner company model has been successful in the past, there is no assurance that we will continue to be successful in selecting our partner companies or that these partner companies will generate income returns at the same or similar levels as those of our prior partner companies.

There is no assurance that MDB will continue to be as successful as when our broker-dealer business was operating as a single, stand-alone business. As a reorganized holding company, we have a limited operating history. We believe that because of the reorganization of our Company, we are subject to some or all of the risks inherent in the establishment of a new enterprise. Some of the risks may arise from the absence of a significant consolidated operating history, the addition of management responsibilities as a public company, including the production of K-1 tax documents for owners of the Company’s shares, and lack of experience in complying with reporting and other obligations associated with being a publicly-traded company listed on Nasdaq. If our business plan, operating as a holding company, turns out to be unsuccessful, investors may lose some or all of their investment in MDB.

Investors in MDB are cautioned that the past successes of the management as executed via their privately held broker-dealer business are no assurance that the newly re-reorganized company will continue to have the same successes or result in same value creation.

We might require additional capital to support operations and business growth and to fund our partner companies; this capital might not be available when needed.

We have funded MDB operations since inception in 2022 primarily through equity financings and revenue generated by the services provided through Public Ventures. We cannot be certain when or if our operations will generate sufficient cash to fully fund our ongoing operations or the growth of our business. We intend to continue to make investments in our business, particularly in our partner companies, to respond to business opportunities and challenges, including developing new products and services, enhancing our operating infrastructure, expanding our operations, and acquiring complementary businesses and technologies. All of the foregoing may require us to secure additional funds. Additional financing may not be available on terms favorable to us, if at all. If we incur additional debt, or issue preferred equity securities, the holders of these debt or preferred security holders would have rights senior to holders of our equity to make claims on our assets, and the terms of any debt could restrict our operations, including our ability to make distributions on our equity. Because our decision to raise capital in the future will depend on numerous considerations, including factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing, dilutive effect or nature of any future issuances of securities. As a result, our equity holders bear the risk that future issuances of debt or equity securities could reduce the value of our Class A Common Shares and dilute their interests. Our inability to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us, when we require it, could significantly limit our ability to continue supporting our business growth and responding to business opportunities and challenges.

Our business depends upon our ability to make good decisions regarding the deployment of capital into new or existing partner companies and, ultimately, the performance of our partner companies, both of which are uncertain.

If we make poor decisions regarding the deployment of capital into new or existing partner companies, our business model will not succeed. Our success as a holding company ultimately depends on our ability to choose the right partner companies, develop these companies, such that these partner companies are operationally successful. If one or more of our partner companies does not succeed, the value of our assets could be significantly reduced resulting in substantial impairments or write-offs, which could cause the results of our operations and the price of our Class A Common Shares to decline.

The risks relating to our partner companies include:

● most of our partner companies have a history of operating losses and a limited operating history;

● the new technologies that our partner companies attempt to develop and launch commercially may never be developed or may never adequately developed to be commercial or even if commercially developed, may not be accepted in the marketplace;

● the new technologies that our partner companies develop may not be accepted quickly enough or broadly enough resulting in additional need funding to sustain the partner company or the decision to abandon the business at a loss;

● intensifying competition affecting the products and services that our partner companies offer could adversely affect their businesses, financial condition, results of operations and prospects for growth;

● technologies of our partner companies that are subject to regulatory examination, testing and approval, may not be approved by any required regulatory authorities;

● inability to adapt to the rapidly changing marketplaces;

● inability to manage growth;

● the need for additional capital to fund partner company operations, which we may not be able to fund or which may not be available from third parties on acceptable terms, if at all;

● inability to protect partner company intellectual property rights and/or the costs and limitations that partner companies infringe on the intellectual property rights of others;

● inability to put into place, monitor and maintain appropriate compliance programs related to employees, safety or other regulatory requirements which could result in legal liability, bad press and significant additional costs to investigate, address and remediate such issues;

● certain of our partner companies could face legal liabilities from claims made against them based upon their operations, products or work;

● the impact of economic downturns on their operations, results and growth prospects;

● inability to attract and retain qualified personnel; and

● government regulations and legal uncertainties may place financial burdens on the businesses of our partner companies.

Our business model does not rely upon the receipt of operating cash flows from our partner companies.

Our public venture business model does not rely upon the receipt of operating cash flows from our partner companies. We anticipate that our partner companies, while we own them and they are developing their businesses, will not generate revenues or positive cash flow. To the extent that our partner companies generate any cash from operations, they will retain the funds to develop their own businesses. Our overall day to day operations will rely on cash on hand, dividends from the operation of Public Ventures and PatentVest, and our ability to generate capital from capital raising activities to finance our overall operations and fund the partner companies. If we need capital to fund current and new partner companies, we will seek to raise additional capital. If we are unable to find ways of monetizing our holdings or to raise additional capital on attractive terms, we may face liquidity issues that will require us to curtail our new business efforts, constrain our ability to execute our business strategy, and limit our ability to provide financial support to our existing partner companies. We may also finance our partner companies through their securities offerings or selling, licensing, or joint venturing their businesses. There is no assurance that we will be able to raise any such funding or funding in sufficient amounts to support the early stages of development of our partner companies.

Our success depends, in part, on the successful development of our partner companies.

At this time, we cannot identify the various specific risks that our partner companies will face other than the challenges typically faced by early-stage companies, as well as risks related to general regulatory issues, general technology and product development issues, meeting capital requirements, and market approach and penetration issues that all such early stage and development companies will face in their evolution. To the extent that any of our partner companies fail during the development phase or experience delay until they reach a point where they are able to successfully market their technologies or products in a financially sustainable way, our investment in those partner companies and your investment in MDB will be impaired, and you may sustain a loss in your investment and return on investment.

To be successful, we will need to grow the current businesses and grow the overall size of MDB and, more particularly, the number and businesses of partner companies. Our success will depend on finding and nurturing early-stage companies and transforming them into successful companies through our managerial and funding resources, including sources of external funding. Expanding the number of partner companies will impose significant added responsibilities on members of management, including the need to identify, recruit, maintain, motivate and integrate additional employees at the MDB (parent) level and at the partner company level. In addition, our management may have to divert a disproportionate amount of its attention away from our day-to-day activities and devote a substantial amount of time to managing these growth activities at our partner companies. Our future financial and business performance and our ability to compete effectively will depend, in part, on our ability to effectively manage our future growth.

Our partner companies will be early-stage development companies, which will make it difficult to judge and evaluate their businesses and their future success.

The partner companies are and will continue to be early-stage companies, none of which, it is anticipated, initially will have any finalized products or well-defined development, intellectual property, marketing or distribution plans. Because of these factors and the absence of an operating history, it will be difficult for potential investors to fully evaluate the planned technologies and prospective operations and future potential of our partner companies. As early-stage companies, they will be subject to all the risks inherent in the initial organization, financing, expenditures, complications and delays associated with new businesses. Investors should evaluate an investment in us in light of all of the risks inherent and uncertainties encountered by early-stage companies operating in competitive environments. There can be no assurance that our efforts to finance and nurture our partner companies will be successful or that any of our partner companies will ultimately develop their products to a point where the companies reach profitability.

MDB and our partner companies have recognized the need for and have committed to developing a robust infrastructure to ensure the accurate and timely reporting of financial results. Previously, we identified areas within our internal systems of control that were not sufficiently robust, which could potentially lead to delays, errors, and the need for restatement of financial reports. In response, we have taken decisive actions to address and rectify these material weaknesses.

MDB transitioned from a private company to a public entity in September 2023, MDB operated with a lean accounting team and limited resources while navigating challenges associated with limited accounting personnel and resources critical for robust internal control over financial reporting. Upon a thorough evaluation of our internal controls over financial reporting across partner companies, subsidiaries, and the holding company itself, we identified and addressed three material weaknesses.

Initially, we encountered gaps in maintaining adequately designed entity-level controls across the five components of internal control, as outlined by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO) 2013 Framework, essential for preventing or detecting material misstatements in our consolidated financial statements. Furthermore, our general information technology controls concerning logical access, user terminations, authentication, and user access management required significant enhancement to support the integrity of the Company’s business processes effectively. These areas of concern also contributed to segregation of duties conflicts within certain business processes.

To address these challenges, MDB embarked on a comprehensive overhaul of its internal controls framework. We have since established and implemented appropriately designed entity-level controls, aligning with each component of the COSO 2013 Framework, thus fortifying our capacity to prevent or detect material misstatements accurately. Moreover, we have redefined our general information technology controls, ensuring they are now adequately designed, implemented, and operational, thereby safeguarding logical access, managing user terminations, and streamlining authentication and user access processes across all business functions.

Additionally, MDB has developed and instituted formal accounting policies, procedures, and controls across virtually all business and financial reporting processes. This advancement ensures timely, complete, and accurate financial accounting, reporting, and disclosures. These corrective measures have effectively remedied the previously identified material weaknesses, significantly reducing the possibility of material misstatements in our annual or interim consolidated financial statements not being identified or rectified promptly.

One of our subsidiaries, Public Ventures, is subject to Securities and Exchange Commission and FINRA regulation, DTC participant requirements, and settlement bank agreements, and, if not compliant with those regulations, may be subject to fines, limitations on activity and financial impairment.

One of our subsidiaries is a broker-dealer, subject to a wide range of regulations under the oversight of the Securities and Exchange Commission, FINRA and state securities regulators, and other financially-oriented governmental authorities. To conduct its clearing operations, it is subject to DTC participant requirements and the terms of its settlement bank agreements. Public Ventures is currently subject to regulations related to its status as a broker-dealer and, when we finalize our securities clearing operations, the Company will also be subject to all the regulatory requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission applicable to our securities clearing operations. As is common in the securities industry, we are subject to regular reviews of and investigations into our operations, some of which progress to regulatory actions that may result in fines, censures, and limitations on activity. Currently, we are the subject of a review of past broker-dealer activities, which may be either resolved or escalated. We do not know at this time whether this review will be escalated to regulatory action, and if it is, what the regulatory assertions would be and what the resolution of such assertions might be. Any adverse result may impair the value of the overall company and a loss of investment value in MDB.

Our partner companies are likely to be operating in businesses that are subject to extensive regulation, which if not compliant with those regulations may be subject to fines, limitations on activity and financial impairment.

Our partner companies will likely be subject to a large range of regulations, especially if they are engaged in development of medical or pharmaceutical therapies, medical devices and technologies subject to export and import controls. The failure to adhere to any applicable laws or regulations relating to their business conduct may result in investigations, fines, limitations on activities and recalls. The partner company subject to these kinds of sanctions, and possibly MDB, also could suffer from development, marketing, financial and reputational damage. There may be consequential impairment of the value of the overall company and a loss of investment value in the Company.

We plan to operate as a company not regulated under the Investment Company Act of 1940. We may have to buy, sell or retain assets when we would otherwise not wish to do so in order to avoid registration under the Investment Company Act.

We believe our operations are not subject to the Investment Company Act of 1940 (the “Investment Company Act”). We do not hold ourselves out as conducting the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities. Rather, we found, own and operate our partner companies to help them develop their businesses. We will have control of our partner companies through a majority ownership position, by being actively engaged on the board of directors and by being involved in the certain management decision processes of the partner companies. We are actively engaged in the development of these companies including creation of the business strategy and path to value creation.

The Investment Company Act regulates companies that are engaged in the business of investing, reinvesting, owning, holding or trading in securities. Under the Investment Company Act, a company may be deemed to be an investment company if it owns investment securities with a value exceeding 40% of the value of its total assets (excluding government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis, unless an exemption or safe harbor applies. We refer to this test as the “40% Test.” Securities issued by companies other than majority-owned partner companies are generally considered “investment securities” for the purpose of the Investment Company Act, unless other circumstances exist, such as the holding company management being actively involved in the management of the underlying company. Additionally, there may be other exemptions that we might be eligible to use to avoid regulation under the Investment Company Act. As a company that builds value by cofounding early-stage technology and life sciences companies, we believe we are not engaged in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities. Consequently, we do not believe that we are not now and will not be an investment company under the Investment Company Act.

We will monitor our compliance with the 40% Test and conduct our business activities to comply with this test and other exemptions such that we are exempt from the Investment Company Act. It is not feasible for us to be regulated as an investment company because the Investment Company Act rules are inconsistent with our strategy of actively helping our partner companies in their efforts to build value. We may need to take various actions, however, that we would otherwise not pursue in order to remain in compliance with the 40% Test. For example, we may need to retain a majority interest in a partner company that we no longer consider strategic, we may not be able to acquire an interest in a company unless we are able to obtain a majority ownership interest in the company, or we may be limited in the manner or timing in which we sell or distribute our interests in a partner company. Our ownership levels also may be affected if our partner companies are acquired by third parties or if our partner companies issue stock which dilutes our majority ownership. The actions may require us to take actions to avoid application of the Investment Company Act of 1940 so as to maintain compliance with the 40% Test that could adversely affect our ability to create and realize value at our partner companies.

Our ability to retain our senior professionals and recruit additional professionals is critical to the success of our business, and our failure to do so may adversely affect our reputation, business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our people are one of our most valuable resources. Our ability to source attractive technologies and companies to deploy our capital depends upon the reputation, judgment, and execution skills of our senior professionals, particularly our directors and senior management. Despite our efforts to retain valuable employees, members of our management team may terminate their employment with us on short notice. The loss of the services of any of our executive officers or other key employees could potentially harm our business, operating results, or financial condition. Currently, we do not maintain key man insurance policies with respect to any of our executive officers or employees.

We plan on out-sourcing aspects of our business operations in Nicaragua.

We have engaged an affiliated company, MDB Capital S.A., located in Nicaragua to provide specific services from time to time, on an as out-source, as requested basis. Currently, we believe that the Company, PatentVest and our partner companies will use the service company for various activities. We believe that having services performed on a contract basis in Nicaragua will provide cost benefits for our operations in the United States that will enhance our business operational competitiveness. In order to function effectively and efficiently when engaging companies in Nicaragua, we believe that we will have to help train the persons responsible for our service requests so as to have available when needed knowledgeable staffing for our projects. There can be no assurance that our out-sourcing these contract services in Nicaragua will be at competitive and at cost saving rates or that we will be able to find the services there that are able to carry out the required functions.

Whether or not we will be able to continue to use out-sourcing companies located in Nicaragua will depend on the extent that the United States imposes restrictions on US persons and entities engaging in commerce with companies that employ Nicaraguan persons or are located in Nicaragua. Currently there are Executive Orders in place that restrict immigration of designated groups of individuals into the United States and restrictive sanctions on certain trade-related activities between United States and Nicaragua. In conjunction with the Executive Orders, other departments of the United States government have imposed complimentary sanctions on activities under their jurisdictions to expand the effect of the Executive Orders. The effect and extent of the sanctions, including Executive Order 13851, dated October 24, 2022, is not yet known, but could potentially prohibit both imports from and exports to Nicaragua. Whether these sanctions will be interpreted to include a prohibition on our current and proposed service arrangements to be provided by companies and persons in Nicaragua is yet unknown. But if the sanctions extend to our out-source service arrangements with Nicaraguan persons and entities, we will face disruption obtaining certain services, and we will have to find replacement service providers or personnel. We may have difficulty in finding qualified, competent replacements for those functions fulfilled by our Nicaraguan contract party. If we have to find those kinds of replacements, we also would expect our costs to increase, thereby losing the advantage of our Nicaraguan resources.

There may be securities market risks resulting from owning the equity securities of our partner companies.

Although we are not engaged in the business of investing, reinvesting, or trading in securities, we will own a controlling position in our partner companies pursuant to our business model. We generally will be active in the management and development of our partner companies, as well as actively monitoring their operations to keep abreast of their business development. In time, we anticipate that we will monetize the value we hold in our partner companies. Our monetization process will contemplate the typical forms of merger and acquisition transactions, such as licensing, private and public offerings, asset or company sales and registered common stock distributions. To the extent that any of our partner companies become publicly traded, their value will become subject to market fluctuations. Any fluctuation in the value of our partner companies’ securities, for whatever reason, may affect the value of MDB as a holding company resulting in a partial or total loss of your investment.

We could experience competition from other potential acquirers when we seek to establish partner companies, which may result in not being able to acquire them or having to pay at a higher valuation, thus increasing our risk of loss and reducing potential future gains.

We believe that we will face competition from other capital providers and acquisition oriented entities as we seek to acquire and develop our partner companies. Some of our competitors have more experience identifying and acquiring companies in various industries and have greater financial and management resources, brand name recognition or industry contacts than we possess. We compete with those firms on a number of factors, including our history and reputation, our ability to partner, encourage and support development of each company, the abilities and experience of our professionals in working with development-stage companies, and our ability to source and perform due diligence on new technologies and companies. In addition, even though we seek to acquire technologies at their very early stages of development, we may still pay higher prices in our acquisitions and partner company creation because of competition from other potential acquirers and higher valuations. This could increase the risk of loss and result in lower gains to the holding company.

We may be limited in our ability to attract and continue to employ personnel engaged by our partner companies.

In order to recruit and retain existing and future personnel for our partner companies, we may need to increase the level of compensation that we pay and have to use equity grants as incentives. As our partner companies are subsidiaries, we may not be able to use the value of the partner company for equity grants and similar compensation arrangements. We may have to deploy other incentives, such as higher salaries, better benefits or equity in MDB. Any of these may adversely affect the value of MDB or increase our consolidated expenses.

We strive to maintain a work environment that reinforces our culture of collaboration, motivation and alignment of interests with investors. The effects of becoming public, including potential changes in our compensation structure, could adversely affect this culture. If we do not continue to develop and implement the right processes and tools to manage our changing enterprise and maintain our culture, our ability to compete successfully and achieve our business objectives could be impaired, which could negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

There is significant competition for the time and capital of our community members and they have no obligation to continue to own MDB member interests, or participate in the development of the partner companies as envisioned by our business model.

We will rely on our community of sophisticated investors that have experience with our public venture approach for partner company formation, development and funding. There is competition for their time and capital. There is no obligation for an investor that is part of our community to continue to participate in our public venture approach or even to hold securities of MDB. As is common, investors will circulate in and out of our community as their interests change over time. The loss of a prominent or an active community participant may diminish the effectiveness of our community and may lead others to change their participation level within the community.

The COVID-19 pandemic, or any other pandemic, epidemic or outbreak of an infectious disease, may materially and adversely affect our business and operations.

The COVID-19 pandemic has prompted national, regional, and local governments, including those in the markets that the Company operates in, to implement preventative or protective measures to control its spread. As a result, there have been disruptions in business operations around the world. To date, we have not been impacted significantly by the COVID-19 pandemic as our work can be conducted remotely due to being largely office and service-based rather than manufacturing or requiring face to face client service.

While the Company will continue to navigate the financial, operational, and personnel challenges presented by the COVID-19 pandemic, the full impact of COVID-19 on our operational and financial performance will depend on future developments, including the duration and spread of the pandemic, the potential uncertainty related to (and proliferation of) new strains, and related actions taken by federal, state, local and international government officials, to prevent and manage the spread of COVID-19. All of these efforts are uncertain, out of our control, and cannot be predicted at this time.

Impact of Ukrainian and Israeli Conflict

Currently, we believe that the conflicts involving the Ukraine and Israel do not have any direct impact on our operations, financial condition or financial reporting. We believe the conflicts will have only a general impact on our operations in the same manner as it is having a general impact on all businesses that have their operations in North America as a result of international sanctions and embargo regulations, possible shortages of goods and goods incorporating parts that may be supplied from the Ukraine, Russia or Israel, supply chain challenges, and the international and US domestic inflationary results of the conflict and government spending for and funding of our country’s response. We do not believe we will be targeted for cyber-attacks in connection with the conflicts, but as a financial institution, we are aware that we may be a general target for cyber-attacks. We have no operations in the countries directly involved in the conflicts or are specifically impacted by any of the sanctions and embargoes, as we principally operate in the United States. Other than general securities market trends, we do not have reason to believe that investors will evaluate the company as having special risks or exposures related to the conflicts.

The collection, processing, use, storage, sharing and transmission of personal information and other sensitive data are subject to stringent and changing state, federal and international laws, regulations and standards and policies and could give rise to liabilities as a result of our failure or perceived failure to protect such data, comply with privacy and data protection laws and regulations or adhere to the privacy and data protection practices that we articulate to our clients.

In the course of our operations and the processing of transactions, we collect, process, store, disclose, use, share and/or transmit personal information and other sensitive data from current, past and prospective clients as well as our employees in and across multiple jurisdictions. The regulatory framework for privacy issues worldwide is rapidly evolving and is likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future. There are federal, state and foreign laws and regulations regarding privacy, data security and the collection, processing, use, storage, protection, sharing and/or transmission of personal information and sensitive data. For example, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (“GLBA”) (along with its implementing regulations) restricts certain collection, processing, storage, use and disclosure of personal information, requires notice to individuals of privacy practices and provides individuals with certain rights to prevent the use and disclosure of certain nonpublic or otherwise legally protected information. Additionally, many states continue to enact legislation on matters of privacy, information security, cybersecurity, data breach and data breach notification requirements. For example, as of January 1, 2020, the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”) grants additional consumer rights with respect to data privacy in California. The CCPA, among other things, entitles California residents to know how their personal information is being collected and shared, to access or request the deletion of their personal information and to opt out of certain sharing of their personal information. The CCPA is subject to further amendments pending certain proposed regulations that are being reviewed and revised by the California Attorney General. The CCPA provides for civil penalties for violations, as well as a private right of action for certain data breaches that result in the loss of personal information. This private right of action may increase the likelihood of, and risks associated with, data breach litigation. We cannot predict the impact of the CCPA on our business, operations or financial condition, but it could result in liabilities and/or require us to modify certain processes or procedures, which could result in additional costs.

Additionally, the California Privacy Rights Act (“CPRA”) was passed in November 2020 and it will be effective in most material respects starting on January 1, 2023. The CPRA imposes additional obligations on companies covered by the legislation and will significantly modify the CCPA, including by expanding clients’ rights with respect to certain sensitive personal information. The CPRA also creates a new state agency that will be vested with authority to implement and enforce the CCPA and the CPRA. The effects of the CCPA and the CPRA are potentially significant and may require us to modify our data collection or processing practices and policies and to incur substantial costs and expenses in an effort to comply and increase our potential exposure to regulatory enforcement and/or litigation.

We expect more states to enact legislation similar to the CCPA and the CPRA, which provide clients with new privacy rights and increase the privacy and security obligations of entities handling certain personal information of such clients. The CCPA has prompted a number of proposals for new federal and state-level privacy legislation, such as in Virginia and Colorado, both with laws to take effect in 2023. It is anticipated that all such laws will add additional complexity, have variation in requirements, restrictions and potential legal risk, require additional investment of resources in compliance programs, impact strategies and the availability of previously useful data and could result in increased compliance costs and/or changes in business practices and policies.

Additionally, our broker-dealer, Public Ventures is subject to SEC Regulation S-P, which requires that businesses maintain policies and procedures addressing the protection of client information and records. This includes protecting against any anticipated threats or hazards to the security or integrity of client records and information and against unauthorized access to or use of client records or information. Regulation S-P also requires businesses to provide initial and annual privacy notices to clients describing information sharing policies and informing clients of their rights.

Because the interpretation and application of many privacy and data protection laws are uncertain, it is possible that these laws may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our existing data management practices or the features of our services and platform capabilities. If so, in addition to the possibility of being subjected to fines, lawsuits and other claims, we could be required to fundamentally change our business activities and practices or modify our platform, which could have an adverse effect on our business. Any violations or perceived violations of these laws, rules and regulations by us, or any third parties with which we do business, may require us to change our business practices or operational structure, including limiting our activities in certain states and/or jurisdictions, addressing investigations or being subjected to legal claims by governmental entities or private actors, sustaining monetary penalties, sustaining reputational damage, expending substantial costs, time and other resources and/or sustaining other harms to our business. Furthermore, our online, external-facing privacy policy and website make certain statements regarding our privacy, information security and data security practices with regard to information collected from our clients or visitors to our website. Failure or perceived failure to adhere to such practices may result in regulatory scrutiny and investigation, complaints by affected clients or visitors to our website, reputational damage and/or other harm to our business. If either we, or the third-party service providers with which we share client data, are unable to address privacy concerns, even if unfounded, or to comply with applicable privacy or data protection laws, regulations and policies, it could result in additional costs and liability to us, damage our reputation, inhibit sales and harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Cyberattacks and other security breaches or disruptions suffered by us or third parties upon which we rely could have a materially adverse effect on our business, harm our reputation and expose us to public scrutiny or liability.

In the normal course of business, we collect, process, use and retain sensitive and confidential information regarding our clients and prospective clients, including data provided by and related to clients and their transactions, as well as other data of the counterparties to their payments. We also have arrangements in place with certain third-party service providers that require us to share client information. Although we devote resources and management focus to ensuring the integrity of our systems through information security and business continuity programs, our facilities and systems, and those of third-party service providers, are vulnerable to actual or threatened external or internal security breaches, acts of vandalism, theft, fraud or misconduct on the part of employees, other internal sources or third parties, computer viruses, phishing attacks, internet interruptions, disruptions or losses, misplaced or lost data, ransomware, unauthorized encryption, denial-of-service attacks, social engineering, unauthorized access, spam or other attacks, natural disasters, fires, terrorism, war, telecommunications or electrical interruptions or failures, programming or human errors or malfeasance and other similar malicious or inadvertent disruptions or events. We and our third-party service providers from time to time have experienced and may in the future continue to experience such instances. In some cases, the bad actors facilitated unauthorized financial transactions. We also face security threats from malicious third parties that could obtain unauthorized access to our systems and networks, which threats we anticipate will continue to grow in scope and complexity over time. These events could interrupt our business or operations, result in legal claims or proceedings, result in significant legal and financial exposure, supervisory liability under U.S. federal or state, or non-U.S. laws regarding the privacy and protection of information, including personal information, damage to our reputation and a loss of confidence in the security of our systems, products and services. Although the impact to date from these events has not had a material adverse effect on us, no assurance is given that this will be the case in the future.

Information security risks in the financial services industry have increased recently, in part because of new technologies, the use of the internet and telecommunications technologies (including mobile devices) to conduct financial and other business transactions and the increased sophistication and activities of organized criminals, perpetrators of fraud, hackers, terrorists and other malicious third parties. In addition to cyberattacks and other security breaches involving the theft of sensitive and confidential information, hackers, terrorists, sophisticated nation-state and nation-state supported actors and other malicious third parties recently have engaged in attacks that are designed to disrupt key business services, such as consumer-facing websites. We and our third-party service providers may not be able to anticipate or implement effective preventive measures against all security breaches of these types, especially because the techniques used to sabotage or to obtain unauthorized access to our or our third-party service providers’ technology, systems, networks and/or physical facilities in which data is stored or through which data is transmitted change frequently and because attacks can originate from a wide variety of sources. We employ detection and response mechanisms designed to contain and mitigate security incidents. Nonetheless, early detection efforts may be thwarted by sophisticated attacks and malware designed to avoid detection. We also may fail to detect the existence of a security breach related to the information of our clients and to prevent or detect service interruption, system failure or data loss. Further, as a significant number of people work from home, these cybersecurity risks may be heightened by an increased attack surface across our business and those of our clients and third-party service providers. We cannot guarantee that our efforts, or the efforts of those upon whom we rely and partner with, will be successful in preventing any such information security incidents.

The access by unauthorized persons to, or the improper disclosure by us of, confidential information regarding our clients or our proprietary information, software, methodologies and business secrets could interrupt our business or operations, result in significant legal and financial exposure, supervisory liability, damage to our reputation or a loss of confidence in the security of our systems, products and services, all of which could have a material adverse impact on our business. In addition, there recently have been a number of well-publicized attacks or breaches affecting companies in the financial services industry that have heightened concern by clients, which could also intensify regulatory focus, cause clients to lose trust in the security of the industry in general and result in reduced use of our services and increased costs, all of which could also have a material adverse effect on our business.

Most jurisdictions (including all 50 states) have enacted laws requiring companies to notify individuals, regulatory authorities and/or others of security breaches involving certain types of data. In addition, our agreements with certain partners and service providers may require us to notify them in the event of a security breach. Such mandatory disclosures are costly, could lead to negative publicity, may cause our clients, partners and service providers to lose confidence in the effectiveness of our security measures and require us to expend significant capital and other resources to respond to and/or alleviate problems caused by the actual or perceived security breach. A security breach of any of our vendors that processes personal information of our clients may pose similar risks.

A security breach may also cause us to breach client contracts. Our agreements with certain partners and service providers may require us to use industry-standard or reasonable measures to safeguard personal information. We also may be subject to laws that require us to use industry-standard or reasonable security measures to safeguard personal information. A security breach could lead to claims by our clients or other relevant stakeholders that we have failed to comply with such legal or contractual obligations. As a result, we could be subject to legal action or our clients could end their relationships with us. There can be no assurance that the limitations of liability in our contracts would be enforceable or adequate or would otherwise protect us from liabilities or damages, and in some cases our client agreements may not limit our remediation costs or liability with respect to data breaches.

Litigation resulting from security breaches may adversely affect our business. Unauthorized access to our technology, systems, networks or physical facilities, or those of our third-party service providers, could result in litigation with our clients or other relevant stakeholders. These proceedings could force us to spend money in defense or settlement, divert management’s time and attention, increase our costs of doing business or adversely affect our reputation. We could be required to fundamentally change our business activities and practices or modify our products and/or technology capabilities in response to such litigation, which could have an adverse effect on our business. If a security breach were to occur, and the confidentiality, integrity or availability of personal information was disrupted, we could incur significant liability, or our technology, systems or networks may be perceived as less desirable, which could negatively affect our business and damage our reputation.

We may not have adequate insurance coverage with respect to liabilities that result from any cyberattacks or other security breaches or disruptions suffered by us or third parties upon which we rely. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against us that exceeds our available insurance coverage, or results in changes to our insurance policies (including premium increases or the imposition of large deductible or co-insurance requirements), could have an adverse effect on our business. In addition, we cannot be sure that our existing insurance coverage and coverage for errors and omissions will continue to be available on acceptable terms or that our insurers will not deny coverage as to any future claim.

While we take precautions to prevent consumer identity fraud, it is possible that identity fraud may still occur or has occurred, which may adversely affect the performance of our products and services or subject us to scrutiny or penalties.

Risks Pertaining to Partner Companies in General

Based on our business model, some or all of our partner companies likely will need to raise capital from time to time to fund their operations. We may not be able to fund some or all of these amounts, and the amounts may not be available from third parties on acceptable terms, or at all.

We cannot be certain that our partner companies will be able to obtain initial and additional financing on acceptable terms, or at all, when needed. Because our resources and our ability to raise capital are limited and if we do not have funds in reserve for additional capital infusions, we may not be able to provide our partner companies with sufficient capital resources at times when needed to enable them to reach a cash flow positive position. We also may fail to accurately project the capital needs of our partner companies for purposes of our cash flow planning. If our partner companies need to, but are not able to, raise capital from us or other outside sources, then they may need to cease or scale back operations. If our partner companies raise capital from outside sources, the terms of such financings may significantly reduce or eliminate the value of such partner companies. In all such events, our ownership interest in any such partner company could lose some or all of its value.

If we are not successful in attracting and retaining highly qualified personnel, we may not be able to successfully implement our business strategy. In addition, the loss of the services of the founders of our partner companies could adversely impact their business prospects and the value of our ownership of the partner company.

Our ability to properly develop our partner companies and be successful in our business model depends in large part upon our ability to attract and retain at the partner company level and at the MDB level highly qualified managerial, scientific, and technical personnel. We will need to hire additional personnel as we further develop and grow our partner companies. Competition for skilled personnel usually is intense. We may not be able to hire and retain highly qualified personnel on acceptable terms. If we are unable to attract and retain high-quality personnel, especially for our partner companies, the rate and success at which they can develop and commercialize products or succeed at all could be limited.

Some intellectual property of our partner companies will be funded through government programs, thus being subject to federal regulation such as “march-in” rights, certain reporting requirements and a preference for U.S. industry. Compliance with these regulations may limit exclusive rights, subject the companies to expenditure of resources with respect to reporting requirements, and limit the ability to contract with foreign manufacturers.

When research is funded in part by the U.S. government, the resulting intellectual property is subject to certain federal regulations pursuant to the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980, or the Bayh-Dole Act. In particular, the federal government retains a “nonexclusive, nontransferable, irrevocable, paid-up license” for its own benefit to inventions produced with its financial assistance. The Bayh-Dole Act also provides federal agencies with “march-in rights.” March-in rights allow the government, in specified circumstances, to require the contractor or successors in title to the patent or other intellectual property to grant a “nonexclusive, partially exclusive, or exclusive license” to a “responsible applicant or applicants.” If the intellectual property owner refuses to do so, the government may grant the license itself. Intellectual property discovered under government-funded programs is also subject to certain reporting requirements, compliance with which may require our partner companies or licensors to expend substantial resources. Such intellectual property is also subject to a preference for U.S. industry, which may limit the ability to contract with foreign product manufacturers for products covered by the intellectual property. Moreover, collaboration with academic institutions to accelerate research or development may be limited or create the march in right. Further, the partner companies may choose to license intellectual property in the future that may be subject to government rights pursuant to the Bayh-Dole Act. If, in the future, a partner company co-owns or licenses in technology that is critical to its business that is developed in whole or in part with federal funds subject to the Bayh-Dole Act, its ability to enforce or otherwise exploit patents covering the technology may be adversely affected.

Some of our partner companies may be unable to protect their proprietary rights and may infringe on the proprietary rights of others.

Our partner companies, during their development, will assert various forms of intellectual property protection. Intellectual property is likely to constitute an important part of our partner companies’ assets and competitive strengths. Federal law, most typically, copyright, patent, trademark and trade secret laws, generally protects intellectual property rights. State law also addresses property rights. Although we expect that our partner companies will take reasonable efforts to protect the rights to their intellectual property, the complexity of United States, individual state and international trade secret, copyright, trademark and patent law, coupled with the limited resources of these partner companies and the demands of quick delivery of products and services to market, create a risk that their efforts will prove inadequate to prevent misappropriation of our partner companies’ technology, third parties may develop similar technology independently, or they will otherwise be unable to adequately protected their trade secrets.

Some of our partner companies also license intellectual property from third parties, and it is possible that they could become subject to infringement actions based upon their use of the intellectual property licensed from those third parties. Our partner companies generally obtain representations as to the origin and ownership of such licensed intellectual property; however, this may not adequately protect them. Any claims against our partner companies’ proprietary rights, with or without merit, could subject our partner companies to costly litigation and the diversion of their technical and management personnel from other business concerns. If our partner companies incur costly litigation and their personnel are not effectively deployed, the expenses and losses incurred by our partner companies will increase.

Where our partner companies enter into intellectual property license agreements, if they fail to adhere to their obligations thereunder, they may lose the ability to continue the license. Such a loss may be materially adverse to the business and future of a partner company.

Third parties have and may assert infringement or other intellectual property claims against our partner companies based on their patents or other intellectual property claims. Even though we believe our partner companies’ products do not infringe any third-party’s patents, they may have to pay substantial legal fees to defend against such claims as well as damages, possibly including treble damages, if it is ultimately determined that such claims have merit. They may have to obtain a license to sell their products if it is determined that their products infringe another person’s intellectual property. Our partner companies might be prohibited from selling their products before they obtain a license, which, if available at all, may require them to pay substantial royalties. Even if infringement claims against our partner companies are without merit, defending these types of lawsuits takes significant time, may be expensive and may divert management attention from other business concerns.

Our partner companies have limited foreign intellectual property rights and may not be able to protect their intellectual property rights throughout the world.

Currently, our partner companies have limited intellectual property rights outside the United States. Filing, prosecuting and defending patents in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, and intellectual property rights in some countries outside the United States can be less extensive than those in the United States. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as do federal and state laws in the United States. Consequently, our partner companies may not be able to prevent third parties from practicing our inventions in all countries outside the United States, or from selling or importing products made using our inventions in and into the United States or other jurisdictions. Many countries have compulsory licensing laws under which a patent owner may be compelled to grant licenses to third parties. In addition, many countries limit the enforceability of patents against government agencies or government contractors. In these countries, the patent owner may have limited remedies, which could materially diminish the value of such patent. If our partner companies or any of their licensors are forced to grant a license to third parties with respect to any patents relevant to their business, their competitive position may be impaired, and their business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be adversely affected. Also, competitors may use the technologies in jurisdictions where our partner companies have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products and, further, may export otherwise infringing products to territories where there is patent protection but where enforcement is not as strong as that in the United States. These products may compete with the products of our partner companies in jurisdictions where they do not have any issued patents and patent claims or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing.

Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents, trade secrets and other intellectual property protection, particularly those relating to biopharmaceutical products, which could make it difficult for our partner companies to stop the infringement of patents or marketing of competing products by third parties in violation of proprietary rights generally. Proceedings to enforce patent and other intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert management efforts and attention from other aspects of business operations, could put the patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and patent applications at risk of not issuing and could provoke third parties to assert claims against our partner companies. The intellectual property holder may not prevail in any lawsuits that are initiated and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. Accordingly, efforts by our partner companies to enforce their intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that they develop or license.

Our partner companies may incur substantial costs as a result of litigation or other proceedings relating to intellectual property, including patents, and they may be unable to protect their rights to their products and technology.

If our partner companies or their licensors choose to go to court to stop a third party from using the inventions claimed in their owned or in-licensed patents, that third party may ask the court to rule that the patents are invalid and/or should not be enforced against that third party. These lawsuits are expensive and would consume time and other resources even if our partner companies were successful in stopping the infringement of these patents. In addition, there is a risk that the court will decide that these patents are not valid and that our partner companies do not have the right to stop others from using the inventions. There is also the risk that, even if the validity of these patents is upheld, the court will refuse to stop the third party on the ground that such third party’s activities do not infringe our owned or in-licensed patents.

Patent terms may be inadequate to protect a competitive position for an adequate amount of time.

Patents have a limited lifespan. In the United States, if all maintenance fees are timely paid, the natural expiration of a patent is generally 20 years from its earliest U.S. non-provisional filing date. Various extensions such as patent term adjustments and/or extensions, may be available, but the life of a patent, and the protection it affords, is limited. Even if patents covering a product are obtained, once the patent life has expired, our partner companies may be open to competition from competitive products. Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new products, patents protecting new products might expire before or shortly after such products are commercialized. As a result, a patent portfolio may not provide sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing products similar or identical to those of the partner companies.

Our efforts to maintain and protect our intellectual property rights through means in addition to registration may not be sufficient to protect our business.

The patents that our partner companies and we have are important assets. Our partner companies and we also rely on our unpatented proprietary technology, trade secrets, processes and know-how. Generally, protection of intellectual property rights will be through filed patents, registered trademarks and registered copyrights. Other proprietary information will be protected through a combination of trade secret laws and confidentiality, non-disclosure and assignment of invention agreements with employees, contractors, collaborators, vendors, consultants, advisors and third parties. Despite these measures, intellectual property rights could be challenged, invalidated, circumvented or misappropriated. To pursue enforcement of these kinds of agreements could involve significant expense, potentially hinder or limit use of intellectual property rights, or potentially result in the inability to use the intellectual property rights in question. If an alternative cost-effective solution were not available, there may be an adverse effect on our financial position and performance.

Enforcing intellectual property rights against one or more third parties can be expensive and time-consuming, and an adverse result in any proceeding could put the intellectual property rights at risk of being invalidated or narrowed in scope of coverage. Patent and trademark challenges would increase the cost of development, engineering and marketing our products. There may not be adequate resources available to enforce any of the intellectual property rights. In addition, the ability to enforce intellectual property rights depends on the ability to detect infringement, and the ability to obtain evidence of infringement. Where enforcement is sought, a claim may not prevail or the damages, if any, may not be commercially meaningful.

If trademarks and trade names are not adequately protected, then our partner companies may not be able to build name recognition in the markets of interest and their business may be adversely affected.

A trademark or trade name may be challenged, infringed, circumvented or declared generic or determined to be infringing on other marks. Our partner companies may not be able to protect their rights to their trademarks and trade names or may be forced to stop using their names. At times, competitors may adopt trade names or trademarks similar to those of our partner companies, thereby impeding their ability to build brand identity and possibly leading to market confusion. In addition, there could be potential trade name or trademark infringement claims brought by owners of other registered trade names or trademarks that incorporate variations of our unregistered trade names or trademarks. If the partner companies are unable to establish name recognition based on our trademarks and trade names, they may not be able to compete effectively and our business may be adversely affected.

Collaborations of various sorts, by our partner companies, such as with respect to research, testing, clinical trials, manufacturing and distribution, will be important to their respective businesses. Their inability to enter into collaboration arrangements as needed, or if such collaborations are not successful, may adversely impact their respective businesses.

Our partner companies will likely seek to collaborate with third parties to engage in product research, clinical trials, marketing, manufacturing, and distribution as part of its strategy. If our partner companies fail to enter into or maintain collaboration arrangements, as needed and on reasonable terms, their ability to develop their business could be delayed, or the costs of development and commercialization increased beyond what would be reasonable and ultimately hindered to the point of business cessation. Furthermore, our partner companies may need to obtain the use of intellectual property rights held by third parties in order to develop their products. As a result, the growth of a particular business or product may depend in part on the ability to acquire or in-license these intellectual property rights.

Future collaboration arrangements between partner companies and third parties may pose a number of risks, including, but not limited to, the following:

(i) collaborators have significant discretion in determining the efforts and resources that they will apply;

(ii) collaborators may not perform their obligations as expected;

(iii) collaborators may elect not to continue or renew development or commercialization programs or license arrangements;

(iv) collaborators could independently develop, or develop with third parties, products that compete directly or indirectly with products of our partner companies or products the collaborators have may be viewed as competitive with product of our partner companies causing them to cease to devote resources to the commercialization of our partner company products;

(v) collaborators may fail to comply with applicable regulatory requirements regarding the development, manufacture, distribution or marketing of a product candidate or product;

(vi) collaborators may not commit sufficient resources to the marketing and distribution of our partner company product or products;

(vii) disagreements with collaborators, including disagreements over proprietary rights, contract interpretation or the preferred course of development, might cause delays or terminations of the research, development or commercialization of products, might lead to additional responsibilities for our partner companies, or might result in litigation or arbitration, any of which would be time- consuming and expensive;

(viii) collaborations may be terminated by the collaborator, and, if terminated, our partner companies may require more capital to pursue further development or commercialization of the applicable product; and

(ix) collaborations may not be negotiated on a timely basis or acceptable terms, if at all, or they may require substantial additional capital so as to be able to pursue and fund a collaboration.

If collaborations do not result in the successful discovery, development and commercialization of product candidates or if one of the collaborators terminates its agreement, our partner companies may not receive any future research funding or milestone or royalty payments under such collaboration. If a collaborator terminates its agreement, the partner company may find it more difficult to attract new collaborators, and the perception of the product or the business and financial condition of our partner company could be adversely affected.

Risks Related to Invizyne

Invizyne has a limited operating history on which to evaluate its ability to achieve its operating objectives.

Invizyne was founded in 2019, has a limited operating history, and only has incurred losses to date. Therefore, there can be no assurance that the efforts of Invizyne will produce a commercial product, market acceptance or revenues that will sustain its business. With a limited operating history and no commercialized products at this time, it will be difficult for investors to make predictions about its future success or viability and any predictions may not be as accurate as they could be if it had a longer operating history or a company history of successfully developing, commercializing and generating revenue from products for a mass market.

Invizyne may not be successful in its efforts to use its proprietary synthetic biological platform to build a pipeline of products.

A key element of Invizyne’s strategy is to use its experienced management, engineering and scientific teams to build a pipeline of products using its synthetic biological platform and further develop those pipeline products into commercially viable products faster and cheaper than possible using traditional materials and methods. Although its R&D (research and development) efforts to date have resulted in what it believes to be potential pipeline products, it may not be successful in further developing such products to commercial viability or be able to continue to identify and develop these and other pipeline products. Even if it is successful in continuing to build its product pipeline, not all potential pipeline products it identifies will be suitable for development and use in commercial products. Although management believes that Invizyne’s “cell-free” approach will demonstrate commercial success and deliver on the promise of synthetic biology, if Invizyne is unsuccessful in these efforts, the value of the company will be significantly impaired or fully lost, and our holding company investors may suffer loss in relation to the investment in the Company. Further, in such an event, Invizyne may have to curtail or cease its business.

The market, including clients and potential investors, may be skeptical of the viability and benefits of Invizyne’s pipeline products because they are relatively novel and are based on complex technology.

The viability and benefits of our products, which include pharmaceutical cannabinoids, isobutanol (a 2G biofuel), and other natural, novel and/or rare molecules, may be difficult to assess because they are based on a relatively novel and complex technology. Invizyne’s technology consists of pioneering multi-stage enzymatic bioconversion systems that we have named SimplePath™. SimplePath™ systems and the resultant products are in various stages of the research and development phase, the pilot production phase and/or in pre-clinical assessment as a therapeutic or product for other uses. It is often an issue that what is possible in the small quantities used at the research level cannot be replicated as production quantities are increased for testing and commercialization. Each product will be required to be progressively scaled up from early research production quantities to show the feasibility of production in larger quantities, whether for clinical evaluation, testing, and ultimately commercial manufacturing amounts before being made available to clients. As Invizyne continues to develop and optimize SimplePath™ systems to make its products in the quantities needed for research, clinical or testing evaluation and manufacturing, there can be no assurance that such products will be understood, approved, or accepted by clients, regulators and potential investors, that the relevant SimplePath™ systems can be commercially manufactured, or that it will be able to sell products at competitive prices and with features sufficient to establish demand and generate revenues or any level of profit. Another consideration is if a product is a candidate as an active pharmaceutical ingredient, then it will require FDA or any other applicable regulatory approvals, including manufacturing approvals, which may not be obtainable. If it is unable to convince potential clients of the utility and value of its products, it will not be successful in entering the markets that it has identified, and its business and results of operations will be adversely affected.

The synthetic biology market is a rapidly growing and changing market, and if Invizyne is unable to keep up to date with developments, its business may be adversely affected.

Invizyne is operating in a rapidly growing and changing business space within the synthetic biology market. Therefore, the market is becoming more developed and highly competitive. Invizyne will have to continually assess the market and what kinds of products will be in demand. If it fails to anticipate market demands or is not able to meet a market demand in a timely fashion, its research and development efforts will not pay off as expected or at all. The intellectual property aspects of this market are evolving, and patents filed several years ago by potential competitors are currently being granted, which may force Invizyne to license technologies it needs for its processes or to develop a workaround to the valid claims of others. Invizyne may not be able to obtain any necessary licenses or develop processes that do not infringe on others; in which case its business will be impaired and it will be prevented from executing its business plan. The cell-free synthetic biology market in which Invizyne seeks to compete, is relatively new, and therefore the extent to which it may encounter intellectual property of others that limits or restricts its processes is unpredictable.

Invizyne may face unique regulatory hurdles because its bio-synthesized compounds are novel.

Because bio-synthesized compounds are still considered novel, regulators and the public, may perceive them differently from naturally occurring molecules, notwithstanding the fact that molecules are the same whether synthetically created or naturally occurring. Therefore, Invizyne may have to provide additional validation related to the science of its compounds in order to obtain regulatory and market approval to gain product adoption. Providing additional validation will cause delays in development and commercialization, which will result in additional funding requirements than may not have been anticipated. Invizyne may never achieve the required approvals in which case its business model will be impaired. Invizyne may not be able to achieve commercial success.

Because its compounds are novel, Invizyne will have to perform tests for safety, use, and claim validation.

We anticipate, because its compounds are unique, that Invizyne will face all the hurdles of a new technology in a marketplace. Depending on the use of the compounds, Invizyne may have to comply with the extensive array of medical and other areas of regulation depending on the use of the particular compound. In addition, it anticipates having to conduct many forms of tests to convince regulators, commercialization partners and potential users of the safety, uses, and claim validation to be able to commercialize and gain market acceptance for its compounds. If it is unable to successfully justify the efficacy, safety and potential of its compounds, or do so in a timely manner, it will not be able to successfully develop its business and may have to curtail or cease its business. Holders of our shares of Common Stock may lose value in their holdings.

Invizyne is highly dependent on its ability to retain its current scientific and other staff to hire additional employees with specialized backgrounds as needed.

In this early stage of its development, Invizyne is highly dependent on retaining and motivating its current scientific professionals, other staff and management. We believe that our future success depends on retaining such persons, particularly those with key knowledge about the Invizyne technology, potential products and business objectives within the biochemistry industry. Success also depends on being able to expand its employee base as required. We believe there are relatively few persons with specific knowledge of cell-free synthetic biology. Persons with the talents that Invizyne seeks to hire tend to be in high demand and it may not be able to hire such persons as and when needed. The inability to hire and retain necessary employees may have an adverse impact on its business implementation.

Laboratory conditions differ from commercial conditions, which could affect the effectiveness of Invizyne’s potential products. Failures to effectively move from laboratory to commercial scale would harm its business.

Observations and developments that may be achievable under laboratory circumstances may not be able to be replicated in commercial settings. Invizyne has observed multiple results that encourage the development of its technology platform. Invizyne, however, are not certain that these laboratory results will be able to be replicated at a commercial scale. As it advances its technology, Invizyne plans to make products at higher scales until it reaches commercially viable scales. If these results obtained at the current levels are not replicated at commercial scales the attractiveness of the technology will be adversely affected and its business may fail to be successful.

The Invizyne systems rely on the need for purified enzymes and co-factors for the conversions of input feedstock into final products. Invizyne will need to find competitively priced sources of these inputs for its processes to be cost competitive and/or develop methods to use these resources efficiently.

Invizyne has observed continuous conversion of input feedstock into product for a time period of at least seven days. It believes that it can further optimize its technological systems to continue running for longer times thus optimizing the use of the enzymes and co-factors. If Invizyne fails to find competitively priced sources of these inputs and/or if Invizyne fails to show long periods of continued reactions at larger scales our system might not prove to be competitive.

The success of Invizyne depends, in part, on the successful development of its science technologies and its products.

To be successful, Invizyne will need to continue to develop its science technologies and the products that it can offer to commercialization entities. If Invizyne does not anticipate correctly and respond with products that are commercially acceptable, it will not be successful. In that event, the value of our business and overall company value would be diminished.

Invizyne is subject to risks relating to portfolio concentration.

Currently, the Invizyne business is highly dependent on a small number of products, which are based on its principal technology. If these products cannot be fully commercialized or are not accepted in the market, Invizyne will have expended significant financial, development and corporate assets that will not necessarily be recovered.

Invizyne does not have any sales, marketing, manufacturing and distribution capabilities or arrangements, and will need to create these as it moves towards commercialization of our products.

Invizyne does not yet have a full sales, marketing, manufacturing or distribution capacity. To date sales and marketing have been conducted by senior management staff, and been a part of their other management obligations. To be able to commercialize our potential products, Invizyne will need to develop all of the foregoing elements of commercialization. Invizyne does not have any corporate experience in establishing these capabilities, and therefore, it may be unsuccessful in achieving commercialization and earning revenues. Setting up the commercialization aspects of a company will take a substantial amount of capital and commitment of time and effort. Invizyne plans on seeking development and marketing partners and license the technology to others or develop contract manufacturing partners in order to avoid it having to provide the full range of marketing, manufacturing and distribution capabilities within the Invizyne organization. There can be no assurance that Invizyne will find any development and marketing partners or companies that are interested in licensing our technology. If management is unable to establish and maintain adequate sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, independently or with others, Invizyne will not be able to generate product revenue, and may not become profitable.

Invizyne expects to experience competition from other companies and research institutions.

Invizyne believes that it will face competition from many companies and research institutions that are currently working in, and will enter, the industry to work on all the many aspects of cell-free synthetic biochemistry. Debut Biotech and Solugen Inc. promote the advantages of cell-free enzymatic systems over cell-based systems, but their processes appear to use simple one to two step pathways. Codexis, Inc. partnered with Tate&Lyle and Merck & Co., Inc. on different, highly specific projects that use multi enzyme pathways, which demonstrate that enzymatic Islatravir synthesis does illustrate the potential for complex or longer enzyme cascades but their principal mission diverges from the enzymatic manufacturing of more general chemicals. There are many companies that focus on enzyme engineering, such as Codexis, Inc., Allozymes Pte Ltd. (Singapore), Enzymit Ltd. (Israel and US), Zymtronix Catalytic Systems, Inc., Arzeda Corp. and Quantumzyme LLP (India). There are other companies that develop enzyme immobilization technologies. There are many companies operating in the biofuels space, such as Valero Energy Corporation, ADM Corporation and Cargill Company and Gevo, Inc. and Butamax Advanced Biofuels LLC that focus on ethanol technologies.

Invizyne believes that a majority of the companies that present some aspect of competition are well established companies that have more experience identifying and carrying out the scientific development required in the research and development of products that will be competitive to those of Invizyne. Many of these companies have, and others that it anticipates entering the market in the future will have, greater financial and management resources, brand or science name recognition or industry contacts than posses by Invizyne. A number of the companies are multinational companies and many are also publicly listed companies, with large market capitalizations.

Risks Related to PatentVest

If PatentVest does not identify the full range of patent opportunities relevant to clients’ intellectual property portfolio, its reputation will be harmed and it may be liable for service failure.

One of the primary services that PatentVest provides its clients is an analysis of their intellectual property portfolio and how the portfolio may be protected and expanded through additional patent and other IP protection opportunities. We believe that its ability to attract and retain clients depends on its ability to identify actual and potential patent assets for clients. Although there is no guarantee that we will be able to identify all potential patent opportunities, if we miss a patent opportunity or fail to provide the services contracted by clients in a workmanlike manner, then the reputation of PatentVest will be harmed, and it may be liable for damages due to providing its services negligently.

If clients do not agree that the patents opportunities identified in the PatentVest reports are relevant to their businesses, PatentVest will have difficulty retaining and attracting new clients, which could harm its operating results.

The clients of PatentVest use the services to help them analyze their existing and potential intellectual property. If the clients perceive that the analysis and the opportunities are not relevant to their business requirements, then they will not find value in its reports and services. This may harm its reputation and make it difficult to retain a client and attract new clients, with an adverse consequence to operating results.

PatentVest is dependent on relationships with third parties, including public sources, to provide it with data, information and other services; if any of these relationships change, its business could be adversely affected.

The PatentVest reports and services are developed using data, information or services obtained from third-party providers and public sources. The commercial relationships with third-party providers whose capabilities complement those of PatentVest, may also be competitors which might make PatentVest vulnerable to unpredictable price increases and unfavorable licensing terms. If public sources of data that are relied upon were to begin competing with PatentVest directly, or if they were to increase the cost that PatentVest pays to access their data, otherwise prohibit if from collecting and synthesizing the data they provide, or cease existing altogether, PatentVest may not be able to perform its services and operating results could be adversely impacted.

PatentVest might not be able to scale its business as fast as it believes can be done or be able to maintain the quality of its services and reports.

PatentVest has operated, to date, on a small scale, and it has not yet proven its ability to commercialize services on a large scale. PatentVest has plans to serve approximately 30 clients at any one time. In order to do this successfully, it may have to make additional technology and relationship investments that could delay or limit its ability to develop its client base and commercialize its reports and consultative services. The reports may be found to be ineffective, unreliable or otherwise unsatisfactory to potential clients as there may be unforeseen complications in the processes of scaling. These complications could delay or limit the ability of PatentVest to provide client services or reports, could increase the cost of its consultative and report products, prevent it from implementing processes of the appropriate quality and completeness, and thereby cause the business to suffer. Moreover, PatentVest needs to grow sales, marketing and support staff or make appropriate arrangements with strategic partners to market, sell and support its clients and service and report products. If PatentVest is not able to compete effectively with others while scaling commercially on a timely basis, in sufficient quantities or on commercially reasonable terms, it will suffer a loss of business reputation and clients.

We believe patent analysis is a highly competitive business, and if PatentVest fails to develop widespread brand awareness in a cost-effective manner, the business may suffer.

The services and reports offered by PatentVest compete with many other providers of similar services, such as other companies performing intellectual property analytics, law firms, and patent filing firms. The services provided are subject to technological changes and evolving client demands. We believe that in order for PatentVest to achieve market acceptance and to maintain and grow a client base, it is critical to develop and maintain the quality of its services and reports and to increase the awareness of the brand. If we fail to provide what the client requires, and it fails to promote and maintain its brand successfully, it may fail to attract or retain clients to the extent necessary to realize a sufficient return on its brand-building efforts and to sustain the business.

PatentVest is licensed to offer legal services under Arizona law, and it plans to offer legal services as part of its package of intellectual property service offerings. As a result, PatentVest must comply with the ethical and legal provisions, licensing responsibilities and obligations of a law firm under the laws of the State of Arizona.

PatentVest has obtained a license from the State of Arizona to provide legal services, and it will provide legal and related services in order to enhance the overall package of the PatentVest intellectual property related service and report products. Being licensed to provide legal services will likely impact the non-legal aspects of PatentVest’s business as it must comply with the regulatory responsibilities and ethical obligations of operating a law firm as dictated by Arizona law and ethical standards. In respect of those services provided to clients that constitute providing legal advice, PatentVest will have to abide by the many obligations that must be observed by attorneys, including (i) complying with confidentiality obligations towards its legal clients, (ii) discharging attorney-client privilege obligations, (iii) adhering to legal compliance, ethical and regulatory standards of Arizona, (iv) avoiding conflicts of interest, (v) handling of client funds, if any, and (vi) acting in the best interests of the client. There may be instances when the legal rights of a client of the PatentVest law group must take precedence over a business interest of PatentVest and may limit its ability to provide advice or business services to others with respect to intellectual property matters, scope of claims and pursuit of patent claims or require PatentVest to cease providing intellectual property advice and strategy to a particular client altogether. The failure to operate the legal business in compliance with the responsibilities and ethical requirements placed by Arizona on law firms will subject the PatentVest law practice to sanctions by regulators and the bar association and may result in malpractice liability for PatentVest. Additionally, the legal regulatory authorities of Arizona may require PatentVest to cease operation of this aspect of our overall business altogether.

Risks related to Public Ventures

Public Ventures plans on conducting offerings where we will act as a placement agent or an underwriter, and thus we will be subject to underwriter and similar liability.

As part of our business, as it has been conducted over the last 25 or so years, through Public Ventures, we expect to act as an underwriter and sales agent in a number of capacities. We may be a single underwriter or selling agent of a securities offering or a co-underwriter or selling agent participating in a securities offering. There are other types of offering where Public Ventures may be characterized as an underwriter. In each of these instances, it will bear a liability dictated by Section 11(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (“Securities Act”). Under the Securities Act, an underwriter is liable at law or in equity if any part of the registration statement or offering documentation used in the offering of securities, in which we participate as an “underwriter” as generally interpreted by the securities laws, “contained an untrue statement of a material fact or omitted to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading….” What constitutes an offering document with respect to underwriter liability applies to any manner of offering materials. This liability also extends to private offerings of securities and their documentation, where Public Ventures may act as a placement agent. In determining materiality, a court will not inquire into limitations on the underwriter’s or placement agent’s ability to conduct its due diligence investigation and assessment of the offeror, but will instead assess whether the statements, taken together and in context, would have misled a reasonable investor about the nature of the investment. Section 11(b) of the Securities Act provides two affirmative defenses to Section 11(a) liability: the expert defense and the non-expert defense, which are collectively known as the due diligence defense. Although we conduct due diligence for all our transactions, there is no assurance that the level of due diligence will uncover any failings in the materials used by investors, or that it will uncover deliberate misstatements. Therefore, for any offering of securities, Public Ventures may become liable as an underwriter or selling agent. Such a liability will have a significant impact on our overall business in terms of monetary cost and also on our reputation.

Public Ventures is in the process of finalizing self-clearing capabilities which will be necessary to operate its business as planned.

Public Ventures has recently begun self-clearing United States equity securities. As part of this process, in addition to the broker-dealer regulation described above, Public Ventures will be subject to regulation directed to self-clearing operations and must demonstrate that its financial, operational and systems capacities are able perform this business while complying with regulations, including those of the SEC, FINRA, Depository Trust Clearing Corporation (“DTCC”), and National Securities Clearing Corporation (“NSCC”). To operate the self-clearing activity, we must meet different capitalization requirements than those of an introducing broker-dealer, maintaining a capital structure with various cash and cash equivalent assets and retaining access to necessary lines of credit that can assure our ability to comply with changing deposit requirements. We expect that these regulations will continue to undergo substantial changes and will require additional capital as settlement operations move to T+1 in 2024, and to T+0 settlement in the future.

As a broker-dealer, Public Ventures will have to expend considerable resources on maintaining adequate compliance practices. The failure to be in regulatory compliance will result in fines, sanctions and the possible curtailment of operations.

Both the broker-dealer operations and the self-clearing operations are subject to extensive regulation. In addition, regulators perceive that engaging in business with “small and micro-cap” companies (those with market capitalizations of $300 million and under) and “penny” stocks (stocks with market prices of less than $1.00) is an especially high-risk activity, and therefore, extensively review and supervise such business activities. Public Ventures focuses on this niche as we believe it offers a significant opportunity for clients of Public Ventures and other persons to gain value on their securities holdings, and we believe that such companies need support access to capital. By focusing on this business, however, Public Ventures we will likely increase the potential for regulatory oversight and the potential for regulatory action against the firm. Certain aspects of the regulatory regime, including the Know Your Client (KYC) and Anti Money Laundering (AML) requirements, are particularly difficult to oversee. The ability to oversee KYC and AML requirements is critical to its ability to expand our client networks and increase the volume of transactions the firm performs as required by its business model. If Public Ventures is not able to fulfill its regulatory obligations, it may be fined, have to change its business at greater cost, or be required to cease its business.

In addition to the direct employees of Public Ventures, other persons in our overall corporate structure may be considered subject to FINRA review and subject to the supervision of the broker-dealer. If persons who are employed by parts of our company engage in securities transactions, but are not employed by the broker-dealer and/or are not licensed persons with FINRA, Public Ventures may be in violation of its FINRA license and subject to fines, limitations on the ability to conduct business. Therefore, the Company will need to create a structure that ensures all of the parts of the Company will strictly adhere to FINRA rules so as to avoid any fines, limitations on the ability to conduct business or actual business closure. The loss or curtailment of the business of Public Ventures would result in a significant loss of business opportunity and revenues to the Company, and would result in a significant impairment to our reputation.

We may be exposed to more cybersecurity threats as we expand our business.

With the expansion in the business to include clearing services, the Company will handle increased amounts of sensitive financial and other information about investors and company clients’ holdings, and transactions that can be targeted by cybercriminals. We will need to have in place an adequate internal security infrastructure to protect clients’ information and assets and minimize potential liabilities for the business. In addition, as cybersecurity threats become more and more sophisticated, we will have to continually expend funds to upgrade and expand our security measures, maintain insurance and overall be vigilant to protect our operations and clients.

The clearing operations of Public Ventures will require contractual arrangements with several key industry entities, which, if not followed, will require it to terminate that portion of its business.

To establish and to operate a clearing business, Public Ventures must enter into contractual arrangements with the Depository Trust Company, National Securities Clearing Corporation and a settlement bank. These are complex sets of arrangements that must be strictly adhered to, otherwise Public Ventures will not be able to use their services. Without these services, Public Ventures will not be able to clear trades for clients. Not only does Public Ventures need these agreements, but as a result of them, it will need to implement systems and interaction platforms with them and other parties in the settlement process. New information technology to be implemented will include a core clearing system, an order management system, and corporate communications system, amongst others. These many activities will happen in parallel and require significant effort to successfully implement them and maintain them thereafter. Failure to complete any of the individual tasks will prevent Public Ventures from launching and conducting its self-clearing business. Part of the implementation risk the firm will face includes the vendor’s capacity to fulfill the service levels promised to Public Ventures. Public Ventures has chosen novel providers with excellent technology but lesser track records. Assuring these suppliers will deliver their promised services is necessary for the successful implementation of the technological platform the business requires to operate. The failure in any of the many aspects described above will delay or prevent our operations from being implemented and performed or possibly require us to terminate our business.

Public Ventures will have to maintain adequate capitalization levels to conduct its broker-dealer and clearing businesses.

To operate the broker-dealer and self-clearing operations, Public Ventures must meet different capitalization requirements in the Company. To do this, it will have to maintain within the capital structure of the Company various cash and cash equivalent assets and retain access to necessary lines of credit that can assure its ability to comply with changing deposit requirements of the SEC and of the Depositary Trust Company, DTC, and the National Securities Clearing Corporation, NSCC. It is expected that these regulations will undergo substantial changes, from time to time, which could require additional capital as settlement operations move to T+1 (one day after the settlement date) and T+0 settlement in the future. Without the required capital at any time, Public Ventures will not be able to operate its business.

Settlement bank services are difficult to arrange, without which Public Ventures will not be able to pursue a clearing business.

There are only a limited number of banks currently offering settlement services to clearing firms. Public Ventures could be unable to continue providing clearing services if it is unable to enter into and then maintain a settlement bank arrangement, or if the selected settlement bank decides to exit this business.

Hiring and organizing personnel for the clearing operations.

To be able to implement and operate the self-clearing activities, Public Ventures will have to hire and retain the human talent capable of handling the operational activities and fulfilling the compliance requirements of the business. Trading and settlement and compliance personnel will be necessary to manage the operations. Further expertise in financial matters and obligations for self-clearing will also be required. Although it is following a conservative approach to launching the business and onboarding clients that will cause less stress on the organization, the firm’s ability to perform going forward nonetheless depends on successfully recruiting, training and retaining new personnel. As part of these recruitment and retention efforts, the firm must ensure that it can develop an adequate supervising and leadership structure capable of supporting the successful development of its business model.

Where permitted by regulation, Public Ventures will use an overseas out-source provider for some of the self-clearing operation activities although political and social instability and the threat of sanctions by countries, including the United States, may disrupt or hinder the delivery of such services and result in increased costs.

We have a contract with a Nicaraguan company to provide, on an out-sourced, as requested basis, certain back-office services that support our broker dealer activities and patent related services and other requirements. We plan to expand and use this service facility, where permitted, for certain aspects of the self-clearing operations that Public Ventures will engage in. We believe that these operations will provide a competitive advantage to the Company and facilitate developing this new business in an efficient and profitable manner, as human resources and technological infrastructure in Nicaragua allows local companies to provide quality service at the level expected by US clients at a fraction of the cost. Any disruption to social and political stability in Nicaragua could affect the contractor’s capacity to achieve its goals. The current political environment in Nicaragua is unsettled due to a political crisis that erupted in 2018, which has yet to be resolved. Continued or escalated political instability and the possibility of sanctions from other countries, including the United States, could disrupt local business and may hinder or disrupt the delivery of services to our United States operations. The United States has several Executive Orders in force which impose sanctions regarding immigration of certain groups of persons and imposing wider sanctions in respect of certain trading activities. We constantly monitor the situation and have a business continuity strategy in place to assure consistent operations and activities in the United States. To the extent we are prohibited from contracting with entities in Nicaragua, our expenses may increase, and there may be disruption in our workforce that will have to be replaced.

Risks Related to Being a Public Company and Owning Our Class A Common Shares

Control by management may limit your ability to influence the outcome of director elections and other transactions requiring shareholder approval.

Two persons, Anthony DiGiandomenico and Christopher Marlett, own all the Class B Common Shares. The Class A Common Shares have one vote per share, and the Class B Common Shares have five votes per share. The Class A Common Shares and Class B Common Shares vote together as a single class on all matters, including the election of directors. There are 5,000,000 Class B Common Shares issued and outstanding, currently representing 90.8% of the aggregate voting authority of our common shares immediately prior to the date of this filing. Therefore, even if the maximum offered shares are sold, the Class B Common Shares will continue to be able to dictate the outcome of all matters put before the shareholders. There is no automatic or voluntary conversion of the Class B Common Shares into Class A Common Shares, thus the Class B Common Shares will have control of MDB for an indefinite period of time.

Based on the foregoing, the Class B Common Shares will have significant influence over corporate actions requiring shareholder approval, including the following actions:

The existence of the Class B Common Shares may discourage a potential acquirer from making a tender offer or otherwise attempting to obtain control of MDB, which in turn could reduce our shares price or prevent our Class A Common Shareholders from realizing a premium over our share price.

Future transfers by holders of Class B Common Shares generally will result in those shares converting to Class A Common Shares, subject to limited exceptions, such as certain transfers effected for estate planning purposes. The conversion of Class B Common Shares to Class A Common Shares will have the effect, over time, of increasing the relative voting power of those holders of Class B Common Shares who retain their shares in the long term. As a result, it is possible that the persons or entities continuing to hold our Class B Common Shares could gain significant voting control as other holders of Class B Common Shares sell or otherwise convert their shares into Class A Common Shares.

We are deemed a “controlled company” under the listing rules of Nasdaq because our Class B Common Shares are held by two persons who have more than 50% control of the Company. As a controlled company, MDB will be exempt from certain of the corporate governance obligations that other companies must follow when listing on Nasdaq.

The Class B Common Shares are held by two persons who have control over the operations of the Company. Therefore, MDB is a controlled company under the Nasdaq listing rules and is exempt from certain listing requirements, including having (i) a board comprised of a majority of independent directors, (ii) a compensation committee, and (iii) a director nominations committee. Additionally, we are not be required to hold annual meetings. Management intends to take advantage of these exemptions. Accordingly, shareholders will not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all of the corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq. Notwithstanding the exemption, currently we have a board that has several independent directors, we are required to have and will have an audit committee, and related party transactions will have to be reviewed by the audit committee. Shareholder approval will be required for stock options or purchase plans, and the financial statements must be audited by an independent public accountant that is registered with the PCAOB.

The dual class structure of our currently issued equity securities may adversely affect the trading market for our Class A Common Shares.

Certain stock index providers, such as S&P Dow Jones, exclude companies with multiple classes of shares of equity from being added to certain stock indices, including the S&P 500. In addition, several stockholder advisory firms and large institutional investors oppose the use of multiple class structures. As a result, the dual class structure of our currently issued equity may prevent the inclusion of our Class A Common Shares in such indices, may cause stockholder advisory firms to publish negative commentary about our corporate governance practices or otherwise seek to cause us to change our capital structure, and may result in large institutional investors not purchasing shares of our Class A Common Shares. Any exclusion from stock indices could result in a less active trading market for our Class A Common Shares. Any actions or publications by stockholder advisory firms or institutional investors critical of our corporate governance practices or capital structure could also adversely affect the value of our Class A Common Shares.

The existence of our registered broker-dealer subsidiary may delay or prevent takeover attempts of our Company.

A third party attempting to acquire us or a substantial position in our equity securities may be delayed or ultimately prevented from doing so by change in ownership or control regulations to which our regulated broker-dealer subsidiary is subject. FINRA Rule 1017 generally provides that FINRA approval must be obtained in connection with any transaction resulting in a single person or entity owning, directly or indirectly, 25% or more of a member firm’s equity and would include a change of control of a parent company.

Our capital structure may have anti-takeover effect.

The existence of our preferred shares that may be issued at the discretion of the board of directors with the terms it determines may have an anti-takeover effect. The board of directors is authorized to fix the voting rights, if any, designations, powers, preferences, the relative, participating, optional or other special rights and any qualifications, limitations and restrictions thereof, applicable to the preferred shares of each series. The board of directors, without shareholder approval, will be able to issue preferred shares with voting and other rights that could adversely affect the voting power and other rights of the holders of the common shares and could also have anti-takeover effects. The ability of our board of directors to issue preferred shares without shareholder approval could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change of control of the Company or the removal of existing management. We currently have no preferred shares issued and outstanding as the date hereof. Although we do not currently intend to issue any preferred shares, we cannot assure you that we will not do so in the future.

The fact that the Class B Common Shares have a right to five votes per Class B Common Share on all matters presented for a vote to the shareholders, including in the vote for directors, and the fact that the Class B Common Shares currently have a majority ownership position of all the common shares, means that they have an anti-takeover effect, because it would be difficult for an insurgent to overcome the authority that the Class B Common Shares has in the governance of the Company.

The provisions for shareholder business proposals and director nominations in the operating agreement also could have an anti-takeover effect.

The issuance of securities with voting authority greater than the Class A Common Shares will have a voting and control dilutive effect on outstanding Class A Common Shares.

If the board of directors issues any of the preferred shares or obtains shareholder approval for a new class of common shares with voting rights in excess of the one vote per one Class A Common Share, the holders of Class A Common Shares will suffer a voting dilutive effect, in addition to any other economic dilution resulting from the issuance of those securities.

We may make distributions of the securities of our partner companies, including cash and rights to purchase equity of a partner companies

An aspect of our business plan will be distributing to our shareholders assets of the parent company, which may include the securities of our partner companies after they go public, rights to purchase the equity of these companies, and/or cash and other property, from time to time. The distribution of a right to purchase the equity of a partner company may come at a time when a recipient does not have the ability to exercise the right, and thereby lose the opportunity that the right affords. Any distribution of securities of a partner company, cash and other property may have an adverse impact on the value of your Class A Common Shares. On the other hand, we do not plan to regularly make any periodic distributions, therefore investors should not look to any distribution that we might make to be a regular income item in an investor’s portfolio.

We incur costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our board of directors is required to devote substantial time to oversight of compliance requirements and corporate governance practices.

As a public company listed in the U.S., we incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses. In addition, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the listing requirements of Nasdaq, and other applicable securities rules and regulations impose various requirements on listed public companies, including the establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls and corporate governance practices. Our board of directors, management and other personnel will need to devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives. Moreover, these rules and regulations increase our legal and financial compliance costs and make some activities more time-consuming and costly. However, these rules and regulations are often subject to varying interpretations, in many cases due to their lack of specificity, and, as a result, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies. This could result in continuing uncertainty regarding compliance matters and higher costs necessitated by ongoing revisions to disclosure and governance practices.

Pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, or Section 404, we are required to furnish a report by our management on our internal control over financial reporting. However, while we remain an emerging growth company, we will not be required to include an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm. To achieve compliance with Section 404 within the prescribed periods, we will be engaged in a process to document and evaluate our internal controls over financial reporting, which is both costly and challenging. In this regard, we will need to continue to dedicate internal resources, potentially engage outside consultants and adopt a detailed work plan to assess and document the adequacy of internal control over financial reporting, continue steps to improve control processes as appropriate, validate through testing that controls are functioning as documented and implement a continuous reporting and improvement process for internal control over financial reporting. Despite our efforts, there is a risk that we will not be able to conclude, within the prescribed timeframe, that our internal controls over financial reporting are effective as required by Section 404. If we identify one or more material weaknesses, it could result in an adverse reaction in the financial markets due to a loss of confidence in the reliability of our financial statements.

Even after we no longer qualify as an emerging growth company, we may still qualify as a “smaller reporting company” which would allow us to take advantage of many of the same exemptions from disclosure requirements including not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in this filing and our periodic reports and proxy statements. We cannot predict if investors will find our Class A Common Shares less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our Class A Common Shares less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our Class A Common Shares, and our share price may be lower or more volatile.

We are a smaller reporting company within the meaning of the Securities Act, and if we take advantage of certain exemptions from disclosure requirements available to smaller reporting companies, this could make our securities less attractive to investors and may make it more difficult to compare our performance with other public companies.

Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act defines a “smaller reporting company” as an issuer that is not an investment company, an asset-backed issuer, or a majority-owned subsidiary of a parent that is not a smaller reporting company and that:

As a smaller reporting company, we are not be required and may not include a Compensation Discussion and Analysis section in our proxy statements; we need only provide only two years of financial statements; and we need not provide the table of selected financial data. We also have other “scaled” disclosure requirements that are less comprehensive than issuers that are not smaller reporting companies which could make our securities less attractive to potential investors, which could make it more difficult for our security holders to sell their securities.

We do not have key-man insurance.

We do not now have or plan on having key-man insurance on our principal officers. We are dependent on the services of these persons. If we lose their services, and do not have sufficient funds that are typically provided by insurance to hire replacements, our business will be harmed by the lack of leadership talent.

The price of our Class A Common Shares may be volatile, and could, upon listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market, decline significantly and rapidly. Market volatility may affect the value of an investment in our Class A Common Shares and could subject us to litigation.

The trading price of our Class A Common Shares may fluctuate substantially. The price of our Class A Common Shares in the market on any particular day will depend on many factors including, but not limited to, the following:

In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been brought against that company. Due to the potential volatility of our share price, we may therefore be the target of securities litigation in the future. Securities litigation could result in substantial costs and divert management’s attention and resources from our business.

In addition, if the market for equity stocks of companies in our industry or industry segments, or the stock market in general, experiences a loss of investor confidence, the market price of our Class A Common Shares could decline for reasons unrelated to our business, financial condition, or results of operations. If any of the foregoing occurs, it could cause the price of our Class A Common Shares to fall and may expose us to lawsuits that, even if unsuccessful, could be costly to defend and a distraction to our Board of Directors and management.

Certain recent initial public offerings of companies with relatively small public floats have experienced extreme volatility that was seemingly unrelated to the underlying performance of the company. Our Class A Common Shares may potentially experience rapid and substantial price volatility, which may make it difficult for prospective investors to assess the value of our Class A Common Shares.

In addition to the general volatility risks discussed in this filing, our Class A Common Shares may be subject to rapid and substantial price volatility. We may experience extreme stock price volatility unrelated to our actual or expected operating performance, financial condition or prospects, making it difficult for prospective investors to assess the rapidly changing value of our Class A Common Shares. Recently, there have been instances of extreme stock price run-ups followed by rapid price declines and strong stock price volatility with a number of recent initial public offerings, especially among companies with relatively smaller public floats. As a company with a relatively small public float and recent IPO, the Class A Common Shares may experience greater stock price volatility, extreme price run-ups, lower trading volume, large spreads in bid and asked prices, and less liquidity than large-capitalization companies. The aspects of the trading in the Class A Common Shares may be unrelated to our actual or expected operating performance, financial condition or prospects, making it difficult for prospective investors to assess the value of our common stock. Because of the low public float and the absence of any significant trading volume, the reported prices may not reflect the price at which you would be able to sell shares if you want to sell any shares you own or buy shares if you wish to buy share.

If the trading volumes of the Class A Common Shares are low, persons buying or selling in relatively small quantities may easily influence the prices of the Class A Common Shares. A low volume of trades could also cause the price of the Class A Common Shares to fluctuate greatly, with large percentage changes in price occurring in any trading day session. Broad market fluctuations and general economic and political conditions may also adversely affect the market price of the Class A Common Shares. The volatility also could adversely affect the ability of the company to issue additional shares of common stock or other securities and the ability to obtain stock market based financing in the future. No assurance can be given that an active market in our Class A Common Shares will develop or be sustained.

The United States stock markets recently have experienced price and volume fluctuations due to many factors, including inflationary pressures, changing interest rates, and the conflict in Ukraine.

The stock market has recently experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many companies, with the financial service and technology sectors more volatile than others. These fluctuations often have been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. These broad market and industry fluctuations, as well as general economic, political and market conditions such as inflation, the prospect of a recession, and interest rate changes may negatively impact the market price of our Class A Common Shares. These fluctuations may be even more pronounced in the trading market for our Class A Common Shares shortly following the listing of our Class A Common Shares on the Nasdaq Capital Market as a result of the supply and demand forces described above. If the market price of our Class A Common Shares after our listing does not exceed the opening public price, you may not realize any return on your investment in us and may lose some or all of your investment. In the past, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have been subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future. Securities litigation against us could result in substantial costs and divert our management’s attention from other business concerns, which could harm our business.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

We are a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act, and therefore we are not required to provide information under this item.

Item 1C. Cybersecurity

We incorporate by reference the disclosure about cybersecurity regulation that is generally applicable to MDB from section Part I, Item 1, Business – Regulation – Data Protection ad Cybersecurity Regulation.

We have not had any reportable cybersecurity breaches, including what we may perceive or recognize as cybersecurity incidents or credible threats during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023. To date, as a result, there has not been any material adverse effect on our business operations or financial condition. If there is an cybersecurity attack and an infiltration of our files, data, customer data and the like, there would be a material adverse effect on our business, our reputation, our operations and financial condition. For example, our reputation would be damaged in the event of a cybersecurity infiltration. If there were a cybersecurity infiltration, we could lose access to our data which would disrupt our operations, and we even may not be able to operate. Such a loss of access might be temporary or permanent, and it might be localized or general. The level of disruption will depend on our backup systems. Our clients financial and other data could be taken and used against us to damage our reputation or cause harm to our clients in different ways. In the latter instance, we may be liable for monetary damages to our clients. We may be held for cyber ransom, which would be loss to our financial resources. Our inability to operate, payment of damages, payment of ransom, and the costs of reparation of our systems, consultants and tangential expenses will all result in damage to our business and our financial resources.

For MDB Holdings and its subsidiaries including Public Ventures, our regulated broker-dealer, we have implemented a comprehensive cybersecurity program aimed at identifying, monitoring, and mitigating cybersecurity risks to the best of our ability. Our security program encompasses information security responsibilities, incident response, and is diligently managed by our information technology department. Cybersecurity is integrated into our overall risk management framework, with consultation from subject matter experts to assess and address potential cyber risks and their impacts.

Management is committed to providing the Audit Committee with regular cybersecurity updates, at least annually or more often as needed, based on emerging threats or specific incidents. These updates cover risk assessments, the current threat landscape, and any recent cybersecurity incidents.

The information technology department has put in place robust governance measures for information security. This includes control requirements for change management, patching processes, the implementation of multifactor authentication, comprehensive data backup strategies, and continuous security monitoring. Additionally, management continues to enhance our security controls, with any significant issues promptly reported to the Audit Committee.

Item 2. Properties

We own no real property. Our principal office is located in Addison, Texas. In July 2022, we secured a lease for approximately 5,500 square feet of office space, with the lease set to expire in July 2030. This space serves as our principal executive offices and for general office use. The base monthly rental rate is $12,556 until July 2024, after which it will increase to $12,786. Subsequent increases are scheduled as follows: to $13,016 in July 2025, $13,246 in July 2026, $13,476 in July 2027, $13,707 in July 2028, and finally, to $13,937 in July 2029, continuing through the end of the lease term in July 2030. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company utilized short-term office space of 1,300 square feet provided by the controlling member of the Company at a monthly charge of $1,600.

Additionally, we lease office and laboratory space across two suites in Monrovia, California. Following a modification to both leases on October 30, 2023, we now occupy approximately 9,800 square feet under a lease expiring in June 2029. The current base monthly rental rate is $27,648 until July 2024, set to increase to $28,405. Further increases are planned: to $29,184 in July 2025, $29,983 in July 2026, $30,806 in July 2027, and to $31,650 in July 2028, which will remain in effect until the lease concludes in June 2029.

We believe that each of our leased spaces is at local market rates, and there is sufficient space available in each location to permit the specific operations to obtain additional or other space if and when required. We do not believe that if there is additional space or other space required, that the cost will be prohibitive.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we may be a party to certain legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business, including proceedings relating to the enforcement of our rights under contracts with our customers. While the outcome of these legal proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty, we do not expect that these proceedings will have a material effect upon our financial condition or results of operations.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Trading Equity

Our Class A Common Shares currently are quoted on Nasdaq under the symbol “MDBH”.

As of March 29, 2024, we had approximately 32 shareholders of record of the Class A Common Shares and we believe over 400 shareholders who hold their Class A Common Shares in street name. In addition, we have a second class of equity, the Class B Common Shares, that are held by two persons, and do not trade on any public market.

Distributions

We have not paid any dividends or made any distributions related to our equity securities, to date.

We may make registered and other distributions of the securities of our partner and or subsidiary companies and of cash to our holders of the Class A Common Shares and Class B Common Shares. It is our plan, from time to time, depending on the circumstances, to distribute the securities of our partner companies as they go public and after they go public, including rights to purchase the equity of these companies, and cash and other property, from time to time. Some of these distributions of securities may be dictated by our operational plan not to be subject to the Investment Company Act of 1940.

Whether any distributions, the kinds of distributions, and the value of distributions are made will depend on many factors and will be determined by the management of MDB, from time to time. Investors should not look to any distribution that we might make to be a regular income item in an investor’s portfolio. Distributions of a right to purchase the equity of a partner company may come at a time when a recipient does not have the ability to exercise the right, and thereby the recipient may lose the opportunity that the right affords. Any distribution of securities of a partner company, cash and other property may have an adverse impact on the value of Class A Common Shares in the market. Distributions of the equity of our partner companies may not result in an overall investor gain on the Class A Common Shares.

Tax Issues Related to Distributions

MDB believes that it will be treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes and that it will not be taxed as a corporation. The tax position of MDB as a publicly traded partnership is complex, and persons should consult with their own tax advisors about holding an interest in MDB. The following brief discussion does not address U.S. state taxes or any taxes of any jurisdiction outside of the U.S. For tax exempt organizations and non-U.S. holders of Class A Common Shares, there are additional rules that should be considered that are not discussed below.

The Company generally expects to receive income in the form of dividends from its equity investments in partner companies, and capital proceeds from the sale of partner companies or their securities, with all such partner companies expected to be treated as corporations for U.S. federal tax purposes.

For U.S. federal income tax purposes, a partnership is generally not a taxable entity but rather is a “flow-through” entity whose items of taxable income, gain, loss, deduction and credit are passed through to, and reported by, its partners, in this case the holders of our classes of Common Shares. Thus, each Common Share holder will be required to report on its U.S. federal income tax return its allocable share of items of taxable income, gain, loss, deduction, or credit realized by MDB. This will include the portion of dividends received from the corporate partner companies and capital proceeds from the sale of corporate partner companies or their securities. Each item generally will have the same character and source as would be the case if the Common Share holder realized the item directly. This rule applies without regard to whether the Common Share holder receives or will receive any cash distributions from MDB. Accordingly, for any taxable year of MDB, a Common Share holder may be required to report and pay tax on his share of items of MDB’s income without receiving sufficient (or any) cash distributions.

Generally, the character of partnership items of taxable income, gain, loss, deduction and credits also passes through to its partners. For example, to the extent MDB has gains subject to ordinary income tax rates, each holder of Common Shares will be required to report, and pay taxes on, its allocable share of such gains. Those holders of Common Shares who are individuals will generally be subject to reduced tax rates on their allocable share of dividends received by MDB from corporate partner companies, to the extent such dividends constitute “qualified dividend income” under section 1(h)(11) of the Code.

The operating agreement of MDB that governs the rights of the holder of Common Shares contains certain allocations of income, gain, losses, and deductions that could be reallocated by the IRS if it were determined that the allocations did not have “substantial economic effect” under Section 704(b) of the Code, and the allocations were not made in accordance with the holders of Common Shares respective interests in MDB, taking into account all relevant facts and circumstances. If the IRS does not respect an allocation and the distributive portions of income and loss are adjusted, the holders of Common Shares may be required to file amended income tax returns which could subject the investors to additional taxes, interest, and penalties.

MDB may apply certain conventions in determining and allocating items for tax purposes in order to reduce the complexity and costs of administration. MDB intends for the application of any such conventions to be consistent with the intent of the partnership provisions of the Code and the applicable Treasury Regulations, and that the resulting allocations will have substantial economic effect or otherwise should be respected as being in accordance with members’ interests in MDB for federal income tax purposes. The Code and existing Treasury Regulations do not expressly permit adoption of these conventions, and it is possible that the IRS could successfully challenge MDB’s use of any such allocations methods on the ground that they do not satisfy the technical requirements off the Code or Treasury Regulations, requiring a member to report a greater or lesser share of items of income, gain, loss, deduction, or credit than if such method were respected.

The assumptions and conventions used in making tax allocations may cause a holder of Common Shares to be allocated more or less income or loss for federal income tax purposes than its proportionate share of the economic income or loss realized by MDB during the period it held its shares. This “mismatch” between taxable and economic income or loss in some cases may be temporary, reversing itself in a later period when the shares are sold, but could be permanent.

Distributions by MDB to a holder of Common Shares generally will not be taxable to the holder for U.S. federal income tax purposes to the extent of the tax basis in the Common Shares immediately before the distribution. Cash distributions in excess of such basis generally will be considered to be gain from the sale or exchange of the Common Shares, taxable as further described herein. Any reduction in the portion of MDB’s liabilities included in the basis of the holders Common Shares may be treated as a distribution of cash to such holder. A decrease in a holder’s ownership interest in MDB because of an issuance of additional shares may decrease such holder’s portion of nonrecourse liabilities, potentially resulting in a corresponding deemed distribution of cash.

A holder of Common Shares will recognize gain on the complete liquidation of its Common Shares only to the extent the amount of money received by the holder exceeds its adjusted tax basis in its Common Shares. Any such gain recognized by a holder generally will be capital gain, but may be taxable as ordinary income, either in whole or in part, under certain circumstances. No loss may be recognized on a distribution in liquidation of Common Shares, unless the holder receives no property other than money and/or substantially appreciated “inventory items” and “unrealized receivables” (both as defined by Section 751 of the Code).

The adjusted tax basis of a holder of Common Shares in his, her or its Common Shares is important for several reasons including, but not limited to, determining: (1) the current deductibility of the distributive share of Company losses; (2) income tax consequences of distributions; and (3) gain or loss on the sale of Common Shares.

Use of Proceeds

MDB completed its initial public offering of Class A Common Shares on September 20, 2023, pursuant to the Registration Statement 333-268318, declared effective on July 25, 2023. Each Class A Common Share was sold at a price of $12.00, and MDB raised a gross amount of $19,999,999 and net proceeds of $17,763,991.

Since the initial public offering on September 20, 2023, the Company has used approximately $2,450,000 of the net proceeds on various key initiatives to enhance its growth and operational capabilities. Approximately (i) $1,200,000 was used in finalizing the set-up of the self-clearing operations of Public Ventures, (ii) $200,000 was used to cover the initial operating expenses of PatentVest’s law firm, a critical move to safeguard intellectual property and enhance legal compliance, (iii) $10,000 was used to bolster the visibility and market penetration of PatentVest to expand its marketing efforts, and (iv) $40,000 was used current costs to evaluate potential Partner Companies supporting the Company’s commitment in fostering innovation and supporting emerging ventures. Additionally, approximately $1,000,000 was allocated for Working Capital and Other General Purposes, ensuring the Company maintains a healthy liquidity position to address unforeseen expenses and invest in future growth opportunities.

Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans

* The 2022 Equity Incentive Award Plan provides for awards for up to 6,000,000 shares of Class A shares, plus 25% of outstanding Class A shares at any time. As of December 31, 2023, there are a total of 7,073,908 Class A shares available for issuance.

** Represents Restricted Stock Unit awards which do not require payment of an exercise price.

Item 6. Selected Financial Data

We are a smaller reporting company, as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act, and therefore we are not required to provide the information under this item.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion And Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Overview

MDB Capital Holdings, LLC (the “Company” or “MDB”), a Delaware limited liability company, is a holding company that has three wholly-owned subsidiaries: MDB CG Management Company (“MDB Management”); Public Ventures, LLC (“Public Ventures”); and PatentVest, Inc. (“PatentVest”), and has a majority-owned partner company, Invizyne Technologies, Inc. (“Invizyne”).

MDB Management is principally an “administrative” entity whose purpose is to conduct, and wherever possible, to consolidate shared services/resources, for our US-based operations.

Public Ventures is a U.S. registered broker-dealer under the Exchange Act and is a member of FINRA and the Texas State Securities Board. Public Ventures is managed by Christopher A. Marlett, whom is also a founder of MDB. Public Ventures operates on a fully disclosed basis with a nonrelated FINRA member firm, Interactive Brokers, LLC (“Interactive Brokers”), and is not required to maintain a clearing deposit. Interactive Brokers is the clearing firm and custodian of investments maintained by Public Ventures.

PatentVest is a wholly-owned subsidiary that performs intellectual property validation services for Public Ventures’ due diligence functions on the intellectual property of partner and prospective partner companies and creates an intellectual property roadmap for such partner companies.

Invizyne was formed with the objective of taking nature’s building blocks to make molecules of interest, effectively simplifying nature. Invizyne is a biology technology development company that is a majority-owned subsidiary. Invizyne’s technology is a differentiated and unique synthetic biology platform which is designed to enable the scalable exploration of a large number of molecules and properties found in nature.

Prior to January 14, 2022, Public Ventures owned majority interests in PatentVest and Invizyne. On January 14, 2022, Public Ventures distributed 100% of its equity interests in PatentVest and Invizyne to its members in proportion to their respective interests. On January 15, 2022, Public Ventures filed with the Internal Revenue Service to be treated as a corporation for federal income tax purposes. On January 16, 2022, the members of Public Ventures contributed their entire interests in the equity of Public Ventures, Invizyne and PatentVest to MDB, as result of which MDB became the new parent holding company. There was no effective change in the beneficial ownership of Public Ventures as a result of this transaction. On the same day as part of the reorganization, MDB established a management company subsidiary, MDB Management. These reorganization steps are collectively referred to as the “reorganization. In connection with the reorganization, 5,000,000 Class B Common Shares were issued in exchange for the members’ equity.

The reorganization was completed between entities that were under common control, and the assets contributed and liabilities assumed are recorded based on their historical carrying values. These financial statements retroactively reflect the financial statements of the Company and Public Ventures on a consolidated basis for the periods presented.

On June 8, 2022, MDB completed the first closing of a private placement, consisting of the sale of 2,517,966 shares of Class A Common Shares at $10.00 per share, for gross proceeds of $25,179,660. On June 15, 2022, the Company completed the second closing of the private placement, consisting of the sale of an additional 11,000 shares of Class A Common Shares, for gross proceeds of $110,000. Accordingly, the Company received total gross proceeds of $25,289,660 from the sale of 2,528,966 shares of Class A Common Shares, or $24,746,142 net of $343,518 of offering expenses, which will be used for development of the current partner companies, identifying and developing new partner companies, and general corporate and working capital requirements. In conjunction with the private placement, the Company issued warrants to the placement agent to purchase 18,477 shares of Class A Common Shares, exercisable upon issuance for a period of 10 years at $13.00 per share, for a cash consideration of $0.001/share. The placement agent’s warrants had a fair value of $106,940, as calculated pursuant to the Black-Scholes option-pricing model and were accounted for as issuance costs that were recorded against paid in capital and paid in capital for the warrants issued.

Results of Operations

The Company has determined its reporting units in accordance with ASC (Accounting Standards Codification) 280, Segment Reporting. The Company currently operates in two reportable segments: a broker dealer & intellectual property service and technology development.

The Company’s consolidated statements of operations as discussed herein are presented below.

Consolidated Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

Operating Income. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, operating income were derived primarily from the Company’s broker dealer and intellectual property service segment.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, the majority of operating income was generated from the Company’s fee income and unrealized gains related to warrants received in an investment banking deal closed in the second quarter of 2023 in the broker-dealer and intellectual property service segment. Other income was generated from a feasibility study conducted in the technology segment and fees related to legal and strategy services offered by PatentVest, as well as clearing fees in the investment banking services segment.

General and Administrative Costs.

Research and Development Costs. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, the research and development costs were derived from the Company’s technology segment.

The increase in research and development costs for the current period was partially offset by increased grant funding. For the year ended December 31, 2023, total research and development costs were $3,482,386, with $2,954,208 reimbursed by grants, resulting in net research and development costs of $528,178. For the year ended December 31, 2022, total research and development costs were $2,312,857, with $1,964,772 reimbursed by grants, resulting in net research and development costs of $348,085. The increase in research and development costs was driven primarily by an increase in compensation due to the hiring of additional research and development staff, an increase in lab supplies expense, and an increase in grant sub-award expenses issued to a third-party research partner.

Other Income. The increase in other income was interest from U.S. Treasury Bills due to moving all excess funds from cash into U.S. Treasury Bills.

Income Taxes. The Company is a limited liability company treated as a partnership for federal and state income tax purposes, with the exception of the state of Texas, in which income tax liabilities and/or benefits of the Company are passed through to its unitholders. Limited liability companies are subject to Texas margin tax. In addition, certain of the Company’s subsidiaries are Subchapter C-corporations subject to federal and state income taxes. The Company’s subsidiaries recognized an income tax expense of approximately $105,827 and Texas margin tax of approximately $22,091 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The Company’s subsidiaries recognized an income tax expense of approximately $0 and Texas margin tax of approximately $0 for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Broker Dealer and Intellectual Property Service Segment (Public Ventures and PatentVest) Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

Operating Income. For the year ended December 31, 2023, operating income was generated from the Company’s fee income and unrealized gains related to warrants received in an investment banking deal closed in the second quarter of 2023. Other income was generated from fees related to legal and strategy services offered by PatentVest, as well as clearing fees.

General and Administrative Costs. During the year ended December 31, 2023, and 2022, respectively, several factors contributed to changes in various expense categories:

Other Income. The increase in other income was interest from U.S. Treasury Bills due to moving all excess funds from cash into U.S. Treasury Bills.

Income Taxes. The investment banking segment is a limited liability company. Limited liability companies are subject to Texas margin tax. The Company’s investment banking segment recognized an income tax expense of approximately $0 and recognized Texas margin tax of approximately $22,091 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The investment banking segment recognized an income tax expense of approximately $0 and Texas margin tax of approximately $0 for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Technology Segment (Invizyne) Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

Operating Income. For the year ended December 31, 2023 operating income was generated from one feasibility study conducted.

General and Administrative Costs. During the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022, respectively, several factors contributed to changes in various expense categories:

Research and Development Costs. The increase in research and development costs for the current period was partially offset by increased grant funding. For the year ended December 31, 2023, total research and development costs were $3,482,386, with $2,954,208 reimbursed by grants, resulting in net research and development costs of $474,234. For the year ended December 31, 2022, total research and development costs were $2,312,857, with $1,964,772 reimbursed by grants, resulting in net research and development costs of $348,085. The increase in research and development costs was driven primarily by an increase in compensation due to the hiring of additional research and development staff, an increase in lab supplies expense, and an increase in grant sub-award expenses issued to a third-party research partner.

Change in fair value of the SAFE. The technology division received a SAFE (Simple Agreement for Future Equity) from the parent company as operating capital prior to the initial public offering. Because the SAFE originates from the parent company, it is removed during the consolidation process.

Income Taxes. The technology segment is a corporation for federal and state income tax purposes, The technology segment recognized an income tax expense of approximately $105,827 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The technology segment recognized an income tax expense of approximately $0 for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Consolidated Balance Sheets December 31, 2023 and 2022