MAXIMUS, INC. [MMS] Filings

10-Q 1 mms-20240630.htm 10-Q mms-20240630

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark one)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2024

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from __________to__________.

Commission file number: 1-12997


Maximus, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Virginia						54-1000588
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)						(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

1600 Tysons Boulevard, McLean, Virginia						22102
(Address of principal executive offices)						(Zip Code)

(703) 251-8500
(Registrant's telephone number, including the area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class

Trading Symbol(s)

Name of each exchange on which registered

Common Stock, no par value

MMS

New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☒

Accelerated filer ☐

Non-accelerated filer ☐

Smaller reporting company ☐

Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

There were 60,177,003 shares of the registrant's Common Stock outstanding as of August 5, 2024.

Table of Contents

Table of Contents to Third Quarter 2024 Form 10-Q


	SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS	3
Part I - Financial Information		4
Item 1.	Financial Statements	4
	Consolidated Statements of Operations	4
	Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income	5
	Consolidated Balance Sheets	6
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	7
	Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity	8
	Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	10
	1. Organization	10
	2. Significant Accounting Policies	10
	3. Business Segments	11
	4. Revenue Recognition	13
	5. Earnings Per Share	15
	6. Debt and Derivatives	15
	7. Acquisitions and Divestitures	16
	8. Fair Value Measurements	17
	9. Equity	18
	10. Other Balance Sheet Items	19
	11. Commitments and Contingencies	20
	12. Subsequent Even t	21
Item 2.	Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	22
	Business Overview	22
	Financial Overview	23
	Results of Operations	23
	Liquidity and Capital Resources	27
	Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates	31
	Non-GAAP and Other Measures	31
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	33
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	33
Part II - Other Information		34
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	34
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	34
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	34
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	34
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	34
Item 5.	Other Information	34
Item 6.	Exhibits	35
	Signatures	36

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Unless otherwise specified, references in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to "our," "we," "us," "Maximus," the "Company," and "our business" refer to Maximus, Inc. and its subsidiaries.

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the safe harbor provisions of the United States Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements can be identified by words such as: "anticipate," "intend," "plan," "goal," "seek," "opportunity," "could," "potential," "believe," "project," "estimate," "expect," "continue," "forecast," "strategy," "future," "likely," "may," "should," "will," and similar references to future periods.

Any statements herein that are not historical facts, including statements about our confidence, strategies and initiatives, and our expectations about revenues, results of operations, profitability, liquidity, market demand, and our recent acquisitions and divestitures, are forward-looking statements that are subject to risks and uncertainties. These risks could cause our actual results to differ materially from those indicated by such forward-looking statements. Therefore, you should not rely on any of these forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause our actual results and financial condition to differ materially from those indicated in the forward-looking statements include, among others, the following:

•a failure to meet performance requirements could lead to penalties, liquidated damages, actual damages, adverse settlement agreements, and/or contract termination;

•our ability to successfully compete, bid for, and accurately price contracts to generate our desired profit;

•the effects of future legislative or government budgetary and spending changes;

•the impact of the U.S. government on federal procurement, federal funding to states' safety-net programs, and the overall decision-making process related to our industry, including our business and customers;

•our ability to manage our growth, including acquired businesses;

•difficulties in integrating or achieving projected revenues, earnings, and other benefits associated with acquired businesses;

•the outcome of reviews or audits, which might result in financial penalties and impair our ability to respond to invitations for new work;

•our ability to manage capital investments and startup costs incurred before receiving related contract payments;

•our ability to manage our debt;

•our ability to maintain our technology systems and otherwise protect confidential or protected information;

•our discovery of additional information related to the previously disclosed cybersecurity incident and any potential legal, business, reputational, or financial consequences resulting from the incident;

•our ability to attract and retain executive officers, senior managers, and other qualified personnel to execute our business;

•the effect of union activity and organizing efforts at our U.S. locations;

•the ability of government customers to not exercise options, or to recompete or terminate contracts on short notice, with or without cause;

•our ability to win recompetes and/or succeed in protests on our significant contracts;

•our ability to maintain relationships with key government entities from whom a substantial portion of our revenue is derived;

•a failure to comply with laws governing our business, which might result in the Company being subject to fines, penalties, suspension, debarment, and other sanctions;

•the costs and outcome of litigation;

•our ability to manage third parties upon whom we depend to provide services to our customers;

•the effects of changes in laws and regulations governing our business, including tax laws and applicable interpretations and guidance thereunder, or changes in accounting policies, rules, methodologies, and practices, and our ability to estimate the impact of such changes;

•our ability to manage emerging artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies;

•matters related to businesses we disposed of or divested; and

•other factors set forth in Item 1A, "Risk Factors" of our Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 16, 2023.

Any forward-looking statement made by us in this report is based only on information currently available to us and speaks only as of the date on which it is made. We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statement, whether written or oral, that may be made from time to time, whether as a result of new information, future developments, or otherwise.

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PART I - Financial Information

Item 1. Financial Statements

Maximus, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Operations

(Unaudited)


	For the Three Months Ended				For the Nine Months Ended
	June 30, 2024		June 30, 2023		June 30, 2024		June 30, 2023
	(in thousands, except per share amounts)
Revenue	$	1,314,929	$	1,188,677	$	3,990,327	$	3,644,775
Cost of revenue	982,615		924,313		3,040,370		2,907,061
Gross profit	332,314		264,364		949,957		737,714
Selling, general, and administrative expenses	167,033		182,545		504,682		471,445
Amortization of intangible assets	23,542		23,431		68,532		70,599
Operating income	141,739		58,388		376,743		195,670
Interest expense	20,555		21,026		62,428		63,631
Other expense/(income), net	809		1,005		475		(79)
Income before income taxes	120,375		36,357		313,840		132,118
Provision for income taxes	30,623		5,494		79,430		29,472
Net income	$	89,752	$	30,863	$	234,410	$	102,646

Earnings per share:
Basic	$	1.47	$	0.50	$	3.83	$	1.68
Diluted	$	1.46	$	0.50	$	3.81	$	1.67
Weighted average shares outstanding:
Basic	61,079		61,141		61,233		61,125
Diluted	61,381		61,544		61,495		61,368

Dividends declared per share	$	0.30	$	0.28	$	0.90	$	0.84

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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Maximus, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

(Unaudited)


	For the Three Months Ended				For the Nine Months Ended
	June 30, 2024		June 30, 2023		June 30, 2024		June 30, 2023
	(in thousands)
Net income	$	89,752	$	30,863	$	234,410	$	102,646
Other comprehensive (loss)/income, net of tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustments	412		1,946		4,079		10,947
Net gains/(losses) on cash flow hedge, net of tax provision/(benefit) of $(427), $2,513, $(2,639), and $(466), respectively	(1,197)		7,046		(7,398)		(1,297)
Other comprehensive income/(loss)	(785)		8,992		(3,319)		9,650
Comprehensive income	$	88,967	$	39,855	$	231,091	$	112,296

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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Maximus, Inc.

Consolidated Balance Sheets


	June 30, 2024		September 30, 2023
	(unaudited)
	(in thousands)
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	102,794	$	65,405
Accounts receivable, net	850,462		826,873
Income taxes receivable	9,464		16,556
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	115,571		146,632
Total current assets	1,078,291		1,055,466
Property and equipment, net	35,020		38,831
Capitalized software, net	169,449		107,811
Operating lease right-of-use assets	138,817		163,929
Goodwill	1,780,299		1,779,215
Intangible assets, net	653,386		703,648
Deferred contract costs, net	53,899		45,372
Deferred compensation plan assets	52,895		42,919
Deferred income taxes	5,911		2,459
Other assets	31,823		46,147
Total assets	$	3,999,790	$	3,985,797
Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity:
Liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	$	280,836	$	282,081
Accrued compensation and benefits	162,318		194,251
Deferred revenue, current portion	82,065		60,477
Income taxes payable	11,146		451
Long-term debt, current portion	39,952		86,844
Operating lease liabilities, current portion	47,992		49,852
Other current liabilities	55,734		49,058
Total current liabilities	680,043		723,014
Deferred revenue, non-current portion	35,269		38,849
Deferred income taxes	200,814		203,898
Long-term debt, non-current portion	1,100,701		1,163,149
Deferred compensation plan liabilities, non-current portion	55,870		46,432
Operating lease liabilities, non-current portion	101,911		129,367
Other liabilities	6,467		13,253
Total liabilities	2,181,075		2,317,962
Commitments and contingencies (Note 11)
Shareholders' equity:
Common stock, no par value; 100,000 shares authorized; 60,427 and 60,998 shares issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2024, and September 30, 2023, respectively	604,287		577,898
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(30,934)		(27,615)
Retained earnings	1,245,362		1,117,552
Total shareholders' equity	1,818,715		1,667,835
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity	$	3,999,790	$	3,985,797

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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Maximus, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(Unaudited)


	For the Nine Months Ended
	June 30, 2024		June 30, 2023
	(in thousands)
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	234,410	$	102,646
Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash flows from operations:
Depreciation and amortization of property, equipment, and capitalized software	24,146		37,092
Amortization of intangible assets	68,532		70,599
Amortization of debt issuance costs and debt discount	2,899		2,236


Deferred income taxes	(3,770)		2,375
Stock compensation expense	27,605		22,239
Loss on sale of businesses	1,018		883
Change in assets and liabilities, net of effects of business combinations:
Accounts receivable	(26,528)		7,675
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	19,316		21,101
Deferred contract costs	(8,377)		2,245
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	(1,659)		16,915
Accrued compensation and benefits	(21,043)		(31,612)
Deferred revenue	18,079		(31,747)
Income taxes	10,576		(33,186)
Operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities	(2,131)		(3,742)

Other assets and liabilities	8,351		(15,968)
Net cash provided by operating activities	351,424		169,751
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment and capitalized software	(82,237)		(58,863)
Asset acquisition	(18,006)		—
Proceeds from divestitures	3,078		9,124
Net cash used in investing activities	(97,165)		(49,739)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Cash dividends paid to Maximus shareholders	(54,847)		(51,053)
Purchases of Maximus common stock	(47,275)		—
Tax withholding related to RSU vesting	(13,455)		(8,475)
Payments for contingent consideration	(10,977)		(6,662)
Payments for debt financing costs	(9,724)		—
Proceeds from borrowings	850,166		682,398
Principal payments for debt	(952,825)		(730,514)
Cash-collateralized escrow liabilities	9,118		(54,543)
Net cash used in financing activities	(229,819)		(168,849)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	1,270		3,735
Net change in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	25,710		(45,102)
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, beginning of period	122,091		136,795
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, end of period	$	147,801	$	91,693

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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Maximus, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity

(Unaudited)


	Common Stock			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss		Retained Earnings		Total Equity
	Shares	Amount
	(in thousands)
Balance at September 30, 2023	60,998	$	577,898	$	(27,615)	$	1,117,552	$	1,667,835
Net income	—	—		—		64,148		64,148
Foreign currency translation	—	—		5,912		—		5,912
Cash flow hedge, net of tax	—	—		(8,885)		—		(8,885)
Cash dividends	—	—		—		(18,299)		(18,299)
Dividends on RSUs	—	285		—		(285)		—

Stock compensation expense	—	9,427		—		—		9,427
Tax withholding adjustment related to RSU vesting	—	(2,332)		—		—		(2,332)
RSUs vested	33	—		—		—		—
Balance as of December 31, 2023	61,031	$	585,278	$	(30,588)	$	1,163,116	$	1,717,806
Net income	—	—		—		80,510		80,510
Foreign currency translation	—	—		(2,245)		—		(2,245)
Cash flow hedge, net of tax	—	—		2,684		—		2,684
Cash dividends	—	—		—		(18,309)		(18,309)
Dividends on RSUs	—	412		—		(412)		—

Stock compensation expense	—	8,697		—		—		8,697

RSUs vested	6	—		—		—		—
Balance as of March 31, 2024	61,037	594,387		(30,149)		1,224,905		1,789,143
Net income	—	—		—		89,752		89,752
Foreign currency translation	—	—		412		—		412
Cash flow hedge, net of tax	—	—		(1,197)		—		(1,197)
Cash dividends	—	—		—		(18,239)		(18,239)
Dividends on RSUs	—	419		—		(419)		—
Purchases of Maximus common stock	(611)	—		—		(50,637)		(50,637)
Stock compensation expense	—	9,481		—		—		9,481

RSUs vested	1	—		—		—		—
Balance as of June 30, 2024	60,427	$	604,287	$	(30,934)	$	1,245,362	$	1,818,715

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Maximus, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity

(Unaudited)


	Common Stock			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss		Retained Earnings		Total Equity
	Shares	Amount
	(in thousands)
Balance at September 30, 2022	60,774	$	557,978	$	(33,961)	$	1,025,354	$	1,549,371
Net income	—	—		—		39,995		39,995
Foreign currency translation	—	—		8,036		—		8,036
Cash flow hedge, net of tax	—	—		(3,781)		—		(3,781)
Cash dividends	—	—		—		(17,017)		(17,017)
Dividends on RSUs	—	298		—		(298)		—

Stock compensation expense	—	4,403		—		—		4,403


Balance as of December 31, 2022	60,774	562,679		(29,706)		1,048,034		1,581,007
Net income	—	—		—		31,788		31,788
Foreign currency translation	—	—		965		—		965
Cash flow hedge, net of tax	—	—		(4,562)		—		(4,562)
Cash dividends	—	—		—		(17,016)		(17,016)
Dividends on RSUs	—	413		—		(413)		—

Stock compensation expense	—	9,540		—		—		9,540

RSUs vested	10	—		—		—		—
Balance as of March 31, 2023	60,784	572,632		(33,303)		1,062,393		1,601,722
Net income	—	—		—		30,863		30,863
Foreign currency translation	—	—		1,946		—		1,946
Cash flow hedge, net of tax	—	—		7,046		—		7,046
Cash dividends	—	—		—		(17,020)		(17,020)
Dividends on RSUs	—	410		—		(410)		—

Stock compensation expense	—	8,296		—		—		8,296


Balance as of June 30, 2023	60,784	$	581,338	$	(24,311)	$	1,075,826	$	1,632,853

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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Maximus, Inc.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

1. ORGANIZATION

Maximus, a Virginia corporation established in 1975, is a leading provider of government services worldwide. Under our mission of Moving People Forward, we help millions of people access the vital government services they need. With nearly 50 years of experience working with local, state, federal, and international government clients, we proudly design, develop, and deliver innovative and impactful programs that change lives. We are driven to strengthen communities and improve the lives of those we serve. We are a proud partner to government agencies in the United States ("U.S.") and worldwide.

2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements, including the notes, include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries and have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("U.S. GAAP") and the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Basis of Presentation for Interim Periods

Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included for the annual financial statements to be prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted for the interim periods presented. We believe that the unaudited interim financial statements include all adjustments (which are normal and recurring in nature) necessary to present fairly our financial position and the results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented.

The results of operations for the interim periods presented are not necessarily indicative of results that may be expected for the year or future periods. The financial statements should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023. We have continued to follow the accounting policies set forth in those financial statements.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of these financial statements, in conformity with U.S. GAAP, requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent liabilities, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses. At each reporting period end, we make estimates, including those related to revenue recognition and cost estimation on certain contracts, the realizability of long-lived assets, including goodwill, and amounts related to income taxes, certain accrued liabilities, and contingencies and litigation.

At June 30, 2024, our capitalized software balance includes $31.2 million related to technology for new services within our U.S. Services Segment. Earlier in fiscal year 2024, we evaluated these assets by comparing their carrying value to their estimated future cash flows. At that time, our probability-weighted undiscounted cash flows showed that we would recover the costs of these assets through our contract pipeline. We continue to monitor this asset. If circumstances change, we may be required to adjust the value or asset life of this asset.

At June 30, 2024, our intangible asset balance includes $13.5 million related to technology-based assets acquired in May 2021 as part of our acquisition of VES Group, Inc. We are taking the opportunity to improve our technology portfolio and replace the acquired assets. Through June 30, 2024, we had assumed that the acquired assets would cease being used around September 2026; we now believe we will be able to transfer to the replacement system by September 2025. Accordingly, effective July 1, 2024, we will accelerate our intangible asset amortization charge over the shorter period.

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3. BUSINESS SEGMENTS

We conduct our operations through three business segments: U.S. Federal Services, U.S. Services, and Outside the U.S.

U.S. Federal Services

Our U.S. Federal Services Segment delivers end-to-end solutions that help various U.S. federal government agencies better deliver on their mission, including program operations and management, clinical services, and technology solutions. The segment also includes system and application development, Information Technology ("IT") modernization, and maintenance services. Clinical services comprises appeals and assessments services, which includes managing the evaluation process for U.S. veterans and service members on behalf of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs ("VA") and certain state-based assessments and appeals work that is part of the segment's heritage. Under Technology Consulting Services ("TCS"), the segment executes on its digital strategy to deliver technology solutions that advance agency missions, including the challenge to modernize, provide better customer experience, and drive process efficiencies.

U.S. Services

Our U.S. Services Segment provides a variety of business process services ("BPS"), such as program administration, assessments, and related consulting work for U.S. state and local government programs. These services support a variety of programs, including the Affordable Care Act ("ACA"), Medicaid, the Children's Health Insurance Program ("CHIP"), Temporary Assistance to Needy Families ("TANF"), and child support programs. Previously, this segment suffered from reduced operating leverage resulting from the pause in Medicaid redeterminations during the COVID-19 pandemic, which resumed in fiscal year 2023.

Outside the U.S.

Our Outside the U.S. Segment provides BPS for international governments, transforming the lives of people around the world. Helping people find employment, access vital support, and remain healthy, these services include health and disability assessments, program administration for employment services, wellbeing solutions, and other job seeker-related services. We support programs and deliver services in the United Kingdom, including the Health Assessment Advisory Service and the recently awarded replacement contract scheduled to start in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2024, Functional Assessment Services, and Restart; and Australia, including Workforce Australia, and other employment support and job seeker services in a number of other countries.

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Table 3: Results of Operation by Business Segment
	For the Three Months Ended								For the Nine Months Ended
	June 30, 2024				June 30, 2023				June 30, 2024				June 30, 2023
	Amount		% (1)		Amount		% (1)		Amount		% (1)		Amount		% (1)
	(dollars in thousands)
Revenue:
U.S. Federal Services	$	683,347			$	583,960			$	2,062,127			$	1,786,202
U.S. Services	472,298				449,061				1,448,258				1,338,242
Outside the U.S.	159,284				155,656				479,942				520,331
Revenue	$	1,314,929			$	1,188,677			$	3,990,327			$	3,644,775
Gross profit:
U.S. Federal Services	$	186,075	27.2	%	$	156,945	26.9	%	$	506,074	24.5	%	$	402,513	22.5	%
U.S. Services	121,012		25.6	%	98,538		21.9	%	369,497		25.5	%	268,152		20.0	%
Outside the U.S.	25,227		15.8	%	8,881		5.7	%	74,386		15.5	%	67,049		12.9	%
Gross profit	$	332,314	25.3	%	$	264,364	22.2	%	$	949,957	23.8	%	$	737,714	20.2	%
Selling, general, and administrative expenses:
U.S. Federal Services	$	79,949	11.7	%	$	82,892	14.2	%	$	247,671	12.0	%	$	229,591	12.9	%
U.S. Services	59,531		12.6	%	51,536		11.5	%	174,032		12.0	%	140,793		10.5	%
Outside the U.S.	26,647		16.7	%	24,122		15.5	%	75,249		15.7	%	75,936		14.6	%
Divestiture-related charges (2)	—		NM		—		NM		1,018		NM		883		NM
Other (3)	906		NM		23,995		NM		6,712		NM		24,242		NM
Selling, general, and administrative expenses	$	167,033	12.7	%	$	182,545	15.4	%	$	504,682	12.6	%	$	471,445	12.9	%
Operating income/(loss):
U.S. Federal Services	$	106,126	15.5	%	$	74,053	12.7	%	$	258,403	12.5	%	$	172,922	9.7	%
U.S. Services	61,481		13.0	%	47,002		10.5	%	195,465		13.5	%	127,359		9.5	%
Outside the U.S.	(1,420)		(0.9)	%	(15,241)		(9.8)	%	(863)		(0.2)	%	(8,887)		(1.7)	%
Amortization of intangible assets	(23,542)		NM		(23,431)		NM		(68,532)		NM		(70,599)		NM
Divestiture-related charges (2)	—		NM		—		NM		(1,018)		NM		(883)		NM
Other (3)	(906)		NM		(23,995)		NM		(6,712)		NM		(24,242)		NM
Operating income	$	141,739	10.8	%	$	58,388	4.9	%	$	376,743	9.4	%	$	195,670	5.4	%

(1)Percentage of respective segment revenue. Percentages not considered meaningful are marked "NM."

(2)We have sold businesses in both fiscal years 2023 and 2024. Refer to "Note 7. Acquisitions and Divestitures" for more details.

(3)Other expenses includes credits and costs that are not allocated to a particular segment. In the three and nine months ended June 30, 2024, these charges include $0.3 million and $3.3 million related to the costs of a previously disclosed cybersecurity incident, respectively, compared to $22.1 million for the three and nine months ended June 30, 2023. Other charges include expenses incurred as part of our acquisitions, as well as potential acquisitions which have not been or may not be completed.

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4. REVENUE RECOGNITION

We recognize revenue as, or when, we satisfy performance obligations under a contract. The majority of our contracts have performance obligations that are satisfied over time. In most cases, we view our performance obligations as promises to transfer a series of distinct services to our customers that are substantially the same and which have the same pattern of service. We recognize revenue over the performance period as a customer receives the benefits of our services.

Disaggregation of Revenue

In addition to our segment reporting, we disaggregate our revenues by contract type and customer type. Our operating segments represent the manner in which our Chief Executive Officer reviews our financial results, which is further discussed in "Note 3. Business Segments."


Table 4.1: Revenue by Contract Type
	For the Three Months Ended								For the Nine Months Ended
	June 30, 2024				June 30, 2023				June 30, 2024				June 30, 2023
	(dollars in thousands)
Performance-based	$	758,942	57.7	%	$	617,800	52.0	%	$	2,202,541	55.2	%	$	1,761,764	48.3	%
Cost-plus	281,823		21.4	%	281,014		23.6	%	958,336		24.0	%	940,509		25.8	%
Fixed price	170,787		13.0	%	171,809		14.5	%	514,280		12.9	%	527,556		14.5	%
Time and materials	103,377		7.9	%	118,054		9.9	%	315,170		7.9	%	414,946		11.4	%
Total revenue	$	1,314,929			$	1,188,677			$	3,990,327			$	3,644,775


Table 4.2: Revenue by Customer Type
	For the Three Months Ended								For the Nine Months Ended
	June 30, 2024				June 30, 2023				June 30, 2024				June 30, 2023
	(dollars in thousands)
U.S. federal government agencies	$	666,895	50.7	%	$	568,924	47.9	%	$	2,015,780	50.5	%	$	1,742,739	47.8	%
U.S. state government agencies	470,301		35.8	%	445,855		37.5	%	1,440,391		36.1	%	1,329,766		36.5	%
International government agencies	156,587		11.9	%	148,742		12.5	%	468,995		11.8	%	491,861		13.5	%
Other, including local municipalities and commercial customers	21,146		1.6	%	25,156		2.1	%	65,161		1.6	%	80,409		2.2	%
Total revenue	$	1,314,929			$	1,188,677			$	3,990,327			$	3,644,775

Contract balances

Differences in timing between revenue recognition and cash collection result in contract assets and contract liabilities. We classify these assets as accounts receivable — billed and billable and unbilled receivables; the liabilities are classified as deferred revenue.

In many contracts, we bill our customers on a monthly basis shortly after the month end for work performed in that month, and such balances are considered collectible and are included within accounts receivable, net.

Exceptions to this pattern will arise for various reasons, including those listed below.

•Under cost-plus contracts, we are typically required to estimate a contract's share of our general and administrative expenses. This share is based upon estimates of total costs, which may vary over time. We typically invoice our customers at an agreed provisional billing rate, which may differ from actual rates incurred. If our actual rates are higher than the provisional billing rates, an asset is recorded for this variance; if the provisional billing rates are higher than our actual rates, we record a liability.

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•Certain contracts include retainage balances, whereby revenue is earned, but some portion of cash payments are held back by the customer for a period of time, typically to allow the customer to confirm the objective criteria laid out by the contract have been met. This balance is classified as accounts receivable - unbilled until restrictions on billing are lifted. As of June 30, 2024, and September 30, 2023, $26.3 million and $20.7 million, respectively, of our unbilled receivables related to amounts pursuant to contractual retainage provisions.

•In certain contracts, we may receive funds from our customers prior to performing operations. These funds are typically referred to as "set-up costs" and reflect the need for us to make investments in infrastructure prior to providing a service. This investment in infrastructure is not a performance obligation that is distinct from the service that is subsequently provided and, as a result, revenue is not recognized based upon the establishment of this infrastructure, but rather over the course of the contractual relationship. The funds are initially recorded as deferred revenue and recognized over the term of the contract. Other contracts may not include set-up fees but will provide higher fees in earlier periods of the contract. The premium on these fees is deferred.

•Some of our contracts, notably our employment services contracts in the Outside the U.S. Segment, include payments for desired outcomes, such as job placement and job retention, and these outcome payments occur over several months. We are required to estimate these outcome fees ahead of their realization and recognize this estimated fee over the period of delivery.

During the three and nine months ended June 30, 2024, we recognized revenue of $8.2 million and $53.5 million, respectively, included in our deferred revenue balances at September 30, 2023. During the three and nine months ended June 30, 2023, we recognized revenue of $13.9 million and $75.3 million, respectively, included in our deferred revenue balances at September 30, 2022.

Contract estimates

We are required to use estimates in recognizing revenue from some of our contracts.

Some of our performance-based contract revenue is recognized based upon future milestones defined in each contract. This is the case in many of our employment services contracts in the Outside the U.S. Segment, where we are paid as individuals attain employment milestones, which may take many months to achieve. We recognize revenue over the period of performance. Our estimates vary from contract to contract but may include the number of participants within a portfolio reaching employment milestones and the service delivery periods for participants reaching the employment milestone.

We estimate the total variable fees we will receive using the expected value method. We recognize the fees over the expected period of performance. At each reporting period, we update our estimates of the variable fees to represent the circumstances present at the end of the reporting period. We are required to constrain our estimates to the extent that it is probable that there will not be a significant reversal of cumulative revenue when the uncertainty is resolved. We do not have a history of significant constraints on these contracts.


Table 4.3: Effect of Changes in Contract Estimates
	For the Three Months Ended				For the Nine Months Ended
	June 30, 2024		June 30, 2023		June 30, 2024		June 30, 2023
	(in thousands, except per share data)
Benefit to/(reduction of) revenue recognized due to changes in contract estimates	$	(3,576)	$	(2,134)	$	(12,772)	$	(8,272)
Benefit to/(reduction of) diluted earnings per share recognized due to changes in contract estimates	$	(0.04)	$	(0.03)	$	(0.16)	$	(0.09)

Remaining performance obligations

As of June 30, 2024, we had approximately $310 million of remaining performance obligations. We anticipate that we will recognize revenue on approximately 72% of this balance within the next 12 months. This balance excludes contracts with an original duration of twelve months or less, including contracts with a penalty-free termination for convenience clause, and any variable consideration that is allocated entirely to future performance obligations, including variable transaction fees or fees tied directly to costs incurred.

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5. EARNINGS PER SHARE


Table 5: Weighted Average Number of Shares - Earnings Per Share
	For the Three Months Ended		For the Nine Months Ended
	June 30, 2024	June 30, 2023	June 30, 2024	June 30, 2023
	(in thousands)
Basic weighted average shares outstanding	61,079	61,141	61,233	61,125
Dilutive effect of unvested RSUs and PSUs	302	403	262	243
Denominator for diluted earnings per share	61,381	61,544	61,495	61,368

The diluted earnings per share calculation for the three and nine months ended June 30, 2024, excludes approximately 212,000 and 216,000 unvested anti-dilutive restricted stock units, respectively. For the three and nine months ended June 30, 2023, approximately 98,000 and 105,000 unvested anti-dilutive restricted stock units were excluded from the diluted earnings per share calculation, respectively.

6. DEBT AND DERIVATIVES


Table 6.1: Details of Debt
	June 30, 2024		September 30, 2023
	(in thousands)
Term Loan A	$	650,000	$	909,375
Term Loan B	500,000		344,934

Subsidiary loan agreements	5,003		3,220
Total debt principal	1,155,003		1,257,529
Less: Unamortized debt-issuance costs and discounts	(14,350)		(7,536)
Total debt	1,140,653		1,249,993
Less: Current portion of long-term debt	(39,952)		(86,844)
Long-term debt	$	1,100,701	$	1,163,149

Our principal credit agreements are held within the United States. In addition, we hold revolving credit facilities in Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom.

On May 30, 2024, we amended our credit agreement with J.P. Morgan Chase Bank, N.A. (the "Amended Credit Agreement"), which replaced our previous arrangement with the same bank (the "Original Credit Agreement"). The Amended Credit Agreement is available for general corporate purposes, including the funding of working capital, capital expenditures, and possible future acquisitions.

The Amended Credit Agreement has three components.

•A Term Loan A facility (the "TLA"), which initially comprises $650 million. This facility matures on May 30, 2029. The interest rates are variable, based upon a combination of a Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") and a margin based on our leverage. The margin can vary between 1.0% and 2.0%. At loan inception, it was set at 1.5% and will remain at this level until our December 2024 leverage calculation is submitted, which is likely to be in February 2025.

•A Term Loan B facility, which initially comprises $500 million. This facility matures on May 30, 2031. The interest rates are based upon SOFR, subject to a floor of 0.5%, plus a fixed 2.0% margin.

•A revolving credit facility, which enables us to borrow or utilize up to $750 million. The interest on this facility is generally based upon the same rates as those used for the TLA. In addition, we are charged a commitment fee between 0.125% and 0.30% on used funds, the fee being based upon our leverage.

The Amended Credit Agreement requires us to comply with various covenants, the terms of which are consistent with the Original Credit Agreement and customary for agreements of this type. At June 30, 2024, we are in compliance with all covenants. We do not believe that these covenants restrict our ability to successfully operate the business or to pay dividends.

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The Amended Credit Agreement is, subject to customary exceptions, secured by substantially all of the assets of the Company and its wholly owned material domestic subsidiaries, and guaranteed by each of the Company’s wholly owned material domestic subsidiaries.

Bank charges incurred in amending the Original Credit Agreement have been reported as a reduction to gross debt and will be amortized over the respective lives of the loans. The Amended Credit Agreement is considered a modification of the Original Credit Agreement, and accordingly, many of the costs deferred under this arrangement will continue to be deferred prospectively.

Following the establishment of the Amended Credit Agreement, our future minimum principal payments are as follows:


Table 6.2: Details of Future Minimum Principal Payments Due
	Amount Due
	(in thousands)
July 1, 2024 through September 30, 2024	$	14,378
Year ended September 30, 2025	37,500
Year ended September 30, 2026	41,562
Year ended September 30, 2027	53,750
Year ended September 30, 2028	57,813
Years ended thereafter	950,000

Interest Rate Derivative Instruments

We utilize interest rate swaps to reduce our risk from interest rates, which we have designated as cash flow hedges. We had entered into interest rate swaps against the Original Credit Agreement which we will continue to utilize on the Amended Credit Agreement.

•We have arrangements for a combined notional amount of $500 million, which hedges a SOFR component of our TLA to a fixed amount of 2.31%. These arrangements expire in May 2026.

•We have an arrangement for a notional amount of $150 million, which hedges a SOFR component of our TLA to a fixed amount of 4.38%. This arrangement expires in September 2024.

At June 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023, we had assets of $21.0 million and $31.0 million, respectively, related to these interest rate swaps. These were recorded as "other assets" within our consolidated balance sheets. As these instruments are considered effective cash flow hedges, gains and losses based upon interest rate fluctuations are recorded within "accumulated other comprehensive income" within our consolidated financial statements.

7. ACQUISITIONS AND DIVESTITURES

On February 14, 2024, we acquired part of a vendor who has performed IT services for us over several years for a cash consideration of $18.0 million. Almost all of the consideration was allocated directly to the most significant asset, the acquired workforce. The value of this asset will be amortized over eight years. This asset is anticipated to provide support across all three of our operating segments.

We have sold a number of components of our Outside the U.S. Segment:

•In November 2023, we sold our businesses in Italy and Singapore, as well as our employment services business in Canada, recording a loss on sale of $1.0 million. During the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2023, we recorded an impairment charge of $2.9 million related to these assets.

•In March 2023, we sold our commercial practice in the United Kingdom, resulting in a pre-tax loss of $0.6 million. The cash consideration had a fair value of $16 million, to be received in installments. At June 30, 2024, we have installments remaining of $5.5 million.

•In March 2023, we sold our Swedish subsidiary for cash consideration of $0.4 million, resulting in a small loss.

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8. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

The following assets and liabilities are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis.

•We hold mutual fund assets within a Rabbi Trust to cover liabilities in our deferred compensation plan. These assets have prices quoted within active markets and, accordingly, are classified as level 1 within the fair value hierarchy.

•We have interest rate swap agreements serving to reduce our interest rate risk on our debt. These agreements can be valued using observable data and, accordingly, are classified as level 2 within the fair value hierarchy.

•During fiscal year 2024, we recorded liabilities for additional consideration payable on certain acquisitions. This consideration was contingent upon the post-acquisition performance of these businesses. This liability was based upon our internal assumptions regarding revenues, margins, volumes, and contract terms. Accordingly, these inputs were not observable and were classified as level 3 within the fair value hierarchy. In fiscal year 2024, all outstanding liabilities were settled.

The tables below present assets and liabilities measured and recorded at fair value in our consolidated balance sheets on a recurring basis and their corresponding level within the fair value hierarchy. No transfers between Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3 fair value measurements occurred for the nine months ended June 30, 2024.


Table 8.1: Fair Value Measurements
	As of June 30, 2024
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Balance
	(in thousands)
Assets:
Deferred compensation assets - Rabbi Trust	$	32,642	$	—	$	—	$	32,642
Interest rate swaps - $650 million notional value	—		20,991		—		20,991

Total assets	$	32,642	$	20,991	$	—	$	53,633

The fair values of receivables, prepaids, other assets, accounts payable, accrued costs, and other current liabilities approximate the carrying values as a result of the short-term nature of these instruments. The carrying value of our debt is consistent with the fair value as the stated interest rates in the agreements are consistent with the current market rates used in notes with similar terms in the markets (Level 2 inputs).

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss

All amounts recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss are related to our foreign currency translations and interest rate swaps, net of tax. The following table shows changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss. Amounts reclassified from other comprehensive income were recorded within our selling, general and administrative expenses (for foreign currency translation adjustments) and within interest expense (for gains on derivatives).


Table 8.2: Details of Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss by Category
	Foreign currency translation adjustment		Net unrealized gain on derivatives, net of tax		Total
	(in thousands)
Balance as of September 30, 2023	$	(50,484)	$	22,869	$	(27,615)
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications	3,946		1,860		5,806
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss	133		(9,258)		(9,125)
Net current period other comprehensive losses	4,079		(7,398)		(3,319)
Balance as of June 30, 2024	$	(46,405)	$	15,471	$	(30,934)

The foreign currency translation adjustment reflects a cumulative difference between the value of our earnings in currencies other than the United States Dollar between the time they were recorded and the date of the financial statements. At June 30, 2024, the balance included approximately $18.9 million of translation differences related to the Australian Dollar and $19.4 million related to the British Pound, with the remaining balance principally comprised of differences related to the Canadian Dollar.

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Contingent Consideration

The fair value of our contingent considerations are based upon estimates of the likely payments, which are based upon assumptions over future performance. The liabilities are reviewed on a quarterly basis and, where changes in estimates arise, these are recorded to selling and general administrative expenses.

Our contingent consideration relates to the businesses below:

•In October 2021, we acquired the student loan servicing business from Navient, which we rebranded as Aidvantage. Payments were based upon volumes, up to a maximum payment of $65.0 million. At September 30, 2023, the Aidvantage contingent consideration was $7.5 million. This liability was settled in the third quarter of this fiscal year.

•In January 2022, we acquired BZ Bodies Limited. Future payments were based upon the performance of the business through December 2023, up to a maximum payment of $2.5 million (£2.0 million British Pounds). At September 30, 2023, we recorded a contingent consideration liability for the maximum payment, which we paid in the second quarter of fiscal year 2024.

Movement in our contingent consideration balance is as follows:


Table 8.3: Fair Value Measurement Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
	Contingent Consideration
	(in thousands)
Opening contingent consideration as of September 30, 2023	$	9,903
Adjustments to fair value recorded in the period	985
Cash payments	(10,977)
Foreign currency translations	89
Closing contingent consideration as of June 30, 2024	$	—

9. EQUITY

Stock Compensation

We grant restricted stock units ("RSUs") and performance stock units ("PSUs") to eligible participants under our 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan, which was approved by the Board of Directors and stockholders. The RSUs granted to employees vest ratably over three to five years and over one year for members of the Board of Directors, in each case from the grant date. PSU vesting is subject to the achievement of certain performance and market conditions, and the number of PSUs earned could vary from 0% to 200% of the number of PSUs awarded. The PSUs will vest at the end of a three year-performance period. We issue new shares to satisfy our obligations under these plans. The fair value of each RSU and PSU is calculated at the date of the grant.

During the nine months ended June 30, 2024, we issued approximately 380,000 RSUs, which will vest ratably over one to four years, and approximately 128,000 PSUs, which will vest after three years.

Share Purchase Program

Under a resolution adopted in June 2024, the Board of Directors authorized an increase to our existing stock purchase program whereby we may purchase, at management's discretion, up to $200 million of our common stock. During the three and nine months ended June 30, 2024, we purchased approximately 611,000 common shares at a cost of $50.6 million. At June 30, 2024, approximately $193.9 million remained available for future stock purchases. Since June 30, 2024, we have purchased a further 250,000 common shares for approximately $21.2 million.

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10. OTHER BALANCE SHEET ITEMS

Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash


Table 10.1: Details of Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash
	June 30, 2024		September 30, 2023
	(in thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents	$	102,794	$	65,405
Restricted cash	45,007		56,686
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$	147,801	$	122,091

Restricted cash is recorded within "Prepaid expenses and other current assets" on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.


Table 10.2: Supplemental Disclosures of Cash Flow Information
	For the Nine Months Ended
	June 30, 2024		June 30, 2023
	(in thousands)
Interest payments	$	59,367	$	59,580
Income tax payments	$	67,822	$	60,460

Accounts Receivable, Net


Table 10.3: Details of Accounts Receivable, Net
	June 30, 2024		September 30, 2023
	(in thousands)
Billed and billable receivables	$	613,429	$	692,707
Unbilled receivables	249,813		137,885
Allowance for credit losses	(12,780)		(3,719)
Accounts receivable, net	$	850,462	$	826,873

On September 21, 2022, we entered into a Receivables Purchase Agreement with Wells Fargo Bank N.A., under which we may sell certain U.S.-originated accounts receivable balances up to a maximum amount of $200.0 million at any given time. In return for these sales, we receive a cash payment equal to the face value of the receivables less a financing charge.

We account for these transfers as sales. We have no retained interest in the transferred receivables other than administrative responsibilities, and Wells Fargo has no recourse for any credit risk. We estimate that the implicit servicing fees for an arrangement of this size and type would be immaterial.

For the nine months ended June 30, 2024, the gross fair value of accounts receivables transferred to Wells Fargo and derecognized from our balance sheet was $270.9 million. In exchange for these sales, we received $269.3 million of cash. The balance, representing a loss on sale from these transfers, is included within our selling, general, and administrative expenses. We have recorded these transactions within our operating cash flows.

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11. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Litigation

We are subject to audits, investigations, and reviews relating to compliance with the laws and regulations that govern our role as a contractor to agencies and departments of federal, state, local, and foreign governments. Adverse findings could lead to criminal, civil, or administrative proceedings, and we could be faced with penalties, fines, suspension, or debarment. Adverse findings could also have a material adverse effect on us because of our reliance on government contracts. We are subject to periodic audits by federal, state, local, and foreign governments for taxes. We are also involved in various claims, arbitrations, and lawsuits arising in the normal conduct of our business. These include but are not limited to bid protests, employment matters, contractual disputes, and charges before administrative agencies. Except for the matters described below for which we cannot predict the outcome, we do not believe the outcome of any existing matter would likely have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

We evaluate, on a regular basis, developments in our litigation matters and establish or make adjustments to our accruals as appropriate. A liability is accrued if a loss is probable and the amount of such loss can be reasonably estimated. If the risk of loss is probable, but the amount cannot be reasonably estimated, or the risk of loss is only reasonably possible, a potential liability will be disclosed but not accrued, if material. Due to the inherent uncertainty in the outcome of litigation, our estimates and assessments may prove to be incomplete or inaccurate and could be impacted by unanticipated events and circumstances, adverse outcomes, or other future determinations.

MOVEit Cybersecurity Incident Litigation

As the Company has previously disclosed, on May 31, 2023, Progress Software Corporation, the developer of MOVEit (“MOVEit”), a file transfer application used by many organizations to transfer data, announced a critical zero-day vulnerability in the application that allowed unauthorized third parties to access its customers’ MOVEit environments. Maximus uses MOVEit for internal and external file sharing purposes, including to share data with government customers related to Maximus's services in support of certain government programs. Based on its review of the impacted files to date, the Company has provided notices to individuals whose personal information, including social security numbers, protected health information, and/or other personal information, may have been included in the impacted files.

On August 1, 2023, a purported class action was filed against Maximus Federal Services, Inc. (a wholly-owned subsidiary of Maximus, Inc.) in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia arising out of the MOVEit cybersecurity incident – Bishop v. Maximus Federal Services, Case No. 1:23-cv-01019 (U.S. Dist. Ct. E. D. VA). The plaintiff, who purports to represent a nationwide class of individuals, alleges, among other things, that the Company’s negligence resulted in the compromise of the plaintiff’s personally identifiable information and protected health information.

Since August 1, 2023, approximately eleven additional cases arising out of the MOVEit cybersecurity incident have been filed in federal courts against Maximus, Inc. and its subsidiaries. These cases each allege substantially similar allegations on behalf of putative nationwide classes and on behalf of various putative state subclasses. Three plaintiffs have subsequently dismissed their claims voluntarily.

On October 4, 2023, the United States Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation granted a Motion to Transfer that created a Multidistrict Litigation (“MDL”) in the District of Massachusetts for all cases in federal court related to the MOVEit cybersecurity incident, including cases filed against Maximus and other defendants, including Progress Software Corporation, the creator of MOVEit. All of the cases against Maximus, Inc. and its subsidiaries initially filed in federal courts outside of the District of Massachusetts that are related to the MOVEit cybersecurity incident have now been transferred to the MDL under the caption In re: MOVEit Customer Data Security Breach Litigation and are currently stayed pending the filing of consolidated amended compliant(s). The plaintiffs in Bishop and the other cases against the company in the MDL seek damages to be proved at trial.

On September 6, 2023, an individual action was filed in state court in the Florida Circuit Court for the 7th Judicial Circuit, Volusia County: Taylor v. Maximus Federal Services, Case No. 2023-12349 (Fla. Cir. Ct., 7th Jud. Cir., Volusia Cnty.), also arising out of the MOVEit cybersecurity incident. The plaintiff alleges, among other things, that the Company’s negligence resulted in the compromise of the plaintiff’s personally identifiable information and protected health information. Since September 6, 2023, approximately eight additional individual actions have been filed against Maximus, Inc. and its subsidiaries in Florida state courts, one of which has been dismissed. The Taylor matter pending in Volusia County, Florida has been stayed. The remaining seven matters pending in Florida’s state courts are pending in Miami-Dade County court. Each of the actions pending in Florida courts raise substantially similar allegations and legal claims. The plaintiffs in these individual actions seek damages to be proved at trial.

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On October 27, 2023, a purported class action was filed in state court in Marion Superior Court in Marion County, Indiana, against Maximus Health Services, Inc. (a wholly owned subsidiary of Maximus, Inc.): Solis Garcia v. Maximus Health Services, Inc., Case No. 49D12-2310-CT-042115 (Ind. Super. Ct., Marion Cnty.), again arising out of the MOVEit cybersecurity incident. The plaintiff, who purports to represent a class comprised of Indiana residents, alleges, among other things, that the Company’s negligence resulted in the compromise of the plaintiff’s personally identifiable information and protected health information. The plaintiff seeks damages to be proved at trial. The Company has removed this case to federal court in the Southern District of Indiana and it has been transferred to the MDL.

The Company is not able to determine or predict the ultimate outcome of any of these proceedings or reasonably provide an estimate or range of the possible outcome or loss, if any.

Census Project – Civil Investigation Demand (“CID”)

In 2021, Maximus received a CID from the U.S. Department of Justice (“DOJ”) pursuant to the False Claims Act seeking records pertaining to the Census project. The CID requested the production of documents related to the Company’s compliance with telephone call quality assurance scoring and reporting requirements. The Company is cooperating with the DOJ in its investigation and providing responses and information on an ongoing basis. As of June 30, 2024, the Company has reserved $4.0 million in connection with this matter. While it is reasonably possible that losses exceeding the amount accrued may be incurred, it is not possible at this time to estimate the additional possible loss in excess of the amount already accrued.

12. SUBSEQUENT EVENT

On July 5, 2024, our Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.30 for each share of our common stock outstanding. The dividend is payable on August 31, 2024, to shareholders of record on August 15, 2024. Based on the number of shares outstanding, we anticipate a cash payment of approximately $18.1 million.

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Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion is intended to help the reader understand our business, financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and capital resources. You should read this discussion in conjunction with "Risk Factors," "Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements," and our financial statements and related notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for fiscal year 2023 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 16, 2023 (the "2023 Form 10-K") and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, as applicable.

Business Overview

Maximus, under its mission of Moving People Forward, helps millions of people access the vital government services they need. With almost 50 years of experience working with local, state, federal, and international government clients, we proudly design, develop, and deliver innovative and impactful programs that change lives. We are driven to strengthen communities and improve the lives of those we serve.

We create value for our customers through our ability to translate health and human services public policy into operating models that achieve outcomes for governments at scale. Our work covers a broad array of services, including the operation of large health insurance eligibility and enrollment programs; clinical services, including assessments, appeals, and independent medical reviews; and technology services. These services benefit from a market with increasing demographic demand, constrained government budgets, and an increased focus on technology. We also demonstrate the ability to move quickly, ranging from digitally enabled contact center support services for natural disaster response to swift establishments of public health and safety initiatives, examples of which occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our organic growth through increased contract scope and entry into new markets has been supplemented by strategic acquisitions. Most notably, our acquisitions of VES Group, Inc. ("VES"), a leading provider of medical disability examinations ("MDE") to the United States ("U.S.") Department of Veterans Affairs ("VA"); the Federal business of Attain, LLC ("Attain"), a provider of technology consulting and systems integration services; and a service contract with the U.S. Department of Education, under our Aidvantage brand, have supplemented our organic growth and allowed expansion into new markets.

In fiscal year 2022, we introduced our refreshed three-to-five-year strategic plan, which we believe will further expand our business. Having moved past the major impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, we believe we are in a strong position to capitalize on organic growth opportunities in our core business, as reflected in the following three pillars of our refreshed strategy.

•Customer Services, Digitally Enabled. Elevate the customer experience to achieve higher levels of satisfaction, performance, and outcomes through intelligent automation and cognitive computing.

•Future of Health. Help governments meet the rising demand for health services by growing our clinical capabilities to improve the health of people and their communities.

•Advanced Technologies for Modernization. Further our credibility as a technology leader, enabling the transformation of government programs to be resilient, dynamic, integrated, and equitable.

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Financial Overview

A number of factors have affected our results for the three and nine months ended June 30, 2024. More detail on these changes is presented below within our "Results of Operations" section.

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth items from our consolidated statements of operations for the three and nine months ended June 30, 2024, and June 30, 2023.


Table MD&A 1: Consolidated Results of Operations
	For the Three Months Ended						For the Nine Months Ended
	June 30, 2024			June 30, 2023			June 30, 2024			June 30, 2023
	(dollars in thousands, except per share data)
Revenue	$	1,314,929		$	1,188,677		$	3,990,327		$	3,644,775
Cost of revenue	982,615			924,313			3,040,370			2,907,061
Gross profit	332,314			264,364			949,957			737,714
Gross profit percentage	25.3		%	22.2		%	23.8		%	20.2		%
Selling, general, and administrative expenses	167,033			182,545			504,682			471,445
Selling, general, and administrative expenses as a percentage of revenue	12.7		%	15.4		%	12.6		%	12.9		%
Amortization of intangible assets	23,542			23,431			68,532			70,599
Operating income	141,739			58,388			376,743			195,670
Operating margin	10.8		%	4.9		%	9.4		%	5.4		%
Interest expense	20,555			21,026			62,428			63,631
Other expense/(income), net	809			1,005			475			(79)
Income before income taxes	120,375			36,357			313,840			132,118
Provision for income taxes	30,623			5,494			79,430			29,472
Effective tax rate	25.4		%	15.1		%	25.3		%	22.3		%
Net income	$	89,752		$	30,863		$	234,410		$	102,646
Earnings per share:
Basic	$	1.47		$	0.50		$	3.83		$	1.68
Diluted	$	1.46		$	0.50		$	3.81		$	1.67

Our business segments have different factors driving revenue fluctuations and profitability. The sections that follow cover these segments in greater detail. Our revenue reflects fees earned for services provided. Cost of revenue consists of direct costs related to labor and related overhead, subcontractor labor, outside vendors, rent, and other direct costs. The largest component of cost of revenue, approximately two-thirds, is labor, including subcontracted labor.


Table MD&A 2: Changes in Revenue, Cost of Revenue, and Gross Profit for the Three Months Ended June 30, 2024
	Revenue				Cost of Revenue				Gross Profit
	Dollars		% Change		Dollars		% Change		Dollars		% Change
	(dollars in thousands)
Three months ended June 30, 2023	$	1,188,677			$	924,313			$	264,364
Organic effect	133,211		11.2	%	66,178		7.2	%	67,033		25.4	%
Disposal of businesses	(7,123)		(0.6)	%	(7,905)		(0.9)	%	782		0.3	%

Currency effect compared to the prior period	164		—	%	29		—	%	135		0.1	%
Three months ended June 30, 2024	$	1,314,929	10.6	%	$	982,615	6.3	%	$	332,314	25.7	%

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Table MD&A 3: Changes in Revenue, Cost of Revenue, and Gross Profit for the Nine Months Ended June 30, 2024
	Revenue				Cost of Revenue				Gross Profit
	Dollars		% Change		Dollars		% Change		Dollars		% Change
	(dollars in thousands)
Nine months ended June 30, 2023	$	3,644,775			$	2,907,061			$	737,714
Organic effect	372,624		10.2	%	164,374		5.7	%	208,250		28.2	%
Disposal of businesses	(35,126)		(1.0)	%	(37,955)		(1.3)	%	2,829		0.4	%

Currency effect compared to the prior period	8,054		0.2	%	6,890		0.2	%	1,164		0.2	%
Nine months ended June 30, 2024	$	3,990,327	9.5	%	$	3,040,370	4.6	%	$	949,957	28.8	%

Selling, general, and administrative ("SG&A") expenses

SG&A expense consists of indirect costs related to general management, marketing, and administration. It is primarily composed of labor costs. These costs may be incurred at a segment level, for dedicated resources that are not client-facing, or at a corporate level. Corporate costs are allocated to segments on a consistent and rational basis. Fluctuations in our SG&A expense are primarily driven by changes in our administrative cost base, which is not directly driven by changes in our revenue. As part of our work for the U.S. federal government and many states, we allocate these costs using a methodology driven by the U.S. Federal Cost Accounting Standards.

Our SG&A expense for the three months ended June 30, 2023, included $22.1 million of expenses for investigation and remediation activities related to a cybersecurity event. Notwithstanding this, our SG&A expenses for the nine months ended June 30, 2024, have increased compared to the comparative period. This growth is principally from growth in our administrative base as the business expands.

Amortization of intangible assets

Amortization of intangible assets remained consistent for the three months ended June 30, 2024, as compared to three months ended June 30, 2023. For the nine months ended June 30, 2024, amortization of intangible assets decreased by $2.1 million as compared to nine months ended June 30, 2023. The decline was principally driven by the amortization in full of intangible assets from our Aidvantage acquisition.

Our balance sheet includes intangible assets of $487 million and $37 million from the 2021 VES and 2019 GDIT acquisitions, respectively. These assets, comprising customer relationships, technology, and a medical provider network, continue to support contracts acquired with these acquisitions. The greater part of these assets are being amortized over the remaining nine and five years, respectively. In the event that our expectations change with respect to these acquired contracts, the value of these assets and the estimated remaining lives of these assets may need to be adjusted.

Interest Expense

Our interest expense has remained consistent year-over-year as declines in our debt balance are offset by increased interest rates. Following the amendment of our debt agreement, we continue to mitigate our risk by fixing interest rates on approximately half of our debt. Our near-term capital allocation plan continues to prioritize reducing our debt using our free cash flow.

Provision for Income Taxes

Our effective income tax rate for the three and nine months ended June 30, 2024, was 25.4% and 25.3%, respectively, compared to 15.1% and 22.3% for the three and nine months ended June 30, 2023. Our tax rates in fiscal year 2023 received the benefit of discrete tax benefits from tax credits, which did not recur in fiscal year 2024. For fiscal year 2024, we expect the effective tax rate to be between 24.5% and 25.5%.

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U.S. Federal Services Segment

Our U.S. Federal Services Segment delivers end-to-end solutions that help various U.S. federal government agencies better deliver on their mission, including program operations and management, clinical services, and technology solutions. This segment also includes system and application development, Information Technology ("IT") modernization, and maintenance services. Clinical services comprises appeals and assessments services, which includes managing the evaluation process for U.S. veterans and service members on behalf of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs ("VA") and certain state-based assessments and appeals work that is part of the segment's heritage. Under Technology Consulting Services ("TCS"), the segment executes on its digital strategy to deliver technology solutions that advance agency missions, including the challenge to modernize, provide better customer experience, and drive process efficiencies.


Table MD&A 4: U.S. Federal Services Segment - Financial Results
	For the Three Months Ended						For the Nine Months Ended
	June 30, 2024			June 30, 2023			June 30, 2024			June 30, 2023
	(dollars in thousands)
Revenue	$	683,347		$	583,960		$	2,062,127		$	1,786,202
Cost of revenue	497,272			427,015			1,556,053			1,383,689
Gross profit	186,075			156,945			506,074			402,513
Selling, general, and administrative expenses	79,949			82,892			247,671			229,591
Operating income	106,126			74,053			258,403			172,922
Gross profit percentage	27.2		%	26.9		%	24.5		%	22.5		%
Operating margin percentage	15.5		%	12.7		%	12.5		%	9.7		%

Our revenue and cost of revenue for the three months ended June 30, 2024, increased 17.0% and 16.5%, respectively, compared to the three months ended June 30, 2023. For the nine months ended June 30, 2024, revenue and cost of revenue growth were 15.4% and 12.5%, respectively, compared to the nine months ended June 30, 2023. All growth in fiscal year 2024 was organic.

Our revenue and margin growth has principally been driven by volume growth and strong performance on our contracts relating to clinical assessments. Our profit margins have grown as the volume growth has allowed for economies of scale.

We anticipate that our U.S. Federal Services Segment will continue to grow for the remainder of fiscal year 2024, driven primarily by additional volumes in clinical services. We anticipate that our full-year operating margin will be around 12.5%.

We continue to monitor the status of announced recompetes of two of our significant contracts:

•The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services is currently recompeting the Contact Center Operations contract awarded to us in 2022, which is earlier-than-expected, and for the express purpose of including a labor harmony agreement requirement. In June 2024 we filed a pre-award protest which will be adjudicated by the Government Accountability Office. The Company expects to receive a response prior to the end of fiscal year 2024. The $6.6 billion contract value over a base plus a nine-year period of performance, is equivalent to approximately 10% to 15% of total Company revenue on an annual basis. The contract type is cost-plus-award-fee which traditionally carries low single digit margins. Given the contract's absorption of indirect costs, the impact to consolidated operating income from the absence of this contract would likely be more significant than just the low single digit margin, depending in part on the extent to which we would be able to mitigate the effects. Maximus has consistently met or exceeded all contractual service levels with uninterrupted operations and driven the highest independently measured customer satisfaction in the history of the program. We anticipate continuing to work on this contract uninterrupted until the recompete process, including any subsequent protest actions, is completed. We also believe that, as the incumbent, we have significant operational advantages.

•A majority of the MDE contracts under the VA, which comprise our acquired VES business, had ceilings on claims volumes at the time of award in 2018. Volumes have significantly increased since the passage of the PACT Act, thereby requiring a rebid process. In fiscal year 2023, these contracts together represented between 10% and 15% of our revenue. We anticipate continuing to work on these contracts uninterrupted until the recompete process is completed and that, as the incumbent, we have significant operational advantages.

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U.S. Services Segment


Table MD&A 5: U.S. Services Segment - Financial Results
	For the Three Months Ended						For the Nine Months Ended
	June 30, 2024			June 30, 2023			June 30, 2024			June 30, 2023
	(dollars in thousands)
Revenue	$	472,298		$	449,061		$	1,448,258		$	1,338,242
Cost of revenue	351,286			350,523			1,078,761			1,070,090
Gross profit	121,012			98,538			369,497			268,152
Selling, general, and administrative expenses	59,531			51,536			174,032			140,793
Operating income	61,481			47,002			195,465			127,359
Gross profit percentage	25.6		%	21.9		%	25.5		%	20.0		%
Operating margin percentage	13.0		%	10.5		%	13.5		%	9.5		%

Our revenue and cost of revenue for the three months ended June 30, 2024, increased 5.2% and 0.2%, respectively, compared to the three months ended June 30, 2023. For the nine months ended June 30, 2024, our revenue and cost of revenue increased 8.2% and 0.8%, respectively, compared to the nine months ended June 30, 2023. All growth was organic.

Growth in fiscal year 2024 was principally from Medicaid-related activities, a portion of which includes redetermination activities related to the unwinding exercise, resulting in additional volumes in transactions generating revenue on a cost-base which had been built up in anticipation of this growth. This resulted in improvements to our profit margins, that we anticipate returning to normal levels over the coming quarters. We anticipate a full-year operating profit margin of approximately 13%.

Outside the U.S. Segment

Table MD&A 6: Outside the U.S. Segment - Financial Results

For the Three Months Ended