MICROMEM TECHNOLOGIES INC [MMTIF] Filings

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

[ ] REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
or

[X] ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For The Fiscal Year Ended October 31, 2023
Or

[ ] TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
or

[ ] SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission File No. 0-26005

MICROMEM TECHNOLOGIES INC.
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Ontario, Canada
(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

121 Richmond Street West, Suite 602

Toronto, Ontario M5H 2K1, Canada

Tel: (416) 364-6513

Fax: (416) 360-4034
(Address of principal executive offices)

Joseph Fuda; 416-364-6513, jfuda@micromeminc.com, 121 Richmond Street West, Suite 602 Toronto, ON M5H 2K1
(Name, Telephone, E-Mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

None

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

Common Shares without par value

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:

None

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer's classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report:

510,368,838 Common Shares

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act:
Yes [  ]      No [X]

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registration is not required to file a report pursuant to section 13 or 15 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934:
Yes [  ]      No [X]

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days:
Yes [X]      No [  ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).
Yes [X]      No [  ]

Indicate  by check mark whether the registrant is a large, accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See definition of "large, accelerated filer," accelerator filer," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  [  ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a  report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.  [ ]                                                                                                                                               

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicated by check mark whether financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. [ ]

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).   [  ]

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

If "Other" has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the Registrant has elected to follow:
Item 17 [  ]    Item 18 [  ]

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act):
Yes [  ]      No [X]

(APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Section 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by the court  [  ]

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I

INTRODUCTION

Abbreviations

Throughout this document, Micromem Technologies Inc. and/or its affiliates are referred to as "Micromem", the "Company", "we", "us" or "our".

Throughout this document, unless otherwise noted or the context otherwise indicates, references to "2023" or "Fiscal 2023" refer to the fiscal year ended October 31, 2023; references to "2022" or "Fiscal 2022" refer to the fiscal year ended October 31, 2022; references to "2021" or "Fiscal 2021" refer to the fiscal year ended October 31, 2021; references to "2020" or "Fiscal 2020" refer to the fiscal year ended October 31, 2020; references to "2019" or "Fiscal 2019" refer to the fiscal year ended October 31, 2019; references to "2018" or "Fiscal 2018" refer to the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018; and references to "2017" or "Fiscal 2017" refer to the fiscal year ended October 31, 2017.

Forward Looking and Cautionary Statements

This Form 20-F contains certain forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are based on current expectations, estimates and projections about the business of our Company and the industry in which we operate, our management's beliefs, and assumptions made by our management. Words such as "expects," "anticipates," "intends," "plans," "believes," "seeks" and "estimates," variations on such words and similar expressions are intended to identify such forward-looking statements. These statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve certain risks, uncertainties and assumptions which are difficult to predict. Our actual results could differ materially from those expressed or forecasted in these forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors, including those set forth under Item 3 - Key Information - Risk Factors and elsewhere in this Form 20-F.

Unless otherwise noted or the context otherwise indicates, the forward-looking statements contained herein are provided as of the date hereof, and we do not undertake to update or amend such forward-looking statements whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as may be required by applicable law.

ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISORS

Not applicable.

ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

Not applicable.

ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION

A. Selected Financial Data

Fiscal 2023, 2022, 2021, 2020 and 2019 

The following table sets forth our selected consolidated financial data in United States dollars as of and for each of the fiscal years ended October 31, 2023, October 31, 2022, October 31, 2021, October 31, 2020, and October 31, 2019.  The selected consolidated financial data has been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements. All information contained in the following table should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto in "Item 18-Financial Statements" and "Item 5 - Operating and Financial Review and Prospects" included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 20-F.

Our consolidated financial statements for the years ended October 31, 2023, 2022, 2021, 2020 and 2019 have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards ("IFRS") as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board.

Selected balance sheet information

(all amounts in U.S. dollars)

Selected statement of operations and deficit information
(all amounts in U.S. dollars)

Currency and Exchange Rates

Our financial statements are all expressed in United States dollars. All other financial data appearing in this Form 20-F are expressed in United States dollars with the exception of certain limited cases when reference is made to instruments denominated in Canadian dollars ("CDN $").

Transactions that were conducted in Canadian dollars or other foreign currencies have been converted into United States dollars using the 3 month average rate of exchange per quarter which rate approximates the rate of exchange prevailing at the date of such transactions. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in Canadian dollars or other foreign currencies but expressed in this Form 20-F in United States dollars have been converted into United States dollars at the rate of exchange prevailing on the date of the applicable financial statement. Non-monetary assets and liabilities denominated in Canadian dollars but expressed in this Form 20-F in United States dollars have been converted into U.S. dollars at the historical exchange rate at the date of the transaction.

The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the high, low, end of period and average for period based on the Noon Buying Rates as published by the Bank of Canada, as expressed in the amount of U.S. Dollars equal to one Canadian dollar.

The following table sets forth, for each period indicated, the high and low exchange rates for United States dollars expressed in Canadian dollars on the last day of each month during such period, based on the Noon Buying Rate.

On January 31, 2024  the noon buying rate for one Canadian dollar, as quoted by the Bank of Canada, was CDN $1.3397 =  U.S. $1.00.

B. Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not applicable.

C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

D. Risk Factors

We and our investors face a number of risks, which are described below.

Risk Factors Related to Our Business

The financial statements of our Company have been prepared on a going concern basis.

We have prepared our financial statements on a "going concern" basis which presumes that we will be able to realize our assets and discharge our liabilities in the normal course of business for the foreseeable future.

Our ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon the successful commercialization of our sensor technology platforms that we currently have under development with our industry partners. Ultimately, we must achieve a profitable level of operation through licensing fees, royalties and the commercial sale of our products. We will require additional financing in the interim to fund our activity.

At October 31, 2023 we had $31,584 of cash on hand.  Our working capital deficiency is $4,818,699 at October 31, 2023. Subsequent to October 31, 2023, through to the date of the filing of this Annual Report on Form 20-F, we have raised an additional $216,415 through the issuance of convertible debentures and $113,260 through private placements of equity. 

Our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared on a going concern basis, do not include any adjustments to the amounts and classifications of the assets and liabilities that might be necessary should we be unable to continue in business. If the going concern assumption was not appropriate for our financial statements then adjustments would be necessary in the carrying value of assets and liabilities, the reported expenses and the balance sheet classifications used. Such adjustments could be material.

We currently have no operating revenue.

We have not yet reported commercial revenues from licensing fees, royalties or product sales. If we fail to enter into license agreements or if we do not obtain purchase orders from potential customers, we will have no revenues. If we enter into such agreements the amount of the revenues we receive will depend on the terms we are able to secure from each licensee and the ability of licensees to compete in their particular market.

There are market risks relating to the sale of our sensor technology platforms.

We continued to develop applications of our sensor technology in 2023 working with our technical advisors and our strategic development partners. We are pursuing joint development agreements with potential strategic partners with the expectation that we will jointly develop sensor applications for use by these potential strategic partners. We believe that these current initiatives will result in revenues and cash flow to the Company in the future but there can be no assurance when and if such revenues will be achieved.

We may face competition from larger corporations which also sell sensor technology and who have greater financial resources than the Company.

Our success will in part be determined by the following factors which have not yet been fully and completely tested nor measured: the ability of manufacturers to incorporate the technology into existing manufacturing capabilities without significant retooling and material costs, price competitiveness and the differential performance advantages of our technology.

Additionally, our ability to compete successfully will depend on elements outside of our control, including the rate at which customers incorporate our technology into their products, the success of such customers in selling those products, our protection of our intellectual property, the number, nature and success of our competitors and their product introductions and general market and economic conditions. Our success will depend on our ability to protect our intellectual property, to develop, introduce, and license or sell in a timely manner our technology or products incorporating our technology and to compete effectively on the basis of factors such as speed, density, die size and power consumption.

Failure to secure continued financing will cause our business to suffer.

Since there is no assurance that commercial revenues will be realized in future, we will need additional financing to continue our development and to successfully market our technology to potential licensees and strategic partners.

There can be no assurance that we will be able to continue to raise sufficient financing in the future and the failure to do so would affect our ability to further develop our technology platforms and to market our products to existing and new potential customers.

Because our success and value depends in part on our ownership and use of intellectual property, our failure to protect our property could adversely affect our future growth and success.

Our success will depend, in part, on our ability to protect our intellectual property. We rely primarily on patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret laws, as well as nondisclosure agreements and other methods to protect our proprietary technology and processes. Despite our efforts to do so, unauthorized parties may attempt to copy or otherwise obtain and use our products or technology, develop similar technology independently or design around our patents. Policing unauthorized use of our products is expensive and difficult, and we cannot be certain that all required steps we have taken will prevent misappropriation or infringement of our intellectual property.

Intellectual property claims against us, no matter how groundless, could cause our business to suffer.

Our future success and competitive position depend in part on our ability to retain rights to our technology, including any improvements that may be made on that technology from time to time by us or on our behalf. Certain of our technology is patented or is subject to pending patent applications in the United States and abroad and we know of no challenge that has been made either against our technology or our rights to it. We have no reason to believe that any such challenge might be made or that the grounds for any such challenge exist. If any intellectual property litigation were to be commenced against us, no matter how groundless, the result could be a significant expense to us, adversely affecting further development, licensing and sales, diverting the efforts of our technical and management personnel and, in the event of an adverse outcome, damages and possible restrictions on the further development, licensing and use of our technology. There can be no assurance that any of our outstanding pending patent applications will be issued as patents or that any issued patent will not be determined to be invalid at a later date.

We have a history of losses, and we may continue to generate losses in future.

To date, we have operated as a product development company and have not been profitable. Unless and until we are able to successfully commercialize our technology applications, we may not be able to generate sufficient revenues in future periods and we may not be able to attain profitability.

The further development of our sensor technology may require significant additional capital which we may have to fund directly if we are unable to secure financing from development partners. Therefore, we may incur expenses without receiving equal and offsetting revenues at least until we are able to license our technology to third parties. This may result in net operating losses until we can generate an acceptable level of revenues. Further, even if we achieve operating revenues, there can be no assurance that such revenues will be sufficient to fund continuing operations.

The likelihood of the success of our business plan must be considered in light of the problems, expenses, difficulties, complications and delays frequently encountered in connection with developing and expanding early stage businesses and the competitive environment in which we operate.

We will be dependent upon the success of a limited range of products.

The range of products we intend to commercialize is currently limited to applications of our sensor technology. If we are not successful in commercializing our technology platforms, or if there is not adequate demand for such technology or the market for such technology develops less rapidly than we anticipate, we may not have the capability to shift our resources to the development of alternative products on a timely basis. This could limit future revenues and profitability.

We may not realize income from the licensing of our technologies if our licensees fail to commercialize the products that incorporate these technologies.

In order to generate revenues from our sensor technology platforms, we will need to enter into licensing arrangements with third parties who can integrate our technology into products that will gain acceptance in the market. We have not yet entered into any licensing agreements, and there is no assurance that we will be able to do so on acceptable terms in future. To the extent we are successful in licensing our technology; in general we will seek upfront payments plus ongoing royalties based on anticipated commercial sales of the products into which our technology is incorporated. Our ability to realize royalties will thus depend upon the successful manufacture and commercialization of such products, which will be primarily within the control of the licensee. There is no assurance that such licensees will be successful in marketing and selling such products. In addition, licensees could decide to delay or discontinue the commercialization of products for financial or other business reasons. Even if our licensees succeed in developing products that incorporate our technology, in all likelihood a significant amount of development and testing will be required before such products can be introduced to market. Therefore we may not receive royalty income for a substantial period following the commencement of any licensing arrangements. If our licensees are unable to commercialize products on a timely basis, they may lose market share to competing or alternative technologies. Any failure by the companies to which we license our technologies to successfully develop marketable products would have an adverse effect on our future royalty payments and financial condition.

In order to commercialize our future products, we will need to establish a sales and marketing capability.

At present, we have limited sales and marketing capability and our financial resources have been limited. We will need to add marketing and sales expertise and must also develop the necessary supporting distribution channels. Although we believe we can build the required infrastructure either in-house or through strategic relationships, we may not be successful in doing so. Failure to establish a sales force and distribution network would have an adverse effect on our ability to grow our business.

We depend on key personnel.

Our senior managers and employees are Joseph Fuda, who serves as our Chief Executive Officer, and Dan Amadori, who serves as our Chief Financial Officer. We have engaged the services of several engineering/technical consulting firms to assist in converting our development efforts to commercialization. Our success depends on our ability to retain certain of our senior management and key technical personnel, our ability to attract and retain additional highly skilled personnel in the future and to maintain our working relationships with our engineering and technical consulting firms  to whom we have historically subcontracted our development work.

Steven Van Fleet resigned as President of our wholly-owned subsidiary, Micromem Applied Sensor Technologies, Inc. (MAST) in August 2018.  Micromem has engaged other consultants since September 2018 to assist the Company after Mr. Van Fleet's departure.  There can be no assurances that such efforts will be successful.

A depressed oil and gas sector could place our development projects at risk.

Certain of our development partners are engaged primarily in the oil and gas sector.  If market conditions are depressed for this sector, there is a risk that such companies could defer or cancel previously established capital expenditure programs or product development initiatives.  If these situations arose with our development partners in this sector, our related development projects could be at risk of delays or cancellation.

We may be materially affected by global economic,  political  and other conditions beyond our control.

Our ability to generate revenue may be adversely affected by uncertainty in the global economy and could also be affected by unstable global political conditions. Health epidemics, terrorist attacks or acts of war could significantly disrupt our operations and the operations of our future customers, suppliers, distributors, or resellers. We cannot predict the potential impact on our financial condition or our results of operations should such events occur.

We are pursuing a significant business opportunity in Romania, working with Romgaz, the state-controlled gas company.  To date, the war in the Ukraine with Russia, has not impacted our go forward plans in Romania.  If the Ukraine war expands into other eastern European countries in future, there could be repercussions to our ongoing business which could be significant.

We may be materially affected by rapid technological change and evolving industry standards.

Short product life cycles are inherent in high-technology companies due to rapid technological change and evolving industry standards. Our future financial condition and results of operations depend on our ability to respond effectively to these changes. There can be no assurance that we will be able to successfully do so or adapt our current products to new technologies or new industry standards. In addition, our customers may be reluctant to adopt new technologies and standards or they may prefer competing technologies and standards. Because the technology market changes so rapidly, it is difficult for us to predict the rate of adoption of our technology.

We may be materially affected by risks associated with new product development.

Our new product development is complex and requires us to investigate and evaluate multiple alternatives, as well as plan the design and manufacture of those alternatives selected for further development. Our development efforts could be adversely affected by hardware and software design flaws, product development delays, changes in operating systems and changes in industry standards. The manufacturing of new products involves integrating complex designs and processes, coordinating with suppliers for parts and components and managing manufacturing capacities to accommodate forecasted demand. If we are not successful in meeting these requirements, this could adversely affect our ability to introduce new products on a timely basis.

Our operations may be materially affected by the risks associated with the continued developments and protection of our intellectual property.

There can be no assurance that we will be able to continue to develop new intellectual property or that we will continue to have it developed for us. We rely on a combination of U.S. patent, copyright, trademark, and trade secret laws to protect our intellectual property rights. We previously filed patent and trademark registration applications with certain foreign governments; in 2019 we abandoned certain of these foreign applications.  We may not have appropriate coverage in all jurisdictions where we may sell or license our product in future.

We enter into confidentiality and non-disclosure agreements relating to our intellectual property with our employees and consultants. Despite our efforts to protect our intellectual property rights, unauthorized parties may attempt to copy or otherwise obtain or use our intellectual property. Monitoring the unauthorized use of our intellectual property is difficult and we cannot be certain that we will be able to adequately protect our intellectual property in the future.

There are foreign exchange risks associated with our Company.

Because we have historically raised funds in both U.S. and Canadian markets and a portion of our costs are denominated in Canadian dollars, our funding is subject to foreign exchange risks. A decrease in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to the Canadian dollar could affect our costs and potential future profitability. We do not currently hold forward exchange contracts or other hedging instruments to exchange foreign currencies for U.S. dollars so as to offset potential currency rate fluctuations.

Risk Factors Related to Our Common Shares

Our common shares are subject to the penny stock regulations, which may discourage brokers from effecting transactions in our common shares and adversely affect the market price of our common shares and liquidity.

Our common shares constitute "penny stock" under applicable regulations of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC"). The penny stock regulations impose significant restrictions on brokers who sell penny stock to persons other than established customers and institutional accredited investors. Broker-dealers participating in sales of our stock will be subject to the so called "penny stock" regulations covered by Rule 15g-9 under the Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"). Under the rule, broker-dealers must furnish to all investors in penny stocks a risk disclosure document required by the rule, make a special suitability determination of the purchaser and have received the purchaser's written agreement to the transaction prior to the sale. The penny stock regulations may discourage brokers from effecting transactions in the common shares. This would decrease market liquidity, adversely affect market price and make it difficult for you to use the common shares as collateral.

The rights of our shareholders may differ from the rights typically afforded to shareholders of a U.S. corporation.

We are incorporated under the Business Corporations Act (Ontario), also referred to herein as the "OBCA". The rights of holders of our common shares are governed by the laws of the Province of Ontario, including the OBCA, by the applicable laws of Canada, and by our Articles of Incorporation and all amendments thereto, also referred to herein as the "Articles", and our By-laws. These rights differ in certain respects from the rights of shareholders in typical U.S. corporations. The principal differences include without limitation the following:

Under the OBCA, we have a lien on any common share registered in the name of a shareholder or the shareholder's legal representative for any debt owed by the shareholder to us. Under some U.S. state laws, corporations generally are not entitled to any such statutory liens in respect of debts owed by shareholders.

With regard to certain matters, we must obtain approval of our shareholders by way of at least 66 2/3% of the votes cast at a meeting of shareholders duly called for such purpose being cast in favor of the proposed matter. Such matters include without limitation: (a) the sale, lease or exchange of all or substantially all of our assets out of the ordinary course of our business; and (b) any amendments to our Articles including, but not limited to, amendments affecting our capital structure such as the creation of new classes of shares, changing any rights, privileges, restrictions or conditions in respect of our shares, or changing the number of issued or authorized shares, as well as amendments changing the minimum or maximum number of directors set forth in the Articles. Under some U.S. state laws, the sale, lease, exchange or other disposition of all or substantially all of the assets of a corporation generally requires approval by a majority of the outstanding shares, although in some cases approval by a higher percentage of the outstanding shares may be required. In addition, under some U.S. state laws, the vote of a majority of the shares is generally sufficient to amend a company's certificate of incorporation, including amendments affecting capital structure or the number of directors. Under certain circumstances the board of directors may also have the ability to change the number of directors under some U.S. state laws.

Pursuant to our By-laws, two persons present in person or represented by proxy and each entitled to vote thereat shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business at any meeting of shareholders. Under some U.S. state laws, a quorum generally requires the presence in person or by proxy of a specified percentage of the shares entitled to vote at a meeting, and such percentage is generally not less than one-third of the number of shares entitled to vote.

Under rules of the Ontario Securities Commission, a meeting of shareholders must be called for consideration and approval of certain transactions between a corporation and any "related party" (as defined in such rules). A "related party" is defined to include, among other parties, directors and senior officers of a corporation, holders of more than 10% of the voting securities of a corporation, persons owning a block of securities that is otherwise sufficient to affect materially the control of the corporation, and other persons that manage or direct, to a substantial degree, the affairs or operations of the corporation. At such shareholders' meeting, votes cast by any related party who holds our common shares and who has an interest in the transaction may not be counted for the purposes of determining whether the minimum number of required votes have been cast in favor of the transaction. Under some U.S. state laws, a transaction between a corporation and one or more of its officers or directors can generally be approved either by the shareholders or a by majority of the directors who do not have an interest in the transaction. Corporations that are listed on a U.S. securities exchange or are quoted on Nasdaq may also be required to have transactions with officers and directors and other related party transactions reviewed by an audit committee comprised of independent directors.

There is no limitation imposed by our Articles or other charter documents on the right of a non-resident to hold or vote our common shares. However, the Investment Canada Act , also referred to herein as the Investment Act, as amended by the World Trade Organization Agreement Implementation Act, also referred to herein as the WTOA Act, generally prohibits implementation of a reviewable investment by an individual, government or agency thereof, corporation, partnership, trust or joint venture that is not a "Canadian," as defined in the Investment Act, unless, after review, the minister responsible for the Investment Act is satisfied that the investment is likely to be a net benefit to Canada. An investment in our common shares by a non-Canadian would be reviewable under the Investment Act if it were an investment to acquire direct control of Micromem, and the value of our assets were CDN $5.0 million or more. However, an investment in our shares by a national of a country (other than Canada) that is a member of the World Trade Organization or has a right of permanent residence in such a country (or by a corporation or other entity that is a "WTO Investor-controlled entity" pursuant to detailed rules set out in the Investment Act) would be reviewable at a higher threshold of CDN $344 million in assets, except for certain economic sectors with respect to which the lower threshold would apply. A non-Canadian, whether a national of a WTO member or otherwise, would acquire control of Micromem for purposes of the Investment Act if he or she acquired a majority of our common shares. The acquisition of less than a majority, but at least one-third of our common shares, would also be presumed to be an acquisition of control of Micromem, unless it could be established that Micromem was not controlled in fact by the acquirer through the ownership of voting shares. The United States is a WTO Member for purposes of the Investment Act. Certain transactions involving our common shares would be exempt from the Investment Act, including:

• an acquisition of our common shares if the acquisition were made in connection with the person's business as a trader or dealer in securities.

• an acquisition of control of Micromem in connection with the realization of a security interest granted for a loan or other financial assistance and not for any purpose related to the provisions of the Investment Act; and

• an acquisition of control of Micromem by reason of an amalgamation, merger, consolidation or corporate reorganization, following which the ultimate direct or indirect control of Micromem, through the ownership of voting interests, remains unchanged. Under U.S. law, except in limited circumstances, restrictions generally are not imposed on the ability of non- residents to hold a controlling interest in a U.S. corporation.

U.S. shareholders may not be able to enforce civil liabilities against us.

Micromem is incorporated under the laws of the Province of Ontario. Additionally, a number of our directors and executive officers are non-residents of the U.S., and all or a substantial portion of the assets of such persons are located outside the U.S. As a result, should any investor commence an action in the U.S. against Micromem or its directors or executive officers, Micromem or its directors or officers, as the case may be, may be able to insist that any action against them take place in the jurisdiction of the Province of Ontario. Accordingly, it may be difficult for investors to effect service of process on Micromem or these non-United States resident persons within the United States or to rely in the United States upon judgments obtained in the United States based on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws against Micromem or its executive officers and non-United States resident directors. In addition, if an investor were to obtain a U.S. judgment against Micromem or its directors or executive officers, there is doubt as to the enforceability of such U.S. judgment in Canada.

As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to file less information with the SEC than a company that is not a foreign private issuer or that files as a domestic issuer.

As a "foreign private issuer" (as defined by 405 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act")), we are exempt from certain rules under the Exchange Act  that impose disclosure requirements as well as procedural requirements for proxy solicitations under Section 14 of the Exchange Act. In addition, our officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and "short-swing" profit recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act. Moreover, we are not required to file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as a company that files as a domestic issuer whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act, nor are we generally required to comply with the SEC's Regulation FD, which restricts the selective disclosure of material non-public information. For as long as we are a foreign private issuer we intend to file our annual financial statements on Form 20-F or Form 40-F, as applicable, and furnish our quarterly financial statements on Form 6-K to the SEC for so long as we are subject to the reporting requirements of Section 13(g) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act. However, the information we file or furnish is not the same as the information that is required in annual and quarterly reports on Form 10-K or Form 10-Q for U.S. domestic issuers. Accordingly, there may be less information publicly available concerning us than there is for a company that files as a U.S. domestic issuer.

We may lose our foreign private issuer status, which would then require us to comply with the Exchange Act's domestic reporting regime and cause us to incur additional legal, accounting and other expenses.

We are required to determine our status as a foreign private issuer on an annual basis at the end of our second fiscal quarter. In order to maintain our current status as a foreign private issuer, either (1) a majority of our shares must be either directly or indirectly owned of record by non-residents of the United States or (2) (a) a majority of our executive officers or directors must not be U.S. citizens or residents, (b) more than 50 percent of our assets cannot be located in the United States and (c) our business must be administered principally outside the United States. If we lost this status as a foreign private issuer, we would be required to comply with the Exchange Act reporting and other requirements applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, which are more detailed and extensive than the requirements for foreign private issuers. We would also be subject to additional restrictions on offers and sales of securities outside the United States and would have to comply with the generally more restrictive Regulation S requirements under the Securities Act that apply to U.S. domestic issuers, which could limit our ability to access capital markets in the future. The regulatory and compliance costs to us under U.S. securities laws if we are required to comply with the reporting requirements applicable to a U.S. domestic issuer may be higher than the cost we would incur as a foreign private issuer. As a result, we expect that a loss of foreign private issuer status would increase our legal and financial compliance costs.

We do not anticipate paying dividends.

We have never paid a dividend on our securities and we do not anticipate paying dividends in the foreseeable future.

We are likely a ''passive foreign investment company'' ("PFIC"), which may have adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences for U.S. investors.

We believe that we were classified as a PFIC for our most recently completed tax year, and based on current business plans and financial expectations, we expect that we may be a PFIC for our current tax year and subsequent tax years. If we are a PFIC for any year during a U.S. taxpayer's holding period of our common shares, then such U.S. taxpayer generally will be required to treat any gain realized upon a disposition of our common shares or any so-called ''excess distribution'' received on our common shares as ordinary income, and to pay an interest charge on a portion of such gain or distribution. In certain circumstances, the sum of the tax and the interest charge may exceed the total amount of proceeds realized on the disposition, or the amount of excess distribution received, by the U.S. taxpayer. Subject to certain limitations, these tax consequences may be mitigated if a U.S. taxpayer makes a timely and effective QEF Election (as defined below) or a Mark-to-Market Election (as defined below). Subject to certain limitations, such elections may be made with respect to the common shares.  A U.S. taxpayer who makes a timely and effective QEF Election generally must report on a current basis its share of our net capital gain and ordinary earnings for any year in which we are a PFIC, whether or not we distribute any amounts to our shareholders. However, U.S. taxpayers should be aware that there can be no assurance that we will satisfy the record keeping requirements that apply to a qualified electing fund, or that we will supply U.S. taxpayers with information that such U.S. taxpayers require to report under the QEF Election rules, in the event that we are a PFIC and a U.S. taxpayer wishes to make a QEF Election. Thus, U.S. taxpayers may not be able to make a QEF Election with respect to our common shares. A U.S. taxpayer who makes the Mark-to-Market Election generally must include as ordinary income each year the excess of the fair market value of our common shares over the taxpayer's basis therein. This paragraph is qualified in its entirety by the discussion below under the heading "Certain United States Federal Income Tax Consequences - Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules." Each potential investor who is a U.S. taxpayer should consult its own tax advisor regarding the tax consequences of the PFIC rules and the acquisition, ownership, and disposition of our common shares.

We may need to issue additional securities which may cause our shareholders to experience dilution.

Our Board of Directors has the authority to issue additional common shares, without par value, or other of our securities without the prior consent or vote of our shareholders. The issuance of additional common shares would dilute the proportionate equity interest and voting power of our shareholders.

The price of our common shares and volume of our common shares may be volatile.

Our shareholders may be unable to sell a significant number of our common shares on the OTCQB^® Venture Market (the "OTCQB") without a significant reduction in the market price of the shares.

Furthermore, there can be no assurance that we will be able to meet the listing requirements of, or achieve listing on, any other stock exchange. The market price of the common shares may be affected significantly by factors such as fluctuations in our operating results, announcements of technological innovations or new products by us or our competitors, action by governmental agencies against us or the industry in general, developments with respect to patents or proprietary rights, public concern as to the safety of products developed by us or others, the interest of investors, traders and others in public companies such as ours and general market conditions. In recent years, the securities markets in the United States and Canada have experienced a high level of price and volume volatility, and the market price of securities of many companies, particularly small capitalization companies, have experienced fluctuations which have not necessarily been related to the operating performance, underlying asset values or business prospects of such companies.

ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

A. History and Development of Our Company

Micromem is a corporation formed under the laws of the Province of Ontario, Canada, with principal executive offices at 121 Richmond Street West, Suite 602, Toronto, Ontario M5H 2K1 (416.364.6513). Micromem was incorporated on October 21, 1985 as Mine Lake Minerals Inc. We subsequently changed our name to Avanti Capital Corp. on June 23, 1988, to Avanti Corp International Inc. on April 30, 1992 and to Micromem Technologies Inc. on January 11, 1999 in connection with our acquisition of Pageant Technologies Incorporated, also referred to herein as Pageant International. Our website address is www.micromeminc.com. The information on our website is not part of this Annual Report on Form 20-F. We have included our website address in this document as an inactive textual reference only.

The Evolution of Micromem from Memory to Sensor Based Client Solutions

Micromem Applied Sensors Technologies, Inc., our wholly-owned subsidiary ("MAST") was incorporated in 2008 in the State of Delaware. MAST was formed in connection with a contract with BAE Systems in Nashua, New Hampshire. BAE Systems is a Department of Defense trusted facility, which can only do business with U.S. entities (ITAR regulations). BAE Systems' interest was in the potential to utilize our MRAM technology in a radiation-hardened environment for military applications.  During this work it was determined that the Hall sensor, which was integral to the MRAM design, had several performance characteristics that by itself, as a product, would potentially create value for MAST.

Frost & Sullivan was contracted by MAST in 2009 to assess the market opportunities for a late entry into the Hall sensor market. The Hall sensor market in 2009 was robust at an estimated $1.9 billion USD. The market barriers were mature market, declining margins and heavy competition. A decision was taken to not enter the Hall sensor component market for the above reasons. A decision was taken to explore the market opportunities associated with creating unique sensor based solutions that revolved around our Hall sensor technology.

A decision was taken to internally develop, at our own cost, proof of concepts for products that we had gleaned, through our marketing efforts, to have potential market value. These included a magnetic gold sensor for drilling plug analysis, an oil condition sensor for automotive use and an oil/gas aerial exploration platform.

In 2010, MAST was engaged to develop a sensor platform for detecting four nanometer magnetic particles in a flowing oil stream at a concentration less than 1 ppb. Another revenue generating opportunity came in 2011 from a supplier for high speed air bearing motors. MAST replaced the incumbent Hall sensor supplier and delivered a unique circuit board form factor that incorporated the smallest Hall sensor in the world.

In 2011 MAST became aware of the NineSigma Open Innovation model. Nine Sigma's core services connect innovation-seeking companies to the best solutions, capabilities, and partners around the world. MAST's relationship with NineSigma provided us access to the Global Fortune 1000 companies and resulted in a future sales proposal pipeline.

In 2011, a decision was taken to stop research and development effort in the MRAM market space. This decision was taken, in part, due to the high capital demand for staying current in the rapidly changing technology and, equally important, the MRAM market had not grown at the anticipated growth rates. Micromem had amassed multiple memory patents and in 2013 began efforts to value the patent portfolio and attempt to arrange for a sale of these assets.

Until 2014, Micromem funded virtually all of its research and development initiatives. Our main priority was to provide customers with sensor based platform solutions that address their difficult business problems. By 2015 we had advanced a number of our product development initiatives under joint product development agreements with our clients Chevron, Castrol, Flextronics, and Eversource Energy.  Our pipeline of development projects expanded.

In 2016 and 2017, we attempted to advance our projects towards field trials.  The Flextronics and Eversource projects were ultimately discontinued.  We continued with the Chevron and Castrol development projects and began discussions with Repsol SA. 

In 2018 the Castrol project was discontinued.  We continued to advance our Chevron and Repsol S.A. projects. 

In October 2018, Steve Van Fleet filed a lawsuit again the Company and MAST seeking payment of alleged remuneration and expense reimbursements due to him totaling $214,574.  The Company denied the allegations and, in turn, interposed counterclaims again Mr. Van Fleet seeking, among other things, damages of not less than $3.0 million.  In 2021 the litigation with Mr. Van Fleet was resolved in our favor. See Item 5 - Operating and Financial Review and Prospects - Contingencies.

Recent Developments Prior to Fiscal 2023:

Chevron: In 2019 we continued to engage with Chevron personnel and with our engineering subcontractor, Entanglement Technologies Inc. (Entanglement").  We met with the Chevron team members in their Houston offices on seven occasions to continue our dialogue and measure our go forward path.  We also met directly with Entanglement on three occasions for these purposes. The field testing of the onsite pilot program was coordinated between Chevron, Entanglement and the Company and commenced in March 2019 at a California based oil well site operated by Chevron.  The initial on site testing was conducted over a period of approximately six weeks.  Thereafter sample testing from the onsite well continued in both the Entanglement and Chevron laboratories. Chevron advised that the results of the testing that has been completed to date has met with their expectations and requirements and that the performance of the technology in the onsite pilot and subsequent lab sample testing has been validated.

Romgaz:  Romgaz is the state-controlled gas company in Romania. We initiated a dialogue with the senior management team at Romgaz in May 2019. The opportunity developed as a result of the progress that we had experienced with our Chevron initiative which, by that point, has advanced to the onsite pilot program referenced above.

We continued our initial discussions with Romgaz thereafter and, in October 2019, we announced that the Company had executed a letter of intent ("Romgaz LOI") which afforded the Company the opportunity to sell the ARTRA technology units to Romgaz and to develop a robust analytics solution for the technology.  The key conditions to progressing the Romgaz LOI were twofold - that Romgaz would continue with their due diligence on the ARTRA technology, and that manufacturing of the commercial units in the future would be completed, with the Company's input, in Romania. 

Discussions and negotiations with Romgaz continued after the execution of the Romgaz LOI in October 2019. These discussions involved Chevron whom the Company introduced to Romgaz as part of the Romgaz due diligence process.

In December 2019 Romgaz put forward a series of questions to Chevron relating to the Chevron experience with the ARTRA technology and the testing that Chevron had conducted in 2019.  The dialogue that the Company coordinated between Romgaz and Chevron was positive, and the specifics of these discussions were approved by both parties and posted to the Micromem website on December 20, 2019.

Repsol: In Q1 2019 we submitted a proposed letter of intent ("Repsol LOI") to the Repsol engineering team with whom we engaged in September 2018 after the resignation of Mr. Van Fleet .The Repsol LOI was intended to reset the go forward product development parameters, marketing efforts and cost sharing arrangements for this project.  The original Repsol purchase order submitted in 2017 was suspended as part of these discussions with Repsol.

The underlying technology for the Repsol initiative has been referenced in our Annual Report for Fiscal 2018 as the RT Lube Analyzer.  The initial development completed on this technology between 2016-2018 was undertaken by the Company and its engineering subcontract, SBM Microsystems.  In 2019 we moved the project to an engineering and manufacturing entity in Toronto Canada. In mid-2019, we began negotiations with the Repsol team towards a final development contract.  Ultimately, however, we were not successful in engaging Repsol and this project was suspended in 2020. 

Capital Expenditures

Micromem reports $2,044 of capital expenditures in 2023 (2022: nil).  It incurred $5,271 of capital expenditures in 2021.  These expenditures relate to the purchase of computer equipment. 

Available Information

The SEC maintains an Internet site at http://www.sec.gov/edgar that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC through the SEC's Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis and Retrieval ("EDGAR") system. Information is also available under the Company's profile on SEDAR+ (http://www.sedarplus.ca) or on www.micromeminc.com.

B. Business Overview

Update of Product Development Activity at October 31, 2023

(a) Romgaz:

Our discussions with Romgaz and other companies incorporated in Romania occurred on a continuous on a weekly basis throughout fiscal 2023 and have continued to progress since our fiscal year end.  The key go-forward points in these discussions, at the current date are as follows:

(i) We received an initial purchase order for several interwell tracer devices, similar to the technology that Chevron deployed in the California field trials referenced above.

(ii) Micromem will be commissioned to conduct/lead a development program to enhance and expand the analytics capabilities of the existing technology with the end goal of delivering a comprehensive analytics solution to Romgaz for its specific performance requirements in its gas wells.

(iii) Micromem has pursued discussions whereby the technology application developed in (ii)  above will be manufactured on a commercial scale in Romania.  It is expected that the technology that will be manufactured in Romania will be suitable for both oil and gas well applications.

(iv) A joint venture agreement between Micromem and Romgaz is contemplated. The working relationship between Micromem and Romgaz is expected to expand to include the development of other technology applications where Micromem has been active over the past five years.  We expect to finalize these working arrangements and move forward with these initiatives in 2024.  It is expected that Romgaz will provide the initial capital to launch this expanded working relationship.

In anticipation of these developments with Romgaz in 2024, Micromem is planning for its business activity to include the following components: 

(i) Continuance of its working relationship with the developer of the interwell tracer device (ARTRA 171) technology which Chevron has successfully tested in on site testing of operating oil wells for which we received a Romgaz purchase order in 2023. 

(ii) We plan to maintain our dialogue with Chevron and may pursue certain licensing  opportunities  with  Chevron  relating  to  their  proprietary  technology  in our  continued  work  with Romgaz.

(iii) We  have  established  a Toronto - based  engineering/product presence  in  cooperation with  an established  manufacturing and  engineering group  with  whom  we  expect  to have a role as a strategic partner to Micromem.

(iv) Between June 2021-August 2022, Micromem hired two engineering staff persons through the University of Toronto coop program, each for a 16-month term. The engineering staff were responsible for supporting all of Micromem's current initiatives with Chevron, Romgaz and other potential customers. With  that  work  completed, we  did  not  engage with  the  coop  program in 2023 . As our Romgaz  project continues, we may continue this program of coop hires, as appropriate, in future.

(v) We will plan to add additional senior management to the Micromem team  in  the project management, engineering,  and financial reporting areas of discipline. We will also look to recruit  additional corporate  directors to our Board .

(b) Chevron:

As previously reported, successful field testing of the interwall tracer device was conducted on-site at a California-based Chevron well site in 2019.  Sample testing was conducted for a 12-month period thereafter through March 2020.

We met with Chevron in their offices on 3 occasions in 2023.  We attended the Houston- based  OTC oil  and gas  conference  in  May 2023 and  have maintained  a  current  dialogue  with Chevron  and  with other  industry  participants.

Once our initiative with Romgaz is launched, we plan to attempt to reengage with Chevron to assess potential current opportunities to collaborate upon with Chevron.

Senior management at Chevron has, in the past, been very supportive of Micromem's engagement with Romgaz.

Deferred development costs / development expenses

Until October 31, 2016, we capitalized as deferred development costs the expenditures that we incurred on these projects, net of the recoveries of such costs from our development partners.  Since November 2016, we have expensed net costs as such costs did not meet the criteria for capitalization based on our impairment analysis.

We have previously reported on the chronology, by customer, of our investment in development costs relating to our various projects which we undertook with our strategic partners. A summary of these costs and recoveries between 2012 and 2019 is provided as below:

Net Costs absorbed by the Company:

1. Chevron (2013-2019)

2. Repsol (2018-2019)

3. Castrol (2014-2018)

4. Saudi Aramco (2012-2013)

5. Northeast Utilities (2013-2015)

6. GM/Flextronics (2012-2015)

7. Other (various) (2011-2014)

The Chevron development project was  self-funding after 2016.  The Castrol project was suspended in 2018 given that Castrol was not prepared to commit additional funding to the project.  The Saudi Aramco contract was completed in 2014.  The Northeast Utilities contract was terminated in 2015 given that Northeast Utilities was not prepared to commit additional funding to the project other than in kind consideration.  The GM/Flextronics work commenced in 2012; the Company was absorbing all of the costs associated with the development of the prototype product being developed in conjunction with GM/Flextronics.  The prototype work was suspended due to the turnover of the GM project team by 2016-2017 and the Company's decision to stop committing additional funding to the project after 2016.  The Company has been awarded several patents relating to the work completed on the GM/Flextronics project.

In 2019 the Company incurred $36,051 of expenses with respect to the ongoing costs associated with the Chevron project and recovered $77,597 from Chevron including payments received for certain milestones achieved in 2018.

The Company remains a pre-revenue entity at October 31, 2023. It did not incur any further development expenses on any project between 2020-2023.

Given the progress and momentum achieved to date with Chevron and with Romgaz, the Company believes it will have commercial orders, although there can be no assurances such purchase orders will be made or that revenues will be achieved in future.  In October 2023 we received our first purchase order from Romgaz.

Intellectual Property

Our intellectual property consists of two components:

a) A series of patents and provisional patents relating to the smart oil pan plug technology (the formal reference is the "multimodal conditional sensor platform and system thereof") originally developed from the work completed on the GM/Flextronics project.

b) A series of older patents relating to the Hall sensor application for magnetic random access memory (MRAM).  These patents and the market for MRAM applications have not been pursued by the Company since 2009 and all of the costs associated with these patents were written off by 2013 after unsuccessful attempts to sell or license this intellectual property to other parties.

Beginning in 2018, we began to abandon provisional patent filings in a number of international jurisdictions as a cost cutting initiative.  We have  not  funded  any  additional patent  related  activity  nor  patent  filings  since  2018.

We believe that the U.S. patents that have been granted for MRAM have sustaining value to be realized in the future. If the Company's financial position improves, it may pursue the exploitation of its patents in this field of endeavors. 

Our patent costs are summarized below for the fiscal years ending October 31, 2019-2022:

Share Capital

At October 31, 2023, the Company had 510,368,838 common shares outstanding (2022: 467,607,678 common shares outstanding). Additionally, the Company has 9,775,000 stock options outstanding with a weighted average exercise price of $0.06 per share (2022: 11,725,000 options outstanding with a weighted average exercise price of $0.06 per share).

Changes to Our Board of Directors and Management:

The Company held its most recent Annual General and Special Meeting of the shareholders for the fiscal years ending 2017, 2018, and 2019 on September 8, 2020.  At such meeting, Joseph Fuda, Alex Dey and Oliver Nepomuceno were re-elected as directors. Joseph Fuda and Dan Amadori continue in their respective roles of CEO and CFO respectively.

We plan to schedule the next Annual General Meeting of shareholders to cover the 2020, 2021, 2022 and 2023 fiscal years to be held prior to April 30, 2024. We will evaluate the opportunities to expand our Board of Directors at this upcoming Annual General Meeting.

Equity Financing Transactions:

In the fiscal year ended October 31, 2023, the Company completed the following transactions:

(a) Pursuant to prospectus and registration exemptions set forth in applicable securities law, the Company completed private placements consisting of common shares, received net proceeds of $509,939 and issued a total of 9,864,500 common shares. 

(b) The Company continued its bridge loan financing activities in 2023, specifically:

(i) It issued 30,346,660 common shares for the conversion of bridge loans totaling $1,742,226. 

(ii) It realized net proceeds of $645,151 from the issuance of convertible debentures.

(iii) It repaid $270,000 of bridge loans previously secured.

(iv) Certain of the bridge loans that matured in 2023 were extended at maturity date, ultimately through October 31, 2023, and thereafter.

In the fiscal year ended October 31, 2022, the Company completed the following transactions:

(c) Pursuant to prospectus and registration exemptions set forth in applicable securities law, the Company completed private placements consisting of common shares, received net proceeds of $181,997 and issued a total of 5,012,450 common shares. 

(d) The Company continued its bridge loan financing activities in 2022, specifically:

(v) It issued 26,443,820 common shares for the conversion of bridge loans totaling $764,432. 

(vi) It realized net proceeds of $765,671 from the issuance of convertible debentures.

(vii) It repaid $63,490 of bridge loans previously secured.

(viii) Certain of the bridge loans that matured in 2022 were extended at maturity date, ultimately through October 31, 2022, and thereafter.

Environmental Matters:

We are subject to various environmental protection regulations imposed by the government in the jurisdiction where we conduct our development work. We are not aware of any current or pending environmental protection laws or regulations that would have a material impact on our capital expenditure requirements or competitive position.

C. Organizational Structure

In November 2007, the Company incorporated MAST as a Delaware-based wholly-owned subsidiary. MAST had an office in New York City and was being managed by Steven Van Fleet, its then President and a Director of Micromem. We have utilized the services of other consultants to continue the work of MAST since the departure of Mr. Van Fleet in August 2018. 

In October 2008, the Company incorporated 7070179 Canada Inc. as a wholly-owned subsidiary. On October 31, 2008, the Company assigned its rights, title, and interest in certain of its intellectual property which it previously held directly to 707179 Canada Inc. in exchange for common shares of this wholly-owned subsidiary.

We have a wholly-owned subsidiary, Pageant International, which was incorporated under the laws of the Turks & Caicos Islands and continued to Barbados on May 25, 2001. Pageant International has a wholly-owned subsidiary, Pageant Technologies (USA) Inc., a corporation incorporated in the State of Utah. Pageant Technologies USA has been inactive since 2002.

We have a wholly-owned subsidiary, Memtech International Inc., incorporated under the laws of the Bahamas, which in turn has a wholly-owned subsidiary, Memtech International (USA) Inc., a corporation incorporated in the State of Delaware. We also have a wholly-owned subsidiary Micromem Holdings (Barbados) Inc. These subsidiaries have been inactive since inception.

D. Property, Plant and Equipment

We maintain our corporate headquarters in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. We occupied 2,500 square feet of commercial office space pursuant to a lease that was extended in February 2017 for five years through July 2022. In August 2022 we moved to a smaller unit in the same commercial building occupying 1,154 square feet pursuant to a lease from August 1, 2022, to July 31, 2025.  The Company sublets a portion of its rental space on a month to month basis and realized sublet income of $17,682 in 2023 (2022: $19,076; 2021: $24,809)

In 2022, the Company capitalized $48,408 of right of use assets under IFRS 16 pertaining to its lease for office premises and recorded an equivalent liability in its accounts. The Company recorded amortization of $16,492 in 2023; ($25,878 in 2022; 2021: $28,033).

ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS

This section of the Form 20-F has been prepared to provide a more substantive discussion of our business and to assist the reader in analyzing the audited consolidated financial statements for the years ended October 31, 2023, October 31, 2022, and October 31, 2021. This discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes in this Annual Report, which are prepared in accordance with IFRS and are stated in United States dollars.

Operating Results:

The following table sets forth certain selected financial information of our Company.

Selected statement of operation and deficit information

Selected balance sheet information

Fiscal 2023 Compared to Fiscal 2022

a) Administration costs were $148,616 in 2023 versus $185,366 in 2022.  These costs include rent and occupancy costs of $17,663 (2022: $50,907, the Company reported sublet income for a portion of its office space in 2022; office insurance costs of $1,930 (2022: $1,696; the Company did not renew its directors and officers' insurance coverage after 2020), investor relations, listings and filing fees of $52,756 (2022: $64,769), other general and administrative expenses of $70,584 (2022: $59,938).

b) Professional and other fees and salaries costs were $610,052 in 2023 versus $647,710 in 2022. The components of these total costs include legal and audit related expenses of $144,244 in 2023 (2022: $110,933), third party consulting fees were $67,664 in 2023 (2022: $69,563), staff salaries and benefits were $398,144 in 2023 (2022: $467,214).

The CFO has received $86,250 of management fees in 2023 (2022: $40,615). The CEO of the Company has received $190,317 of compensation in 2023 (2022: $92,902).

c) Travel and entertainment expenses were $63,360 in 2023 (2022: $59,504).

d) In 2023, the Company awarded 3,000,000 stock options to directors, officers, employees and consultants. (2022: 2,025,000 stock options issued to consultants); the related expense of $217,965 was calculated using the Black Scholes option-pricing model (2022: $41,484).

e) Interest expense was $540,929 in 2023 versus $469,425 in 2022.  This represents the actual interest expense obligations incurred by the Company based on the stated interest rates on the convertible debenture notes.

f) Amortization expense was $16,492 in 2023 relating to Capital Assets (2022: $29,755 consisting of $3,877 relating to patents and $25,878 relating to Capital Assets).

g) Financing costs were $86,352 in 2023 versus $13,233 in 2022.  These expenses relate to costs associated with the convertible debenture financings which the Company completed in 2023 and 2022; there were fewer such financings in 2022. 

h) The gain on foreign exchange reported in 2023 was $62,613 versus a gain of $176,477 in 2022.  This included the exchange relating to the translation of $CDN denominated transactions during the year and to Canadian denominated assets and liabilities at fiscal quarter and year ends.  It also included the foreign exchange relating to the initiation, renewal, conversion, and repayment of convertible debentures transactions during the fiscal years.  The Canadian dollar, relative to the U.S. dollar was $0.7509 at October 31, 2019, $0.7596 at October 31, 2020, $0.7956 at October 31, 2021 , $0.7327 at October 31, 2022 and $0.7207 at October 31, 2023.  

i) The other expenses reported relate to the convertible debentures. These expenses are all non-cash expenses and compare as follows:

Fiscal 2022 Compared to Fiscal 2021

j) Administration costs were $185,366 in 2022 versus $155,504 in 2021.  These costs include rent and occupancy costs of $ 50,907 (2021: $15,536, the Company reported sublet income for a portion of its office space in 2022 and 2021; in 2021  the Company also  received  Federal Government COVID-19 related  rent subsidies); office insurance costs of $1,696 (2021: $753; the Company did not renew its directors and officers insurance coverage after 2020), investor relations, listings and filing fees of $64,769 (2021: $53,029), other general and administrative expenses of $ 59,938 (2021: $86,186).

k) Professional and other fees and salaries costs were $647,710 in 2022 versus $424,485 in 2021. The components of these total costs include legal and audit related expenses of $110,933 in 2022 (2021: $116,425), 3^rd party consulting fees were $69,563 in 2022 (2021: $132,793), staff salaries and benefits were $467,214 in 2022 (2021: $184,138).

The CFO has received $40,615 of management fees in 2022 (2021: $25,376). The CEO of the Company has received $92,902 of compensation in 2022 (2021: $81,826).

l) Travel and entertainment expenses were $59,504 in 2022 (2021: $24,903). We limited travel expenses in 2021 as part of a broader  effort to reduce the Company's operating expenses; corporate travel has resumed in 2022.

m) In 2022, the Company awarded 2,025,000 stock options to consultants. (2021: 9.5 million stock options issued to directors, officers and consultants); the related expense of $41,484 was calculated using the Black Scholes option-pricing model (2021: $360,044).

n) Interest expense was $469,425 in 2022 versus $495,809 in 2021.  This represents the actual interest expense obligations incurred by the Company based on the stated interest rates on the convertible debenture notes.

o) Amortization expense was $29,755 in 2022 consisting of $3,877 relating to patents and $25,878 relating to Capital Assets (2021: $36,033 consisting of $8,000 relating to patents and $28,033 relating to Capital Assets).

p) Financing costs were $13,233 in 2022 versus $84,478 in 2021.  These expenses relate to costs associated with the convertible debenture financings which the Company completed in 2022 and 2021; there were fewer such financings in 2022. 

q) The gain on foreign exchange reported in 2022 was $176,477 versus a loss of $222,553 in 2021.  This included the exchange relating to the translation of $CDN denominated transactions during the year and to Canadian denominated assets and liabilities at fiscal quarter and year ends.  It also included the foreign exchange relating to the initiation, renewal, conversion, and repayment of convertible debentures transactions during the fiscal years.  The Canadian dollar, relative to the U.S. dollar was $0.7509 at October 31, 2019, $0.7596 at October 31, 2020, $0.7956 at October  31, 2021 and $0.7327 at October 31, 2022.  

r) The other expenses reported relate to the convertible debentures. These expenses are all non-cash expenses and compare as follows:

Unaudited Quarterly Financial Information

B. Liquidity and Capital Resources:

Liquidity

We have not yet realized commercial revenues from the exploitation of our technology platforms. We currently do not have positive cash flow from operations and will not realize positive cash flow until we license or directly produce and sell products utilizing our technology platforms.

We currently have no lines of credit available. We have relied on obtaining equity financing from investors through private placements, through the exercise of common stock options by officers and directors, and through bridge loans that the Company has secured in order to meet our cash flow needs until we can generate sustainable revenues. At October 31, 2023, we had a working capital deficiency of $4,818,699 (2022: $4,722,878) including cash on hand of $31,584 (2022: $33,227). Since October 31, 2023, we have raised an additional $216,415 of bridge loan financing and $113,260 of financing from private placements.  We have granted to our directors, officers, other employees and consultants a number of options to purchase shares at prices that are at or above market price on the date of grant. None of the optionees have any obligation to exercise their options and there can be no guarantee that we will realize any funds from the exercise of these options.

In 2024, we plan to continue to raise financing as required and we anticipate that we may report initial revenues from our development partners. In our opinion, despite the current working capital deficiency, in consideration of the future financing endeavours, business plan and existing cash resources, we expect the Company to have sufficient financial resources to fund the Company's planned operations through fiscal 2024.

We incurred $2,044 capital expenditures in 2023 (2022: nil).

C. Research and Development:

Under IFRS, research costs are expensed in the period incurred. Development expenses are expensed as incurred unless they meet the criteria for deferral and amortization under IFRS, which criteria is the translation of research findings or other knowledge into a plan for the technology prior to commercial production or use.

D. Trend Information:

The market applications for "smart" sensors are expanding; there are potential applications that could be utilized in virtually every industry vertical.

Our prospects for commercial revenues are dependent upon the successful completion of milestones in the development contracts that we have initiated to date and upon the customers deciding to proceed with commercial orders once these development contracts are successfully completed.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements:

We are not party to any off-balance sheet arrangements. In addition, we have no unconsolidated special purpose financing or partnership entities.

Tabular Disclosure of Contractual Obligations:

A summary of our financial commitments as of October 31, 2023, is as below:

Critical Accounting Policies:

Our significant accounting policies are set forth in our consolidated financial statements, which should be read in conjunction with management's discussion of our critical accounting policies and estimates set forth below.

Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with IFRS.

We have not yet realized commercial revenues from the exploitation of our technology. Under IFRS, research costs are expensed in the period incurred. Development expenses are expensed as incurred unless they meet the criteria for deferral and amortization under IFRS which is the translation of research findings or other knowledge into a plan for the technology prior to commercial production or use. As at October 31, 2023, the Company capitalized nil of development costs and capitalized nil as intangible assets under IFRS.

Management is required to make estimates and assumptions which can affect the reported balances. In determining estimates of net recoverable amounts and net realizable values, or whether there has been a permanent impairment in value, we rely on assumptions regarding applicable industry performance and prospects, as well as general business and economic conditions that prevail and are expected to prevail. Assumptions underlying asset valuations are limited by the availability of reliable comparable data and the uncertainty of predictions concerning future events.

Contingencies:

(1) We have agreed to indemnify our directors and officers and certain of our employees in accordance with our Bylaws.  We maintain insurance policies that may provide coverage against certain claims.

(2) The Company may be subject to litigation, claims and governmental and regulatory proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business.  In such cases, the Company would accrue a loss contingency for these matters when it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated.

(3) Legal matter: Litigation with Steven Van Fleet 

We have previously reported on the litigation matter, which commenced in 2018, relating to Mr. Van Fleet, the former President of MAST.

In 2021, the Supreme Court of the State of New York, County of Dutchess ultimately dismissed all of Mr. Van Fleet's claims, found that he was liable to Micromem and MAST on their counterclaims and ordered an inquest to determine damages. The inquest was held between June 3 - 7, 2021.

On June 16^th, 2021, the court ordered that Micromem, and MAST had established damages of $765,579.35, the full amount that had been requested. Additionally, the court awarded costs and statutory prejudgement interest from May 9, 2017. On June 29^th, 2021, the court entered a judgement ("Judgement") in favor of Micromem and MAST and against Mr. Van Fleet in the amount of $1,051,739.83.

With respect to the Company's efforts to collect on that Judgement, a settlement ("Settlement") was reached during October 2021. Pursuant to the Settlement, the Company received an initial one-time payment and is entitled to additional monthly payments over a period of up to six years. The Company will record those payments as and when they are received. The total amount to be received by the Company if Mr. Van Fleet makes all the required payments under the terms of the Settlement will be less than the amount of the Judgement obtained by the Company, but if Mr. Van Fleet does not comply with the terms of the Settlement, it also provides the Company a means of enforcing a larger judgement against Mr. Van Fleet that is substantially in line with the Judgement.

(4) Legal matter:  Litigation with ex-controller

On November 1, 2023, a former employee filed a statement of claim against the Company relating to employment termination without reasonable notice. The Company filed a statement of defence and counterclaim on November 29, 2023 denying all liability to the former employee. The Company considers the claim of the former employee to be largely and likely without merit and therefore, no provision has been recorded in these consolidated financial statements.

Translation of Foreign Currencies:

Our functional and reporting currency is the United States dollar. Accounts recorded in foreign currency have been converted to United States dollars as follows: Monetary assets and liabilities are translated at exchange rates at the consolidated balance sheet dates; non-monetary assets are translated using the historical rate of exchange in effect at the translation dates; revenues and expenses are translated using the average rate of exchange for the year, which rate approximates the rate of exchange prevailing at the transaction dates; and gains and losses resulting from the translation are included in the determination of net loss for the period.

ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES

A. Directors and Executive Officers

The Directors and Executive Officers of Micromem as at January 31, 2024, are set forth below:

Joseph Fuda has been President, Chief Executive Officer, and Director since February 13, 2002. Previously he served as Manager of Strategic Alliances for Micromem since February 2001. Prior thereto, he served as a consultant to Micromem since November 2000. Prior thereto he served as a Vice-President and a Director of IPO Capital Corp since April 1999. He was a director of Leader Capital Corp. until June 2007 and also served as a director of Echo Energy Canada Inc, and of Echo Power Generational Inc until June 2004.

Dan Amadori has served as Chief Financial Officer of Micromem since June 2004. From January 2018 to December 9, 2020, he served as a member of the Board of Directors and as Chair of the Audit Committee of Nerium Biotechnology Inc.  He served as a Director and Chair of the Governance Committee of Invesque Inc. from 2015 through May 2019. He served  as Chair  of the Board  of Kingsway Arms Retirement Residences Inc  from August 2011 through May 2015. Prior  to 2010  he served  as  an officer - director  of other public companies  including HyDrive  Technologies  Inc., Luxell Technologies Inc., XGen Ventures Inc., Ontex Resources Ltd  and Leader Capital Corp.  He is President of Lamerac Financial Corp., a financial advisory firm, and has held that position since October 1988. Mr. Amadori is a Chartered Professional Accountant and holds an MBA from the Ivey School of Business. He received  his ICD.D designation from the Rotman School  of Business in 2010.

Oliver Nepomuceno has served as a director of Micromem since June 26, 2006. He is a resident of Switzerland and continues to serve as a financial advisor and is located in Switzerland. He actively assists corporations in the development of new business opportunities in new markets.

Alex Dey is a retired businessman and was elected as a director on September 24, 2010. He was the sole proprietor of Alex Dey, Chartered Accountants until July 31, 2004.

There are no arrangements or understandings between any director and any other person pursuant to which the director was selected as a director or executive officer. Each director holds office until the next annual meeting of shareholders or until his or her successor is elected or appointed, unless his or her office is earlier vacated according to the provisions of our By-laws or the Business Corporations Act (Ontario).

B. Compensation

Options are offered to directors, executive officers, and employees to purchase our common shares at an exercise price equal to or above the market price for the common shares at the date that the options are granted. These options are approved by the Compensation Committee. None of the directors have agreements that provide for benefits. In 2023 1,340,000 options were granted to directors and officers.  The weighted average exercise price was $0.07 per share. No stock options were granted to directors or officers in 2022.  In 2021 5,000,000 options were granted to directors and officers.  The weighted average exercise price was $0.06 per share. 

C. Board Practices:

All matters pertaining to our financing, contractual arrangements and Management and Director compensation are approved by the Board of Directors. The members of the Board of Directors are appointed to a one-year term at our Annual General Meeting or until such time as the next Annual General Meeting is held.

Our Board of Directors meets on an as required basis during the fiscal year. Our Board of Directors did not meet in person in 2023. The Board was convened informally as of each quarter end.

Our Audit Committee met regularly during fiscal 2023 for the purpose of approving and recommending to the Board the quarterly financial statements and our yearend financial statements. In addition, our Audit Committee receives regular periodic reports from management.

Our Compensation Committee met as part of our audit committee meetings in 2023; it receives regular reports from management. Our Compensation Committee approves management and director compensation and all stock option grants for recommendation to the Board of Directors.

Audit Committee

The Board of Directors has appointed an Audit Committee consisting of two independent directors. The members of the Audit Committee are Alex Dey (Chairman) and Oliver Nepomuceno, each of whom serves in such capacity until the Board of Directors' next annual meeting. The Audit Committee is responsible for the integrity of our internal accounting and control systems. The committee receives and reviews our financial statements and makes recommendations thereon to the Board of Directors prior to its approval by the full Board of Directors. The Audit Committee communicates directly with our external auditors in order to discuss audit and related matters whenever appropriate. The Audit Committee met formally in January, February, June and September 2023.

Compensation Committee

The Board of Directors has appointed a Compensation Committee which meets on executive compensation matters as and when required. Our Compensation Committee includes Oliver Nepomuceno and Alex Dey as outside directors. The Compensation Committee did not meet separately in 2023 as both members also serve on the Audit Committee.

Disclosure Committee

The Board of Directors has appointed a Disclosure Committee whose primary responsibility is to ensure timely and accurate disclosure of all relevant information in accordance with the various securities regulations. Our Disclosure Committee includes Joseph Fuda, the Company's CEO, and Alex Dey, an outside director.

D. Employees

We have three employees, one of which serves in a management capacity and two of which serve in an administrative capacity.  This includes Mr. Fuda, the Chief Executive Officer and President, and two support staff, all of whom work from our executive offices in Toronto, Canada.  Mr. Amadori, our CFO, provides services through his management company. All research and development is outsourced to third parties. We consider our relations with our employees to be satisfactory.  Our Controller resigned in February 2023.

E.Share Ownership

We do not have any arrangements involving the employees in the capital of the Company, except for the grant of stock options pursuant to our 2020 Stock Option Plan, as amended and approved by our shareholders on September 8, 2020, at the discretion of the Board.

F. Disclosure of a Registrant's Actions to Recover Erroneously Awarded Compensation.

Not Applicable.

ITEM 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

A. Major Shareholders:

To our knowledge, no shareholder holds greater than 5% of the common shares outstanding of the Company. As of the date of this Annual Report, approximately 68% of the issued and outstanding common shares are held by Canadian investors; approximately 30% of the issued and outstanding shares are held by U.S. investors; and approximately 2% are held by investors outside of Canada and the U.S. 

We are not aware of any arrangement, the operation of which may result in a change of control of the Company.  

B.  Related Party Transactions:

The Company reports the following related party transactions:

(a) Management and consulting fees:

Included in professional fees, other fees and salaries as reported are management fees and consulting fees paid or payable to individuals (or Companies controlled by such individuals) who served as officers, directors, and employees of the Company. The total compensation paid to such parties is summarized as follows:

The cash compensation paid in 2023 included $69,990 to our CFO, Dan Amadori (2022: $40,615) and $147,242 to our CEO, Joseph Fuda (2022: $92,902). 

C. Interests of Experts and Counsel.

Not applicable.

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information

Our consolidated financial statements for the years ended October 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 have been prepared in accordance with IFRS.

We have never paid a dividend on our securities. We do not anticipate paying dividends in the foreseeable future.

B. Significant Changes

Significant Changes since October 31, 2023, are as presented in Note 22 to the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements. See "Item 18 - Financial Statements".

ITEM 9.   THE OFFER AND LISTING

Our common shares are quoted in the United States on the OTCQB under the symbol "MMTIF". Our common shares are traded in Canada on the Canadian Securities Exchange under the symbol "MRM".

The table below sets forth the high and low sales prices for common shares in U.S. Dollars as quoted on the OTCQB for the periods specified. Our fiscal year end is October 31.

On January 31, 2024, the last reported sale price for our common shares on the OTCQB was $0.0784 per share.

ITEM 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

A. Share Capital

Our authorized capital consists of an unlimited number of common shares, of which 510,368,838 shares were issued and outstanding as of October 31, 2023, and 2,000,000 special, redeemable, voting preference shares, referred to herein as special shares, none of which were outstanding, as of October 31, 2023.

Additionally, the Company has 9,775,000 stock options outstanding with a weighted average exercise price of $0.06 per share (2022: 11,725,000 options outstanding with a weighted average exercise price of $0.06 per share).

B. Memorandum and Articles of Incorporation

Articles of Incorporation Details and Objects of Micromem Technologies Inc.

Micromem Technologies Inc. was incorporated under the laws of the Province of Ontario, Canada, on October 21, 1985, as Mine Lake Minerals Inc. We subsequently changed our name to Avanti Capital Corp. by filing Articles of Incorporation of Amendment on June 23, 1988, and to AvantiCorp International Inc. on April 30, 1992 before becoming Micromem Technologies Inc. on January 14, 1999. The Articles of Incorporation of Incorporation place no restrictions on the nature of the business to be carried on by Micromem.

Summary of Directors Powers and Authorities

The rights, duties, powers, and authorities of our Board of Directors are set out in the Articles of Incorporation and By-laws and the statutory provisions of the Business Corporations Act (Ontario). The following is a selected summary of the Articles of Incorporation, By-laws and applicable provisions of the Business Corporations Act (Ontario) as they relate to selected rights, duties, powers and authorities of our Board of Directors.

The Articles of Incorporation provide for a minimum of three and a maximum of 12 directors. The Business Corporations Act (Ontario) prescribes that an offering corporation must have a minimum of three directors, at least twenty five percent (25%), or if they are less than 4, at least one of whom are Canadian residents and at least one third of whom are not officers or employees of us or our affiliates. The Board of Directors may, between annual shareholders meetings, appoint one or more additional directors to serve until the next annual shareholders meeting provided that the number of directors so added may not exceed by one-third (1/3) the number of directors required to have been elected at the last annual meeting of shareholders.

The Chairman of the Board of Directors or any one director may call a meeting upon the provision of forty-eight hours notice to each director in the manner prescribed in our By-laws. Any such notice shall include the items of business to be considered at the meeting. A majority of the directors constitute a quorum provided that half of those directors present are Canadian residents. Business cannot be transacted without a quorum. A quorum of directors may vote on any matter of business properly brought before the meeting provided that where a director is a party to a material contract or proposed material contract or has a material interest in the matter to be considered, such director must disclose his or her interest at the earliest possible date, request the conflict be noted in the minutes of the meeting, and with a few limited exceptions enumerated in the By-laws, refrain from voting on the matter in which the director has a material interest. There is no limitation on the Board of Directors to vote on matters of their remuneration provided such remuneration is disclosed in the financial statements and annual shareholder proxy materials.

The Board of Directors has broad borrowing powers and may, without authorization from the shareholders:

• borrow money on the credit of Micromem:

• issue, re-issue, sell or pledge debt obligations of Micromem;

• subject to restrictions respecting financial assistance prescribed in the Business Corporations Act (Ontario), give a guarantee on behalf of Micromem to secure the performance of an obligation of any person; and

• mortgage, hypothecate, pledge or otherwise create a security interest in all or any property of Micromem, owned or subsequently acquired, to secure any obligation of Micromem.

A person is qualified to be or stand for election as a director provided such person is at least 18 years of age, is not a bankrupt and is not found to be of unsound mind by a court in Canada or elsewhere. There is no requirement for a director to hold common shares.

Securities of Micromem

Holders of our common shares will be entitled to receive notice of, attend and vote at all meetings of the shareholders of Micromem. Each common share carries one vote at such meetings. In the event of the voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of Micromem, after payment of all outstanding debts, the remaining assets of Micromem available for distribution will be distributed to the holders of our common shares. Dividends may be declared and paid on our common shares in such amounts and at such times as the directors shall determine in their discretion in accordance with the Business Corporations Act (Ontario). There are no pre-emptive rights, conversion rights, redemption provisions or sinking fund provisions attaching to the common shares. Common shares are not liable to further calls or to assessment by Micromem; provided, however, that pursuant to the provisions of the Business Corporations Act (Ontario), Micromem has a lien on any common share registered in the name of a shareholder or the shareholder's legal representative for a debt owed by the shareholder to Micromem.

Holders of special shares are entitled to receive notice of, attend and vote at all meetings of the shareholders of Micromem. Each special share carries one vote at such meetings. In the event of the voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of Micromem, after payment of all outstanding debts, the holders of the special shares shall be entitled to receive, before any distribution of any part of the assets of Micromem among the holders of any other shares, the amount paid up on the special shares. The special shares are redeemable at the option of Micromem for the amount paid up on the shares. Dividends may not be declared or paid on the special shares and transfer of the Special Shares is restricted without the approval of the Directors of Micromem and the prior written consent of the Ontario Securities Commission. The number of special shares that may be issued and outstanding at any time is limited to 500,000. There are no pre-emptive rights, conversion rights or sinking fund provisions attaching to the special shares. Special shares are not liable to further calls or to assessment by Micromem; provided, however, that pursuant to the provisions of the Business Corporations Act (Ontario), Micromem has a lien on any special shares registered in the name of a shareholder or the shareholder's legal representative for a debt owed by the shareholder.

Rights and Privileges of Shareholders

Only the registered holders of our common shares and special preference shares on the record date are entitled to receive notice of and vote at annual and special meetings of shareholders. Where the items of business affect the rights of shareholders other than the holders of common shares, a special majority of two-thirds of the votes cast by the affected shareholders at the meeting called for such purpose is required to approve the item of business. Beneficial holders of common shares and special shares are also entitled to receive proxy materials in respect of meetings of shareholders in accordance with Canadian Securities Administrators National Instrument 54-101, provided that such proxies are limited in scope to instructing the registered shareholder (usually a brokerage house) on how to vote on behalf of the beneficial shareholder. There are no restrictions on the number of shares that may be held by non-residents other than restrictions set out in the Investment Canada Act (Canada). See "Additional Information - D. Exchange Controls".

There are no provisions in the By-laws regarding public disclosure of individual shareholdings. Notwithstanding this, applicable Canadian securities legislation requires certain public disclosure of persons owning or acquiring common shares in excess of 10% of a corporation's issued and outstanding share capital.

C. Material Contracts

None.

D. Exchange Controls

As of the date hereof, we are not aware of any governmental laws, decrees or regulations in Canada that restrict the export or import of capital, including, but not limited to, foreign exchange controls, or that affect the remittance of dividends or other payments to nonresident holders of our common shares.

We are not aware of any limitations under the laws of Canada or the Province of Ontario, or in the Articles of Incorporation or any other of our constituent documents on the right of nonresidents of Canada or persons who are not Canadian citizens to hold and/or vote common shares.

E. Taxation

Certain Canadian Income Tax Consequences

This discussion under this heading summarizes the principal Canadian federal income tax consequences of acquiring, holding and disposing of common shares for a shareholder who is not a resident of Canada but is a resident of the United States and who will acquire and hold a common share as capital property for the purposes of the Income Tax Canada, also referred to as the Canadian Tax Act. This summary does not apply to a shareholder who carries on business in Canada through a permanent establishment situated in Canada or performs independent personal services in Canada through a fixed base in Canada if the shareholder is effectively connected with such permanent establishment or fixed base. This summary is based on the provisions of the Canadian Tax Act and the regulations there under and on an understanding of the administrative practices of Canada Customs & Revenue Agency, and takes into account all specific proposals to amend the Canadian Tax Act or regulations made by the Minister of Finance of Canada as of the date hereof. It has been assumed that there will be no other relevant amendments of any governing law although no assurance can be given in this respect. This discussion is general only and is not a substitute for independent advice from a shareholder's own Canadian and US tax advisors.

The provisions of the Canadian Tax Act are subject to income tax treaties to which Canada is a party, including the Canada-United States Income Tax Convention (1980), as amended.

Dividends on common shares and Other Income

Under the Canadian Tax Act, a non-resident of Canada is generally subject to Canadian withholding tax at the rate of 25 percent on dividends paid or deemed to have been paid to him or her by a corporation resident in Canada. We are responsible for the withholding of tax at the source. The Canada-United States Income Tax Convention (1980) limits the rate to 15 percent if the shareholder is a resident of the United States and the dividends are beneficially owned by and paid to such shareholder, and to 5 percent if the shareholder is also a corporation that beneficially owns at least 10 percent of the voting stock of the payor corporation.

The amount of a stock dividend (for tax purposes) would generally be equal to the amount of our paid up or stated capital and increased by reason of the payment of such dividend. We will furnish additional tax information to shareholders in the event of such a dividend. Interest paid or deemed to be paid on our debt securities held by non-Canadian residents may also be subject to Canadian withholding tax, depending upon the terms and provisions of such securities and any applicable tax treaty.

The Canada-United States Income Tax Convention (1980) generally exempts from Canadian income tax dividends paid to a religious, scientific, literary, educational, or charitable organization or to an organization constituted and operated exclusively to administer a pension, retirement or employee benefit fund or plan, if the organization is a resident of the United States and is exempt from income tax under the laws of the United States.

Dispositions of Common Shares

Under the Canadian Tax Act, a non-resident of Canada is subject to Canadian tax on taxable capital gains, and may deduct allowable capital losses, realized on a disposition of "taxable Canadian property". common shares will constitute taxable Canadian property of a shareholder at a particular time if the shareholder used the shares in carrying on business in Canada, or if at any time in the five years immediately preceding the disposition 25 percent or more of the issued shares of any class or series in the capital stock of Micromem belonged to one or more persons in a group comprising the shareholder and persons with whom the shareholder did not deal at "arm's length" and in certain other circumstances.

The Canada-United States Income Tax Convention (1980) relieves United States residents from liability for Canadian tax on capital gains derived on a disposition of shares unless:

the value of the shares is derived principally from "real property" in Canada, including the right to explore for or exploit natural resources and rights to amounts computed by reference to production, the shareholder was resident in Canada for 120 months during any period of 20 consecutive years preceding, and at any time during the 10 years immediately preceding, the disposition and the shares were owned by them when they ceased to be resident in Canada, or the shares formed part of the business property of a "permanent establishment" that the holder has or had in Canada within the 12 months preceding the disposition.

Certain United States Federal Income Tax Consequences

The following is a general summary of certain U.S. federal income tax considerations applicable to a U.S. Holder (as defined below) arising from and relating to the acquisition, ownership and disposition of our common shares.

This summary is for general information purposes only and does not purport to be a complete analysis or listing of all potential U.S. federal income tax considerations that may apply to a U.S. Holder as a result of the acquisition, ownership and disposition of our common shares. In addition, this summary does not take into account the individual facts and circumstances of any particular U.S. Holder that may affect the U.S. federal income tax consequences to such U.S. Holder, including specific tax consequences to a U.S. Holder under an applicable tax treaty. Accordingly, this summary is not intended to be, and should not be construed as, legal or U.S. federal income tax advice with respect to any particular U.S. Holder. This summary does not address the U.S. federal net investment income, U.S. federal alternative minimum, U.S. federal estate and gift, U.S. state and local, and non-U.S. tax consequences to U.S. Holders of the acquisition, ownership, and disposition of our common shares. In addition, except as specifically set forth below, this summary does not discuss applicable tax reporting requirements. Each U.S. Holder should consult its own tax advisor regarding the U.S. federal, U.S. federal net investment income, U.S. federal alternative minimum, U.S. federal estate and gift, U.S. state and local, and non-U.S. tax consequences relating to the acquisition, ownership and disposition of our common shares.

No opinion from legal counsel or ruling from the Internal Revenue Service (the "IRS") has been requested, or will be obtained, regarding the U.S. federal income tax considerations applicable to U.S. Holders as discussed in this summary. This summary is not binding on the IRS, and the IRS is not precluded from taking a position that is different from, and contrary to, the positions taken in this summary. In addition, because the authorities on which this summary is based are subject to various interpretations, the IRS and the U.S. courts could disagree with one or more of the positions taken in this summary.

Scope of this Summary

Authorities

This summary is based on the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"), Treasury Regulations (whether final, temporary, or proposed) promulgated under the Code, published rulings of the IRS, published administrative positions of the IRS, the Canada-United States Income Tax Convention (1980), and U.S. court decisions, that are in effect and available, as of the date of this document. Any of the authorities on which this summary is based could be changed in a material and adverse manner at any time, and any such change could be applied retroactively. This summary does not discuss the potential effects, whether adverse or beneficial, of any proposed legislation that, if enacted, could be applied on a retroactive or prospective basis.

U.S. Holders

For purposes of this summary, the term "U.S. Holder" means a beneficial owner of our common shares that is for U.S. federal income tax purposes:

• a citizen or individual resident of the United States;

• a corporation (or other entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes) organized under the laws of the United States, any state thereof or the District of Columbia;

• an estate whose income is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source; or

• a trust that (1) is subject to the primary supervision of a court within the United States and the control of one or more U.S. persons for all substantial decisions or (2) has a valid election in effect under applicable Treasury Regulations to be treated as a U.S. person.

U.S. Holders Subject to Special U.S. Federal Income Tax Rules Not Addressed

This summary does not address the U.S. federal income tax considerations applicable to U.S. Holders that are subject to special provisions under the Code, including U.S. Holders that: (a) are tax-exempt organizations, qualified retirement plans, individual retirement accounts, or other tax-deferred accounts; (b) are financial institutions, underwriters, insurance companies, real estate investment trusts, or regulated investment companies; (c) are brokers or dealers in securities or currencies or are traders in securities that elect to apply a mark-to-market accounting method; (d) have a "functional currency" other than the U.S. dollar; (e) own our common shares as part of a straddle, hedging transaction, conversion transaction, constructive sale, or other integrated transaction; (f) acquired our common shares in connection with the exercise of employee stock options or otherwise as compensation for services; (g) hold our common shares other than as a capital asset within the meaning of Section 1221 of the Code (generally, property held for investment purposes); (h) are subject to the alternative minimum tax; (i) are partnerships and other pass-through entities (and investors in such partnerships and entities); (j) are S corporations (and shareholders therein); (k) are subject to special tax accounting rules; (l) own, have owned or will own (directly, indirectly, or by attribution) 10% or more of the total combined voting power or value of our outstanding shares; (m) are U.S. expatriates or former long-term residents of the U.S.; or (n) hold our common shares in connection with a trade or business, permanent establishment, or fixed base outside the United States. U.S. Holders that are subject to special provisions under the Code, including U.S. Holders described immediately above, should consult their own tax advisors regarding the U.S. federal, U.S. federal net investment income, U.S. federal alternative minimum, U.S. federal estate and gift, U.S. state and local, and non-U.S. tax consequences relating to the acquisition, ownership and disposition of our common shares.

If an entity or arrangement that is classified as a partnership (or other pass-through entity) for U.S. federal income tax purposes holds our common shares, the U.S. federal income tax consequences to such entity or arrangement and the owners of such entity or arrangement generally will depend on the activities of such entity or arrangement and the status of such partners (or other owners). This summary does not address the tax consequences to any such entity or arrangement or partner (or other owner). Partners (or other owners) of entities or arrangements that are classified as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes should consult their own tax advisor regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences arising from and relating to the acquisition, ownership, and disposition of our common shares.

Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules

If we are considered a "passive foreign investment company" within the meaning of Section 1297 of the Code (a "PFIC") at any time during a U.S. Holder's holding period, the following sections will generally describe the potentially adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. Holders of the acquisition, ownership, and disposition of our common shares.

We believe that we were classified as a PFIC for our most recently completed tax year, and based on current business plans and financial expectations, we expect that we may be a PFIC for our current tax year and subsequent tax years. No opinion of legal counsel or ruling from the IRS concerning our status as a PFIC has been obtained or is currently planned to be requested. The determination of whether any corporation was, or will be, a PFIC for a tax year depends, in part, on the application of complex U.S. federal income tax rules, which are subject to differing interpretations. In addition, whether any corporation will be a PFIC for any tax year depends on the assets and income of such corporation over the course of each such tax year and, as a result, our PFIC status for the current year and future years cannot be predicted with certainty as of the date of this document. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that the IRS will not challenge any PFIC determination made by us. Each U.S. Holder should consult its own tax advisor regarding our status as a PFIC and the PFIC status of each of our non-U.S. subsidiaries.

In any year in which we are classified as a PFIC, a U.S. Holder will be required to file an annual report with the IRS containing such information as Treasury Regulations and/or other IRS guidance may require. In addition to penalties, a failure to satisfy such reporting requirements may result in an extension of the time period during which the IRS can assess a tax. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the requirements of filing such information returns under these rules, including the requirement to file an IRS Form 8621 annually.

We generally will be a PFIC for any tax year in which (a) 75% or more of our gross income for such tax year is passive income (the "PFIC income test") or (b) 50% or more of the value of our assets either produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income, based on the quarterly average of the fair market value of such assets (the "PFIC asset test"). "Gross income" generally includes sales revenues less the cost of goods sold, plus income from investments and from incidental or outside operations or sources, and "passive income" generally includes, for example, dividends, interest, certain rents and royalties, certain gains from the sale of stock and securities, and certain gains from commodities transactions.

For purposes of the PFIC income test and PFIC asset test described above, if we own, directly or indirectly, 25% or more of the total value of the outstanding shares of another corporation, we will be treated as if it (a) held a proportionate share of the assets of such other corporation and (b) received directly a proportionate share of the income of such other corporation. In addition, for purposes of the PFIC income test and PFIC asset test described above, "passive income" does not include any interest, dividends, rents, or royalties that are received or accrued by us from a "related person" (as defined in Section 954(d)(3) of the Code), to the extent such items are properly allocable to the income of such related person that is not passive income.

Under certain attribution rules, if we are a PFIC, U.S. Holders will be deemed to own their proportionate share of any of our subsidiaries which are also PFICs (each, a "Subsidiary PFIC"), and will generally be subject to U.S. federal income tax as discussed below under the heading "Default PFIC Rules Under Section 1291 of the Code" discussed below on their proportionate share of any (i) distribution on the shares of a Subsidiary PFIC and (ii) disposition or deemed disposition of shares of a Subsidiary PFIC, both as if such U.S. Holders directly held the shares of such Subsidiary PFIC. Accordingly, U.S. Holders should be aware that they could be subject to tax under the PFIC rules even if no distributions are received and no redemptions or other dispositions of our common shares are made. In addition, U.S. Holders may be subject to U.S. federal income tax on any indirect gain realized on the stock of a Subsidiary PFIC on the sale or disposition of our common shares.

Default PFIC Rules Under Section 1291 of the Code

If we are a PFIC, the U.S. federal income tax consequences to a U.S. Holder of the purchase of common shares and the acquisition, ownership, and disposition of our common shares will depend on whether such U.S. Holder makes a "qualified electing fund" or "QEF" election under Section 1295 of the Code (a "QEF Election") or makes a mark-to-market election under Section 1296 of the Code (a "Mark-to-Market Election") with respect to our common shares. A U.S. Holder that does not make either a QEF Election or a Mark-to-Market Election (a "Non-Electing U.S. Holder") will be subject to tax as described below.

A Non-Electing U.S. Holder will be subject to the rules of Section 1291 of the Code with respect to (a) any gain recognized on the sale or other taxable disposition of our common shares and (b) any excess distribution received on our common shares. A distribution generally will be an "excess distribution" to the extent that such distribution (together with all other distributions received in the current tax year) exceeds 125% of the average distributions received during the three preceding tax years (or during a U.S. Holder's holding period for our common shares, if shorter).

Under Section 1291 of the Code, any gain recognized on the sale or other taxable disposition of our common shares of a PFIC (including an indirect disposition of shares of a Subsidiary PFIC), and any excess distribution received on such common shares (or a distribution by a Subsidiary PFIC to its shareholder that is deemed to be received by a U.S. Holder) must be ratably allocated to each day in a Non-Electing U.S. Holder's holding period for our common shares. The amount of any such gain or excess distribution allocated to the tax year of disposition or distribution of the excess distribution and to years before the entity became a PFIC, if any, would be taxed as ordinary income (and not eligible for certain preferential tax rates, as discussed below). The amounts allocated to any other tax year would be subject to U.S. federal income tax at the highest tax rate applicable to ordinary income in each such year, and an interest charge would be imposed on the tax liability for each such year, calculated as if such tax liability had been due in each such year. A Non-Electing U.S. Holder that is not a corporation must treat any such interest paid as "personal interest," which is not deductible.

If we are a PFIC for any tax year during which a Non-Electing U.S. Holder holds our common shares, we will continue to be treated as a PFIC with respect to such Non-Electing U.S. Holder, regardless of whether we cease to be a PFIC in one or more subsequent tax years. If we cease to be a PFIC, a Non-Electing U.S. Holder may terminate this deemed PFIC status with respect to our common shares by electing to recognize gain (which will be taxed under the rules of Section 1291 of the Code as discussed above) as if such common shares were sold on the last day of the last tax year for which we were a PFIC.

QEF Election

A U.S. Holder that makes a QEF Election for the first tax year in which its holding period of our common shares begins generally will not be subject to the rules of Section 1291 of the Code discussed above with respect to our common shares. However, a U.S. Holder that makes a QEF Election will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on such U.S. Holder's pro rata share of (a) our net capital gain, which will be taxed as long-term capital gain to such U.S. Holder, and (b) our ordinary earnings, which will be taxed as ordinary income to such U.S. Holder. Generally, "net capital gain" is the excess of (a) net long-term capital gain over (b) net short-term capital loss, and "ordinary earnings" are the excess of (a) "earnings and profits" over (b) net capital gain. A U.S. Holder that makes a QEF Election will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on such amounts for each tax year in which we are a PFIC, regardless of whether such amounts are actually distributed to such U.S. Holder by us. However, for any tax year in which we are a PFIC and have no net income or gain, U.S. Holders that have made a QEF Election would not have any income inclusions as a result of the QEF Election. If a U.S. Holder that made a QEF Election has an income inclusion, such a U.S. Holder may, subject to certain limitations, elect to defer payment of current U.S. federal income tax on such amounts, subject to an interest charge. If such U.S. Holder is not a corporation, any such interest paid will be treated as "personal interest," which is not deductible. 

A U.S. Holder that makes a timely and effective QEF Election generally (a) may receive a tax-free distribution from us to the extent that such distribution represents "earnings and profits" that were previously included in income by the U.S. Holder because of such QEF Election and (b) will adjust such U.S. Holder's tax basis in our common shares to reflect the amount included in income or allowed as a tax-free distribution because of such QEF Election. In addition, a U.S. Holder that makes a QEF Election generally will recognize capital gain or loss on the sale or other taxable disposition of our common shares.

The procedure for making a QEF Election, and the U.S. federal income tax consequences of making a QEF Election, will depend on whether such QEF Election is timely. A QEF Election will be treated as "timely" for purposes of avoiding the default PFIC rules discussed above if such QEF Election is made for the first year in the U.S. Holder's holding period for our common shares in which we were a PFIC. A U.S. Holder may make a timely QEF Election by filing the appropriate QEF Election documents at the time such U.S. Holder files a U.S. federal income tax return for such year.  If a U.S. Holder owns PFIC stock indirectly through another PFIC, separate QEF Elections must be made for the PFIC in which the U.S. Holder is a direct shareholder and the Subsidiary PFIC for the QEF rules to apply to both PFICs.

A QEF Election will apply to the tax year for which such QEF Election is made and to all subsequent tax years, unless such QEF Election is invalidated or terminated or the IRS consents to revocation of such QEF Election. If a U.S. Holder makes a QEF Election and, in a subsequent tax year, we cease to be a PFIC, the QEF Election will remain in effect (although it will not be applicable) during those tax years in which we were not a PFIC. Accordingly, if we become a PFIC in another subsequent tax year, the QEF Election will be effective, and the U.S. Holder will be subject to the QEF rules described above during any subsequent tax year in which we qualify as a PFIC.

U.S. Holders should be aware that there can be no assurances that we will satisfy the record keeping requirements that apply to a QEF, or that we will supply U.S. Holders with a PFIC Annual Information Statement or other information that such U.S. Holders are required to report under the QEF rules, in the event that we are a PFIC. Thus, U.S. Holders may not be able to make a QEF Election with respect to our common shares. Each U.S. Holder should consult its own tax advisors regarding the availability of, and procedure for making, a QEF Election.

A U.S. Holder makes a QEF Election by attaching a completed IRS Form 8621, including a PFIC Annual Information Statement, to a timely filed U.S. federal income tax return. However, if we do not provide the required information with regard to us or any Subsidiary PFICs, U.S. Holders will not be able to make a QEF Election for such entity and will continue to be subject to the rules of Section 1291 of the Code discussed above that apply to Non-Electing U.S. Holders with respect to the taxation of gains and excess distributions.

Mark-to-Market Election

A U.S. Holder may make a Mark-to-Market Election with respect to our common shares only if our common shares are marketable stock. Our common shares  generally will be "marketable stock" if our common shares are regularly traded on (a) a national securities exchange that is registered with the SEC, (b) the national market system established pursuant to Section 11A of the U.S. Exchange Act or (c) a foreign securities exchange that is regulated or supervised by a governmental authority of the country in which the market is located, provided that (i) such foreign exchange has trading volume, listing, financial disclosure, and other requirements and the laws of the country in which such foreign exchange is located, together with the rules of such foreign exchange, ensure that such requirements are actually enforced and (ii) the rules of such foreign exchange ensure active trading of listed stocks. If such stock is traded on such a qualified exchange or other market, such stock generally will be considered "regularly traded" for any calendar year during which such stock is traded, other than in de minimis quantities, on at least 15 days during each calendar quarter. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the marketable stock rules.

A U.S. Holder that makes a Mark-to-Market Election with respect to our common shares generally will not be subject to the rules of Section 1291 of the Code discussed above with respect to such common shares. However, if a U.S. Holder does not make a Mark-to-Market Election beginning in the first tax year of such U.S. Holder's holding period for our common shares and such U.S. Holder has not made a timely QEF Election, the rules of Section 1291 of the Code discussed above will apply to certain dispositions of, and distributions on, our common shares.

A U.S. Holder that makes a timely and effective Mark-to-Market Election will include in ordinary income, for each tax year in which we are a PFIC, an amount equal to the excess, if any, of (a) the fair market value of our common shares held by such U.S. Holder, as of the close of such tax year over (b) such U.S. Holder's tax basis in our common shares. A U.S. Holder that makes a Mark-to-Market Election will be allowed a deduction in an amount equal to the excess, if any, of (i) such U.S. Holder's adjusted tax basis in our common shares, over (ii) the fair market value of such common shares (but only to the extent of the net amount of previously included income as a result of the Mark-to-Market Election for prior tax years).

A U.S. Holder that makes a timely and effective Mark-to-Market Election generally also will adjust such U.S. Holder's tax basis in our common shares to reflect the amount included in gross income or allowed as a deduction because of such Mark-to-Market Election. In addition, upon a sale or other taxable disposition of our common shares, a U.S. Holder that makes a Mark-to-Market Election will recognize ordinary income or ordinary loss (not to exceed the excess, if any, of (a) the amount included in ordinary income because of such Mark-to-Market Election for prior tax years over (b) the amount allowed as a deduction because of such Mark-to-Market Election for prior tax years).

A U.S. Holder makes a Mark-to-Market Election by attaching a completed IRS Form 8621 to a timely filed U.S. federal income tax return. A timely Mark-to-Market Election applies to the tax year in which such Mark-to-Market Election is made and to each subsequent tax year, unless our common shares cease to be "marketable stock" or the IRS consents to revocation of such election. Each U.S. Holder should consult its own tax advisor regarding the availability of, and procedure for making, a Mark-to-Market Election. 

Although a U.S. Holder may be eligible to make a Mark-to-Market Election with respect to our common shares, no such election may be made with respect to the stock of any Subsidiary PFIC that a U.S. Holder is treated as owning because such stock is not marketable. Hence, the Mark-to-Market Election will not be effective to eliminate the interest charge and other income inclusion rules described above with respect to deemed dispositions of Subsidiary PFIC stock or distributions from a Subsidiary PFIC to its shareholder.

Other PFIC Rules

Under Section 1291(f) of the Code, the IRS has issued proposed Treasury Regulations that, subject to certain exceptions, would cause a U.S. Holder that had not made a timely QEF Election to recognize gain (but not loss) upon certain transfers of our common shares that would otherwise be tax-deferred (e.g., gifts and exchanges pursuant to corporate reorganizations). However, the specific U.S. federal income tax consequences to a U.S. Holder may vary based on the manner in which our common shares are transferred.

If finalized in their current form, the proposed Treasury Regulations applicable to PFICs would be effective for transactions occurring on or after April 1, 1992. Because the proposed Treasury Regulations have not yet been adopted in final form, they are not currently effective, and there is no assurance that they will be adopted in the form and with the effective date proposed. Nevertheless, the IRS has announced that, in the absence of final Treasury Regulations, taxpayers may apply reasonable interpretations of the Code provisions applicable to PFICs and that it considers the rules set forth in the proposed Treasury Regulations to be reasonable interpretations of those Code provisions. The PFIC rules are complex, and the implementation of certain aspects of the PFIC rules requires the issuance of Treasury Regulations which in many instances have not been promulgated and which, when promulgated, may have retroactive effect. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors about the potential applicability of the proposed Treasury Regulations.

Certain additional adverse rules will apply with respect to a U.S. Holder if we are a PFIC, regardless of whether such U.S. Holder makes a QEF Election. For example, under Section 1298(b)(6) of the Code, a U.S. Holder that uses our common shares as security for a loan will, except as may be provided in Treasury Regulations, be treated as having made a taxable disposition of such common shares.

In addition, a U.S. Holder who acquires our common shares from a decedent will not receive a "step up" in tax basis of such common shares to fair market value. 

Special rules also apply to the amount of foreign tax credit that a U.S. Holder may claim on a distribution from a PFIC. Subject to such special rules, foreign taxes paid with respect to any distribution in respect of stock in a PFIC are generally eligible for the foreign tax credit. The rules relating to distributions by a PFIC and their eligibility for the foreign tax credit are complicated, and a U.S. Holder should consult with their own tax advisor regarding the availability of the foreign tax credit with respect to distributions by a PFIC.

The PFIC rules are complex, and each U.S. Holder should consult its own tax advisor regarding the PFIC rules (including the applicability and advisability of a QEF Election and Mark-to-Market Election) and how the PFIC rules may affect the U.S. federal income tax consequences of the acquisition, ownership, and disposition of common shares.

General Rules Applicable to the Acquisition, Ownership, and Disposition of Common Shares

The following discussion describes the general rules applicable to the ownership and disposition of our common shares but is subject in its entirety to the special rules described above under the heading "Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules."

Distributions on Common Shares

We do not anticipate paying dividends with respect to our common shares in the foreseeable future. A U.S. Holder that receives a distribution, including a constructive distribution, with respect to a common share will be required to include the amount of such distribution in gross income as a dividend (without reduction for any Canadian income tax withheld from such distribution) to the extent of our current and accumulated "earnings and profits", as computed under U.S. federal income tax principles. A dividend generally will be taxed to a U.S. Holder at ordinary income tax rates we are a PFIC for the tax year of such distribution or the preceding tax year. To the extent that a distribution exceeds our current and accumulated "earnings and profits", such distribution will be treated first as a tax-free return of capital to the extent of a U.S. Holder's tax basis in our common shares and thereafter as gain from the sale or exchange of such common shares (see "Sale or Other Taxable Disposition of Common Shares" below). However, we may not maintain the calculations of earnings and profits in accordance with U.S. federal income tax principles, and each U.S. Holder may be required to assume that any distribution by us with respect to our common shares will constitute ordinary dividend income. Dividends received on our common shares generally will not be eligible for the "dividends received deduction" generally applicable to corporations. Subject to applicable limitations and provided we are eligible for the benefits of the Convention Between Canada and the United States of America with Respect to Taxes on Income and on Capital, signed September 26, 1980, as amended, or our common shares are readily tradable on a United States securities market, dividends paid by us to non-corporate U.S. Holders, including individuals, generally will be eligible for the preferential tax rates applicable to long-term capital gains for dividends, provided certain holding period and other conditions are satisfied, including that we not be classified as a PFIC in the tax year of distribution or in the preceding tax year. The dividend rules are complex, and each U.S. Holder should consult its own tax advisor regarding the application of such rules.

Sale or Other Taxable Disposition of Common Shares

Upon the sale or other taxable disposition of our common shares, a U.S. Holder generally will recognize capital gain or loss in an amount equal to the difference between (a) the amount of cash plus the fair market value of any property received and (b) such U.S. Holder's tax basis in such common shares sold or otherwise disposed of. Gain or loss recognized on such sale or other taxable disposition generally will be long-term capital gain or loss if, at the time of the sale or other taxable disposition, our common shares have been held for more than one year. Preferential tax rates may apply to long-term capital gain of a U.S. Holder that is an individual, estate, or trust. There are no preferential tax rates for long-term capital gain of a U.S. Holder that is a corporation. Deductions for capital losses are subject to significant limitations under the Code.

Additional Tax Considerations

Receipt of Foreign Currency

The amount of any distribution paid to a U.S. Holder in foreign currency or on the sale, exchange or other taxable disposition of our common shares generally will be equal to the U.S. dollar value of such foreign currency based on the exchange rate applicable on the date of receipt (regardless of whether such foreign currency is converted into U.S. dollars at that time). If the foreign currency received is not converted into U.S. dollars on the date of receipt, a U.S. Holder will have a tax basis in the foreign currency equal to its U.S. dollar value on the date of receipt. Any U.S. Holder who receives payment in foreign currency and engages in a subsequent conversion or other disposition of the foreign currency may have a foreign currency exchange gain or loss that would be treated as ordinary income or loss, and generally will be U.S. source income or loss for foreign tax credit purposes. Different rules apply to U.S. Holders who use the accrual method of tax accounting. Each U.S. Holder should consult its own U.S. tax advisor regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences of receiving, owning, and disposing of foreign currency. 

Foreign Tax Credit

Dividends paid on our common shares will be treated as foreign-source income, and generally will be treated as "passive category income" or "general category income" for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes. Any gain or loss recognized on a sale or other disposition of Common Shares generally will be United States source gain or loss. Certain U.S. Holders that are eligible for the benefits of the Treaty may elect to treat such gain or loss as Canadian source gain or loss for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes. The Code applies various complex limitations on the amount of foreign taxes that may be claimed as a credit by U.S. taxpayers. In addition, Treasury Regulations that apply to taxes paid or accrued (the "Foreign Tax Credit Regulations") impose additional requirements for Canadian withholding taxes to be eligible for a foreign tax credit, and there can be no assurance that those requirements will be satisfied. The Treasury Department has recently released guidance temporarily pausing the application of certain of the Foreign Tax Credit Regulations.

Subject to the PFIC rules and the Foreign Tax Credit Regulations, each as discussed above, a U.S. Holder that pays (whether directly or through withholding) Canadian income tax with respect to dividends paid on our common shares generally will be entitled, at the election of such U.S. Holder, to receive either a deduction or a credit for such Canadian income tax paid. Generally, a credit will reduce a U.S. Holder's U.S. federal income tax liability on a dollar-for-dollar basis, whereas a deduction will reduce a U.S. Holder's income subject to U.S. federal income tax. This election is made on a year-by-year basis and applies to all foreign taxes paid or accrued (whether directly or through withholding) by a U.S. Holder during a year.  The foreign tax credit rules are complex and involve the application of rules that depend on a U.S. Holder's particular circumstances. Accordingly, each U.S. Holder should consult its own tax advisor regarding the foreign tax credit rules.

Information Reporting; Backup Withholding Tax

Under U.S. federal income tax laws certain categories of U.S. Holders must file information returns with respect to their investment in, or involvement in, a foreign corporation. For example, U.S. return disclosure obligations (and related penalties) are imposed on U.S. Holders that hold certain specified foreign financial assets in excess of certain threshold amounts. The definition of specified foreign financial assets includes not only financial accounts maintained in foreign financial institutions, but also, unless held in accounts maintained by a financial institution, any stock or security issued by a non-U.S. person. U. S. Holders may be subject to these reporting requirements unless our common shares held by such U.S. Holder are held in an account at certain financial institutions. Penalties for failure to file certain of these information returns are substantial. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the requirements of filing information returns, including the requirement to file IRS Form 8938. 

Payments made within the U.S., or by a U.S. payor or U.S. middleman, of dividends on, and proceeds arising from the sale or other taxable disposition of our common shares generally may be subject to information reporting and backup withholding tax, currently at the rate of 24%, if a U.S. Holder (a) fails to furnish its correct U.S. taxpayer identification number (generally on Form W-9), (b) furnishes an incorrect U.S. taxpayer identification number, (c) is notified by the IRS that such U.S. Holder has previously failed to properly report items subject to backup withholding tax, or (d) fails to certify, under penalty of perjury, that it has furnished its correct U.S. taxpayer identification number and that the IRS has not notified such U.S. Holder that it is subject to backup withholding tax. However, certain exempt persons, such as U.S. Holders that are corporations, generally are excluded from these information reporting and backup withholding tax rules. Any amounts withheld under the U.S. backup withholding tax rules will be allowed as a credit against a U.S. Holder's U.S. federal income tax liability, if any, or will be refunded, if such U.S. Holder furnishes required information to the IRS in a timely manner.

The discussion of reporting requirements set forth above is not intended to constitute a complete description of all reporting requirements that may apply to a U.S. Holder. A failure to satisfy certain reporting requirements may result in an extension of the time period during which the IRS can assess a tax and, under certain circumstances, such an extension may apply to assessments of amounts unrelated to any unsatisfied reporting requirement. Each U.S. Holder should consult its own tax advisors regarding the information reporting and backup withholding rules.

THE ABOVE SUMMARY IS NOT INTENDED TO CONSTITUTE A COMPLETE ANALYSIS OF ALL TAX CONSIDERATIONS APPLICABLE TO U.S. HOLDERS WITH RESPECT TO THE ACQUISITION, OWNERSHIP, AND DISPOSITION OF OUR COMMON SHARES. U.S. HOLDERS SHOULD CONSULT THEIR OWN TAX ADVISORS AS TO THE TAX CONSIDERATIONS APPLICABLE TO THEM IN THEIR OWN PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES.

F. Dividends and Paying Agents

Not applicable.

G. Statement by Experts

Not applicable.

H. Documents on Display

We have filed the documents referred to herein and other information with the SEC, the Ontario Securities Commission and the Alberta Securities Commission. You may inspect and copy such material at the public reference facilities maintained by the SEC at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. You may also obtain copies of such material from the SEC at prescribed rates by writing to the Public Reference Section of the SEC, 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. Please call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for further information on the public reference rooms.

The SEC maintains an Internet website at http://www.sec.gov/edgar that contains reports, proxy statements, information statements and other material that are filed through EDGAR. Documents filed with the Ontario Securities Commission and the Alberta Securities Commission can be accessed through an Internet website at http://www.sedarplus.ca that contains reports, proxy statements, information statements and other material that are filed through the SEDAR+.

Additional information is also available on our website at www.micromeminc.com. Such information on our website is not part of this Form 20-F.

I. Subsidiary Information

Not Applicable.

J. Annual Report to Security Holders

Not Applicable.

ITEM 11. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

We are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business. Market risk represents the risk of loss that may impact our financial position due to adverse changes in financial market prices and rates. Our market risk exposure is primarily a result of fluctuations in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. We do not hold or issue financial instruments for trading purposes. See Note 20 to our consolidated financial statements for our quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk.

ITEM 12. DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES

Not Applicable.

PART II

ITEM 13. DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES

None.

ITEM 14. MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS

A. to D.

None.

E.

Not Applicable

ITEM 15. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act as of October 31, 2023. Based on management's evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of October 31, 2023, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective in that they were designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in our reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in our reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act are recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC rules and forms. Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e) also states that disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by an issuer in the reports that it files or submits under the Act is accumulated and communicated to the issuer's management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, or person performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Micromem's Board of Directors and executive management are responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Our internal control system was designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation and fair presentation of its published consolidated financial statements.

All internal control systems, no matter how well designed have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective may not prevent or detect misstatements and can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer assessed the effectiveness of Micromem's internal control over financial reporting as of October 31, 2023. In making this assessment, they used the criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on this assessment the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of October 31, 2023, our internal control over financial reporting were effective.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by paragraph (d) of 17 CFR 240.13a-15 or 240.15d-15 that occurred during the period covered by this Annual Report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

ITEM 16. [Reserved]

ITEM 16A. Audit Committee Financial Expert

Our Board of Directors has determined that a member of the Board of Directors, Alex Dey, is an audit committee financial expert and that he is independent, as defined in the Marketplace Rules of the Nasdaq Stock Market.

The SEC has indicated that the designation or identification of a person as an audit committee financial expert does not make such person an "expert" for any purpose, impose any duties, obligations or liability on such person that are greater than those imposed on members of the audit committee and the Board of Directors who do not carry this designation or identification, or affect the duties, obligations or liability of any other member of the audit committee or the Board of Directors.

ITEM 16B.  Code of Ethics

We have adopted a Code of Ethics to impose certain policies relating to ethical conduct on all of our Directors and employees, including our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, principal accounting officer and persons performing similar functions. We undertake to provide a copy of our Code of Ethics to any holder of our securities upon request, without charge.

ITEM 16C.  Principal Accountant Fees and Services

The following table presents fees for professional audit services rendered by our auditors for the audit of our consolidated financial statements for the years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, and fees billed for other services rendered by our auditors including our offerings of securities and tax services.

Audit Fees

In 2023 we incurred $110,000 and in 2022 we incurred $125,000, in audit fees to MNP LLP.

Audit Related Fees

In 2023 and 2022 we paid $nil in audit-related fees.

Tax Fees

We paid $5,000 in 2023 and $5,000 in 2022, of tax-related fees for services to Chiampou Travis LLP.

All Other Fees

None.

Pre-approval policies

The Audit Committee assesses and pre-approves all audit and non-audit services.

ITEM 16D. Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees

Not applicable.

ITEM 16E. Purchases of Equity by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers.

None.

ITEM 16F. Change in Registrants Certifying Accountant. 

Not Applicable.

ITEM 16G. Corporate Governance

Not applicable.

ITEM 16H. Mine Safety Disclosure

Not applicable.

ITEM 16I. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

Not applicable.

ITEM 16J. Insider Trading Policies

Not applicable.

ITEM 16K. Cybersecurity

Not applicable.

PART III

ITEM 17. Financial Statements

See Item 18.

ITEM 18. Financial Statements

The Consolidated Financial Statements and schedules appear on pages F-1 through F-27 of this Annual Report and are incorporated herein by reference. Our audited financial statements as prepared by our management and approved by the Board of Directors include:

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 1930)

Consolidated Financial Statements:

Consolidated Statements of Financial Position

Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

All the above statements are available on the Company's website at www.micromeminc.com or under the Company's profile on SEDAR+ at  http://www.sedarplus.ca.