UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

(Mark One)

☐ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(B) OR 12(G) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☐ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF
1934

Date of event requiring this shell company report……………….

Commission File Number: 001-41587

MULTIMETAVERSE HOLDINGS LIMITED
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Room 7033, 7/F, Tower B, No. 785 Hutai Road, Jingan District

Shanghai, China, 200065
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)

Mr. Yiran Xu, Chief Executive Officer
Room 7033, 7/F, Tower B, No. 785 Hutai Road, Jingan District
Shanghai, China, 200065
Tel: +86 21 61853907
Email: alex.xu@multi-metaverse.com
(Name, Telephone, Email and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
None
(Title of Class)

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:
None
(Title of Class)

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report:

33,048,914 Class A ordinary shares and 3,021,244 warrants as of December 31, 2023.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards † provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow. Item 17 ☐ Item 18 ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

(APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court. Yes ☐ No ☐

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

We are a holding company primarily operating in China through our subsidiaries and contractual arrangements (the “VIE Agreements”) with variable interest entities (the “VIEs”), namely Shanghai Jupiter Creative Design Co., Ltd., a limited liability company established under PRC law (“Shanghai Jupiter”), and its subsidiaries. PRC laws, regulations, and rules restrict and impose conditions on direct foreign investment in certain types of business, and we will therefore operate these businesses in China through VIEs. Such structure involves unique risks to investors. Moreover, if the PRC government finds these contractual arrangements non-compliant with the restrictions on direct foreign investment in the relevant industries, or if the relevant PRC laws, regulations, and rules or the interpretation thereof change in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in the VIEs or forfeit our rights under the contractual arrangements. We and investors in our ordinary shares and warrants will face uncertainty about potential future actions by the PRC government, which could affect the enforceability of the contractual arrangements with Shanghai Jupiter and, consequently, significantly our financial condition and results of operations. If we are unable to claim our right to control the assets of the VIEs. Our ordinary shares and warrants may decline in value or become worthless. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors— Risks Related to our Corporate Structure.”

We face various risks and uncertainties related to doing business in China. The PRC government has significant authority to exert influence on the ability of a China-based company, such as us, to conduct its business and accept foreign investments. For example, we face risks associated with regulatory approvals on offshore securities offerings, oversight on cybersecurity and data privacy. The PRC government has recently published new policies that significantly affected various industries, and we cannot rule out the possibility that it will in the future further release regulations or policies regarding our industry that could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. For a detailed description of risks relating to doing business in China, see “Item 3. Key Information—.D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China.”

Unless otherwise stated or unless the context otherwise requires, the terms “Company,” “the registrant,” “our company,” “the company,” “we,” “us,” “our,” “ours” and “MMV” refer to MultiMetaVerse Holdings Limited, a British Virgin Islands business company, and its subsidiaries, and in the context of describing our operations and consolidated financial information, the VIEs. References to “Legacy MMV” refer to MultiMetaVerse Inc., a Cayman Islands exempted company and a wholly owned subsidiary of MMV.

Our consolidated financial statements are presented in U.S. dollars. All references in this annual report to “$,” “U.S. $,” “U.S. dollars” and “dollars” mean U.S. dollars, unless otherwise noted.

We completed a merger with Model Performance Acquisition Corp. on January 4, 2023 and our Class A ordinary shares and warrants began trading on the Nasdaq Stock Exchange on January 5, 2023. Model Performance Acquisition Corp., a British Virgin Islands business company (“MPAC”), Model Performance Mini Corp., a British Virgin Islands business company (“PubCo”), Model Performance Mini Sub Corp., a Cayman Islands exempted company and wholly-owned subsidiary of PubCo (the “Merger Sub”), and Legacy MMV, entered into a Merger Agreement dated as of August 6, 2021 (as amended on January 6 and September 29, 2022, the “Merger Agreement”). The Merger Agreement provided for a business combination which was effected in two steps: (i) MPAC reincorporated to British Virgin Islands by merging with and into PubCo, with PubCo remaining as the surviving publicly traded entity (the “Reincorporation Merger”); (ii) following the Reincorporation Merger, Merger Sub merged with and into Legacy MMV, resulting in Legacy MMV being a wholly owned subsidiary of PubCo (the “Acquisition Merger,” together with Reincorporation Merger, the “Business Combination”).

Further, in this annual report:

FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION

This annual report contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. All statements other than statements of historical facts are forward-looking statements. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.

Forward-looking statements are typically identified by words such as “plan,” “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “outlook,” “estimate,” “forecast,” “project,” “continue,” “could,” “may,” “might,” “possible,” “potential,” “predict,” “should,” “would” and other similar words and expressions, but the absence of these words does not mean that a statement is not forward- looking. Forward-looking statements in this annual report may include, for example, statements about:

These forward-looking statements are based on information available as of the date of this annual report, and current expectations, forecasts and assumptions, and involve a number of judgments, risks and uncertainties. Accordingly, forward-looking statements should not be relied upon as representing our views as of any subsequent date, and we do not undertake any obligation to update forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date they were made, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as may be required under applicable securities laws.

You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. New risk factors and uncertainties emerge from time to time and it is not possible for our management to predict all risk factors and uncertainties, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. As a result of a number of known and unknown risks and uncertainties, our actual results or performance may be materially different from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements.

This annual report also contains statistical data and estimates that we obtained from industry publications and reports generated by third-party providers of market intelligence. These industry publications and reports generally indicate that the information contained therein was obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but do not guarantee the accuracy and completeness of such information.

PART I

ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS

Not applicable.

ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

Not Applicable.

ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION

A. [Reserved.]

B. Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not applicable.

C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

D. Risk Factors 

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

Our limited operating history makes it difficult to predict its future prospects, business and financial performance.

MMV, a holding company incorporated in the British Virgin Islands (“BVI”) in 2021 for restructuring purposes in relation to the Business Combination, and Shanghai Jupiter controlled by MMV through contractual arrangements, which holds the proprietary brand Aotu World, was established in 2015. Our short operating history may not serve as an adequate basis for evaluating its prospects and future operating results, including our key operating data, net revenue, cash flows and operating margins. In addition, the animation and gaming industry in China and in the global market is volatile and will continue to evolve. As a result, you may not be able to discern the market dynamics that we are subject to and assess our business prospects.

We have encountered, and may continue to encounter, risks, challenges and uncertainties frequently experienced by companies at an early stage, including those relating to our ability to adapt to the industry, to maintain and monetize our user base and to introduce new content including animation, games and other entertainment genres under various proprietary brands. If We are unable to successfully address these risks and uncertainties, its business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Furthermore, our primary business operation is limited to the PRC market. While expanding business operation into the global markets by way of product publication or M&A is a key part of its business development strategy, we have no actual business experience operating in the global markets. Our limited operating experience in the PRC may not be compatible or translate well to the global markets, and it may encounter commercial, cultural and regulatory risks, uncertainties it had never encountered before. These risks and uncertainties due to our limited operation history may adversely affect its business operation and financial performance.

We operates in a highly competitive market, and may not be able to compete effectively which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We face significant competition from other animation and gaming companies and other players in the online entertainment market. Some of our competitors, including both global and PRC market participants, have a longer operating history, a large user base, or greater financial resources than we do. Our competitors may compete with us in a variety of ways, including attracting the same target users and UGC creators, produce similar styled animations and games, conducting brand promotions and other marketing activities, and making investments in and acquisitions of our business partners. In addition, we face competition for leisure time, attention and discretionary spending of its players. Other forms of entertainment, such as offline, traditional online, personal computer and console games, television, movies, sports and the internet, together represent much larger or more well-established markets and may be perceived by our players to offer greater variety, affordability, interactivity and enjoyment. Consumer tastes and preferences for leisure time activities are also subject to sudden or unpredictable change on account of new innovations, developments or product launches. If any of our competitors achieves greater market acceptance than we do or is able to offer more attractive content, or that our consumers do not find our games to be compelling or if other existing or new leisure time activities are perceived by our players to offer greater variety, affordability, interactivity and overall enjoyment, our user base and our market share may decrease, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We operate in a new and rapidly changing industry, which presents significant uncertainty and business risks and makes it difficult to evaluate our business and prospects. Our ability to generate revenue could suffer if the PRC gaming market does not develop as anticipated.

The online gaming and interactive entertainment industries are relatively new and continue to evolve. Whether these industries grow and whether our online business will ultimately succeed, will be affected by, among other things, developments in social networks, mobile platforms, legal and regulatory developments (such as the passage of new laws or regulations or the extension of existing laws or regulations to online gaming and related activities), taxation of gaming activities, data and information privacy and payment processing laws and regulations, and other actors that we are unable to predict and which are beyond our control. Given the dynamic evolution of these industries, it can be difficult to plan strategically, including as it relates to product launches in new or existing jurisdictions that may be delayed or denied, and it is possible that competitors will be more successful than we are at adapting to change and pursuing business opportunities. Additionally, as the online gaming industry advances, including with respect to regulation in new and existing jurisdictions, we may become subject to additional compliance-related costs, including as it relates to licensing and taxes. Consequently, we cannot provide assurance that our online and interactive offerings will grow at the rates expected, or be successful in the long term. If our products do not obtain popularity or maintain popularity, or if they fail to grow in a manner that meets its expectations, or if we cannot offer our product offerings in particular jurisdictions that may be material to our business, results of operations and financial condition could be harmed.

In addition, the growth of the online gaming industry in China and the level of demand and market acceptance of our games are subject to a high degree of uncertainty. Our ability to formulate and execute publishing, distribution and marketing strategies will be significantly affected by our ability to anticipate and adapt to relatively rapid changes in the tastes and preferences of our current and potential users. New and different types of entertainment may increase in popularity at the expense of online games.

As China’s market for online games has evolved rapidly in recent years, it is extremely difficult to accurately predict user acceptance and demand for our existing and potential new games, and the future size, composition and growth of this market. Given the limited history and rapidly evolving nature of the market for online games, we cannot predict how much its users will be willing to spend on in-game purchases or whether users will have concerns over security, reliability, cost and quality of service associated with online games. If acceptance of our games is different than anticipated, our ability to maintain or increase our revenues and profits could be materially and adversely affected.

Our business depends on its ability to offer high-quality content that meets user preferences and demands.

Our success depends on its ability to offer high-quality content focused on animation and games. The breadth, depth, and quality of its content are fundamental in maintaining the attractiveness and value to its users. We rely on its experience from past and current operations to offer, manage, and refine its high-quality content, which may not be effective as user preferences and market trends change. If we are unable to expand into new high quality content by diversifying its products under its Aotu World brand as well as developing new proprietary brand to diversify its animation or gaming product pipeline, its ability to keep content offerings comprehensive and up-to-date may be adversely affected. The quality of its content may be compromised if we are not able to continue to maintain in-depth and meaningful engagement of its user group. If we are unable to keep up with evolving user preferences, it may experience a decline in the attractiveness of its products to its user base.

User generated content, or UGCs, and professional generated user content, or PUGCs, are critical to our content offering. We encourage and support UGC and PUGC creators in providing content to sustain its popularity among users and as an effective for product development inspiration. We also provide continuous support to UGC creators to encourage ongoing and future creation. Any failure in encouraging, supporting, and incentivizing UGC creators may materially and adversely affect the breadth, depth, and quality of its content offerings.

We, in part, rely on the engagement of PUGC creators for brand and product development. If we determine that the PUGC creators and their concepts or developing products have commercial potential, we may formally engage these PUGC creators to establish the contractual basis for their commercial cooperation. However, we cannot assure you that it may reach an agreement with the PUGC creators to develop the product candidate. If we are unable to reach an agreement with the PUGC creators, its content offerings, product development and pipeline may be adversely affected. Furthermore, even if we are able to reach an agreement with the PUGC creators, we cannot assure you that the commercial terms of the agreement will be favorable to us or that the product under the cooperation agreement will ultimately be developed or achieve favorable financial results for us.

If we are unable to continue to offer high-quality content and enhance its content offerings, the reputation and attractiveness of its brand could be compromised, and it may experience a decline in its user base, which could materially and adversely affect its business and results of operations.

We may not be able to duplicate the success of Aotu World brand by successfully creating new original animations and proprietary brands.

Our current pipeline of products, including animation series and mobile games, still mostly relies on the Aotu World brand. For a game to remain popular and to retain players, MMV must constantly enhance, expand and upgrade the game with new features, offers, and content that players find attractive. As a result, each of our games require significant product development, marketing and other resources to develop, launch and sustain popularity through regular upgrades, expansions and new content. While MMV strives to diversify its product portfolio by developing additional proprietary animation and gaming brands, it cannot assure you that it will be successful in developing such brands or that the new brands developed will be popular among the consumers and users or achieve commercial success. If MMV is unable to develop any additional brands or enjoy commercial success for the new brands, or if MMV is unable to develop commercially viable mobile games under these brands, which MMV consider as its primary method of revenue generation, its business, financial condition, and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

The success of our business depends on the quality of our strategy and our ability to execute on it.

Our business strategy makes a number of assumptions about the current and future state of the industry that MMV operates in, including but not limited to environmental factors such as the current and future state of the markets and economies that MMV operates in, the current and expected future actions of governments in China and around the world, the current and future capacity and effectiveness of our competitors, and the current and future desires and wants and means of our users. MMV’s strategy also makes assumptions about the current and future state of our own business, including its capacity and effectiveness and its ability to respond to all of the aforementioned environmental factors, amongst others. All of these assumptions are informed by data and information that is publicly available and which MMV gathers for itself and by its ability to process and understand such data and information. Any or all of our assumptions may prove to be faulty and/or our data and/or information may be inaccurate or incomplete, in which case our strategy may prove to be incorrect or inadequate for the demands of our industry. Even if our strategy is a good one, MMV cannot be certain that its business is equipped to execute the plans and actions that might be necessary to achieve success. If any of MMV’s assumptions are incorrect and/or its strategy is ineffective and/or MMV is unable to execute on its strategy then its business, financial condition, results of operations, prospects and cash flows might be negatively impacted.

The success of our business also depends on our success in expanding our business profile and in entering new markets. Such expansion may require a significant amount of resources and we may not have sufficient experience or expertise in the new business or market. If such expansion is not successful, our financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

Damage to our brand and reputation could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The growth of our business partially depends on the recognition of our brand and reputation.

MMV believes that the recognition and success of our brand rely on the devotion and sentiment of our followers, users and business partners, which has contributed to managing our user acquisition costs and contributed to the growth of MMV’s business.

Maintaining, protecting and enhancing our brand and reputation, in particular its proprietary Aotu World brand, depends largely on several factors including, but not limited to, our ability to:

It is possible also that our brand and reputation may also be adversely affected by the UGC created by its UGC creators which may be perceived as inappropriate, hostile, or illegal, or by information that is perceived as misleading. MMV may fail to identify and respond to such objectionable content or user activity, or otherwise address user concerns in a timely manner, which could erode the trust in our brand and damage its reputation. Any governmental or regulatory inquiry, investigation, or action based on the objectionable content or user activity in our user base, our business practices, or failure to comply with laws and regulations, could damage our brand and reputation, regardless of the outcome.

To maintain a balance between user experience and realizing the commercial potential of its operation is very important. Current users may find our commercial efforts counter-productive to their overall content experience. If MMV fails to balance user experience as MMV further enhances the monetization of its brand and products, our brand and reputation may be adversely affected.

MMV has experienced, and may continue to experience, governmental, regulatory, investor, media, and other third-party scrutiny of our community, content, copyright, data privacy, or other business practices. Actions of our employees, users, or business partners, or other issues, may also harm our brand and reputation.

There is no assurance that MMV can maintain its brand name, reputation, and ability to produce high-quality content. If MMV fails to promote and maintain its brand or preserve our reputation, or if MMV incurs excessive expenses in this effort, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Any failure by MMV to attract and sustain its target audience and maintain an engaged user base could materially and adversely affect our long term growth and future financial performance.

Our success and continued growth is driven by its highly engaged user base. MMV, and in particular the products under its Aotu World brand, has experienced support from its users since its market introduction. our users and fans support and also participate and contribute to the development of the Aotu World brand by generating a large volume of UGC. MMV retains users and attracts new users with its high- quality and entertaining content, and any failure by MMV to attract, maintain and engage its user base may affect the quality and quantity of UGC. MMV cannot assure you that it will sustain or continue to attract users in this age group as this generation of users matures and the consumer demand preference changes over time.

MMV also deploys specific strategies to encourage and promote UGC in order to elevate user participation to strengthen the user base. If MMV experiences a decline in the depth, breadth, quantity or quality of our content, or our strategies and user growth efforts turn out to be ineffective, MMV may not be able to attract more users effectively or may experience a decline in our user base. Currently, MMV primarily relies on and benefits from the user base it has accumulated. If MMV fails to attract, sustain and engage its user base, it could result in a reduction of purchase of our merchandise and in-game items, result in high customer acquisition cost, and other results which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

MMV utilizes a free-to-play business model, which depends on players making optional in-game purchases for virtual items, and failure to monetize effectively through such revenue model may adversely affect our business.

Our games are available to players free of charge, and MMV generates almost all of its gaming related revenues from voluntary in-game purchases made by players. Free-to-play model helps to attract wider range of audience and increase the potential paying users by lowering the initial cost to zero. Paying users usually spend money in our games because of the perceived value of the virtual items that MMV offers for purchase. The perceived value of these virtual items can be impacted by various actions that MMV takes in the games, such as offering discounts, giving away virtual items in promotions or providing easier non-paid means to secure such virtual items.

Furthermore, MMV has established game policies against unauthorized and inappropriate user behavior. For example, MMV does not allow gamers to sell or transfer virtual items or to exchange virtual items for any real-world asset. Virtual items offered in our games have no monetary value outside of its games. Nonetheless, some of our users or third parties sell or purchase our virtual items through unauthorized third parties in exchange for real money or other real-world assets. MMV generates no revenue from these unauthorized transactions and does not permit, or facilitate, these unauthorized transactions. Notwithstanding our measures and efforts to deter such behavior, MMV does not have effective controls over these unauthorized transactions. Any such unauthorized purchase and sale could impede our revenue and profit growth by reducing revenue from authorized transactions, creating downward pressure on the prices MMV charges for its virtual items, and increasing our costs associated with developing technological measures to curtail unauthorized transactions and responding to dissatisfied gamers.

If MMV fails to manage its game economies properly, players may be less likely to spend money in the games, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our new games may attract players away from our existing games, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial conditions, results of operations and prospects.

Our new games may attract players away from our existing games and shrink the player base of our existing games, which could in turn make those existing games less attractive to other players, resulting in decreased revenue from our existing games. Players of our existing games may also spend less money purchasing virtual items in our existing games than they would have spent if they had continued playing our existing games without the introduction of new games. The occurrence of any of the above may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

MMV may not be successful in developing new games or other products, and if we are unable to effectively control our research and development costs, our results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

MMV is currently operating and updating a live mobile game named Aotu World the Game, which was originally developed by a related party, and also developing new pipeline games internally. MMV cannot assure you that the live game it operates and updates will maintain its commercial value, nor the new games it develops will be commercially successful. MMV operates in a market characterized by rapidly developing technologies, evolving industry standards, frequent new game launches and updates and changing player preferences and demands. Our ability to effectively monetize primarily depends on its ability to provide its users with game products with the art style, genre and gameplay that they love. Any failure on our part to act effectively in any of these areas may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Moreover, the market’s reaction to and operating results of our new products may significantly deviates from our projection and expectation.

If we are unable to effectively control our research and development costs for new products, our results of operations and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected. In addition, we may suspend or delay the development of our pipeline projects due to certain cost considerations and strategic adjustments, which could harm our growth prospects.

The seasonality of our business could exacerbate negative impacts on our operations.

Our business is normally subject to seasonal variations based on the timings of animated series and mobile games releases. Release dates can be determined by several factors, including timing of vacation and holiday periods and competition in the market. Due to the construct of the user group of our brands and products, the growth of active users for mobile games tends to occur during school holidays, especially during the extended summer school breaks and lunar New Year holiday period. Similarly, spending by our active users for mobile games tends to increase during the same periods due to users’ extended gameplay time. These seasonal fluctuations tend to be consistent from year to year, but it affects our quarterly performance.

Also, revenues in our merchandise products business are influenced by both seasonal consumers purchasing behavior and the timing of animated series releases. Accordingly, if a short-term negative impact on our business occurs during a time of high seasonal demand, the effect could have a disproportionate effect on our results for the year.

Our monetization scheme and lack of product diversification may not be able to sustain its business operation, monetization plan and future growth.

MMV generates a substantial portion of its revenue from its mobile game and merchandise sales. In each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, revenue from online mobile game and merchandise sales in total accounted for 61.7%, 52.8% and 51.2% of our revenue, respectively. At the current time, the games and merchandises marketed by MMV as well as the animation series and UGC are under its proprietary Aotu World brand. The monetization of this proprietary brand through mobile games and merchandise sales is only at the early stages. While the Aotu World brand is popular among its target audience and user group, the brand users may not respond to our further monetization of the brand with the same level of support, and may not increase their spending for expenditures related to gameplay or purchase additional brand merchandises. Therefore, MMV cannot assure you that the revenue generated under this single brand is sufficient to sustain its business operation, monetization, and future growth.

MMV relies on certain third-party service providers to provide services that are critical to our business, which exposes MMV to various risks that may materially and adversely affect our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

MMV currently uses numerous third-party suppliers and service providers to provide services that are critical to our businesses. MMV have engaged third-party or related service providers to provide online payment for gameplay and merchandise purchase, content distribution, data support, cybersecurity and maintenance services and other services. MMV has limited control over the operations of such third-parties and any significant interruption in their operations may have an adverse impact on our operations.

For example, MMV relies on certain third parties to broadcast its animation series and distribute its mobile games, any interruption or deterioration of business relationship with these distributors may materially affect our business operation and financial results. This is significant as MMV relies on its animation series to promote its brand. In addition to television broadcastings, MMV broadcasts its animation series on various video platforms, and MMV continues to rely on these video platforms to promote its brand. In January and November 2019, and January 2022, MMV signed online broadcasting agreements with an affiliate of Bilibili Inc. for Bilibili’s exclusive online broadcasting of our Aotu World the Animation in the PRC. While MMV believes this exclusive strategic cooperation with Bilibili Inc. will enhance its brand reputation, MMV cannot assure you that this exclusive right will benefit its brand and sufficient to promote its brand in the long term. If this arrangement with Bilibili Inc. is unable to maintain or achieve greater viewership results, our brand may be affected. In addition, the damages in reputation or otherwise of our animation series may also affect the commercial appeal and financial results for other entertainment genres, such as its mobile game, under the same brand.

Furthermore, MMV generates a substantial portion of its revenue from the operation of its mobile game, and relies on certain application stores and other gaming platforms to promote and market its mobile games to its users. If our relationship with these application stores or gaming platforms deteriorates or is interrupted for any reason, these platforms may suspend or terminate their services to MMV. If such event occurs, our users may not have access or find an alternative method to access our mobile games, which may adversely affect our operation and financial results. In addition to providing hosting service to our mobile games, some of these application stores and gaming platforms may collect payments from users for certain in-game purchases. These application stores and gaming platforms revert the scheduled payments to MMV periodically. However, these application stores and gaming platforms, for any reason, may fail to provide payment to MMV or fail to do so in a timely manner. If such event occurs, our business operation, financial results, and in particular, its cash flow may be adversely affected.

If any third-party service provider breaches its obligations under the contractual arrangements to provide relevant service to MMV, or revert payment to MMV for products provided and services rendered, or refuses to renew these service agreements on terms acceptable to MMV, MMV may not be able to find a suitable alternative service provider. Similarly, any failure of or significant quality deterioration in such service provider’s service platform or system could materially and adversely affect our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, these third-party service providers may bring legal actions against MMV for various claims such as payment settlement, which could delay the service delivery and adversely affect our business and financial condition.

MMV relies on third-party platforms to distribute our games and collect revenues generated on such platforms, any interruption of these platforms may cause adverse effect on our business.

MMV distributes its mobile games through the Apple App Store and various channels, including Android-based app stores and platforms, and its gross revenue generated from players is subject to revenue sharing to distribution channels and service fees to payment providers. Consequently, our prospects and expansion depend on our continued relationships with these providers, and any other emerging platform providers that are widely adopted by our target players. MMV and our distributors are subject to the standard terms and conditions of these platform providers for application developers, which govern the content, promotion, distribution, operation of games and other applications on their platforms, as well as the terms of the payment processing services provided by the platforms, and which the platform providers can change unilaterally with little or no notice. Our business would be harmed if:

If our platform providers do not perform their obligations in accordance with MMV platform agreements, MMV could be adversely impacted.

In addition, if MMV does not adhere to the terms and conditions of its platform providers, the platform providers may take actions to limit the operations of, suspend or remove our games from the platform, and/or MMV may be exposed to liability or litigation.

If any events described above or similar to those described above were to occur on short-term or long-term basis, or if these third-party platforms experience issues that impact the ability of players to download or access our games, access social features, or make in-game purchases, they could have a material adverse effect on our brands and reputation, as well as our business, financial condition and results of operations.

MMV relies on third-party manufacturers for the production of its Aotu World brand merchandises, any interruption of the manufacturing process or distribution channel may materially hinder our merchandise sales.

MMV generates a substantial portion of its revenue primarily through merchandise sales. However, MMV does not possess the capacity to manufacture its line of products and does not intend to expand its operation to include such capability. Therefore, MMV relies on business partners to manufacture its products. If our manufacturers are unable to manufacture the Aotu World brand products to meet the quality standard demanded by its consumers or mandated by law, our reputation and brand recognition may suffer as a result. In addition, if our manufacturers are unable to delivers the goods in a timely manner, our revenue for merchandise sales may be adversely affected.

Furthermore, MMV currently conducts its merchandise sales through online vendor platforms and offline distribution channels. MMV cannot assure you that any increase in distribution channels will ultimately increase the sales of its merchandise. Any interruption of our current distribution channel or the failure to expand its distribution capacity at a profitable level may have a material and adverse effect on our merchandise sales and revenue generation.

In addition, online vendors and offline distributors often collect and hold payments for merchandise sales on behalf of MMV. MMV cannot assure you that these vendors and distributors will perform its obligation under the commercial agreements or provide payment to MMV in a timely manner or at all. If the vendors or distributors breach their obligations to make payment, the financial shortfall may adversely affect our financial operation.

MMV may not be able to protect its proprietary brand and intellectual property, and as a result, its business, financial condition, and results of operations may be adversely impacted.

MMV relies on a combination of copyright, patent, trademark, technical knowhow, domain name, and trade secret protection laws in China and other jurisdictions, as well as confidentiality procedures and contractual provisions to protect our intellectual properties and brand. MMV also prides itself to be an open-source company that encourages UGC development and has made its proprietary brand, related supporting technical knowhow, and other IP supports available to its users for the creation of UGC content. However, the use of its proprietary brand by the UGC creators are limited to non-commercial use only, and any commercial development using our proprietary brand and IP requires further commercial negotiation with MMV in order to protect our commercial interests. While MMV actively monitors the UGC, it cannot assure you that MMV will sufficiently protect its proprietary brand due to the large volume of UGC created and the breadth of the internet and virtual world.

Furthermore, MMV has observed incidents of counterfeited Aotu World brand merchandises or the unauthorized manufacturing and online sales of Aotu World products. While MMV actively monitors the unauthorized sales of its merchandise online, it does not have the capacity to monitor unauthorized sales by offline merchants, and cannot assure you that its online monitoring will sufficiently protect its merchandise sales from infringement. If MMV is unable to protect its brand merchandise sales, its business, financial condition, and results of operations may be adversely impacted.

MMV also strives to broaden its content offering and growth through developing additional proprietary brands and investing in technology. However, there can be no assurance that (i) our pending applications for intellectual property rights will be approved, (ii) all of our intellectual property rights will be adequately protected, or (iii) our intellectual property rights will not be challenged by third-parties or found by a judicial authority to be invalid or unenforceable. Third-parties may also take the position that MMV is infringing their rights, and MMV may not be successful in defending these claims. Additionally, MMV may not be able to enforce and defend its proprietary rights or prevent infringement or misappropriation, without substantial expense to MMV and a significant diversion of management time and attention from business strategy.

Protection of intellectual property rights in China may not be as effective as in other jurisdictions, and, as a result, MMV may not be able to adequately protect its intellectual property rights, which could adversely affect its business and competitive position. These violations of intellectual property rights, whether or not successfully defended, may also discourage content creation. In addition, any unauthorized use of our intellectual properties by third-parties may adversely affect our business and reputation. our content, in particular its animation series, may be potentially subject to unauthorized copying and illegal digital dissemination without an economic return. MMV adopts a variety of measures to mitigate such risks, including by litigation and through technology measures. However, MMV cannot assure you that such measures will be effective in protecting its right against unfair competition, defamation or other rights associated with the use of our intellectual property.

In addition, while MMV typically requires its employees, consultants, contractors and UGC creators who may be involved in the development of intellectual properties to execute agreements assigning such intellectual properties, MMV may be unsuccessful in executing such an agreement with each party who in fact develops intellectual properties that MMV views as its own. In addition, such agreements may not be self- executing such that the intellectual properties subject to such agreements may not be assigned to MMV without additional assignments being executed, and MMV may fail to obtain such assignments. In addition, such agreements may be breached. Accordingly, MMV may be forced to bring claims against third-parties, or defend claims that they may bring against MMV related to the ownership of such intellectual properties.

Furthermore, managing or preventing unauthorized use of intellectual properties is difficult and expensive, and MMV may need to resort to legal proceedings to enforce or defend intellectual properties or to determine the enforceability, scope and validity of our proprietary rights or those of others. Such litigation or proceedings and an adverse determination in any such litigation could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention.

MMV has been, and may continue to be, subject to claims and allegations relating to intellectual property and other causes.

Our success depends largely on our ability to utilize its technology to create and develop proprietary brands as the source for animation and gaming entertainment. Companies in the internet, technology, and media industries own, and are seeking to obtain, a large number of patents, copyrights, trademarks, know-how, and trade secrets, and they are frequently involved in litigation based on allegations of infringement, misappropriation or other violations of intellectual property rights, such as trademark and copyrights. There may be patents issued or pending that are held by others that cover significant aspects of our technologies, products, or services, and such third-parties may attempt to enforce such rights against MMV. Although MMV has set up screening processes to try to filter out content that is subject to claims of copyright or other intellectual property protection, MMV may not be able to identify, remove, or disable all potentially infringing content that may exist. As a result, third-parties may take action and file claims against MMV if they believe that certain content available in our community violates their copyrights or other intellectual property rights.

MMV may from time to time receive claims that MMV infringes the intellectual property rights of others. Moreover, MMV may be subject to claims by third-parties who maintain that our service providers’ technology infringes third-party’s intellectual property rights. If MMV fails to successfully defend against such claim or does not prevail in such litigation, it could be required to modify, redesign or cease operating the games, pay monetary amounts as damages or enter into royalty or licensing arrangements with the valid intellectual property holders. Any royalty or licensing arrangements that MMV may seek in such circumstances may not be available to it on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Also, if MMV acquires technology licenses from third parties, our exposure to infringement actions may increase because MMV must rely upon these third parties to verify the origin and ownership of such technology. This exposure to liability could result in disruptions in our business that could materially and adversely affect our results of operations.

Some of our employees were previously employed at other companies, including our competitors. MMV may hire additional personnel to expand its development team and technical support team as its business grows. To the extent these employees were involved in the development of content or technology similar to our at their former employers, MMV may become subject to claims that these employees or MMV has appropriated these employees’ former employers’ proprietary information or intellectual properties. If MMV fails to successfully defend such claims against itself, MMV may be exposed to liabilities which could have a material adverse effect on the Group’s business.

MMV is currently not a party to any material legal or administrative proceedings but is subject to legal or administrative actions for defamation, negligence, copyright and trademark infringement, unfair competition, breach of service terms, or other purported injuries resulting from the content MMV provides or the nature of our services. Such legal and administrative actions, with or without merits, may be expensive and time-consuming and may result in significant diversion of resources and management attention from our business operations. Furthermore, such legal or administrative actions may adversely affect our brand image and reputation.

Our business generates and processes a large amount of data, and the improper use or disclosure of such data may harm our reputation and business.

Our business generates and processes a large quantity of personal, transaction, demographic and behavioral data. MMV faces risks inherent in handling large volumes of data and in protecting the security of such data, including those relating to:

MMV is subject to the laws and regulations of the PRC and other countries and regions relating to the collection, use, retention, security and transfer of personally identifiable information with respect to our customers and employees. These laws continue to develop and may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Complying with emerging and changing international requirements may cause MMV to incur substantial costs or require MMV to change its business practices. Any failure, or perceived failure, by MMV to comply with any privacy policies or regulatory requirements or privacy-protection-related laws, rules and regulations could result in proceedings or actions against MMV by government authorities or others. These proceedings or actions may subject MMV to significant penalties and result in negative publicity, require MMV to change its business practices, increase its costs and severely disrupt its business.

In addition, the secure transmission of confidential information, such as users’ debit and credit card numbers and expiration dates, billing addresses and other personal information, over public networks, including our websites and games, is essential for maintaining user confidence. MMV does not have control over the security measures of its third-party payment channel partners, and their security measures may not be adequate. MMV could be exposed to litigation and possible liability if MMV fails to safeguard confidential user information, which could harm our reputation and its ability to attract or retain users, and may materially and adversely affect our business.

If content in our online UGC community is found to be objectionable or in violation of any PRC laws or regulations, MMV may be subject to administrative actions or negative publicity.

Content in our UGC community may draw social attention, which may cause controversies. Moreover, the PRC government and regulatory authorities have adopted regulations governing content and information over the internet. Under these regulations, internet content providers are prohibited from posting, reproducing, transmitting, or displaying over the internet content that, among other things, violates PRC laws and regulations, impairs the national dignity of China or the public interest, or is obscene, superstitious, fraudulent, violent, or defamatory. Internet content providers are also prohibited from displaying content that may be deemed by relevant government authorities as “socially destabilizing” or leaking “state secrets” of China. The PRC government and regulatory authorities strengthen the regulation on internet content from time to time. For example, the PRC Cybersecurity Law, which took effect on June 1, 2017, provides that, among other things, a network operator must keep record of and report any instances of public dissemination of prohibited content and failure to do so may result in revocation of its Value-Added Telecommunications Business Operating License and termination of business. With respect to audio-visual and live streaming content, the Circular on Issues Concerning Strengthening the Administration of Online Live Streaming of Audio-Visual Programs requires online audio-visual live streaming service providers to monitor the living streaming content, and to have an established emergency reaction plan to replace content that violates PRC laws and regulations. The Administrative Regulations on Online Live Streaming Services requires online live streaming service providers to establish review platforms for live streaming content. In addition, the Administrative Provisions on Online Audio-Visual Information Services provides that online audio-visual information service providers are the principals responsible for managing the security of information content, and should establish and improve their internal policies on user registration, scrutiny of information publication, and information security management, and that they must report users’ production, publication, and dissemination of prohibited content. Moreover, the Regulations on Administration of Network Short Video Platforms requires that all short videos to be reviewed before being broadcasted. Any failure to comply with the aforementioned regulations may cause negative publicity and subject MMV to fines or other penalties, which could materially and adversely affect our business, reputation, and results of operations.

MMV cannot assure you that MMV can identify all objectionable or illicit content due to the large amount of content uploaded by our users every day. Failure to identify and prevent illegal or inappropriate content from being uploaded to our community may subject MMV to negative publicity or liability, such as limiting the dissemination of content, and suspension or removal of its contents from various distribution channels.

Laws and rules, governmental or judicial interpretations, and implementations may change in a manner that could render our current efforts insufficient. If government actions or sanctions are brought or pending against MMV, or if there is publicity that government actions or sanctions have been brought or otherwise are pending against MMV, its reputation and brand image could be harmed, MMV may lose users and business partners, and our revenue and results of operation may be materially and adversely affected.

Many of our products and services utilize open source software, which may pose particular risks to our proprietary software, products, and services in a manner that negatively affects our business.

MMV uses open source software in its products and services and will continue to use open source software in the future. There is a risk that open source software licenses could be construed in a manner that imposes unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to provide or distribute our products or services. Additionally, MMV may face claims from third-parties claiming ownership of, or demanding release of, the open source software or derivative works that MMV developed using such software.

These claims could result in litigation and could require MMV to make our software source code freely available, purchase a costly license or cease offering the implicated products or services unless and until MMV can re-engineer them to avoid infringement. This re-engineering process could require significant additional research and development resources, and MMV may not be able to complete it successfully.

Certain data and information in this annual report relied on MMV were obtained from third- party data and polls. These metrics were not independently verified by MMV and may not be accurate.

Certain numbers and information in this annual report were obtained and provided from numerous sources including management data, third-party data or numbers generally estimated by calculating the number of followers, times viewed, and search results hits for Aotu World to generally assess its popularity and user base support. These metrics were not independently verified. Such databases, third party information, and calculations may not accurately reflect actual statistics or numbers and MMV does not have access to specific rating numbers and has not been afforded the ability to systematically monitor viewership numbers on online platforms. Similarly, any statistical data in any third-party publications also include projections based on a number of assumptions. If any one or more of the assumptions underlying the market data is later found to be incorrect, actual results may differ from the projections based on these assumptions.

Furthermore, MMV monitors the number of registered users of Aotu World the Game, it has not implemented any criteria to measure and distinguish active users among the aggregate registered players. MMV has not independently verified the databases and information contained in such third-party publications and reports which may not accurately reflect actual statistics or numbers. Such data may differ from estimates or similarly titled metrics published by other third parties due to differences in methodology and assumptions, technical errors and other inherent challenges in measuring such data and information. For example, certain users may register multiple user accounts, or there could be dummy device accounts or simulator accounts, which may skew the accuracy of the number of users on our platform. Furthermore, the top-up amounts recorded by MMV may not accurately reflect the actual top-up statistics due to the use of coupons, refunds, bad debts and different statistical periods. Therefore, MMV cannot guarantee that the user base or top-up amounts related statistics reported in this annual report fully and accurately present our actual user base or top-up amounts statistics.

MMV believes that the data and information, and reports contained therein is generally believed to be reliable, but MMV does not guarantee the accuracy and completeness of such information.

MMV relies on third-party online payment channels for payment collection. Any interruption of their services or unintended leakage of confidential information may materially and adversely affect our reputation and business.

MMV relies on major third-party payment channels, such as Alipay and WeChat Pay, to facilitate and collect game players’ payment for in-game virtual items and end customers’ payment for merchandise. MMV is subject to various risks and uncertainties associated with these third-party online payment channels. Any interruption in their payment services could adversely affect our payment collection, and in turn, its revenue.

In all online payment transactions through third-party payment channels, secured transmission of consumers’ confidential information, including credit card and bank account numbers, personal information and billing addresses, over public networks, is essential for maintaining consumer confidence. MMV does not have control over the security measures of the third-party payment channels, and their security measures may not be adequate at present or may not be adequate with the expected increased usage of online payment systems. MMV could be exposed to litigation and potential liabilities if MMV fails to safeguard consumers’ confidential information, which could harm our reputation and its ability to attract or retain consumers and may have a material adverse effect on its business.

Furthermore, our payment channels are subject to various laws and regulations regulating electronic funds transfers and virtual currencies, which could change or be reinterpreted in a way that will adversely affect their compliance. If our payment channels experience any non-compliance incidents, they may be subject to fines and higher transaction fees and even lose their ability to accept online payments from our consumers, which in turn would materially and adversely affect our ability to monetize our game player base.

MMV has incurred significant losses historically and may continue to experience significant losses in the future.

For each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, MMV incurred net loss of US$32.7 million, US$12.8 million and US$29.0 million, respectively. MMV cannot assure you that MMV will be able to generate profits or positive operating cash flow in the future. Our ability to achieve profitability and positive operating cash flow principally depends on its ability to further expand our user base and increase its revenue, but MMV cannot assure you that our user base will continue to maintain the growth momentum. MMV also needs to continue enhancing its monetization to increase our revenue. MMV may experience losses and negative operating cash flow in the future due to its continued spending in product development, M&A and investments in technology. In addition, our ability to achieve and sustain profitability is affected by various factors, some of which are beyond our control, such as changes in macroeconomic conditions or competitive dynamics in the industry. If MMV cannot effectively maintain or achieve revenue growth at scale, or is unable to maintain and enhance our profitability and liquidity, our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

MMV has a substantial amount of indebtedness and other liabilities and is exposed to liquidity constraints, which could make it difficult to obtain additional financing on favorable terms or at all and could adversely affect its financial condition, results of operations, and ability to repay its debts.

MMV has incurred a substantial amount of debts to finance its brand and product development, infrastructure investment, and other operational expenses. As of December 31, 2023, MMV had net current liabilities of US$7.9 million, and total shareholders’ deficit of US$30.5 million. Historically, MMV has not been profitable nor generated positive net operating cash flows. As of December 31, 2023, MMV had US$18.2 million loans and accrued interests due to its major shareholders and other related parties, and US$5.6 million trading and other amounts due to its related parties affiliated to its major shareholders. MMV may resort to additional financing such as issuing debt or equity securities and obtaining additional loans from financial institutions. If MMV is unable to obtain financing on favorable terms, it could hamper our ability to obtain financing and meets its principal and interest payment obligations to its creditors. As a result, MMV may be exposed to liquidity constraints. In order to provide additional liquidity to its operations, MMV could be forced to reduce its planned capital expenditures, implement austerity measures, and/or sell additional non- strategic assets in order to raise funds. A reduction in its capital expenditure program could adversely affect its financial condition and results of operations, in particular, our ability to achieve its anticipated growth or even maintain the operations of its current spaces.

In addition, as a holding company, MMV may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by its subsidiaries, including WFOE and other subsidiaries based in the PRC for its cash and financing requirements. If WFOE or any other subsidiaries in PRC incurs debt on its own behalf in the future, the instruments governing such debt may restrict its ability to pay dividends to MMV. Current PRC regulations permit WFOE to pay dividends to MMV through the Hong Kong Subsidiary and Cayman Subsidiary only out of its accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with Chinese accounting standards and regulations. MMV is permitted under the laws of British Virgin Islands to provide funding to its subsidiaries in Hong Kong and mainland China through loans or capital contributions without restrictions on the amount of the funds. Hong Kong Subsidiary and Cayman Subsidiary are also permitted under the laws of Hong Kong SAR and Cayman Islands, respectively, to provide funding to MMV through dividend distributions without restrictions on the amount of the funds. As of the date of this annual report, MMV has not transferred funds to the WFOE. In the future, however, cash proceeds raised from overseas financing activities, including the Business Combination, may be transferred by MMV to the WFOE via capital contribution or shareholder loans. As of the date of this annual report, there have not been any such dividends or other distributions from WFOE to the Hong Kong Subsidiary. In addition, none of our subsidiaries have ever issued any dividends or distributions to MMV or their respective shareholders outside of China. As of the date of this annual report, Shanghai Jupiter has not remitted any services fees to the WFOE.

Failure to comply with the terms of our indebtedness could result in default, which could have an adverse effect on our cash flow and liquidity.

MMV may from time to time enter into credit facilities and debt financing arrangements containing financial and other covenants that could, among other things, restrict our business and operations. If MMV breaches any of these covenants, including the failure to maintain certain financial ratios, our lenders may be entitled to accelerate our debt obligations. Any default under the credit facility could result in the repayment of these loans prior to maturity as well as the inability to obtain additional financing, which in turn may have a material adverse effect on our cash flow and liquidity.

MMV has recorded negative cash flows from operating activities historically and may experience significant cash outflows or has net current liabilities in the future.

MMV has experienced significant cash outflow from operating activities historically. MMV had net cash used in operating activities of US$5.5 million, US$5.0 million and US$9.9 million for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, respectively. The cost of continuing operations could further reduce our cash position, and an increase in our net cash outflow from operating activities could adversely affect our operations by reducing the amount of cash available for its operations and business expansion.

Failure to generate positive cash flows from operations may adversely affect our ability to raise capital for its business expansion. It may also diminish the willingness of business partners to enter into transactions with MMV, and have other adverse effects that harm our long-term viability.

MMV had net current liabilities as of December 31, 2023. Net current liabilities expose MMV to liquidity risk. MMV has satisfied its liquidity requirements primarily through equity financing activities and loans from its shareholders. Such financing might not be available to MMV in a timely manner or on terms that are acceptable, or at all.

Our business will require significant amount of working capital to support its growth. our future liquidity and ability to make additional capital investments will depend primarily on its ability to maintain sufficient cash generated from operating activities and to obtain adequate external financing. There can be no assurance that MMV will be able to renew existing bank facilities or obtain equity or other sources of financing.

Our revenue growth rate and financial performance in recent periods may not be indicative of future performance, and our revenue growth rate may decline in the future compared to prior periods.

MMV has experienced revenue growth in certain business lines in recent periods, in particular, including 11.3% year-over-year growth for its merchandise sales, 18.8% year-over-year growth for its animation production service revenue and 327.6% year-over-year growth for its licensing services in 2022. As MMV continues to develop its business, our revenue growth rates may decline compared to prior fiscal years due to a number of reasons, which may include more challenging comparisons to prior periods, a decrease in the growth of its overall market or market saturation, slowing demand for its games, its inability to continue to acquire games or game studios, and its inability to capitalize on growth opportunities. In fact, due to less contents created and published and the fluctuation of the macro economies in the year of 2023, MMV’s revenue declined compared to that of 2022.

Our interim and annual results may fluctuate significantly and may not fully reflect the underlying performance of our business.

Our interim and annual results of operations, including the levels of our net revenues, expenses, net (loss)/income and other key metrics, may vary significantly in the future due to a variety of factors, some of which are outside of our control, and period-to-period comparisons of our operating results may not be meaningful, especially given our limited operating history. Accordingly, the results for any one interim period or any one year are not necessarily an indication of future performance. Fluctuations in interim and/or annual results may adversely affect the price of our ordinary shares. Factors that may cause fluctuations in our interim and annual financial results include:

In addition, MMV experiences seasonality in our business, reflecting traditional personal consumption patterns. Our results of operations could be affected by such seasonality in the future.

MMV may not be able to manage its growth effectively, which may compromise the success of its business.

Historically, MMV experienced rapid growth in certain periods. The success of our business largely depends on our ability to effectively maintain our user and revenue growth. MMV attracts and retains users with quality entertainment content. As MMV further expands its business, we may face challenges related to the expansion of our brand, products, services, employees and other resources. To address these challenges, MMV needs to expand company infrastructure, technological capabilities, and employee support to scale.

MMV cannot assure you that its existent infrastructure and resources will be adequate to support our expanding business operations, or its continuous expansion of company infrastructure will generate the same level of efficiency to sustain its business expansion. If MMV fails to manage its expansion effectively, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

MMV requires a significant amount of capital to fund its operations and growth. If MMV cannot obtain sufficient capital on acceptable terms, its business, financial condition, and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

MMV requires a significant amount of capital and resources for its operations and continued growth. MMV expects to make significant investments to funds its brand development and M&A activities to broaden its content offerings, which may significantly increase our net cash used in operating activities. In addition, MMV will continue to invest in its Core Platform and supporting technology, which are fundamental to our business operation and future growth. However, MMV cannot assure you that these investments will generate the optimal returns, if at all. To date, MMV has historically funded its cash requirements primarily through capital contributions from its shareholders and short-term or long-term borrowings. If these resources are insufficient to satisfy our cash requirements, MMV may seek to raise funds through additional equity offering or debt financing or additional bank facilities. Our ability to obtain additional capital in the future, however, is subject to a number of uncertainties, including those relating to its future business development, financial condition, and results of operations, general market conditions for financing activities by companies in its industry, and macro-economic and other conditions in China and globally. In particular, certain potential equity investors who already executed share subscription agreements to subscribe MMV’s shares may not be able to fulfill their obligations under such agreements due to market conditions. If MMV cannot obtain sufficient capital on acceptable terms to meet its capital needs, MMV may not be able to execute its growth strategies, and our business, financial condition, and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

A severe or prolonged economic slowdown in the Chinese or global economy could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The global macroeconomic environment is facing challenges. The growth rate of the Chinese economy has gradually slowed in recent years and the trend may continue. There is considerable uncertainty over the long-term effects of the monetary and fiscal policies adopted by the central banks and financial authorities of some of the world’s leading economies, including the United States and China. Unrest, terrorist threats and the potential for war in the Middle East and elsewhere may increase market volatility across the globe. There have also been concerns on the relationship among China and other countries, including the surrounding Asian countries, which may potentially have economic effects. In particular, there is significant uncertainty about the future relationship between the United States and China with respect to trade policies, treaties, government regulations, and tariffs. Economic conditions in China are sensitive to global economic conditions, as well as changes in domestic economic and political policies and the expected or perceived overall economic growth rate in China. Any severe or prolonged slowdown in the global or PRC economy may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

The rise in political tensions, particularly between the United States and China, may adversely impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Recently there have been heightened tensions in international economic relations, such as the one between the United States and China. The U.S. government has recently imposed, and has recently proposed to impose additional, new, or higher tariffs on certain products imported from China to penalize China for what the U.S. characterizes as unfair trade practices. China has responded by imposing, and proposing to impose additional, new, or higher tariffs on certain products imported from the United States. Following mutual retaliatory actions for months, on January 15, 2020, the United States and China entered into the Economic and Trade Agreement between the United States of America and the People’s Republic of China as a phase one trade deal, effective on February 14, 2020.

In addition, political tensions between the United States and China have escalated due to, among other things, trade disputes, the COVID-19 outbreak, sanctions imposed by the U.S. Department of Treasury on certain officials of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and the PRC central government and the executive orders issued by the U.S. government in August 2020 that prohibit certain transactions with certain selected leading Chinese internet companies as well as their products. Rising political tensions could reduce levels of trades, investments, technological exchanges, and other economic activities between the two major economies. Such tensions between the United States and China, and any escalation thereof, may have a negative impact on the general, economic, political, and social conditions in China and, in turn, adversely impacting our business operation and M&A activities, financial condition, and results of operations.

Legal or regulatory restriction could adversely impact our business and limit the growth of our operations.

There is significant opposition in some jurisdictions, including in China, to interactive social gaming. In September 2018, the World Health Organization added “gaming disorder” to the International Classification of Diseases, defining the disorder as a pattern of behavior characterized by impaired control over gaming and an increase in the priority of gaming over other interests and daily activities. Additionally, the public has become increasingly concerned with the amount of time spent using phones, tablets and computers per day, and these concerns have increased as people spend more time at home and on their devices over the course of the stay-at-home orders caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Such opposition could lead these jurisdictions, including China, to adopt legislation or impose a regulatory framework to govern interactive social gaming specifically. These could result in a prohibition on interactive social gaming altogether, restrict our ability to advertise its games, or substantially increase its costs to comply with these regulations, all of which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations, cash flows and financial condition. MMV cannot predict the likelihood, timing, scope or terms of any such legislation or regulation or the extent to which they may affect our business.

Consumer protection concerns regarding games have been raised in the past and may again be raised in the future. These concerns include but are not limited to: (i) methods to limit the ability of children to make in- game purchases, and (ii) a concern that mobile game companies are using big data and advanced technology to predict and target “vulnerable” users who may spend significant time and money on mobile games in lieu of other activities. Such concerns could lead to increased scrutiny over the manner in which our games are designed, developed, distributed and presented. MMV cannot predict the likelihood, timing or scope of any concern reaching a level that will impact our business, or whether MMV would suffer any adverse impacts to its results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

Furthermore, China has established numerous laws and regulations with respect to the anti-addiction aspect in the gaming industry. Please refer to “— Risks Related to Doing Business in China — The PRC laws regulating the playing time of online games and the age of users playing them may adversely affect our business and operations.” for more details. The scope and interpretation of these PRC laws that are or may be applicable to the gaming industry are uncertain and may be conflicting. There is a risk that existing or future laws may be interpreted in a manner that is not consistent with the gaming industry’s current practices and could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

MMV has engaged in transactions with related parties, and such transactions present potential conflicts of interest that could have an adverse effect on its business and results of operations.

MMV has entered into a number of transactions with related parties. MMV may in the future enter into additional transactions with its related parties. Interests of these related parties may not necessarily be aligned with our interests and the interests of its other shareholders. For example, conflicts of interest may arise in connection with decisions regarding the transaction arrangements which may be less favorable to MMV than similar arrangements negotiated with unaffiliated third- parties. Conflicts of interest may also arise in connection with the exercise of contractual remedies, such as the treatment of events of default. As a result, those related party transactions, individually or in the aggregate, may have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

MMV faces risks related to natural disasters, extreme weather conditions, health epidemics, and other catastrophic incidents, which could significantly disrupt its operations.

Our business could be adversely affected by the effects of epidemics. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused, and may continue to cause, MMV and its business partners to implement adjustment of work arrangements enabling employees to work from home and collaborate remotely. MMV have taken measures in accordance with regulatory policies to reduce the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, MMV might still be subject to related impact, such as travel restrictions and delay or cancelation in our events. As a result, our business, financial condition, and results of operations have been adversely affected. The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic affects our operations and financial performance will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including new information which may emerge concerning the severity of COVID-19 and the actions to contain the coronavirus, such as the availability of effective vaccines or cure, among others.

In recent years, there have been other breakouts of epidemics in China and globally. Our operations could be disrupted if one of our employees is suspected of having H1N1 flu, avian flu, or another epidemic, since it could require our employees to be quarantined and/or our offices to be disinfected. In addition, our results of operations could be adversely affected to the extent that the outbreak harms the PRC economy and the global industry in general.

MMV is also vulnerable to natural disasters and other calamities. Although MMV have servers that are hosted in an offsite location, our backup system does not capture data on a real-time basis and MMV may be unable to recover certain data in the event of a server failure. MMV cannot assure you that any backup systems will be adequate to protect MMV from the effects of fire, floods, typhoons, earthquakes, power loss, telecommunications failures, break-ins, war, riots, terrorist attacks, or similar events. Any of the foregoing events may give rise to server interruptions, breakdowns, system failures, technology platform failures, or internet failures, which could cause the loss or corruption of data or malfunctions of software or hardware as well as adversely affect our ability to provide services.

Any future outbreak of contagious diseases, extreme unexpected bad weather or natural disasters would adversely affect our offline events. If there is a recurrence of an outbreak of certain contagious diseases or natural disasters, the offline events operated by us may be canceled or delayed. Government advice regarding, or restrictions on, holding offline events, in the event of an outbreak of any contagious disease or occurrence of natural disasters may have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results.

MMV may not effectively identify, pursue and consummate strategic alliances, investments or acquisitions.

Broadening of content offering by way of M&A and other investment channels may be one of our business strategy. MMV may from time to time engage in evaluations of, and discussions with, possible domestic and international acquisitions, investments or alliance candidates. These transactions could be material to our financial condition and results of operations if consummated. MMV cannot guarantee that it may be able to identify suitable strategic alliances, investment or acquisition opportunities. Even when MMV identifies an appropriate acquisition or investment target, it may not be able to negotiate the terms of the acquisition or investment successfully, obtain financing for the proposed transaction, or integrate the relevant businesses into its existing business and operations. Strategic investments or acquisitions will involve risks commonly encountered in business relationships, including:

There may also be particular complexities, regulatory, commercial or otherwise, associated with our expansion into new markets imposed by regulatory agencies in PRC and in the target jurisdiction. Acquisitions by operating entities in the PRC are subject to review by PRC regulatory agencies such as the National Development and Reform Commission, or NDRC, and the Ministry of Commerce, or MOFCOM. The PRC regulatory agencies may not approve our investments or acquisition even if MMV is able to reach an agreement with respect to the commercial terms. The PRC regulatory agencies may not provide a reason regarding their decision to prohibit our investment proposal or afford MMV the opportunity to take curative measures to seek subsequent approval from these agencies. In addition to restrictions imposed by the PRC regulatory agencies, regulatory agencies in the target territories may also impose restrictions that may prohibit our investment or acquisition in these territories.

MMV may not be able to successfully consummated contemplated transactions due to various factors, and the failure to consummate certain transactions could materially and adversely affect our financial condition.

Even if the transaction is consummated, MMV may only have limited control over the companies in which it only has minority stake, it cannot ensure that these companies will always comply with applicable laws and regulations in their business operations. Non-compliance of regulatory requirements by our investees may cause substantial harm to our reputations and the value of our investment. If MMV is unable to effectively address these challenges, its ability to execute acquisitions as a component of its long-term strategy will be impaired, which could have an adverse effect on its growth. As a result of the above, our strategies may not be successfully implemented beyond the current markets.

Investments and acquisitions present financial, managerial and operational challenges, including difficulty in integrating our operations with businesses MMV acquires or in which MMV invests, potential disruption of our ongoing business and distraction of management attention and risks associated with offering new products and services or entering additional markets. MMV has limited experience in making acquisitions and investments, and may fail to generate sufficient revenue or other value to justify our investments in potential targets. our users may not respond favorably to its new products and services obtained through acquisition and partnership, which could damage its brand reputation and adversely affect its business.

MMV may not make any investments or acquisitions, or any future investments or acquisitions may not be successful, may not benefit our business strategy, may not generate sufficient revenues to offset the associated acquisition costs or may not otherwise result in the intended benefits. Any investment might not achieve the synergies, operational or financial benefits it expects and may adversely impact our operating results. In addition, MMV cannot assure you that any future investment in or acquisition of new businesses or technology will lead to the successful development of new or enhanced products and services or that any new or enhanced products and services, if developed, will achieve market acceptance, or prove to be profitable.

Our business is subject to complex and evolving laws and regulations regarding privacy and data protection. Many of these laws and regulations are subject to change and uncertain interpretation, and could result in claims, changes to our business practices, increased cost of operations, or declines in user growth or engagement, or otherwise harm our business.

MMV collects personal data from our users in order to better understand our users and their needs. Concerns about the collection, use, disclosure, processing, or security of personal information or other privacy-related matters, even for those without merit, could damage our reputation, cause MMV to lose users, and adversely affect our business and results of operations. MMV is required by privacy and data protection laws in China and other jurisdictions, including, without limitation, the PRC Cybersecurity Law, to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the information of our users, advertising customers, and third-party content providers, which is also essential to maintaining their confidence in our services. However, the interpretation and implementation of such laws in China and elsewhere are often uncertain and in flux.

In November 2016, the Standing Committee of the PRC National People’s Congress promulgated the PRC Cybersecurity Law, which provides that network operators must meets their cybersecurity obligations and must take technical measures and other necessary measures to protect the safety and stability of their networks. The PRC Cybersecurity Law is relatively new and subject to interpretation by the regulator. MMV collects certain user information which mainly includes some registered consumers’ name, address, mobile phone number, birthday date, in the course of its business operation for the purpose of member registration and mailing of merchandises. Although MMV only gains access to minimal user information that is necessary for, and relevant to, the services provided to meet the obligations mandated by law, the data MMV obtains and uses may be deemed as “personal information” under the PRC Cybersecurity Law and related data privacy and protection laws and regulations.

While MMV takes measures to comply with all applicable data privacy and protection laws and regulations, MMV cannot guarantee the effectiveness of the measures undertaken by MMV and its business partners. The activities of third-parties, such as our users, merchants, brands, third-party data processor, and other business partners are beyond our control. If any of these parties violate the PRC Cybersecurity Law and related laws and regulations, or fail to fully comply with the service agreements with MMV, or if any of our employees fails to comply with our internal control measures and misuses the information, MMV may be subject to regulatory actions. Any failure or perceived failure to comply with all applicable data privacy and protection laws and regulations, or any failure or perceived failure of our business partners to do so, or any failure or perceived failure of our employees to comply with our internal control measures, may result in negative publicity and legal proceedings or regulatory actions against MMV, and could damage our reputation, discourage current and potential users and business partners from using our services, and subject MMV to claims, fines, suspension of relevant operations, revocation of licenses, or other damages, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

New laws or regulations concerning data protection, or the interpretation and implementation of existing consumer and data protection laws or regulations, which is often uncertain and in flux, may be inconsistent with our practices. The introduction of new products or other actions that MMV may take may subject MMV to additional laws, regulations, or other government scrutiny. Complying with new laws and regulations could cause MMV to incur substantial costs or require MMV to change its business practices in a manner materially adverse to our business. In addition, some countries are considering or have passed legislation implementing data protection requirements or requiring local storage and processing of data or similar requirements that could increase the cost and complexity of delivering our services. MMV conducts all of its business through the operation of its subsidiaries in the PRC and VIEs. If the VIE structure and the series of agreements executed under the VIE arrangement are terminated or become invalid or illegal as a result of the new rules, MMV cannot exercise any contractual control over our subsidiaries in the PRC.

Any compromise of the cybersecurity of our online community could materially and adversely affect our business, operations, and reputation.

Our products and services involve the storage and transmission of users’ and other customers’ information, and security breaches or vulnerabilities affecting our or our vendors’ technology, products, and systems could expose MMV to a risk of loss of this information, litigation, and potential liability. MMV experiences cyber-attacks of varying degrees from time to time, and MMV has been able to rectify attacks without significant impact to our operations in the past. MMV uses third-party technology and systems for a variety of reasons, such as data storage and transmission, cloud services, and other functions. Some of such systems have experienced past security breaches, and, although they did not have a material adverse effect on our operating results, MMV cannot assure you a similar result in the future. our security measures may also be breached due to employee error, malfeasance, or otherwise. Additionally, outside parties may attempt to fraudulently induce employees, users, or other customers to disclose sensitive information in order to gain access to our data or our users’ or other customers’ data or accounts, or may otherwise obtain access to such data or accounts. Because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, disable, or degrade service or sabotage systems change frequently and often are not recognized until launched against a target, MMV may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures. If an actual or perceived breach of our security occurs, the market perception of the effectiveness of our security measures could be harmed, MMV could lose users and other customers, and may be exposed to significant legal and financial risks, including legal claims and regulatory fines and penalties. Any of these actions could materially and adversely affect our business, reputation, and results of operations.

Any significant disruption to our technology infrastructure or our failure to maintain the satisfactory performance, security, and integrity of our technology infrastructure would adversely affect user experience and harm our reputation.

Our ability to provide users with high-quality experience depends on the continuous and reliable operation of its technology infrastructure, the failure of which may significantly impair our user experience. Disruptions, failures, or unscheduled service interruptions could hurt our reputation, ability to operate its business, retain existing users and attract new users. Our technology infrastructure are vulnerable to damage or interruption as a result of fires, floods, earthquakes, power losses, telecommunications failures, undetected errors in software, computer viruses, hacking, and other attempts to harm our systems. These interruptions may be due to unforeseen events that are beyond our control or the control of our third-party service providers. MMV has experienced general intermittent interruptions in the past, and may continue to experience similar interruptions in the future despite our continuous efforts to improve our technology infrastructure. Since MMV hosts our servers at third-party internet data centers, any natural disaster or unexpected closure of internet data centers operated by third-party providers may result in lengthy service interruptions. The proper functioning of our technology is essential to our business. If MMV experiences frequent or persistent service disruptions, whether caused by failures of our own systems or those of third-party service providers, its users’ experience may be negatively affected, which in turn, may materially and adversely affect our reputation. MMV cannot assure you that MMV will be successful in minimizing the frequency or duration of service interruptions.

Undetected programming or system errors or defects in our games could harm our reputation and materially and adversely affect our business.

Our mobile games are subject to frequent improvement and updates and may contain bugs or flaws that may become apparent only after the updated apps are accessed by gamers. From time to time, gamers may inform MMV of programming bugs or flaws affecting their experience, which MMV may not be able to resolve in a timely manner. As a result, MMV may lose gamers, and our reputation and market acceptance of our games may also suffer, therefore adversely affecting our business.

Our mobile app and internal systems rely on software, including software developed or maintained internally and/or by third parties. In addition, our mobile app and internal systems depend on the ability of such software to store, retrieve, process and manage immense amounts of data. The software on which MMV relies in the past has contained, and may now or in the future contain, undetected programming errors, bugs, or vulnerabilities. Some errors may only be discovered after the code has been released for external or internal use. Errors, vulnerabilities, or other design defects within the software on which MMV relies may result in a negative experience for users using our mobile app, delay introductions of new features or enhancements, result in errors or compromise our ability to protect the data of its users and/or its intellectual property or lead to reductions in its ability to provide some or all of its services. In addition, any errors, bugs, vulnerabilities, or defects discovered in the software on which MMV relies, and any associated degradations or interruptions of service, could result in harm to our reputation and loss of users, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and operation results.

Restrictions on virtual currency and virtual items may adversely affect our current business model.

Our mobile game revenue is mainly derived from sales of in-game virtual items, which are regulated pursuant to the PRC laws and regulations on virtual currency of online games. The Notice on Strengthening Administration of Virtual Currency of Online Games (), which was jointly issued by the Ministry of Culture, or MOC, and the MOFCOM in 2009, have imposed various restrictions on virtual currency, and requirements and obligations on online game operators with respect to the virtual currency used in their games, including (i) virtual currency may only be provided to users in exchange for payment in legal currency and may be only used to pay for virtual items and services of the issuer of the currency, and online game operators are required to keep transaction data records for no less than 180 days; (ii) online game operators are prohibited from providing lucky draws or lotteries that are conducted on the condition that participants contribute cash or virtual currency in exchange for game props or virtual currencies; and (iii) companies involved with virtual currency in China must be issuers or trading platforms, and may not operate simultaneously as both issuers and trading platforms. MMV is required to tailor its business model carefully, in order to comply with the PRC laws and regulations, including the foregoing notice. Failure to do so may result in an adverse impact on our business and results of operations.

Uncertainties in the law or regulation that govern virtual asset property rights and the liabilities that may be imposed on online game operators for virtual assets could have a material and adverse effect on our business and operations.

MMV believes that virtual assets are valued by our users, particularly long-term users. However, on occasion, such assets can be lost if, for example, a user’s identity is stolen by another user or MMV experiences a system error or crash. Other than the Civil Code of the PRC (《中华人民共和国民法典》), which was passed by the PRC National People’s Congress on May 28, 2020 and took effect on January 1, 2021, and prescribes that network virtual property will be protected according to the laws and regulations stipulating the protection of such property, the Chinese government has not yet enacted any specific laws regarding virtual property rights. Accordingly, MMV has no basis to determine what the legal rights are, if any, associated with virtual assets and what liabilities MMV could be exposed to for the loss or destruction of virtual assets. In case of a loss of virtual assets, MMV may be sued by our users and held liable for damages, which may negatively affect our reputation and business, financial condition and results of operations. MMV has not been involved in any virtual assets related law suits. However, MMV cannot assure you that such law suits will not be brought against us in the future.

Based on several judgments by PRC courts regarding the liabilities of game operators for loss of virtual assets by users, the courts have generally required the game operators to provide well-developed securities systems to protect such virtual assets owned by users and have required some game operators to return the virtual items or be liable for the loss and damage incurred therefrom if the online game operators have been determined to be in default or held liable for infringement of users’ rights.

MMV relies on highly skilled personnel. If MMV is unable to retain or motivate them or hire additional qualified personnel, MMV may not be able to grow effectively.

Our performance and future success depend on the talents and efforts of highly skilled individuals, especially its senior management team, other key employees, as well as art design, research and development and operation maintenance personnel, many of whom are difficult to replace. For example, MMV relies on Mr. Yiran Xu, its Chairman of the Board and CEO for the company’s strategic development, and Mr. Xu’s industry experience and familiarity with the company’s business operation may not be easily replaced by others. The loss of the services of any of our executive officers or other key employees could harm our business. In addition, due to our cost control measures, MMV may lose certain skilled personnel, include certain members of our creative content production and development teams, which could affect our business and our results of operations.

MMV will need to continue to identify, hire, develop, motivate and retain highly skilled personnel for all areas of our organization. Competition in the online games industry for qualified employees is intense. Our continued ability to compete effectively depends on our ability to attract new employees and to retain and motivate our existing employees. Since the demand and competition for talent is intense in our industry, particularly for online game development personnel, engineers and related technical personnel, MMV may need to offer higher compensation and other benefits in order to attract and retain key personnel in the future, which could increase our compensation expenses, including stock-based compensation. If MMV does not succeed in attracting additional highly skilled personnel or retaining or motivating our existing personnel, MMV may be unable to grow effectively. MMV will grant, and may continue to grant, options and other types of awards, which may result in increased share-based compensation expenses.

MMV will adopt a Share Incentive Award, which will allow MMV to enhance its ability to attract and retain exceptionally qualified individuals and to encourage them to acquire a proprietary interest in the company’s growth and performance. Competition for highly skilled personnel is often intense and MMV may incur significant costs or may not be successful in attracting, integrating, or retaining qualified personnel to fulfill our current or future needs. MMV believes the granting of share-based awards is of significant importance to our ability to attract and retain key personnel and employees, and MMV will continue to grant share-based awards in the future. As a result, our expenses associated with share-based compensation may increase, which may have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

If MMV fails to implement and maintain an effective system of internal controls to remediate its material weaknesses over financial reporting, MMV may be unable to accurately report its results of operations, meets its reporting obligations or prevent fraud, and investor confidence and the market price of our ordinary shares may be materially and adversely affected.

Prior to the Business Combination, Legacy MMV has been a private company with limited accounting personnel and other resources with which to address internal controls and procedures. In the course of auditing our consolidated financial statements as of and for the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, MMV and its independent registered public accounting firm identified one material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting and other control deficiencies. The material weakness identified relates to our lack of sufficient financial reporting and accounting personnel with appropriate understanding and knowledge of U.S. GAAP to handle complex accounting issues and to establish and implement key controls over period end closing and financial reporting to properly prepare and review financial statements and related disclosures in accordance with U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting requirements. Neither MMV nor its independent registered public accounting firm undertook a comprehensive assessment of our internal control under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 for purposes of identifying and reporting any material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. Had MMV performed a formal assessment of our internal control over financial reporting or had our independent registered public accounting firm performed an audit of our internal control over financial reporting, additional material weakness or control deficiencies may have been identified.

As a public company, MMV is subject to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, or Section 404, requires that MMV include a report from management on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting in our annual report on Form 20-F beginning with our second annual report on Form 20-F after becoming a public company. In addition, once MMV ceases to be an “emerging growth company” as such term is defined in the JOBS Act, our independent registered public accounting firm must attest to and report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Moreover, even if our management concludes that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, our independent registered public accounting firm, after conducting its own independent testing, may issue an adverse opinion on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting if it is not satisfied with our internal controls or the level at which our controls are documented, designed, operated or reviewed, or if it interprets the relevant requirements differently from MMV. In addition, our reporting obligations may place a significant strain on our management, operational and financial resources and systems for the foreseeable future. MMV may be unable to timely complete its evaluation testing and any required remediation.

During the course of documenting and testing our internal control procedures, in order to satisfy the requirements of Section 404, MMV may identify other weaknesses and deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting. If MMV fails to maintain the adequacy of its internal control over financial reporting, as these standards are modified, supplemented, or amended from time to time, MMV may not be able to conclude on an ongoing basis that it has effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404. Generally speaking, if MMV fails to achieve and maintain an effective internal control environment, it could result in material misstatements in its financial statements and could also impair our ability to comply with applicable financial reporting requirements and related regulatory filings on a timely basis. As a result, our businesses, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, as well as the trading price of the ordinary shares, may be materially and adversely affected. Additionally, ineffective internal control over financial reporting could expose MMV to increased risk of fraud or misuse of corporate assets and subject MMV to potential delisting from the stock exchange on which MMV lists, regulatory investigations and civil or criminal sanctions. MMV may also be required to restate its financial statements from prior periods. MMV will incur increased costs as a result of being a public company.

As a public company, MMV expects to incur significant legal, accounting, and other expenses. For example, MMV will need to increase the number of independent directors and adopt policies regarding internal controls and disclosure controls and procedures. Operating as a public company will make it more difficult and more expensive for it to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and MMV may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. In addition, MMV will incur additional costs associated with its public company reporting requirements. It may also be more difficult for MMV to find qualified persons to serve on its Board of Directors or as executive officers.

After MMV is no longer an “emerging growth company”, MMV may incur significant expenses and devote substantial management effort toward ensuring compliance with the requirements of Section 404 and the other rules and regulations of the SEC.

Non-compliance on the part of our employees, business partners, or other third-parties involved in our business could adversely affect our business.

Our compliance controls, policies, and procedures may not protect it from acts of our employees, business partners, or other third-parties that violate the laws or regulations of the jurisdictions in which MMV operates, which may adversely affect our business. In addition, our business partners may be subject to regulatory penalties or punishments because of their regulatory compliance failures, which may, directly or indirectly, disrupt our business. MMV identifies irregularities or non-compliance in the business practices of any parties with whom MMV pursues existing or future cooperation and MMV cannot assure you that any of these irregularities will be corrected in a prompt and proper manner. The legal liabilities and regulatory actions on our business partners or other third-parties involved in our business may affect our business activities and reputation and in turn, our results of operations.

It may be difficult for overseas regulators to conduct investigations or collect evidence within China.

Shareholder claims or regulatory investigation that are common in jurisdictions outside China are difficult to pursue as a matter of law or practicality in China. For example, in China, there are significant legal and other obstacles to providing information needed for regulatory investigations or litigation initiated outside China. Although the authorities in China may establish a regulatory cooperation mechanism with the securities regulatory authorities of another country or region to implement cross-border supervision and administration, such cooperation with the securities regulatory authorities in the United States or other jurisdictions may not be efficient in the absence of mutual and practical cooperation mechanism. Furthermore, according to Article 177 of the PRC Securities Law which became effective in March 2020, no overseas securities regulator is allowed to directly conduct investigations or evidence collection activities within the PRC territory, and without the consent by the Chinese securities regulatory authorities and the other competent governmental agencies, no entity or individual may provide documents or materials related to securities business to any foreign party. While detailed interpretation of or implementation rules under the article have yet to be promulgated, the inability for an overseas securities regulator to directly conduct investigations or evidence collection activities within China and the potential obstacles for information provision may further increase difficulties faced by you in protecting your interests.

Pending or future litigation could have a material and adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

MMV may be subject to regulatory actions, litigation, disputes, or claims of various types brought by relevant regulatory authorities or our competitors, users, content creators, employees, or other third-parties against MMV in the ordinary course of its business. Such regulatory actions, disputes, allegations, complaints, or legal proceedings may damage our reputation, evolve into litigations, or otherwise have a material adverse impact on our reputation and business. Litigation is expensive, may subject MMV to the risk of significant damages, requires significant managerial resources and attention, and could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. The outcomes of actions MMV institutes may not be successful or favorable to MMV. Lawsuits against MMV may also generate negative publicity that significantly harms our reputation, which may adversely affect our user base. In addition to the related cost, managing and defending litigation and related indemnity obligations can significantly divert management’s attention from operating our business. MMV may also need to pay damages or settle lawsuits with a substantial amount of cash, which could harm its business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Any claims of the VIEs’ gaming, animation or other content to be, among others, obscene, superstitious, defamatory or impairing public interest, may result in negative publicity or a governmental response that could have a material and adverse impact on our business.

The media in China have previously reported incidents of violent crimes allegedly inspired by online games and theft of virtual items between users in online games. While MMV believes that such events were not related to its intellectual property, it is possible that our reputation could be adversely affected by such behavior. In response to the media reports, in August 2005 the Chinese government enacted regulations to prohibit all minors under the age of 18 from playing online games in which players are allowed to kill other players, an activity that has been termed player kills. The Chinese government has also taken steps to limit online game playing time for all minors under the age of 18. These and any other new restrictions on online games and/or animations may materially and adversely impact the VIEs’ business and results of operations. If the Chinese government determines that online games and/or animations have a negative impact on society, it may impose certain additional restrictions on the online game and/or animations industry, which could in turn have a material and adverse effect on the VIEs’ business and results of operations.

In addition, the Chinese government and regulatory authorities prohibit any internet content that, among other things, violates PRC laws and regulations, endangers the national security of China, or is obscene, superstitious, violent or defamatory. When internet content providers and internet publishers, including online game operators, find that information falling within the above-mentioned scope is transmitted on their websites or is stored in their electronic bulletin service systems, they are required to terminate the transmission of such information or delete such information immediately, keep records, and report to relevant authorities. Failure to comply with these requirements could result in the revocation of required licenses to operate the VIEs’ business. Internet content providers may also be held liable for prohibited information displayed on, retrieved from or linked to their websites. In addition, any claim of the VIEs failing to comply with these prohibitions may result in negative publicity and government actions, which in turn could have a material and adverse impact on the VIEs’ business.

The defects in certain leased property interests and failure to register certain lease agreements may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

MMV leases premises in China in various locations. With respect to certain leased premises, the lessors did not have or provide MMV with property ownership certificates or other documents evidencing their rights to lease such premises to MMV. Therefore, MMV cannot assure that it will not be subject to any challenges, lawsuits, or other actions taken against MMV with respect to its leased premises for which the relevant lessors do not have valid title or right to lease. If our lessors’ right to lease premises is successfully challenged by any third-party, our lease agreements may not be enforceable and MMV may be forced to vacate the premise and relocate to a different premise. MMV has not registered any of our lease agreements with the relevant government authorities. Under the relevant PRC laws and regulations, all lease agreements are required to be registered and filed with the relevant government authority. The failure to register the lease agreements for our leased properties will not affect the validity of these lease agreements, but the relevant government authorities may order MMV to register the lease agreements in a prescribed period of time and impose a fine ranging from RMB1,000 to RMB10,000 for each non-registered lease if MMV fails to complete the registration within the prescribed timeframe.

MMV has limited insurance coverage for its operations.

The insurance industry in China is still at an early stage of development, and insurance companies in China currently offer limited business-related insurance products. MMV maintains minimal insurance to meet the standard mandated by PRC law. Although MMV considers its insurance coverage to be in line with that of other companies in the same industry of similar size in China, these insurance and minimal coverage might not be able to cover all risks related to our operation. Any uninsured risks may result in substantial costs and the diversion of resources, which could adversely affect its results of operations and financial condition. For more information about our insurance coverage, please see “Item 4. Information on the Company — D. Business Overview — Insurance” in this annual report.

The loss of or a substantial reduction in activity by our largest customers and/or vendors could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Shanghai Huijie Culture Communication Co., Ltd., or Shanghai Huijie, a related-party of MMV contributed a substantial portion of our animation production service revenue. Shanghai Huijie is a 40.0% non-controlling shareholder of Shanghai Hui Zhi Ren Cultural & Creative Co., Ltd., or Shanghai Hui Zhi Ren. Shanghai Jupiter Creative Design Co., Ltd., or Shanghai Jupiter, owns the remaining 60.0% of Shanghai Hui Zhi Ren. Both Shanghai Jupiter and Shanghai Hui Zhi Ren are our VIEs in the PRC.

MMV has a long-established business relationship with Shanghai Huijie. MMV, through its VIEs, has been providing animation production services to Shanghai Huijie for various animation projects since its inception in 2019. Our VIE and Shanghai Huijie has entered into a series of service arrangement agreements. The service arrangement agreement currently in effect between our VIE and Shanghai Huijie was signed in August 2021. In accordance with the terms of this service arrangement agreement, (i) our VIE shall provide animation production services to Shanghai Huijie during the three-year cooperation period commencing on August 20, 2021 and expiring on August 19, 2024; (ii) during this period, Shanghai Huijie and its affiliates may submit animation production specifications and orders to MMV for production service; (iii) the service price for the animation production service shall be set out in the service orders and MMV may elect to proceed with the service or negotiate an increasing rate by specifying its cost structure under the fee arrangement structure agreed upon by both parties under the service arrangement agreement; (iv) MMV and its VIEs shall deliver the animation works in accordance with the requirements stated in the production order, subject to Shanghai Huijie’s review and confirmation; (v) Shanghai Huijie has the option to designate specific MMV staff based on its previous business interaction with MMV to participate in the provision of the animation production service.

For the year ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, revenue contributed by Shanghai Huijie as a percentage of our total revenue were 16.4%, 23.4% and 20.9%, respectively. The loss of or a substantial reduction in activity by Shanghai Huijie or other customers may adversely affect our animation production revenue as well as its overall business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure

MMV is a holding company without any business operation, and relies on contractual arrangements with VIEs and their shareholders for its business operations. These arrangements may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing operational control. The investors are purchasing shares of MMV, rather than shares of the VIEs. Any failure by VIEs or their shareholders to perform their obligations under such contractual arrangements would have a material and adverse effect on our business.

MMV is holding company without any business operations. To comply with PRC laws and regulations, MMV conducts its business in China through the VIEs incorporated in China. The VIEs are owned by PRC citizens or entities who are our founder, co-founders, or beneficially owned, controlled by or under common control with our shareholders, with whom MMV has contractual arrangements. MMV exercises control over the VIEs and become the primary beneficiary of the VIEs for accounting purposes through the VIE Agreements, which are less effective than direct ownership. our control over the VIEs and our position of being the primary beneficiary of the VIEs for the accounting purposes are limited to the conditions that MMV met for consolidation of the VIEs under U.S. GAAP. Such conditions include that (i) MMV controls Shanghai Jupiter through power to govern the activities which most significantly impact the Shanghai Jupiter’s economic performance, (ii) MMV is contractually obligated to absorb losses of Shanghai Jupiter that could potentially be significant to Shanghai Jupiter, and (iii) MMV is entitled to receive benefits from Shanghai Jupiter that could potentially be significant to Shanghai Jupiter. Only if MMV meets the aforementioned conditions for consolidation of the VIEs under U.S. GAAP, MMV will be deemed as the primary beneficiary of the VIEs, and the VIEs will be treated as our consolidated affiliated entities for accounting purposes. Neither the investors in MMV nor MMV itself have an equity ownership in, direct foreign investment in, or control of, through such ownership or investment, the VIEs. Although the VIE structure MMV has adopted is consistent with longstanding industry practice, and is commonly adopted by comparable companies in China, such arrangements have not been tested in any of the PRC courts and the PRC government may not agree that these arrangements comply with PRC licensing, registration, or other regulatory requirements, with existing policies or with requirements or policies that may be adopted in the future.

The investors are purchasing shares of our BVI holding company, rather than shares of the VIEs which conduct substantially all of our business operations and hold substantially all of our assets. MMV has relied and expects to continue relying on contractual arrangements with the VIEs and their shareholders to operate its business in China. The revenues contributed by the VIEs and their subsidiaries constituted substantially all of our net revenue for the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023. These contractual arrangements may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing MMV with operational control over the VIEs. For example, the VIEs and their shareholders could breach their contractual arrangements with MMV by, among other things, failing to conduct their operations in an acceptable manner or taking other actions that are detrimental to our interests. If MMV had direct ownership of the VIEs, MMV would be able to exercise its rights as a shareholder to effect changes in the board of directors of the VIEs, which in turn could implement changes, subject to any applicable fiduciary obligations, at the management and operational level. However, under the current contractual arrangements, MMV relies on the performance by the VIEs and their shareholders of their obligations under the contracts to exercise control over the VIEs.

The shareholders of the VIEs may not act in the best interests of MMV or may not perform their obligations under these contracts. Such risks exist throughout the period in which MMV intends to operate certain portions of its business through the contractual arrangements with the VIEs.

If the VIEs or their shareholders fail to perform their respective obligations under the contractual arrangements, MMV may have to incur substantial costs and expend additional resources to enforce such arrangements. For example, if the shareholders of the VIEs refuse to transfer their equity interest in the VIEs to MMV or our designee if MMV exercises the purchase option pursuant to these contractual arrangements, or if they otherwise act in bad faith toward MMV, then MMV may have to take legal actions to compel them to perform their contractual obligations. In addition, if any third-parties claim any interest in such shareholders’ equity interests in the VIEs, our ability to exercise shareholders’ rights or foreclose the share pledge according to the contractual arrangements may be impaired. If these or other disputes between the shareholders of the VIEs and third-parties were to impair our control over the VIEs, our ability to consolidate the financial results of the VIEs would be affected, which would in turn result in a material adverse effect on its business, operations, and financial condition.

On February 21, 2024, Oriental Pearl Group Co., Ltd. (“Oriental Pearl”) filed an action in the First Intermediate People’s Court of Shanghai against Ke Xing Shi Dai (Beijing) Technology Co., Ltd. (“Ke Xing Shi Dai”), Horgos Gaea Network Technology Co., Ltd. (“Horgos Gaea”), Shanghai Jupiter and Shanghai Miting, in connection with certain obligations owed by Horgos Gaea and its controlling person, Mr. Yanzhi Wang. Oriental Pearl is seeking, among other things, to void the (i) Equity Interest Pledge Agreement dated May 8, 2021 by and among Shanghai Mi Ting, Shanghai Jupiter and Horgos Gaea; (ii) Exclusive Call Option Agreement dated May 8, 2021 by and among Shanghai Mi Ting, Shanghai Jupiter and Horgos Gaea; (iii) Proxy Agreement dated May 8, 2021 by and among Shanghai Mi Ting, Shanghai Jupiter and Horgos Gaea; and (iv) transfer of 56.96% of Beijing Jupiter’s equity interest by Horgos Gaea to Ke Xing Shi Dai. The defendants have raised objection to the jurisdiction of the First Intermediate People’s Court of Shanghai, which is currently pending in the court. As of the date of this annual report, no trial date has been scheduled. As advised by Global Law Offices, our PRC legal counsel, the action does not affect the effectiveness of our VlE arrangement at this stage. However, the ongoing litigation proceedings may cause us or our management to incur significant time, resources and cost or divert their attention from our business, which could have a negative impact on our business, results of operations, and growth prospects. The Company intends to defend itself in such matter; however, we cannot predict the outcome or impact. We are unable to reasonably estimate the possible loss or range of loss, if any, associated with these claims, unless noted. If the court rules in favor of Oriental Pearl with respect to their claims, our control over the VIEs and our ability to consolidate the financial results of the VIEs would be affected, which would in turn result in a material adverse effect on our business, operations, and financial condition, and the value of your investment could be materially and adversely affected.

There are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current and future PRC laws, regulations, and rules relating to the VIE Agreements that establish the VIE structure for the majority of our operations in China, including potential future actions by the PRC government, which could affect the enforceability of our contractual arrangements with Shanghai Jupiter and, consequently, significantly affect the financial condition and results of operations of MMV. If the PRC government finds such agreements non-compliant with relevant PRC laws, regulations, and rules, or if these laws, regulations, and rules or the interpretation thereof change in the future, MMV could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish its interests in Shanghai Jupiter, which may materially and adversely affect its operations and the value of your investment.

Foreign ownership of internet-based businesses, such as provision of commercial internet information services, commercial internet culture activities, and internet audio-visual program is subject to restrictions under current PRC laws and regulations. For example, foreign investors are not allowed to own more than 50% of the equity interests in a value-added telecommunications enterprise (except for e-commerce, domestic multi-party communications, storage-forwarding, and call centers) and the main foreign investor of such enterprise must have experience in providing value-added telecommunications services overseas and maintain a good track record in accordance with the Special Administrative Measures (Negative List) for Foreign Investment Access (2021 Edition) issued on December 27, 2021 and effective on January 1, 2022, by the NDRC, and the MOFCOM, and other applicable laws and regulations. In addition, foreign investors are prohibited from investing in enterprises engaging in internet culture activities except for music or providing internet audio-visual program services.

MMV is a BVI business company incorporated under the laws of the British Virgin Islands. To comply with PRC laws and regulations, MMV conducts our internet-related business in China through Shanghai Jupiter and its subsidiaries incorporated in China. Shanghai Jupiter and its subsidiaries hold the licenses, approvals, and key assets that are essential for the operations of certain of our businesses. Shanghai Jupiter is owned by PRC citizens or entities who are our founder, co-founders, or beneficially owned or controlled by our shareholders, with whom MMV has contractual arrangements. our control over the VIEs and our position of being the primary beneficiary of the VIEs for the accounting purposes are limited to the conditions that MMV met for consolidation of the VIEs under U.S. GAAP. Such conditions include that (i) MMV controls Shanghai Jupiter through power to govern the activities which most significantly impact the Shanghai Jupiter’s economic performance, (ii) MMV is contractually obligated to absorb losses of Shanghai Jupiter that could potentially be significant to Shanghai Jupiter, and (iii) MMV is entitled to receive benefits from Shanghai Jupiter that could potentially be significant to Shanghai Jupiter. Only if MMV meets the aforementioned conditions for consolidation of the VIEs under U.S. GAAP, MMV will be deemed as the primary beneficiary of the VIEs, and the VIEs will be treated as our consolidated affiliated entities for accounting purposes. Although the structure MMV has adopted is consistent with longstanding industry practice, and is commonly adopted by comparable companies in China, such arrangements have not been tested in any of the PRC courts and the PRC government may not agree that these arrangements comply with PRC licensing, registration, or other regulatory requirements, with existing policies or with requirements or policies that may be adopted in the future.

The VIE arrangements enable MMV to (i) direct the activities that most significantly affect the economic performance of the VIEs; (ii) receive substantially all of the economic benefits from the VIEs; and (iii) have an exclusive option to purchase all or part of the equity interests in the VIEs or to all or part of the assets of the VIEs, when and to the extent permitted by PRC law, or request any existing shareholder of the VIEs to transfer all or part of the equity interest in the VIEs to another PRC person or entity designated by the Company at any time in our discretion, therefore the VIE arrangements can provide sufficient protection to our shareholders. In the opinion of Global Law Office, our PRC legal counsel, the VIE arrangements are valid, binding, enforceable, and do not result in any violation of PRC laws or regulations currently in effect. However, there are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current or future PRC laws and regulations. The relevant PRC regulatory authorities have broad discretion in determining whether a particular contractual structure violates PRC laws and regulations. According to the Opinions on Strictly Cracking Down on Illegal Securities Activities promulgated on July 6, 2021 and the Trial Administrative Measures of the Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies and relevant five guidelines promulgated on February 17, 2023, the PRC government will strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities, enhancing supervision over overseas listings of Chinese companies (including but not limited to the Chinese companies controlled by overseas parent company through VIE structure). Thus, MMV cannot assure you that the PRC government will not ultimately take a view contrary to our current corporate structure. If MMV is found in violation of any PRC laws or regulations or if the contractual arrangements under MMV are determined as illegal or invalid by any PRC court, arbitral tribunal, or regulatory authorities, the relevant governmental authorities would have broad discretion in dealing with such violation, including, without limitation:

Furthermore, any of the equity interest in Shanghai Jupiter under the name of any record equity holder of Shanghai Jupiter may be put the court’s custody in connection with litigation, arbitration, or other judicial or dispute resolution proceedings against that record holder. MMV cannot be certain that the equity interest will be disposed of in accordance with the contractual arrangements. In addition, new PRC laws, rules, and regulations may be introduced to impose additional requirements that may impose additional challenges to our corporate structure and contractual arrangements. The occurrence of any of these events or the imposition of any of these penalties may materially and adversely affect our ability to conduct internet-related businesses. In addition, if the imposition of any of these penalties causes MMV to be unable to direct the activities of our VIEs or the right to receive their economic benefits, MMV would no longer be able to consolidate Shanghai Jupiter into our financial statements, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. If MMV is unable to claim its contractual right to control the assets of the VIEs that carry out substantially all of our operations in China, the MMV Ordinary Shares and Warrants may decline in value or become worthless.

The shareholders of our VIEs may have actual or potential conflicts of interest with MMV, which may materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition.

As of the date of this annual report, MMV is not aware of any conflicts between the shareholders of our VIEs and MMV. However, the shareholders of our VIEs may have actual or potential conflicts of interest with MMV in the future. These shareholders may refuse to sign or breach, or cause our VIEs to breach, or refuse to renew, the existing contractual arrangements MMV has with them and our VIEs, which would have a material and adverse effect on our control over the VIEs and our position of being the primary beneficiary of the VIEs for the accounting purposes. For example, the shareholders may be able to cause our agreements with its VIEs to be performed in a manner adverse to MMV by, among other things, failing to remit payments due under the contractual arrangements to MMV on a timely basis. MMV cannot assure you that when conflicts of interest arise any or all of these shareholders will act in the best interests of MMV or such conflicts will be resolved in our favor.

Currently, MMV does not have any arrangements to address potential conflicts of interest between these shareholders and MMV. If MMV cannot resolve any conflict of interest or dispute between us and these shareholders, MMV would have to rely on legal proceedings, which could result in disruption of our business and subject MMV to substantial uncertainty as to the outcome of any such legal proceedings.

Our contractual arrangements are governed by PRC law. Accordingly, these contracts would be interpreted in accordance with PRC law, and any disputes would be resolved in accordance with PRC legal procedures.

The legal system in the PRC is not as developed as in some other jurisdictions, such as the United States. As a result, uncertainties in the PRC legal system could limit our ability to enforce these contractual arrangements. Meanwhile, there are very few precedents and little formal guidance as to how contractual arrangements in the context of a VIE should be interpreted or enforced under PRC law. There remain significant uncertainties regarding the ultimate outcome of such arbitration should legal action become necessary. In addition, under PRC law, rulings by arbitrators are final, parties cannot appeal the arbitration results in courts except that parties may apply for a cancellation of such rulings before an intermediate people’s court at the place where the arbitration commission is located under certain circumstances, and if the losing parties fail to carry out the arbitration awards within a prescribed time limit, the prevailing parties may only enforce the arbitration awards in PRC courts, which would require additional expenses and delay.

In the event MMV is unable to enforce these contractual arrangements, or if MMV suffers significant delays or other obstacles in the process of enforcing these contractual arrangements, MMV may not be able to exert effective control over its VIEs, and our ability to conduct its business may be negatively affected.

Substantial uncertainties existing with the PRC foreign investment legal regime may have a significant impact on our corporate structure and business operations.

On March 15, 2019, the PRC National People’s Congress approved the Foreign Investment Law, which took effect on January 1, 2020. Along with the Foreign Investment Law, the Implementing Rules of Foreign Investment Law promulgated by the PRC State Council and the Interpretation of the Supreme People’s Court on Several Issues Concerning the Application of the Foreign Investment Law promulgated by the PRC Supreme People’s Courts became effective on January 1, 2020. Since the Foreign Investment Law and its current implementation and interpretation rules are relatively new, uncertainties still exist in relation to their further application and improvement. The Foreign Investment Law stipulates three forms of foreign investment.

However, the Foreign Investment Law does not explicitly stipulate the variable interest entities and contractual arrangements as a form of foreign investment.

Notwithstanding the above, the Foreign Investment Law stipulates that foreign investment includes “foreign investors invest through any other methods under laws, administrative regulations or provisions prescribed by the State Council”. Therefore, it is possible that future laws, administrative regulations, or provisions prescribed by the PRC State Council may regard contractual arrangements as a form of foreign investment, and then whether our contractual arrangement will be recognized as foreign investment, whether our contractual arrangement will be deemed to be in violation of the foreign investment access requirements under PRC laws and how the above-mentioned contractual arrangement will be treated are uncertain.

Therefore, there is no guarantee that our contractual arrangement and its business will not be materially and adversely affected in the future.

In the extreme case-scenario, MMV may be required to unwind the contractual arrangement and/or dispose of the VIEs or their subsidiaries, which could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial conditions and result of operations.

MMV may lose the ability to use, or otherwise benefit from, the licenses, approvals, and assets held by our VIEs, which could, render it unable to conduct some or all of our business operations and constrain our growth.

Our VIEs hold licenses, approvals, and assets that are necessary for its business operation. MMV relies on contractual arrangements with its VIEs to use, or otherwise benefit from, certain foreign restricted licenses and permits that it needs or may need in the future as its business continues to expand, such as Value-Added Telecommunications Business Operating License, or the ICP license, Internet Cultural Business License, or ICB License, and Radio and TV Programs Production and Operation License held by one of its VIEs.

The contractual arrangements contain terms that specifically obligate the equity holders of Shanghai Jupiter to ensure the valid existence of our VIE arrangement and restrict the disposition of material assets or any equity interest of Shanghai Jupiter. However, in the event the equity holders of Shanghai Jupiter breach the terms of these contractual arrangements and voluntarily liquidate Shanghai Jupiter, or Shanghai Jupiter declares bankruptcy and all or part of its assets become subject to liens or rights of third-party creditors, or are otherwise disposed of without our consent, MMV may be unable to operate some or all of our businesses or otherwise benefit from the assets held by Shanghai Jupiter, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Furthermore, if Shanghai Jupiter undergoes a voluntary or involuntary liquidation proceeding, its equity holders or unrelated third-party creditors may claim rights to some or all of the assets of Shanghai Jupiter, thereby hindering our ability to operate our business as well as constrain our growth.

Contractual arrangements in relation to our VIEs may be subject to scrutiny by the PRC tax authorities and they may determine that MMV or our VIEs owe additional taxes, which could negatively affect our financial condition and the value of your investment.

The tax regime in China is rapidly evolving, and there is significant uncertainty for taxpayers in China as PRC tax laws may be interpreted in significantly different ways. The PRC tax authorities may assert that MMV or our subsidiaries or our VIEs owe and/or are required to pay additional taxes on previous or future revenue or income. In particular, under applicable PRC laws, rules, and regulations, arrangements and transactions among related parties, such as the contractual arrangements with our VIEs, may be subject to audit or challenge by the PRC tax authorities. If the PRC tax authorities determine that any contractual arrangements MMV not entered into on an arm’s length basis and therefore constitute a favorable transfer pricing, the PRC tax liabilities of the relevant subsidiaries and/or our VIEs could be increased, which could increase our overall tax liabilities. In addition, the PRC tax authorities may impose late payment interest. Our profit may be materially reduced if our tax liabilities increase.

The equity holders, directors, and executive officers of Shanghai Jupiter, as well as our employees who execute other strategic initiatives may have potential conflicts of interest with MMV.

The PRC laws provide that a director and an executive officer owe a fiduciary duty to the company he or she directs or manages. The directors and executive officers of Shanghai Jupiter must act in good faith and in the best interests of Shanghai Jupiter and must not use their respective positions for personal gain. On the other hand, directors of MMV owe a fiduciary duty to MMV under British Virgin Islands law. Our control over the VIEs and our position of being the primary beneficiary of the VIEs for the accounting purposes are limited to the conditions that MMV met for consolidation of the VIEs under U.S. GAAP. Such conditions include that (i) MMV controls Shanghai Jupiter through power to govern the activities which most significantly impact the Shanghai Jupiter’s economic performance, (ii) MMV is contractually obligated to absorb losses of Shanghai Jupiter that could potentially be significant to Shanghai Jupiter, and (iii) MMV is entitled to receive benefits from Shanghai Jupiter that could potentially be significant to Shanghai Jupiter. Only if MMV meets the aforementioned conditions for consolidation of the VIEs under U.S. GAAP, MMV will be deemed as the primary beneficiary of the VIEs, and the VIEs will be treated as our consolidated affiliated entities for accounting purposes. The business and operations of Shanghai Jupiter are closely integrated with the business and operations of our subsidiaries. Nonetheless, conflicts of interests for these persons may arise due to dual roles both as directors and executive officers of Shanghai Jupiter and as directors or employees of MMV, and may also arise due to dual roles both as equity holders of Shanghai Jupiter and as directors or employees of MMV.

MMV cannot assure you that these persons will always act in the best interests of MMV should any conflicts of interest arise, or that any conflicts of interest will always be resolved in our favor. MMV also cannot assure you that these persons will ensure that Shanghai Jupiter will not breach the existing contractual arrangements. If MMV cannot resolve any such conflicts of interest or any related disputes, MMV would have to rely on legal proceedings to resolve these disputes and/or take enforcement action under the contractual arrangements. There is substantial uncertainty as to the outcome of any such legal proceedings. See “— MMV may lose the ability to use, or otherwise benefit from, the licenses, approvals, and assets held by our VIEs, which could, render it unable to conduct some or all of our business operations and constrain our growth” above.

If MMV exercises the option to acquire equity ownership of Shanghai Jupiter, the ownership transfer may subject it to certain limitations and substantial costs.

Pursuant to the Special Administrative Measures (Negative List) for Foreign Investment Access (2021 Edition), foreign investors are not allowed to hold more than 50% of the equity interests of any company providing value-added telecommunications services, including internet content provider services, or ICP services, with the exception of e-commerce, domestic multi-party communications, storage-forwarding, and call centers businesses. Pursuant to the Regulations for the Administration of Foreign-Invested Telecommunications Enterprises promulgated by the State Council, the main foreign investor who invests in a value-added telecommunications business in China must possess prior experience in operating value-added telecommunications businesses and a proven track record of business operations overseas, or the Qualification Requirements. Currently none of the applicable PRC laws, regulations, or rules provides clear guidance or interpretation on the Qualification Requirements. MMV faces the risk of not satisfying the requirement promptly. In addition, the Special Administrative Measures (Negative List) for Foreign Investment Access (2021 Edition) prohibits foreign investors from investing in internet audio-visual program services and internet culture activities with the exception of music. If the PRC laws were revised to allow foreign investors to invest in enterprises with internet audio-visual program or internet culture activities businesses in China, or to hold more than 50% of the equity interests of value-added telecommunications enterprises, due to the necessity of ICP services for internet audio-visual program services and internet cultural activities, MMV might be unable to unwind the contractual arrangements before MMV is able to comply with the Qualification Requirements, or if MMV attempts to unwind the contractual arrangements before it is able to comply with the Qualification Requirements, MMV may be ineligible to operate its value-added telecommunication, internet audio-visual program, and internet culture activities businesses and may be forced to suspend its operations, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Pursuant to the contractual arrangements, MMV has the exclusive right to purchase all or any part of the equity interests in Shanghai Jupiter from the respective equity holders for a nominal price, unless the relevant government authorities or PRC laws request that the equity interests be evaluated upon purchase and in which case the purchase price shall be adjusted based on the evaluation result. Subject to relevant laws and regulations, the respective equity holders shall return any amount of purchase price they have received to WFOE. If such a return of purchase price takes place, the competent tax authority may require the WFOE to pay enterprise income tax for ownership transfer income, in which case the amount of tax could be substantial.

Risks Related to Doing Business in China

Changes in China’s economic, political or social conditions or government policies could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations.

Substantially all of our assets and operations are located in China. Accordingly, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects may be influenced to a significant degree by political, economic, and social conditions in China generally. The Chinese economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including the level of government involvement, level of development, growth rate, foreign exchange control, and allocation of resources. Although the Chinese government has implemented measures emphasizing the utilization of market forces for economic reform, the reduction of state ownership of productive assets, and the establishment of improved corporate governance in business enterprises, a substantial portion of productive assets in China is still owned by the government. In addition, the Chinese government continues to play a significant role in regulating industry development by imposing industrial policies. The Chinese government also exercises significant control over China’s economic growth through allocating resources, controlling payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy, and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies.

While the Chinese economy has experienced significant growth over past decades, growth has been uneven, both geographically and among various sectors of the economy. Any adverse changes in economic conditions in China, in the policies of the Chinese government, or in the laws and regulations in China could have a material adverse effect on the overall economic growth of China. Such developments could adversely affect our business and operating results, leading to a reduction in demand for our services and adversely affect our competitive position. The Chinese government has implemented various measures to encourage economic growth and guide the allocation of resources. Some of these measures may benefit the overall Chinese economy, but may have a negative effect on our operation. For example, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by government control over capital investments or changes in tax regulations. In addition, in the past the Chinese government has implemented certain measures, including interest rate adjustment, to control the pace of economic growth. These measures may cause decreased economic activity in China, which may adversely affect our business and operating results.

The uncertainties and quick change of the legal system in China with little advance notice could limit the legal protections available or impose additional requirements and obligations on our business operation, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

The PRC legal system is a civil law system based on written statutes. Unlike the common law system, prior court decisions under the civil law system may be cited for reference but have limited precedential value.

The legal system in China evolves rapidly and new laws, regulations and rules may be adopted from time to time with or without advance notice. These laws, regulations, and legal requirements are constantly changing and their interpretation and enforcement involve inconsistency and uncertainties. In addition, the enforcement of laws and that rules and regulations in China can change quickly with little advance notice. These uncertainties could limit the legal protections available to us. Further, the PRC government has significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of our business and may intervene or influence our operations as the government deems appropriate to further regulatory, political and societal goals. The PRC government has recently published new policies that significantly affected certain industries, including the mobile and online games industry. On August 30, 2021, the PRC’s National Press and Publication Administration, or the NPPA released Notice on Further Strict Management and Practically Preventing Minors from Indulging in Online Games (the “Notice”), requiring that, among other things, companies that engage in the online games business may only offer people under the age of 18 access to online games from 8 pm to 9 pm on Fridays, weekends and official holidays, with no access permitted at other times. The Notice became effective on September 1, 2021. The enforcement of the Notice imposes significant restrictions over the provision of online gaming services to minors.

Although our gaming content offering emphasizes more on gameplay longevity rather than concentrated gameplay, such restriction on the operation of online game could adversely affect the operation results and financial performance of our games. On August 20, 2021, the Standing Committee of the PRC National People’s Congress promulgated Personal Data Protection Law, which requires, among other things, the data operator to obtain the consent of the minor’s parents or other guardians process the personal data of minors under the age of 14 (“−14 minors”). The Personal Data Protection Law became effective on November 1, 2021, which essentially demand the online game service provider, who are mandatory obliged to collect and process users’ identification information, to obtain the consent of −14 minors’ guardians when such −14 minors register for online games. MMV cannot rule out the possibility that certain −14 minors’ guardians would refuse or fail to give such consent under Personal Data Protection Law which would result in adverse effect on MMV user growth. MMV cannot predict the effect of future developments in the PRC legal system, particularly with regard to internet-related industries, including the promulgation of new laws, changes to existing laws or the interpretation or enforcement thereof, or the preemption of local regulations by national laws. Such unpredictability towards its contractual, property (including intellectual property) and procedural rights could adversely affect its business and impede its ability to continue its operations. Furthermore, any litigation in China may be protracted and result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention. Any such intervention in or influence on our business operations or action to exert more oversight and control over securities offerings and other capital markets activities, once taken by the PRC government, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and the value of the MMV Ordinary Shares and Warrants.

In addition, new laws and regulations may be enacted from time to time and substantial uncertainties exist regarding the interpretation and implementation of current and any future PRC laws and regulations applicable to its businesses. In particular, the PRC government authorities may continue to promulgate new laws, regulations, rules, and guidelines governing internet companies with respect to a wide range of issues, such as intellectual property, competition and antitrust, privacy and data protection, cybersecurity and other matters, which may result in additional obligations imposed on our business operation.

Compliance with these laws, regulations, rules, guidelines, and implementations may be costly, and any incompliance or associated inquiries, investigations, and other governmental actions may divert significant management time and attention and financial resources, bring negative publicity, subject MMV to liabilities or administrative penalties, or materially and adversely affect its business, financial condition, and results of operations.

The approval of and the filing with the CSRC or other PRC government authorities may be required in connection with our future offshore offerings under PRC law, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or for how long we will be able to obtain such approval or complete such filing

On July 6, 2021, the General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the PRC State Council jointly issued the Opinions on Strictly Cracking Down on Illegal Securities Activities, which, among other things, require the relevant governmental authorities to strengthen cross-border oversight of law-enforcement and judicial cooperation, to enhance supervision over China-based companies listed overseas, and to establish and improve the system of extraterritorial application of the PRC securities laws. On December 24, 2021, the CSRC promulgated Administrative Provisions of the PRC State Council Regarding the Overseas Issuance and Listing of Securities by Domestic Enterprises and the Administrative Measures for Record-Filings of the Overseas Issuance and Listing of Securities by Domestic Enterprises (the “Draft Measures”), according to which any domestic enterprise seeks for overseas securities offering and listing shall complete filing procedures with the CSRC, the “overseas securities offering and listing overseas offering and listing by the domestic enterprise” as stated in the Draft measures includes (i) issuance and listing of securities by a company incorporated in PRC directly, and (ii) overseas offering and listing made by an overseas company whose majority executive officers and primary operations are in the PRC or more than 50% of operation revenue, profit, underlying assets (total assets or net assets) are originated from PRC companies.

On February 17, 2023, the CSRC promulgated the Trial Administrative Measures of the Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (the “Overseas Listing Trial Measures”) and relevant five guidelines, which became effective on March 31, 2023. According to the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, PRC domestic companies that seek to offer securities or list in overseas markets, either directly or indirectly, are required to fulfill the filing procedure with the CSRC. The Overseas Listing Trial Measures provide that if the issuer meets both of the following criteria, the overseas securities offering and listing conducted by such issuer will be deemed as an indirect overseas offering and listing by PRC domestic companies: (i) 50% or more of any of the issuer’s operating revenue, total profit, total assets or net assets as documented in its audited consolidated financial statements for the most recent fiscal year is accounted for by domestic companies; and (ii) the main parts of the issuer’s business activities are conducted in mainland China, or its main places of business are located in mainland China, or the majority of senior management staff in charge of its business operations and management are PRC citizens or have their usual places of residence located in mainland China. Where an issuer submits an application for initial public offering to competent overseas regulators, such issuer must file with the CSRC within three business days after such application is submitted. At a press conference held for these new regulations, officials of the CSRC clarified that the domestic companies that have already been listed overseas before the effective date of the Overseas Listing Trial Measures (i.e. March 31, 2023) shall be deemed as existing issuers, or the Existing Issuers. Existing Issuers are not required to complete the filling procedures immediately, and they shall be required to file with the CSRC when subsequent matters such as refinancing are involved.

The Overseas Listing Trial Measures, together with the guidelines reiterate the basic principles of the Draft Measures and impose substantially the same requirements for the overseas securities offering and listing by domestic enterprises, and clarified and emphasized several aspects, which include but are not limited to: (i) criteria to determine whether an applicant will be required to go through the filing procedures under the Overseas Listing Trial Measures; (ii) exemptions from immediate filing requirements for applicants including those that have already been listed in foreign securities markets, including U.S. markets, prior to the effective date of the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, but these applicants shall still be subject to filing procedures if they conduct refinancing or are involved in other circumstances that require filing with the CSRC; (iii) a negative list of types of applicants banned from listing or offering overseas, such as applicants whose affiliates have been recently convicted of bribery and corruption; (iv) applicants’ compliance with web security, data security, and other national security laws and regulations; (v) applicants’ filing and reporting obligations, such as obligation to file with the CSRC after it submits an application for initial public offering to overseas regulators, and obligation after offering or listing overseas to file with the CSRC after it completes subsequent offerings and to report to the CSRC material events including change of control or voluntary or forced delisting of the applicant; and (6) the CSRC’s authority to fine both applicants and their relevant shareholders for failure to comply with the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, including failure to comply with filing obligations or committing fraud and misrepresentation.

Pursuant to the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, our subsequent securities offerings in the same overseas market where we have previously offered and listed shall be filed with the CSRC within 3 working days after such offering is completed. In addition, since the Overseas Listing Trial Measures and relevant guidelines were newly promulgated, their interpretation, application and enforcement remain unclear.

In addition, we also face challenges from the evolving regulatory environment regarding cybersecurity, information security, privacy and data protection, and many of these laws and regulations are subject to change and uncertain interpretation. Numerous regulations, guidelines and other measures have been or are expected to be adopted under the umbrella of or in addition to the Cybersecurity Law and Data Security Law, including but not limited to the draft Measures for the Security Assessment for Cross-border Transfer of Personal Information published by the CAC, in 2019, which may, upon enactment, require security review before transferring personal information out of China. Pursuant to the New CAC Measures, among others, network platform operators with personal information of over one million users shall be subject to a cybersecurity review before listing in foreign countries. The competent governmental authorities may also initiate a cybersecurity review against the operators if the authorities believe that the network product or service or data processing activities of such operators affect or may affect national security. Given the Cybersecurity Review Measures is relatively new, their interpretation, application and enforcement are subject to substantial uncertainties. As there are still uncertainties regarding the interpretation and implementation of Cybersecurity Review Measures and relevant regulatory guidance, we cannot assure you that the MMV will be able to comply with new regulatory requirements and MMV may become subject to more stringent requirements with respect to matters including data privacy, and cross-border investigation and enforcement of legal claims. See “— Risks Related to Doing Business in China — MMV faces challenges from the evolving regulatory environment regarding cybersecurity, information security, privacy and data protection, and user attitude toward data privacy and protection. The Chinese government exerts substantial influence over the manner in which the operating entities conduct their business activities, may intervene or influence such operations at any time, or may exert more control over offerings conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers, which could result in a material change in such operations and the value of our ordinary shares, significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors, and cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or be worthless. Many of these laws and regulations are subject to change and uncertain interpretation, and any actual or alleged failure to comply with related laws and regulations regarding cybersecurity, information security, data privacy and protection could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.”

As of the date of this annual report, (1) our PRC legal advisors have advised MMV that there are no PRC laws and regulations in force explicitly requiring that MMV obtain any permission from PRC authorities to consummate securities offerings in connection with the Business Combination, (2) Shanghai Jupiter has obtained a notification (No. 2022072101) from the Cyber Security Review Office, advising that our overseas listing is not subject to cybersecurity review, and (3) MMV has not received any inquiry, notice, warning, sanction or any regulatory objection to securities offerings in connection with the Business Combination from the CSRC, the CAC or any other PRC authorities that have jurisdiction over our operations. However, any future securities offerings and listings outside of mainland China by MMV, including but not limited to follow-on offerings, secondary listings and going private transactions, will be subject to the filing requirements with the CSRC under the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, and we cannot assure you that we will be able to comply with such filing requirements in a timely manner. In addition, the aforesaid laws, regulatory requirements and interpretations are evolving. There remains substantial uncertainty as to the enactment, interpretation and implementation of regulatory requirements related to overseas securities offering and other capital markets activities. If it is determined in the future that the approval, filing or other administrative procedures of the CSRC, the CAC or any other PRC regulatory authority is required for our subsequent securities offerings, and we fail to obtain such approval, complete such filing or other administrative procedure in a timely manner, or at all, we may face sanctions by the CSRC, the CAC or other PRC regulatory agencies. These regulatory agencies may impose fines and penalties on our operations in China, limit our ability to pay dividends outside of China, limit our operations in China, delay or restrict the repatriation of the proceeds from our securities offering into China or take other actions that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, as well as the trading price of our securities. The CSRC, the CAC or other PRC regulatory agencies also may take actions requiring us, or making it advisable for us, to halt our subsequent securities offering. Consequently, if you engage in market trading or other activities in anticipation of and prior to settlement and delivery, you do so at the risk that settlement and delivery may not occur. In addition, if the CSRC, the CAC or other regulatory PRC agencies later promulgate new rules requiring that we obtain their approvals, complete filing or other administrative procedures for our subsequent securities offering, we may be unable to obtain a waiver of such approval, filing or other administrative procedure requirements, if and when procedures are established to obtain such a waiver. Any uncertainties and/or negative publicity regarding such an approval requirement could have a material adverse effect on the trading price of our securities.

MMV faces challenges from the evolving regulatory environment regarding cybersecurity, information security, privacy and data protection, and user attitude toward data privacy and protection. The Chinese government exerts substantial influence over the manner in which the operating entities conduct their business activities, and may intervene or influence such operations at any time, or may exert more control over offerings conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers, which could result in a material change in such operations and the value of our ordinary shares, significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors, and cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or be of no value. Many of these laws and regulations are subject to change and uncertain interpretation, and any actual or alleged failure to comply with related laws and regulations regarding cybersecurity, information security, data privacy and protection could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Recently, the Chinese government initiated a series of regulatory actions and made a number of public statements on the regulation of business operations in China. This included, among other actions, the adoption of new measures to extend the scope of cybersecurity reviews, and the expansion of efforts in anti-monopoly enforcement. Because these statements and regulatory actions are new, it is highly uncertain as to (a) how soon legislative or administrative regulation-making bodies in China will respond to them, (b) what existing or new laws or regulations will be modified or promulgated, if any, or (c) what impact such modified or new laws and regulations will have on our daily business operations or our ability to accept foreign investments and list our ordinary shares on an U.S. securities exchange.

In particular, we face challenges from the evolving regulatory environment regarding cybersecurity, information security, privacy and data protection, and users’ attitude toward data privacy and protection. Many of these laws and regulations are subject to change and uncertain interpretation. Any actual or alleged failure to comply with related laws and regulations regarding cybersecurity, information security, data privacy and protection could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations, and could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless.

On June 10, 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of China promulgated the Data Security Law, which took effect in September 2021. The Data Security Law sets forth data security and privacy related compliance obligations of entities and individuals carrying out data related activities. The Data Security Law also introduces a data classification and layered protection system based on the importance of data and the degree of impact on national security, public interests or legitimate rights and interests of individuals or organizations if such data is tampered with, destroyed, leaked or illegally acquired or used. In addition, the Data Security Law provides a national security review procedure for data activities that may affect national security, and imposes export restrictions on certain data and information.

On December 28, 2021, the CAC, together with several other governmental authorities, jointly released the New CAC Measure, which took effect on February 15, 2022. Pursuant to the New CAC Measures, the purchase of network products and services by an operator of critical information infrastructure or the data processing activities of a network platform operator that affect or may affect national security will be subject to a cybersecurity review. In addition, network platform operators with personal information of over one million users shall be subject to cybersecurity review before listing in foreign countries. The competent governmental authorities may also initiate a cybersecurity review against the operators if the authorities believe that the network product or service or data processing activities of such operators affect or may affect national security. The cybersecurity review will evaluate, among others, the risk of critical information infrastructure, core data, important data, or the risk of a large amount of personal information being influenced, controlled or maliciously used by foreign governments after going public, and cyber information security risk. Given the Cybersecurity Review Measures came into effect recently, their interpretation, application and enforcement are subject to substantial uncertainties. On November 14, 2021, the CAC published the Regulations for the Administration of Network Data Security (Draft for Comments), or the Draft Administration Regulations on Cyber Data Security, which provide the circumstances under which data processors shall apply for cybersecurity review, including, among others, when the data processors who process personal information of at least one million users apply for a “foreign” listing. However, it provided no further explanation or interpretation as to how to determine what constitutes “affecting national security”. As of the date of this annual report, the Draft Administration Regulations on Cyber Data Security have not been formally adopted. It is uncertain whether and when the final regulation will be issued and take effect, how it will be enacted, interpreted and implemented.

On August 20, 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of China promulgated the Personal Information Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China, effective from November 1, 2021. The Personal Information Protection Law requires, among others, that (i) the processing of personal information should have a clear and reasonable purpose which should be directly related to the processing purpose, in a method that has the least impact on personal rights and interests, and (ii) the collection of personal information should be limited to the minimum scope necessary to achieve the processing purpose to avoid the excessive collection of personal information. Different types of personal information and personal information processing will be subject to various rules on consent, transfer, and security. Entities handling personal information shall bear responsibilities for their personal information handling activities, and adopt necessary measures to safeguard the security of the personal information they handle. Otherwise, the entities handling personal information could be ordered to correct, or suspend or terminate the provision of services, and face confiscation of illegal income, fines or other penalties.

At the same time, the PRC regulatory authorities have also enhanced the supervision and regulation on cross-border data transfer. On July 7, 2022, the CAC promulgated the Security Assessment Measures for Cross-border Data Transfers with effect from September 1, 2022. These measures require the data processor providing data overseas and falling under any of the following circumstances apply for the security assessment of cross-border data transfer by the national cybersecurity authority through its local counterpart: (i) where the data processor intends to provide important data overseas; (ii) where the critical information infrastructure operator and any data processor who has processed personal information of more than 1,000,000 people intend to provide personal information overseas; (iii) where any data processor who has provided personal information of 100,000 people or sensitive personal information of 10,000 people to overseas recipients accumulatively since January 1 of the last year intends to provide personal information overseas; and (iv) other circumstances where the security assessment of data cross-border transfer is required as prescribed by the CAC.

Shanghai Jupiter has obtained a notification (No. 2022072101) from the Cyber Security Review Office, advising that the Business Combination and the planned listing on Nasdaq is not subject to cybersecurity review. Given that the above mentioned, newly promulgated laws, regulations and policies were recently promulgated or issued, or have not yet been formally promulgated or taken effect (as applicable), their enactment, interpretation, application and enforcement are subject to substantial uncertainties. As the definitions for terms such as network platform operator and national security are broad, and the government will likely retain significant discretion as to the interpretation and enforcement of the Cybersecurity Review Measures and any implementation rules, we may be subject to related rules. We cannot preclude the possibility that the New CAC Measures will subject us to the cybersecurity review by the CAC in relation to our operations or require us to adjust our business practices, in which case our business, financial condition and prospects may be materially and negatively affected. We have incurred, and will continue to incur, significant expenses in an effort to comply with cybersecurity, privacy, data protection and information security related laws, regulations, standards and protocols, especially as a result of such newly promulgated laws and regulations. As of the date of this annual report, our PRC subsidiary, the WFOE or the VIEs have not been involved in any investigations, nor have they received any inquiry, notice, warning, or sanction by the CAC or related PRC governmental authorities as a result of violation of any currently effective PRC laws or regulations with respect to personal information or data requirements issued by the CAC up to date. However, as uncertainties remain regarding the interpretation and implementation of these laws and regulations, despite our efforts to comply with applicable laws, regulations and policies relating to cybersecurity, privacy, data protection and information security, we cannot assure you that our practices, offerings, services will meet all of the requirements imposed on us by such laws, regulations or policies. Any failure or perceived failure to comply with applicable laws, regulations or policies may result in inquiries or other proceedings being instituted against, or other lawsuits, decisions or sanctions being imposed on us by governmental authorities, users, consumers or other parties, including but not limited to warnings, fines, directions for rectifications, suspension of the related business and termination of our applications, as well as in negative publicity on us and damage to our reputation, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects. The above mentioned newly promulgated laws, regulations, policies or relevant drafts may result in the publication of new laws, regulations and policies to which we may be subject, though the timing, scope and applicability of such laws or regulations are currently unclear. Any such laws, regulations or policies could negatively impact our business, results of operations and financial condition, which creates the risk that any such actions could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless.

Regulation and censorship of information disseminated over the internet in China may adversely affect our business and reputation, and subject MMV to liability for information displayed on our website.

The PRC government has adopted regulations governing internet access and the distribution of content and information over the internet. Under these regulations, internet content providers and internet publishers are prohibited from posting, reproducing, transmitting or displaying over the internet content that, among other things, violates PRC laws and regulations, impairs the national dignity of China, or is reactionary, obscene, superstitious, fraudulent, or defamatory. Failure to comply with these requirements may result in the revocation of licenses to provide internet content and other licenses, and the closure of the concerned websites or other internet platforms. The website or platform operator may also be held liable for such censored information displayed on or linked to the websites or platforms. If our content offerings, website or internet platform is found to be in violation of any such requirements, MMV may be penalized by relevant authorities, and our operations or reputation could be adversely affected.

The gaming industry is subject to a variety of PRC laws and regulations, many of which are unsettled and still developing, and which could subject MMV to claims or otherwise harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

The gaming industry is subject to a variety of laws in China, including but not limited to those regarding gaming, consumer protection, electronic marketing, data protection and privacy, competition, taxation, intellectual property, export and national security, which are continuously evolving and developing. The scope and interpretation of the laws are or may be applicable to the gaming industry are often uncertain and may be conflicting. There is a risk that existing or future laws may be interpreted in a manner that is not consistent with the gaming industry’s current practices and could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

Pursuant to the Notice on Interpretation of the State Commission Office for Public Sector Reform on Several Provisions relating to Animation, Online Game and Comprehensive Law Enforcement in Culture Market in the “Three Provisions” jointly promulgated by the MOC, the State Administration of Radio Film and Television (the “SARFT”) and the General Administration of Press and Publication (the “GAPP”) (), issued by the State Commission Office for Public Sector Reform (a division of the State Council) and effective on September 7, 2009, the State Administration of Press, Publications, Radio, Film and Television (the “SAPPRFT”), the successor of the SARFT and the GAPP, will be responsible for the examination and approval of online games to be uploaded on the internet and that, after the online games are uploaded on the Internet, online games will be administered by the MOC.

Pursuant to the Circular on Implementation of the Newly Revised Interim Measures on the Administration of Internet Culture ( ) issued by the MOC on March 18, 2011, the authorities shall temporarily not accept applications by foreign invested internet information services providers for operation of internet culture businesses (other than music).

Pursuant to the revised Interim Measures on the Administration of Internet Culture () (the “Internet Culture Measures”) issued by the MOC on December 15, 2017, “internet culture products” are defined as including the online games specially produced for internet and games disseminated or distributed through internet, and provision of internet culture products and related services for commercial purpose is subject to the approval of the provincial counterparts of the MOC.

In May 2019, the General Office of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism released the Notice on Adjusting the Scope of Examination and Approval regarding the “Internet Culture Operation License” to Further Regulate the Approval Work () (the “Notice of Adjusting Examination Scope”), which quotes the Regulations on the Function Configuration, Internal Institutions and Staffing of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism () and further specifies that the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, or the MOCT no longer assumes the responsibility for administering the industry of online games and no longer approves and issues the Internet Culture Operation Licenses within the business scope of “operating online games via the internet,” “operating online games via the internet (including the issuance of virtual currencies used for online games)” and “conducting trade of virtual currencies used for online games via the internet.” On July 10, 2019, the MOCT issued the Decision on the Abolition of the Interim Measures on Administration of Online Games and the Administrative Measures for Tourism Development Plan ( ) (the “Abolition Decision”). The Abolition Decision also cites the Regulations on the Function Configuration, Internal Institutions and Staffing of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism and further abolishes the Interim Measures on Administration of Online Games, which means that the MOCT will no longer regulate the industry of the online games. On December 22, 2023, the NNPA published the Measures for the Administration of Online Games (Draft for Comments), which provides specific requirements on the approval of online games, content management, issuance and trading of game coins and virtual props, publicity and promotion, and protection of minors and specifies that NNPA will regulate the industry of the online games. However, as of the date of this annual report, the Measures for the Administration of Online Games (Draft for Comments) have not been formally adopted. It is uncertain whether and when the final regulation will be issued and take effect, how it will be enacted, interpreted and implemented. Both the internet publishing services (including the online game publishing) and internet culture operation (including the online game operation) fall within the prohibited categories in the Negative List. The Notice of the GAPP, the State Copyright Administration and National Anti-Pornography and Anti- Illegal Publications Working Group Office on Implementing the “Regulation on Three Provisions” of the State Council and the Interpretations Edited by the SCOPSR to Further Strengthen the Pre-Approval of Online Games and the Approval and Management of Imported Online Games () (the “GAPP Notice”), promulgated by the GAPP, together with the National Copyright Administration and the Office of the National Working Group for Crackdown on Pornographic and Illegal Publications, on September 28, 2009, provides, among other things, that foreign investors are not permitted to invest or engage in online game operations in China through wholly-owned subsidiaries, equity joint ventures or cooperative joint ventures, and expressly prohibits foreign investors from gaining control over or participating in domestic online game operations indirectly by establishing other joint venture companies, establishing contractual agreements or providing technical support. Serious violation of the GAPP Notice will result in suspension or revocation of relevant licenses and registrations.

In August 2018, the Ministry of Education, National Health Commission, General Administration of Sport, the Ministry of Finance of the PRC, or MOF, Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, SAMR, NPPA, SARFT issued the Implementation Program on Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Juveniles Myopia ( ), proposing to control the number of new online games, explore the age-appropriate prompting system in line with the national conditions and take measures to restrict the amount of time children spend on playing online games. On October 25, 2019, the NPPA issued the Notice on Preventing Minors from Indulging in Online Games () which took effect on November 1, 2019. The Notice stipulates several requirements on the online game operation, including but not limited to: (i) all online game users shall register their game accounts with valid identity information; (ii) the time slot and duration for playing online games by minors shall be strictly controlled; (iii) the provision of paid services to minors shall be regulated; (iv) the regulation of the industry shall be enhanced and the requirements above shall be requisite for launching, publishing and operating online games; and (v) the development and implementation of an age-appropriate reminding system shall be explored. Online game companies shall analyze the cause of minors’ addiction to games, and alter the content and features of games or game rules resulting in such addiction.

On March 30, 2021, the Ministry of Education of the PRC issued the Notice on Further Strengthening Sleep Management of Primary and Secondary School Students ( ), which further stipulates the time slot for playing online games by minors, and moreover, requires local education authorities, jointly with the competent local authorities, to effectively strengthen the administration of online games, and conduct supervision by technical means to ensure no game service is provided for minors during a specified timeframe.

On August 30, 2021, the NPPA issued the Notice on Further Strengthening the strict Administration and Practical Prevention of Minors’ Addiction to Online Games (). On October 20, 2021, six PRC government authorities at national government level, including the Ministry of Education, the CAC, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the PRC, or MIIT, issued the Notice on Further Strengthening Administration of Prevention of Primary and Secondary School Students’ Addiction to Online  Games (). Both of these new regulations further mandated that minors may only permitted to play online games from 20:00 to 21:00 on Fridays, Saturdays, Sundays, and legal holidays.

These developments and other developments or regulations, whether existing or to be implemented, may have an adverse effect on our users, business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects. Furthermore, as uncertainties remain regarding the development, interpretation and implementation of notices, laws and regulations, MMV may become subject to additional compliance costs and liabilities under such laws and regulations and MMV may be ordered to rectify or terminate any actions that are deemed illegal by regulatory authorities. MMV may also become subject to fines and/or other sanctions which may have material adverse effect on our business, operations and financial condition.

The PRC laws regulating the playing time of online games and the age of users playing them may adversely affect the Group’s business and operations.

In 2007, eight PRC government authorities, including the GAPP, the Ministry of Education and the MIIT, jointly issued a notice requiring all Chinese online game operators to adopt an “anti-addiction compliance system” in an effort to curb addiction to online games by minors (“Anti-addiction Notice”)  (). Under the anti-addiction compliance system, three hours or less of continuous play is defined to be “healthy”, three to five hours is defined to be “fatigue” and five hours or more is defined to be “unhealthy”. Game operators are required to reduce the value of game benefits for minor players by half when those players reach the “fatigue” level, and to zero when they reach the “unhealthy” level. In July 2011, these government authorities further issued the Notice Regarding Commencement of Authentication of Real Names for Anti-addiction System on Online Games (), which provides, among other things, that the relevant authorities should strengthen how they implement their authentication process in relation to gamers’ names in online games (but excluding mobile games), a process that allows game operators to identify which gamers are minors. In addition to the provisions of the foregoing notices, the NPPA did not require mobile games to be equipped with an anti-addiction compliance system in order to be approved in practice before the implementation of the New Anti-addiction Notice (as defined below).

On August 30, 2018, eight PRC government authorities at national government level, including the NPPA and the Ministry of Education, released the Implementation Program. As a part of the plan to prevent myopia among children, the Implementation Program plans to regulate the number of new online games and restrict the amount of time juveniles spend playing on electronic devices. As at the date of this annual report, no implementation rule has been issued to regulate the number of new online games, and it is impracticable to forecast the expected quota on the number of online games approved for publication annually in the future. Although it is unclear when and how the Implementation Program on regulating the number of new online games will be enforced, the risk exists that its enforcement could impact our ability to launch and publish new games going forward, and require MMV to spend more time and costs in preparing and receiving the approvals necessary to launch its games.

On October 25, 2019, the NPPA issued the Notice on Further Strengthening Administration of Prevention of Primary and Secondary School Students’ Addiction to Online Games () (“New Anti-addiction Notice”) which mainly stipulates that: (i) the real-name registration system shall be implemented; (ii) the time slot and duration for playing online games by minors shall be subject to strict control; (iii) the provision of paid services to minors shall be regulated; (iv) the regulation of the industry shall be enhanced; and (v) the development and implementation of appropriate age-reminding system shall be explored. Although MMV has implemented real-name registration systems in all of its games, not all of our mobile game users from China have registered in its account system using their own Chinese identification information. Our IT system keeps a record of those users who registered with MMV using their Chinese identification information, who are under 18 years of age and who have made top-up payments. Furthermore, the implementation of the New Anti- addiction Notice may lead to a decrease in the number of minors in our user base and the play time of minor users, thereby leading to a decrease in the minor users’ revenue contribution to our online game business, and therefore may materially and adversely affect our results of operations and prospects.

According to the Law of the PRC on the Protection of Minors (2020 Revision) (), which became effective on June 1, 2021, information processors must follow the principles of legality, legitimacy and necessity when processing personal information of minors via internet, and must obtain consent from minors’ parents or other guardians when processing personal information of minors under age of 14 and adopts new section regarding network protection, requiring online game service providers to further implement authentication of minors gamers’ names and to classify game products, give reminders for age appropriateness, and take technical measures to prevent minors from contacting inappropriate games or game functions. The new Minors Protection Law also provides that online game service providers shall not provide online game services to minors from 22:00 to 8:00 the next day. In addition, internet service providers must promptly alert upon the discovery of publishing private information by minors via the internet and take necessary protective measures. Failure to comply with the requirements under the new Minors Protection Law may subject MMV to penalties, including but not limited to penalties up to 10 times illegal gains, penalties to the person directly in charge, suspension of its operation of online games, revocation of the business license and other licenses and approvals for its online game operations.

On August 30, 2021, the NPPA issued the Notice on Further Strengthening the strict Administration and Practical Prevention of Minors’ Addiction to Online Games (). On October 20, 2021, six PRC government authorities at national government level, including the Ministry of Education, the CAC, the MIIT, issued the Notice on Further Strengthening Administration of Prevention of Primary and Secondary School Students’ Addiction to Online Games (). Both of these new regulations reiterates the identification verification requirement for all online game players and further mandated that minors may only permitted to play online games from 20:00 to 21:00 on Fridays, Saturdays, Sundays, and legal holidays. Upon receiving notice of these regulatory changes, MMV immediately implemented the change in its online games operations. These new regulations’ impact on our results of operation is uncertain, but this regulation is expected to impact our revenue generated from gaming operations due to the decrease in the play time of minor users.

Such regulations and developments may have a material adverse effect on our active users and their in-game spending, which may in turn lead to materially and adversely affect our business, revenue and growth.

If the PRC government determines that our ownership structure does not comply with the restrictions contained in the GAPP Notice, MMV could be subject to severe penalties.

MMV is subject to relevant PRC regulations on operators of online games. On 28 September 2009, the GAPP, together with the National Copyright Administration, and the National Working Group for Crackdown on Pornography and Illegal Publications, jointly issued a Circular on Implementation of the Regulation on the Three Provisions of the State Council and the Relevant Interpretations and Further Strengthening of the Administration of Pre-examination and Approval of Online Games and the Examination and Approval of Imported Online Games (), or the GAPP Notice. The GAPP Notice provides, among other things, that foreign investors are not permitted to invest in online game operating businesses in the PRC via wholly-owned, equity joint venture or cooperative joint venture investments, and expressly prohibits foreign investors from gaining control over or participating in PRC entities’ online game operations through indirect routes, such as establishing other joint venture companies, entering into contractual arrangements with or providing technical support for such operating companies, or through a disguised form, such as incorporating user registration, user account management or payment through game cards into online gaming platforms that are ultimately controlled or owned by foreign investors. Due to the ambiguity of various regulations on online games and a lack of interpretative materials from the relevant PRC authorities governing online game operations, there are uncertainties regarding whether PRC authorities would consider our corporate structure and contractual arrangements to be foreign investment in online game business. While MMV is not aware of any online game companies which use the same or similar contractual arrangements as MMV having been penalized or ordered to terminate operations by PRC authorities claiming that the contractual arrangements constitute control over, or participation in the operation of, online game operating businesses through indirect means, it is unclear whether and how the various regulations of the PRC authorities might be interpreted or implemented in the future. If our contractual arrangements were deemed to be such an “indirect means” or “disguised form” under the GAPP Notice, our contractual arrangements may be challenged by the competent press and publication authority. If MMV and its VIEs are found to be in violation of the GAPP Notice in operating our mobile games, the competent press and publication authority, in conjunction with relevant regulatory authorities, would have the power to investigate and deal with such violations, including, in the most serious cases, by suspending or revoking relevant licenses and registrations.

Our failure to timely obtain preapproval for publication of online games from the NPPA before game launch may adversely affect our game pipelines.

Our failure to timely obtain preapproval for publication of online games from the NPPA before game launch may adversely affect our game pipelines. Publishing and monetizing mobile games in China are subject to preapproval by the NPPA. Accordingly, online games, including approved games’ updated version and expansion pack with names different from the original version, are subject to preapproval by the NPPA. If MMV fails to obtain for any online games it develops, or neglect to obtain for any updated version and expansion pack of its approved games, the ISBN from the NPPA, none of them can be successfully launched in China as scheduled, which may adversely affect our game pipeline. In addition, the ISBN may become more difficult to be obtained in the future and the NPPA may delay or suspend the issuance of ISBN from time to time, and more restrictions on the issuance of the ISBN may be imposed in the future, which may disrupt our business plan and lead to a loss of business opportunities. NPPA at the national level had suspended the approval of game registration and issuance of ISBN for online games starting from March 2018, and later resumed game registration and issued ISBN for the first batch of games with an effective date of December 19, 2018. From August 2021, no new game registration or ISBN for online games were approved or issued from the NPPA at the national level until resumed in April 2022, which caused delays to the publication of our pipeline of games and other products. The unanticipated delays have adversely impacted our overall publication schedule and thus impacted our projected revenue. The processing time of games registration and issuance of the ISBN may vary greatly and is within the NPPA’s discretion. Any future delay in game registration with NPPA or obtaining the ISBN could negatively affect the operation results of our games and businesses. Going forward, if any online games published or to be published by MMV fails to obtain the ISBN in time, or at all, these games may not be allowed to be released or may be ordered to be suspended or cease operation, and, as a result, our business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

Any lack of requisite approvals, licenses, or permits applicable to our business may have a material and adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

In accordance with the relevant laws and regulations in jurisdictions in which MMV operates, MMV is required to maintain various approvals, licenses, and permits to operate our business, including but not limited to business license, license related to content offerings, radio and TV programs Production and operation license, and value-added telecommunications license. These approvals, licenses, and permits are obtained upon satisfactory compliance with, among other things, the applicable laws and regulations.

In particular, the internet and mobile internet industries in China are highly regulated. Our VIEs are required to obtain and maintain applicable licenses and approvals from different regulatory authorities in order to provide their current services. Under the current PRC regulatory regime, a number of regulatory authorities, including, but not limited to, the NPPA, the MOCT, the MIIT, the PRC State Council Information Office, and the CAC, jointly regulate all major aspects of the internet industry, including the mobile internet and online content communities. Operators must obtain various government approvals and licenses for relevant business.

MMV has obtained Value-Added Telecommunications Business Operating License, or ICP License, for the provision of commercial internet information services, the ICB Licenses, for commercial internet culture activities, Radio and TV Programs Production and Operation License, a license for production and operation of TV programs (including animation), and a license for publication operation through our VIEs. These licenses are essential to the operation of our business and are generally subject to regular government review or renewal. MMV cannot assure you that it will be able to maintain our existing licenses or permits necessary for our business operations, update information (such as websites, apps, or legal representative) on file, or renew any of them when their current term expires.

In particular, MMV must file and obtain an ISBN from the NPPA, for every game, including its updated version and expansion pack with names different from the original version, it develops before these games can be marketed to the public. While our management has significant experience in obtaining ISBN from NPPA, it cannot guarantee MMV will be able to achieve the same results in the future. If MMV is unable to obtain the ISBN from NPPA or do so in a timely manner, it could significantly impact its business plan and negative affect its financial condition and results of operation.

Furthermore, MMV may experience compliance issues due to numerous factors including, but not limited to not having received and verified the relevant animation distribution license for “Aotu Academy” held by animation distributors.

If MMV fails to obtain the necessary licenses, permits and approvals, MMV may be subject to fines, confiscation of revenues generated from incompliance operations, or the suspension of relevant operations. MMV may also experience adverse publicity arising from such non-compliance with government regulations that negatively impacts its brand. MMV may experience difficulties or failures in obtaining the necessary approvals, licenses, and permits for new spaces or new service offerings. If MMV fails to obtain the material licenses, our content offerings and business activities could be severely delayed. In addition, there can be no assurance that MMV will be able to obtain, renew, and/or convert all of the approvals, licenses, and permits required for its existing business operations upon their expiration in a timely manner or at all, which could adversely affect our business operations.

In addition, considerable uncertainties exist in relation to the interpretation and implementation of existing and future laws and regulations governing our business activities. MMV could be found not in compliance with any future laws and regulations or of the laws and regulations currently in effect due to changes in the relevant authorities’ interpretation of these laws and regulations. If MMV fails to complete, obtain, or maintain any of the required licenses or approvals or make the necessary filings, MMV may be subject to various penalties, such as confiscation of unlawful gains, the imposition of fines, revocation of licenses, and the discontinuation or restriction of our operations. Any such penalties or changes in policies, regulations, or enforcement by government authorities may disrupt our operations and materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

MMV may be liable for improper use or appropriation of personal information, which could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Our business involves collecting and retaining user data, including certain users’ personal information as our various information technology systems enter, process, summarize and report such data. MMV also maintains information about various aspects of our operations as well as regarding its employees. The integrity and protection of our users, employees and company data is critical to our business. Our users and employees expect that MMV will adequately protect their personal information. MMV is required by applicable laws to keep strictly confidential the personal information that MMV collects, and to take adequate security measures to safeguard such information.

The PRC Criminal Law ( ), as amended by its Amendment 7 (effective on February 28, 2009) and Amendment 9 (effective on November 1, 2015), prohibits institutions, companies, and their employees from selling or otherwise illegally disclosing a citizen’s personal information obtained during the course of performing duties or providing services or obtaining such information through theft or other illegal ways. On November 7, 2016, the Standing Committee of the PRC National People’s Congress issued the Cyber Security Law of the PRC (), or Cyber Security Law, which became effective on June 1, 2017. Pursuant to the Cyber Security Law, the owners and administrators of networks and network service providers have various personal information security protection obligations, including restrictions on the collection and use of personal information of users, and they are required to take steps to prevent personal data from being divulged, stolen, or tampered with. The Civil Code of the PRC ( ) (issued by the PRC National People’s Congress on May 28, 2020 and effective from January 1, 2021) provides main legal basis for privacy and personal information infringement claims under the Chinese civil laws. Furthermore, on August 20, 2021, the Standing Committee of the PRC National People’s Congress promulgated the Law of Personal Information Protection of PRC, or the Personal Information Protection Law (), which became effective on November 1, 2021, setting forth detailed rules for handling personal information. PRC regulators, including the CAC, MIIT, and the Ministry of Public Security of the PRC, or the MPC, have been increasingly focused on regulation in the areas of data security and data protection.

On January 23, 2019, the CAC, the MIIT and the MPS, and the SAMR jointly issued the Notice on Special Governance of Illegal Collection and Use of Personal Information via Apps (), which restates the requirement of legal collection and use of personal information, encourages app operators to conduct security certifications and encourages search engines and app stores to clearly mark and recommend those certified apps. On August 22, 2019, the CAC issued the Regulation on Cyber Protection of Children’s Personal Information (), effective on October 1, 2019, according to which: (i) no organization or individual is allowed to produce, release or disseminate information that infringes upon the personal information security of children under 14; (ii) network operators are required to establish special policies and user agreements to protect children’s personal information, and to appoint special personnel in charge of protecting children’s personal information. Network operators who collect, use, transfer or disclose personal information of children are required to, in a noticeable and clear way, notify and obtain consent from children’s guardians. On November 28, 2019, the CAC, MIIT, the MPS and SAMR jointly issued the Measures to Identify Illegal Collection and Usage of Personal Information by Apps (), which lists six types of illegal collection and usage of personal information, including “failure to publish rules on the collection and usage of personal information,” “failure to expressly state the purpose, manner and scope of the collection and usage of personal information,” “collecting and using personal information without obtaining consents from users,” “collecting personal information irrelevant to the services provided,” “providing personal information to other parties without obtaining consent” and “failure to provide the function of deleting or correcting personal information as required by law or failure to publish the methods for complaints and reports or other information.”

Regulatory requirements regarding the protection of personal information are constantly evolving and can be subject to differing interpretations or significant change, making the extent of our responsibilities in that regard uncertain. Complying with new laws and regulations could cause MMV to incur substantial costs or require MMV to change its business practices in a manner materially adverse to our business. For instance, various regulatory bodies in China, including the CAC, the MPC and the SAMR, have enforced data privacy and protection laws and regulations with varying and evolving standards and interpretations. MMV could become subject to enhanced cybersecurity review or investigations launched by PRC regulators in the future. Any non-compliance with the related laws and regulations may result in fines or other penalties, including suspension of business, website closure, removal of our app from the relevant app stores, and revocation of prerequisite licenses, as well as reputational damage or legal proceedings or actions against us, which may have material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Any system failure or compromise of our security that results in the unauthorized access to or release of the data of our users could significantly limit the adoption of our services, as well as harm our brand reputation, result in litigation against MMV, liquidated and other damages, regulatory investigations and penalties, and MMV could be subject to material liability. MMV expect to continue expending significant resources to protect against security breaches. The risk that these types of events could seriously harm our business is likely to increase as MMV expands the scope of services it offers and as it increases the size of its user base.

In addition, the interpretation and application of the aforementioned laws and regulations are often uncertain and in flux. Our practice may become inconsistent with these laws and regulations. If so, in addition to the possibility of fines, this could result in an order requiring that MMV changes its practices, which could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Concerns about the use of personal data in compliance with PRC law could damage our reputation and deter current and potential users from using our services.

Pursuant to the applicable PRC laws and regulations concerning the use and sharing of personal data, our PRC subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated entities are required to keep our users’ personal information confidential and are prohibited from disclosing such information to any third parties without the users’ consent. New laws and regulations, such as The Decision of the Standing Committee of the PRC National People’s Congress on Strengthening Network Information Protection, which was issued by the Standing Committee of the PRC National People’s Congress on December 28, 2012, and the Provisions on Protection of Personal Information of Telecommunication and Internet Users, which was promulgated by the MIIT on July 16, 2013 and took effect on September 1, 2013 further enhanced the legal protection of information security and privacy on the Internet. The laws and regulations also require Internet operators to take measures to ensure confidentiality of information of users. On December 29, 2017, the National Information Security Standardization Technical Committee, or the NISSTC, issued the Information Security Technology- Personal Information Security Specification, which implemented on May 1, 2018. Although this is a recommended specification and not a mandatory one, it is used as a basis for carrying out regulatory work on privacy policies by the MIIT and the MPC. While MMV strives to comply with our privacy guidelines as well as all applicable data protection laws and regulations, any failure or perceived failure to comply may result in proceedings or actions against us by government entities or others, and could damage our reputation. User and regulatory attitudes towards privacy are evolving, and future regulatory or user concerns about the extent to which personal information is shared with merchants or others may adversely affect our ability to share certain data with merchants, which may limit certain methods of targeted marketing. Concerns about the security of personal data could also lead to a decline in general internet usage, which could lead to lower user traffic on our website. A significant reduction in user traffic could lead to lower revenues from paying users, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our operations depend on the performance of the mobile-based systems, telecommunications networks, and digital infrastructure in China.

Our operations rely heavily on mobile based systems, telecommunications networks, and digital infrastructure. Almost all access to the internet in China is maintained through state-owned telecommunication operators under the administrative control and regulatory supervision of the MIIT. Moreover, MMV primarily relies on a limited number of telecommunication service providers to provide MMV with data communications capacity through local telecommunications lines and internet data centers to host our servers. MMV has limited access to alternative networks or services in the event of disruptions, failures, or other problems with China’s internet infrastructure or the fixed telecommunications networks provided by telecommunication service providers. With the expansion of our business, MMV may be required to upgrade our technology and infrastructure to keep up with the increasing traffic on our internet and mobile gaming applications.

MMV cannot assure you that the digital infrastructure and the telecommunications networks in China will be able to support the demands associated with the continued growth in digital usage.

 In addition, MMV has no control over the costs of the services provided by telecommunication service providers. If the prices MMV pays for telecommunications and digital services rise significantly, our results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. Furthermore, if data access fees or other charges to mobile users increase, our user traffic may decline and our business may be harmed.

MMV may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements MMV may have, and any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to make payments to MMV could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct its business.

MMV is a holding company and MMV relies principally on dividends and other distributions on equity from its PRC subsidiaries for its cash requirements, including for services of any debt MMV may incur.

Our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to distribute dividends is based upon its distributable earnings. Current PRC regulations permit our PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends to its respective shareholders only out of its accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, our PRC subsidiaries and our VIEs are required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund a statutory reserve until such reserve reaches 50% of its registered capital. Our PRC subsidiaries as a Foreign Invested Enterprise, or FIE, are also entitled to further set aside a portion of its after-tax profits to fund the employee welfare fund, although the amount to be set aside, if any, is determined at its discretion. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends. If our PRC subsidiaries incur debt on its own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict its ability to pay dividends or make other payments to MMV. Any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to distribute dividends or other payments to its respective shareholders could materially and adversely affect our business operations and our ability to make distributions to you.

Increases in labor costs in the PRC may adversely affect our business and results of operations.

The economy in China has experienced increases in inflation and labor costs in recent years. As a result, average wages in the PRC are expected to continue to increase. In addition, MMV are required by PRC laws and regulations to pay various statutory employee benefits, including pension, housing fund, medical insurance, work-related injury insurance, unemployment insurance and maternity insurance to designated government agencies for the benefit of our employees. The relevant government agencies may examine whether an employer has made adequate payments to the statutory employee benefits, and those employers who fail to make adequate payments may be subject to late payment fees, fines and/or other penalties. MMV expects that our labor costs, including wages and employee benefits, will continue to increase. Unless MMV is able to control our labor costs or pass on these increased labor costs to our users by increasing the fees of our services, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected. Moreover, certain employees or former employees may bring legal actions against MMV for claims related to labor costs, which could adversely affect our financial condition and reputation.

Any failure by Shanghai Jupiter or its shareholders to perform their obligations under our contractual arrangements with them would have a material adverse effect on our business.

If Shanghai Jupiter or its shareholders fail to perform their respective obligations under the contractual arrangements, MMV may have to incur substantial costs and expend additional resources to enforce such arrangements.

MMV may also have to rely on legal remedies under PRC laws, including seeking specific performance or injunctive relief, and claiming damages, which MMV cannot assure you will be effective under PRC laws. For example, if the shareholders of Shanghai Jupiter were to refuse to transfer their equity interest in Shanghai Jupiter to us or our designee if MMV exercises the purchase option pursuant to these contractual arrangements, or if they were otherwise to act in bad faith toward us, then MMV may have to take legal actions to compel them to perform their contractual obligations.

All the agreements under our contractual arrangements are governed by PRC laws and provide for the resolution of disputes through arbitration in China. Accordingly, these contracts would be interpreted in accordance with PRC laws and any disputes would be resolved in accordance with PRC legal procedures. The legal system in the PRC is not as developed as in some other jurisdictions, such as the United States. As a result, uncertainties in the PRC legal system could limit our ability to enforce these contractual arrangements. Meanwhile, there are very few precedents and little formal guidance as to how contractual arrangements in the context of a consolidated variable interest entity should be interpreted or enforced under PRC laws. There remain significant uncertainties regarding the ultimate outcome of such arbitration should legal action become necessary. In addition, under PRC laws, rulings by arbitrators are final and parties cannot appeal arbitration results in court unless such rulings are revoked or determined unenforceable by a competent court. If the losing parties fail to carry out the arbitration awards within a prescribed time limit, the prevailing parties may only enforce the arbitration awards in PRC courts through arbitration award recognition proceedings, which would require additional expenses and delay. In the event that MMV is unable to enforce these contractual arrangements, or if MMV suffers significant delay or other obstacles in the process of enforcing these contractual arrangements, MMV may not be able to exert effective control over our consolidated variable interest entity, and our ability to conduct our business may be negatively affected.

It may be difficult for a shareholder to pursue claims against us in United States courts, including judgments predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state in the United States. As a result, our shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests through actions against us or our officers, directors or major shareholders than would shareholders of corporations domiciled in the United States. Obtaining recognition of, and attaching assets in aid of execution of a Chinese arbitral award in the United States can be a complex process involving multiple sets of statutes and procedural rules. However, the arbitration provisions in the contractual agreements do not preclude you from pursuing shareholders’ claims arising under the United States federal securities laws. Any limitation on the ability of our PRC Subsidiaries and VIEs to transfer funds to MMV in the form of dividends or other distributions could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our business, pay dividends, or otherwise fund and conduct our business.

In addition, the Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules provide that a withholding tax rate of up to 10% will be applicable to dividends payable by Chinese companies to non-PRC-resident enterprises unless otherwise exempted or reduced according to treaties or arrangements between the PRC central government and governments of other countries or regions where the non-PRC resident enterprises are incorporated.

Our independent registered public accounting firm’s audit documentation related to their audit reports include audit documentation located in China. PCAOB may not be able to inspect audit documentation located in China and, as such, you may be deprived of the benefits of such inspection which could result in limitations or restrictions to our access to the U.S. capital markets. Our ordinary shares may be delisted under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act if the PCAOB is unable to adequately inspect audit documentation located in China. The delisting of our ordinary shares or the threat of their being delisted, may have a material adverse impact on our listing and trading in the U.S. and the trading prices of our ordinary shares.

Pursuant to the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act (the “HFCA Act”), if the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (the “PCAOB”), is unable to inspect an issuer’s auditors for two consecutive years, the issuer’s securities are prohibited to trade on a U.S. stock exchange. The PCAOB issued a Determination Report on December 16, 2021 (the “Determination Report”) which found that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in: (1) mainland China of the People’s Republic of China because of a position taken by one or more authorities in mainland China; and (2) Hong Kong, a Special Administrative Region and dependency of the PRC, because of a position taken by one or more authorities in Hong Kong. Furthermore, the Determination Report identified the specific registered public accounting firms which are subject to these determinations (“PCAOB Identified Firms”).

Our current auditor, Marcum Asia CPAs LLP (“Marcum Asia”), the independent registered public accounting firm that issues the audit report for years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, as an auditor of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and a firm registered with the PCAOB, is subject to laws in the U.S. pursuant to which the PCAOB conducts regular inspections to assess its compliance with the applicable professional standards. Marcum Asia, whose audit report is included in this annual report, is headquartered in New York, New York, and, as of the date of this annual report, was not included in the list of PCAOB Identified Firms in the Determination Report.

On August 26, 2022, the PCAOB announced that it had signed a Statement of Protocol (the “Protocol”) with the China Securities Regulatory Commission (the “CSRC”) and the Ministry of Finance (“MOF”) of the People’s Republic of China, governing inspections and investigations of audit firms based in mainland China and Hong Kong. Pursuant to the Protocol, the PCAOB conducted inspections on select registered public accounting firms subject to the Determination Report in Hong Kong between September and November 2022.

On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB board announced that it has completed the inspections, determined that it had complete access to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong, and voted to vacate the Determination Report.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, our ability to retain an auditor subject to the PCAOB inspection and investigation, including but not limited to inspection of the audit working papers related to us, may depend on the relevant positions of U.S. and Chinese regulators. Marcum Asia’s audit working papers related to MMV are located in China. With respect to audits of companies with operations in China, there are uncertainties about the ability of its auditor to fully cooperate with a request by the PCAOB for audit working papers in China without the approval of Chinese authorities. If the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely the Company’s auditor because of a position taken by an authority in a foreign jurisdiction, or the PCAOB re-evaluates its determination as a result of any obstruction with the implementation of the Statement of Protocol, then such lack of inspection or re-evaluation could cause trading in our securities to be prohibited under the HFCA Act, and ultimately result in a determination by a securities exchange to delist our securities. Accordingly, the HFCA Act calls for additional and more stringent criteria to be applied to emerging market companies upon assessing the qualification of their auditors, especially the non-U.S. auditors who are not inspected by the PCAOB.

On December 29, 2022, the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the AHFCA Act, was signed into law, which reduced the number of consecutive non-inspection years required for triggering the prohibitions under the HFCA Act from three years to two. As a result, the risks mentioned above have been heightened.

PRC regulation of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may delay MMV from using the proceeds of the Business Combination to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

Any funds MMV transfers to its PRC subsidiaries, either as a shareholder loan or as an increase in registered capital, are subject to approval by or registration with relevant governmental authorities in China.

According to the relevant PRC regulations on FIEs in China, capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries are subject to the approval of or report investment information to the MOFCOM or their respective local branches and registration with a local bank authorized by the SAFE. In addition, any foreign loan procured by our PRC subsidiaries cannot exceed statutory limits and is required to be registered with SAFE or its respective local branches. Any medium or long-term loan to be provided by MMV to its VIEs must be registered with the NDRC, and the SAFE or its local branches. MMV may not be able to complete such registrations on a timely basis, with respect to future capital contributions or foreign loans by MMV to its PRC subsidiaries. If MMV fails to complete such registrations, its ability to use the proceeds to be received from the Business Combination and to capitalize its PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could adversely affect its liquidity and its ability to fund and expand business.

On March 30, 2015, the SAFE promulgated the Circular on Reforming the Management Approach Regarding the Foreign Exchange Capital Settlement of Foreign-Invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 19, which took effect on June 1, 2015. SAFE Circular 19 launched a nationwide reform of the administration of the settlement of the foreign exchange capitals of FIEs and allows FIEs to settle their foreign exchange capital at their discretion, but continues to prohibit FIEs from using the Renminbi fund converted from their foreign exchange capital for expenditure beyond their business scopes, providing entrusted loans or repaying loans between nonfinancial enterprises. The SAFE issued the Circular on Reforming and Regulating Policies on the Control over Foreign Exchange Settlement of Capital Accounts, or SAFE Circular 16, effective on June 9, 2016. Pursuant to SAFE Circular 16, enterprises registered in China may also convert their foreign debts from foreign currency to Renminbi on a self-discretionary basis. SAFE Circular 16 provides an integrated standard for conversion of foreign exchange under capital account items (including but not limited to foreign currency capital and foreign debts) on a self-discretionary basis which applies to all enterprises registered in China. SAFE Circular 16 reiterates the principle that Renminbi converted from foreign currency-denominated capital of a company may not be directly or indirectly used for purposes beyond its business scope or prohibited by PRC laws or regulations, while such converted Renminbi shall not be provided as loans to its non-affiliated entities. As this Circular is relatively new, there remains uncertainty as to its interpretation and application and any other future foreign exchange related rules. Violations of these Circulars could result in severe monetary or other penalties. SAFE Circular 19 and SAFE Circular 16 may significantly limit our ability to use Renminbi converted from the proceeds to be received from the Business Combination, to fund the establishment of new entities in China by our VIEs, to invest in or acquire any other PRC companies through our PRC subsidiaries, or to establish new consolidated VIEs in China, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Fluctuations in exchange rates could have a material and adverse effect on our results of operations and the value of your investment.

The value of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar and other currencies may fluctuate and is affected by, among other things, changes in political and economic conditions and the foreign exchange policy adopted by the PRC government. On July 21, 2005, the PRC government changed its decade-old policy of pegging the value of the Renminbi to the U.S. dollar, and the Renminbi appreciated more than 20% against the U.S. dollar over the following three years. Between July 2008 and June 2010, this appreciation halted and the exchange rate between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar remained within a narrow band. Since June 2010, the Renminbi has fluctuated against the U.S. dollar, at times significantly and unpredictably. On November 30, 2015, the Executive Board of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) completed the regular five-year review of the basket of currencies that make up the Special Drawing Right, or the SDR, and decided that with effect from October 1, 2016, Renminbi is determined to be a freely usable currency and will be included in the SDR basket as a fifth currency, along with the U.S. dollar, the Euro, the Japanese yen and the British pound. In the fourth quarter of 2016, the Renminbi depreciated significantly in the backdrop of a surging U.S. dollar and persistent capital outflows of China. In 2017, the RMB appreciated approximately 6.3% against the U.S. dollar. In 2018, however, the RMB depreciated approximately 5.7% against the U.S. dollar, and the trend continued in 2019. In 2020 and 2021, the RMB appreciated approximately 8.7% against the U.S. Dollar, but the RMB has sharply depreciated against the U.S. Dollar by 7.8% and 2.9%, respectively, in 2022 and 2023. With the development of the foreign exchange market and progress towards interest rate liberalization and Renminbi internationalization, the PRC government may in the future announce further changes to the exchange rate system and MMV cannot assure you that the Renminbi will not appreciate or depreciate significantly in value against the U.S. dollar in the future. It is difficult to predict how market forces, international relations especially the trade tensions between U.S. and China, or government policies of PRC or U.S. may impact the exchange rate between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar in the future.

Substantially all of our net revenue and costs are denominated in Renminbi. MMV is a holding company and MMV relies on dividends paid by its subsidiaries in China for its cash needs. Any significant revaluation of Renminbi may materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial position reported in Renminbi when translated into U.S. dollars, and the value of, and any dividends payable in U.S. dollars. To the extent that MMV needs to convert U.S. dollars it receives from the Business Combination, into Renminbi for our operations, appreciation of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the Renminbi amount MMV would receive. Conversely, if MMV decides to convert our Renminbi into U.S. dollars for the purpose of making payments for dividends on our ordinary shares or for other business purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the Renminbi would have a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amount.

Governmental control of currency conversion may limit our ability to utilize our net revenue effectively and affect the value of your investment.

The PRC government imposes controls on the convertibility of the Renminbi into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currency out of China. MMV receives substantially all of our net revenue in Renminbi. Under our current corporate structure, MMV, as a holding company, primarily relies on dividend payments from our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements MMV may have. Under existing PRC foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, including profit distributions, interest payments, and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval of SAFE by complying with certain procedural requirements. Specifically, under the existing exchange restrictions, without prior approval of SAFE, cash generated from the operations of our PRC subsidiaries in China may be used to pay dividends. However, approval from or registration with appropriate government authorities is required where Renminbi is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies. As a result, MMV needs to obtain SAFE approval to use cash generated from the operations of our PRC Subsidiaries and VIEs to pay off their respective debt in a currency other than Renminbi owed to entities outside China, or to make other capital expenditure payments outside China in a currency other than Renminbi. The PRC government may at its discretion restrict access to foreign currencies for current account transactions in the future. If the foreign exchange control system prevents MMV from obtaining sufficient foreign currencies to satisfy its foreign currency demands, MMV may not be able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to its shareholders.

Furthermore, these restrictions may severely limit our funding to make investment and acquisitions overseas, and if occurs, the lack of funding could significantly impair our key business strategy to expand its business operations globally and make strategic acquisition overseas.

PRC regulations relating to the establishment of offshore special purpose companies by PRC residents may subject our PRC resident beneficial owners or our PRC subsidiaries to liability or penalties, limit our ability to inject capital into our PRC subsidiaries, limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to increase its registered capital or distribute profits to MMV, or may otherwise adversely affect MMV.

In July 2014, SAFE promulgated the Circular on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Control on Domestic Residents’ Offshore Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment Through Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 37, to replace the Notice on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Residents’ Financing and Roundtrip Investment Through Offshore Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 75, which ceased to be effective upon the promulgation of SAFE Circular 37. SAFE Circular 37 requires PRC residents (including PRC individuals and PRC corporate entities) to register with SAFE or its local branches in connection with their direct or indirect offshore investment activities. SAFE Circular 37 is applicable to our shareholders who are PRC residents and may be applicable to any offshore acquisitions that MMV makes in the future.

Under SAFE Circular 37, PRC residents who make, or have prior to the implementation of SAFE Circular 37 made, direct investments in offshore special purpose vehicles, or SPVs, will be required to register such investments with SAFE or its local branches. In addition, any PRC resident who is a direct shareholder of an SPV is required to update its filed registration with the local branch of SAFE with respect to that SPV, to reflect any material change. If our shareholders who are PRC residents or entities fail to make the required registration or to update the previously filed registration, our PRC subsidiaries may be prohibited from distributing their profits and any proceeds from any reduction in capital, share transfer, or liquidation to us, and MMV may be restricted in its ability to contribute additional capital to its PRC subsidiaries. On February 13, 2015, the SAFE promulgated a Notice on Further Simplifying and Improving Foreign Exchange Administration Policy on Direct Investment, or SAFE Notice 13, which became effective on June 1, 2015. Under SAFE Notice 13, applications for foreign exchange registration of inbound foreign direct investments and outbound overseas direct investments, including those required under SAFE Circular 37, will be filed with qualified banks instead of SAFE. The qualified banks will directly examine the applications and accept registrations under the supervision of SAFE.

MMV has requested PRC residents who MMV knows hold direct or indirect interest through an SPV in the Company to make the necessary applications, filings and registrations as required under SAFE Circular 37, and MMV is aware that most of these shareholders have completed the initial foreign exchange registrations with relevant banks. MMV cannot assure you, however, that all of these individuals may continue to make required filings or updates in a timely manner, or at all. MMV cannot provide any assurance that MMV is or will in the future continue to be informed of identities of all PRC residents holding direct or indirect interest through an SPV in MMV. Any failure or inability by such individuals to comply with SAFE regulations may subject MMV to fines or legal sanctions, restrict our cross-border investment activities, and limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to distribute dividends to us. As a result, our business operations and our ability to make distributions to you could be materially and adversely affected.

Furthermore, as these foreign exchange regulations are still relatively new and their interpretation and implementation have been constantly evolving, it is unclear how these regulations, and any future regulation concerning offshore or cross-border transactions, will be interpreted, amended, and implemented by the relevant government authorities. For example, MMV may be subject to a more stringent review and approval process with respect to its foreign exchange activities, such as remittance of dividends and foreign-currency-denominated borrowings, which may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, if MMV decides to acquire a PRC domestic company, MMV cannot assure you that MMV or the owners of such company, as the case may be, will be able to obtain the necessary approvals or complete the necessary filings and registrations required by the foreign exchange regulations. This may restrict our ability to implement its acquisition strategy and could adversely affect its business and prospects.

MMV faces uncertainty with respect to indirect transfers of equity interests in PRC resident enterprises by their non-PRC holding companies.

On February 3, 2015, the State Administration of Taxation, or SAT, issued the Public Notice Regarding Certain Corporate Income Tax Matters on Indirect Transfer of Properties by Non-Tax Resident Enterprises, or SAT Bulletin 7. SAT Bulletin 7 extends its tax jurisdiction to transactions involving the transfer of taxable assets through offshore transfer of a foreign intermediate holding company. In addition, SAT Bulletin 7 has introduced safe harbors for internal group restructurings and the purchase and sale of equity through a public securities market. SAT Bulletin 7 also brings challenges to both foreign transferor and transferee (or other person who is obligated to pay for the transfer) of taxable assets, as such persons need to determine whether their transactions are subject to these rules and whether any withholding obligation applies.

On October 17, 2017, the SAT issued the Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on Issues Concerning the Withholding of Non-resident Enterprise Income Tax at Source, or SAT Bulletin 37, which came into effect on December 1, 2017. The SAT Bulletin 37 further clarifies the practice and procedure of the withholding of non-resident enterprise income tax.

Where a non-resident enterprise transfers taxable assets indirectly by disposing of the equity interests of an overseas holding company, which is an Indirect Transfer, the non-resident enterprise as either transferor or transferee, or the PRC entity that directly owns the taxable assets, may report such Indirect Transfer to the relevant tax authority. Using a “substance over form” principle, the PRC tax authority may disregard the existence of the overseas holding company if it lacks a reasonable commercial purpose and was established for the purpose of reducing, avoiding, or deferring PRC tax. As a result, gains derived from such Indirect Transfer may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax, and the transferee or other person who pays for the transfer is obligated to withhold the applicable taxes currently at a rate of 10% for the transfer of equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise. Both the transferor and the transferee may be subject to penalties under PRC tax laws if the transferee fails to withhold the taxes and the transferor fails to pay the taxes.

MMV faces uncertainties as to the reporting and other implications of certain past and future transactions where PRC taxable assets are involved, such as offshore restructuring, sale of the shares in our offshore subsidiaries and investments. MMV may be subject to filing obligations or taxed if MMV is transferor in such transactions, and may be subject to withholding obligations if MMV is transferee in such transactions, under SAT Bulletin 7 and/or SAT Bulletin 37. For transfer of shares in MMV by investors who are non-PRC resident enterprises, our PRC subsidiaries may be requested to assist in the filing under SAT Bulletin 7 and/or SAT Bulletin 37. As a result, MMV may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with SAT Bulletin 7 and/or SAT Bulletin 37 or to request the relevant transferors from whom MMV purchases taxable assets to comply with these circulars, or to establish that MMV should not be taxed under these circulars, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Certain PRC regulations may make it more difficult for MMV to pursue growth through acquisitions.

The Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, adopted by six PRC regulatory agencies in 2006 and amended in 2009, and some other regulations and rules concerning mergers and acquisitions established additional procedures and requirements that could make merger and acquisition activities by foreign investors more time consuming and complex.

Moreover, the Anti-Monopoly Law of the PRC requires that MOFCOM be notified in advance of any concentration of undertaking if certain thresholds are triggered.

In addition, the Circular of the General Office of the State Council on the Establishment of Security Review System for the Merger and Acquisition of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors that became effective in March 2011, and the Rules on Implementation of Security Review System for the Merger and Acquisition of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors issued by the MOFCOM that became effective in September 2011 specify that mergers and acquisitions by foreign investors that raise “national defense and security” concerns and mergers and acquisitions through which foreign investors may acquire de facto control over domestic enterprises that raise “national security” concerns are subject to strict review by the MOFCOM, and the rules prohibit any activities attempting to bypass a security review, including by structuring the transaction through a proxy or contractual control arrangement.

MMV may grow its business by acquiring complementary businesses. Complying with the requirements of the above-mentioned regulations and other relevant rules to complete such transactions could be time consuming, and any required approval processes, including obtaining approval from the MOFCOM or its local counterparts, may delay or inhibit our ability to complete such transactions, which could affect our ability to expand its business or maintain its market share.

Any failure to comply with PRC regulations regarding the registration requirements for employee share incentive plans may subject the PRC plan participants or MMV to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions.

In February 2012, SAFE promulgated the Notices on Issues Concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Stock Incentive Plan of Overseas Publicly Listed Company, replacing earlier rules promulgated in 2007. Pursuant to these rules, PRC citizens and non-PRC citizens who reside in China for a continuous period of not less than one year who participate in any stock incentive plan of an overseas publicly listed company, subject to a few exceptions, are required to register with SAFE through a domestic qualified agent, which could be the PRC subsidiaries of such overseas-listed company, and complete certain other procedures. In addition, an overseas-entrusted institution must be retained to handle matters in connection with the exercise or sale of stock options and the purchase or sale of shares and interests. As an overseas-listed company, MMV and its executive officers and other employees who are PRC citizens or who reside in the PRC for a continuous period of not less than one year and who have been granted options are subject to these regulations. Failure to complete the SAFE registrations may subject them to fines and legal sanctions, there may be additional restrictions on the ability of them to exercise their stock options or remit proceeds gained from the sale of their share into the PRC. MMV also faces regulatory uncertainties that could restrict its ability to adopt incentive plans for its directors, executive officers and employees under PRC law.

MMV may be subject to liability for placing advertisements with content that is deemed inappropriate or misleading under PRC laws.

PRC laws and regulations prohibit advertising companies from producing, distributing, or publishing any advertisement with content that violates PRC laws and regulations, impairs the national dignity of the PRC, involves designs of the PRC national flag, national emblem or national anthem or the music of the national anthem, is considered reactionary, obscene, superstitious or absurd, is fraudulent, or disparages similar products. On February 25, 2023, the SAMR issued Administrative Measures for Internet Advertising, or the Internet Advertising Administrative Measures, which became effective on May 1, 2023, and replaced the Interim Measures for the Administration of Internet Advertising which became effective on September 1, 2016. According to the Internet Advertising Administrative Measures, the provisions of the Advertising Law and the Internet Advertising Administrative Measures shall apply to commercial advertising for direct or indirect marketing goods or services in the form of text, image, audio, video, or other means through websites, web pages, Internet apps, or other Internet media within the territory of PRC. MMV cannot assure you that all the content contained in its advertisements is true and accurate as required by, and complies in all aspects with, the advertising laws and regulations, including but not limited to the Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China and the Internet Advertising Administrative Measures, especially given the uncertainty in the interpretation of these PRC laws and regulations. If MMV is found to be in violation of applicable PRC advertising laws and regulations, MMV may be subject to penalties and our reputation may be harmed, which may negatively affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Under PRC advertising laws and regulations, MMV is obligated to monitor the advertising content shown on our platform to ensure that such content is true, accurate and in full compliance with applicable laws and regulations. and in accordance with the Internet Advertising Administrative Measures to establish an internal monitoring and management system over records, review and archives management of online advertising activities before it may publish any online advertisement. In addition, for advertising content related to specific types of products and services, advertisers, advertising agencies and advertising distributors must confirm that the advertisers have obtained requisite government approvals, including the advertiser’s operating qualifications, proof of quality inspection of the advertised products, and, with respect to certain industries, government approval of the content of the advertisement and filing with the local authorities. Pursuant to the Internet Advertising Administrative Measures, we are required to take steps to monitor the content of advertisements displayed by us. Violation of the aforementioned laws and regulations may subject MMV to penalties, including fines, confiscation of our advertising income, orders to cease dissemination of the advertisements, and orders to publish an announcement correcting the misleading information. In circumstances involving serious violations, PRC governmental authorities may force MMV to terminate its advertising operation or revoke its licenses.

Our employment practices may be adversely impacted under the labor contract law of the PRC.

The PRC National People’s Congress promulgated the Labor Contract Law, which became effective on January 1, 2008 and was amended on December 28, 2012, and the PRC State Council promulgated implementing rules for the labor contract law on September 18, 2008. The labor contract law and the implementing rules impose requirements concerning, among others, the execution of written contracts between employers and employees, the time limits for probationary periods, and the length of employment contracts. The interpretation and implementation of these regulations are still evolving, our employment practices may violate the labor contract law and related regulations and MMV could be subject to penalties, fines, or legal fees as a result. If MMV violates relevant laws and regulations, MMV may be subject to severe penalties or incur significant legal fees in connection with labor law disputes or investigations, our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be adversely affected.

MMV may be subject to additional contributions of social insurance and housing fund and late payments and fines imposed by relevant governmental authorities.

MMV is required by PRC laws and regulations to pay various statutory employee benefits, including pensions, housing fund, medical insurance, work-related injury insurance, unemployment insurance, and maternity insurance to designated government agencies for the benefit of our employees. The relevant government agencies may examine whether an employer has made adequate payments of the requisite statutory employee benefits, and employers who fail to make adequate payments may be subject to late payment fees, fines, and/or other penalties.

Under the Social Insurance Law and the Regulations on the Administration of Housing Fund, PRC subsidiaries shall register with local social insurance agencies and register with applicable housing fund management centers and establish a special housing fund account in an entrusted bank.

As of the date of this annual report, MMV has not made adequate contributions to the above employee benefits for some of our employees. MMV cannot assure you that the relevant government authorities will not require it to pay the outstanding amount and impose late fees or fines on us. If MMV fails to make the outstanding social insurance and housing fund contributions within the prescribed time frame, MMV may be subject to fines and late payment fees, and its financial conditions may be adversely affected.

If MMV is classified as a PRC resident enterprise for PRC enterprise income tax purposes, such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to MMV and its non-PRC shareholders.

Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules, an enterprise established outside of the PRC with its “de facto management body” within the PRC is considered a “resident enterprise” and will be subject to the enterprise income tax on its global income at the rate of 25%. The implementation rules define the term “de facto management body” as the body that exercises full and substantial control and overall management over the business, productions, personnel, accounts, and properties of an enterprise.

In 2009, SAT issued a circular, known as SAT Circular 82, which provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a PRC-controlled enterprise that is incorporated offshore is located in China. Although this circular applies only to offshore enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups, not those controlled by PRC individuals or foreigners, the criteria set forth in the circular may reflect the SAT’s general position on how the “de facto management body” text should be applied in determining the tax resident status of all offshore enterprises. According to SAT Circular 82, an offshore incorporated enterprise controlled by a PRC enterprise or a PRC enterprise group will be regarded as a PRC tax resident by virtue of having its “de facto management body” in China, and will be subject to PRC enterprise income tax on its global income only if all of the following conditions are met: (i) the primary location of the day-to-day operational management is in the PRC; (ii) decisions relating to the enterprise’s financial and human resource matters are made or are subject to approval by organizations or personnel in the PRC; (iii) the enterprise’s primary assets, accounting books and records, company seals, and board and shareholder resolutions are located or maintained in the PRC; and (iv) at least 50% of voting board members or senior executives habitually reside in the PRC.

MMV believes it is not a PRC resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes. However, the tax resident status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term “de facto management body.” If the PRC tax authorities determine that MMV is a PRC resident enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes, MMV would be subject to PRC enterprise income tax on its worldwide income at the rate of 25%. Furthermore, MMV would be required to withhold a 10% tax from dividends it pays to its shareholders that are non-resident enterprises. In addition, non-resident enterprise shareholders may be subject to PRC tax on gains realized on the sale or other disposition of ordinary shares, if such income is treated as sourced from within the PRC. Furthermore, if MMV is deemed a PRC resident enterprise, dividends paid to its non-PRC individual shareholders and any gain realized on the transfer of the ordinary shares by such shareholders may be subject to PRC tax at a rate of 20% (which, in the case of dividends, may be withheld at source by us). These rates may be reduced by an applicable tax treaty, but it is unclear whether non-PRC shareholders of MMV would be able to claim the benefits of any tax treaties between their country of tax residence and the PRC in the event that MMV is treated as a PRC resident enterprise. Any such tax may reduce the returns on your investment in the ordinary shares.

Risks Related to Our Ordinary Shares and Warrants

Certain judgments obtained against MMV by our shareholders may not be enforceable.

MMV is a business company incorporated under the laws of the British Virgin Islands. MMV conducts most of its operations in China and substantially all of its operations outside of the United States. Most of our assets are located in China, and substantially all of our assets are located outside of the United States. In addition, after the Business Combination, most of our senior executive officers reside within China for a significant portion of the time and most are PRC nationals. Substantially all of the assets of these persons are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for you to bring an action against MMV or against these individuals in the United States in the event that you believe that your rights have been infringed under the U.S. federal securities laws or otherwise. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the British Virgin Islands and of China may render you unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers.

The market price of our Class A ordinary shares has declined significantly since the consummation of the Business Combination, and may further decline in future.

The market price of our ordinary shares may be volatile, both because of actual and perceived changes in the company’s financial results and prospects, and because of general volatility in the stock market. The factors that could cause fluctuations in our share price may include, among other factors discussed in this section, the following:

In addition, the stock markets have experienced significant price and trading volume fluctuations from time to time, and the market prices of the equity securities have been volatile and are sometimes subject to sharp price and trading volume changes. These broad market fluctuations may materially and adversely affect the market price of our ordinary shares.

The sale or availability for sale of substantial amounts of our securities in the public market by our existing securityholders could cause the price of Class A ordinary shares and Warrants to fall.

Sales of substantial amounts of the Class A ordinary shares and/or Warrants in the public market by the existing securityholders, especially by the major shareholders, or the perception that these sales could occur, could adversely affect the market price of Class A ordinary shares and Warrants and could materially impair our ability to raise capital through equity offerings in the future. We are unable to predict the effect that such sales may have on the prevailing market price of Class A ordinary shares and Warrants.

Class A ordinary shares held by certain of our shareholders are eligible for resale, subject to, in the case of certain shareholders, volume, manner of sale and other limitations under Rule 144. In addition, pursuant to an amended and restated registration rights agreement, certain shareholders have the right, subject to certain conditions, to require us to register the sale of their securities under the Securities Act. By exercising their registration rights and selling a large number of Class A ordinary shares, these shareholders could cause the prevailing market price of Class A ordinary shares to decline. As restrictions on resale end and certain lock-up agreements entered into prior to the consummation of the Business Combination expire, the market price of Class A ordinary shares could drop significantly if the holders of these shares sell them or are perceived by the market as intending to sell them. These factors could also make it more difficult for us to raise additional funds through future offerings of Class A ordinary shares or other securities.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about MMV or its business, its ordinary shares price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our ordinary shares will depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about MMV or its business. Securities and industry analysts do not currently, and may never, publish research on MMV. If no securities or industry analysts commence coverage of MMV, the trading price for its ordinary shares would likely be negatively impacted. In the event securities or industry analysts initiate coverage, if one or more of the analysts who cover MMV downgrade its securities or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about its business, its share price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of MMV or fail to publish reports on MMV, demand for its ordinary shares could decrease, which might cause its ordinary share price and trading volume to decline.

Our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association that became effective immediately prior to the completion of the Business Combination contains anti-takeover provisions that could have a material adverse effect on the rights of holders of the ordinary shares of MMV.

In connection with the Business Combination, MMV adopted an amended and restated memorandum and articles of association that became effective immediately prior to the consummation of the Business Combination. Our post-closing memorandum and articles of association contain provisions to limit the ability of others to acquire control of MMV or cause MMV to engage in change-of-control transactions. These provisions could have the effect of depriving our shareholders of an opportunity to sell their shares at a premium over prevailing market prices by discouraging third-parties from seeking to obtain control of MMV in a tender offer or similar transaction. For example, our board of directors will have the authority, subject to any resolution of the shareholders to the contrary, to issue preference shares in one or more series and to fix their designations, powers, preferences, privileges, and relative participating, optional or special rights and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions, including dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights, terms of redemption, and liquidation preferences, any or all of which may be greater than the rights associated with our ordinary shares. Preference shares could be issued quickly with terms calculated to delay or prevent a change in control of MMV or make removal of management more difficult. If our board of directors decides to issue preference shares, the price of the ordinary shares of MMV may fall and the voting and other rights of the holders of the ordinary shares of MMV may be materially and adversely affected.

Our issuance of additional share capital in connection with financings, acquisitions, investments, our equity incentive plans or otherwise will dilute all other shareholders.

We expect to issue additional share capital in the future that will result in dilution to all other shareholders. We adopted a share incentive plan for the purpose of granting share-based compensation awards to our employees, directors, and consultants to incentivize their performance and align their interests with ours. We may issue a substantial amount of shares in connection with such incentive plan and/or other employee stock ownership plans at a price significantly lower than the trading price of Class A ordinary shares. In addition, a maximum of 3,021,244 Class A ordinary shares would be issuable upon the exercise of 3,021,244 outstanding Warrants. As such, the exercise of Warrants will result in dilution to our shareholders and increase the number of Class A ordinary shares eligible for resale in the public market. In addition, we may raise capital through equity financings in the future. As part of our business strategy, we may make or receive investments in companies, solutions or technologies and issue equity securities to pay for any such acquisition or investment. Any such issuances of additional share capital may cause shareholders to experience significant dilution of their ownership interests and the per share value of Class A ordinary shares to decline.

Warrants may never be in the money, and may expire worthless.

The exercise price of Warrants is $11.50 per share. The likelihood that warrant holders will exercise Warrants, and therefore the amount of cash proceeds that we would receive, is dependent upon the trading price of Class A ordinary shares. If the trading price for Class A ordinary shares is less than $11.50 per share, we believe holders of Warrants will be unlikely to exercise their Warrants. There is no guarantee that Warrants will be in the money prior to their expiration, and as such, Warrants may expire worthless and we may receive no proceeds from the exercise of Warrants.

We may redeem your unexpired Warrants prior to their exercise at a time that is disadvantageous to you, thereby making your warrants worthless.

Pursuant to the terms of the warrant agreement dated April 7, 2021, by and between MPAC and Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company (the “Warrant Agreement”), we will have the ability to redeem outstanding Warrants at any time after they become exercisable and prior to their expiration, at a price of $0.01 per warrant, provided that the closing price of Class A Ordinary Shares equals or exceeds $18.00 per share for any 20 trading days within a 30 trading-day period ending on the third trading day prior to the date we give notice of redemption. If and when the Warrants become redeemable by us, we may exercise the redemption right even if we are unable to register or qualify the underlying securities for sale under all applicable federal and state securities laws.

Redemption of the outstanding Warrants could force holders to (i) exercise Warrants and pay the exercise price therefor at a time when it may be disadvantageous to do so, (ii) sell Warrants at the then-current market price when the holder might otherwise wish to hold onto such warrants or (iii) accept the nominal redemption price, which, at the time the outstanding Warrants are called for redemption, is likely to be substantially less than the market value of such warrants. Additionally, if a significant number of Warrant holders exercise their Warrants instead of accepting the nominal redemption price, the issuance of these shares would dilute other equity holders, which could reduce the market price of Class A ordinary shares. The trading price of Class A ordinary shares may fluctuate following the consummation of the Business Combination, and can vary due to general economic conditions and forecasts, our general business condition, and the release of our financial reports.

The warrant agreement relating to Warrants provided that we agreed that any action, proceeding or claim against us arising out of or relating in any way to such agreement would be brought and enforced in the courts of the State of New York or the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, and that we irrevocably submitted to such jurisdiction, which jurisdiction would be exclusive. This exclusive forum provision could limit the ability of holders of the Warrants to obtain what they believe to be a favorable judicial forum for disputes related to such agreement.

The Warrant Agreement provided that, subject to applicable law, (i) any action, proceeding or claim against us arising out of or relating in any way to the Warrant Agreement, including under the Securities Act, would be brought and enforced in the courts of the State of New York or the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, and (ii) that we irrevocably submitted to such jurisdiction, which jurisdiction shall exclusive. We would waive any objection to such exclusive jurisdiction and that such courts represent an inconvenient forum. We note, however, that there is uncertainty as to whether a court would enforce this provision and that investors cannot waive compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder. Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for state and federal courts over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, these provisions of the Warrant Agreement will not apply to suits brought to enforce any liability or duty created by the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the federal district courts of the United States of America are the sole and exclusive forum. Section 27 of the Exchange Act creates exclusive federal jurisdiction over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in any of the Warrants shall be deemed to have notice of and to have consented to the forum provisions in our warrant agreement. If any action, the subject matter of which is within the scope of the forum provisions of the Warrant Agreement is filed in a court other than a court of the State of New York or the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (a “foreign action”) in the name of any holder of the Warrants, such holder shall be deemed to have consented to: (x) the personal jurisdiction of the state and federal courts located in the State of New York in connection with any action brought in any such court to enforce the forum provisions (an “enforcement action”), and (y) having service of process made upon such warrant holder in any such enforcement action by service upon such warrant holder’s counsel in the foreign action as agent for such warrant holder.

This choice-of-forum provision may limit a warrant holder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us, which may discourage such lawsuits. Alternatively, if a court were to find this provision of the Warrant Agreement inapplicable or unenforceable with respect to one or more of the specified types of actions or proceedings, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters in other jurisdictions, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and result in a diversion of the time and resources of our management and Board.

If we do not maintain a current and effective prospectus relating to Class A ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of Warrants, you will only be able to exercise such warrants on a “cashless basis”.

If we do not maintain a current and effective prospectus relating to Class A ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of Warrants, at the time that holders wish to exercise Warrants, they will only be able to exercise them on a “cashless basis”. As a result, the number of Class A ordinary shares that holders will receive upon exercise of Warrants will be fewer than it would have been had such holders exercised their Warrants for cash. Under the terms of the Warrant Agreement, we will agree to use our best efforts to maintain a current and effective prospectus relating to the Class A ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of Warrants until the expiration of Warrants. However, we cannot assure you that we will be able to do so.

An investor will be able to exercise a Warrant only if the issuance of Ordinary Shares upon such exercise has been registered or qualified or is deemed exempt under the securities laws of the state of residence of the holder of the Warrants.

No Warrants will be exercisable for cash and we will not be obligated to issue Class A ordinary shares unless the shares issuable upon such exercise have been registered or qualified or deemed to be exempt under the securities laws of the state of residence of the holder of Warrants. At the time that Warrants become exercisable, we expect that Class A ordinary shares to be listed on the Nasdaq, which would provide an exemption from registration in every state. Accordingly, we believe holders in every state will be able to exercise their Warrants as long as our prospectus relating to Class A ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of the Warrants is current. However, we cannot assure you of this fact. If Class A ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of Warrants are not qualified or exempt from qualification in the states in which the holders of the Warrants reside, the Warrants may be deprived of any value, the market for the Warrants may be limited, and they may expire worthless if they cannot be sold.

Risks Related to MMV Operating as a Public Company

We are an “emerging growth company,” and we cannot be certain if the reduced reporting and disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make Class A ordinary shares less attractive to investors.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act, and we may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not “emerging growth companies,” including the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (“Section 404”), reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved.

We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest of: (1) the last day of the fiscal year (a) following the fifth anniversary of January 4, 2023, the date on which Class A ordinary shares were offered in connection with the Business Combination, (b) in which it has total annual gross revenues of at least $1.235 billion, or (c) in which it is deemed to be a “large accelerated filer” as defined in Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act, which would occur if the market value of its ordinary shares that are held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the end of the prior fiscal year’s second fiscal quarter; or (2) the date on which it has issued more than $1 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior three-year period.

We cannot predict if investors will find our ordinary shares less attractive if we choose to rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our ordinary shares less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our ordinary shares, and our share price may be more volatile.

If MMV ceases to qualify as a foreign private issuer, it would be required to comply fully with the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, and it would incur significant additional legal, accounting and other expenses that it would not incur as a foreign private issuer.

As a foreign private issuer, MMV is exempt from the rules under the Exchange Act prescribing the furnishing and content of proxy statements, and its officers, directors, and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, MMV is not required under the Exchange Act to file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as United States domestic issuers, and it is not required to disclose in its periodic reports all of the information that United States domestic issuers are required to disclose. If it ceases to qualify as a foreign private issuer in the future, it would incur significant additional expenses that could have a material adverse effect on its results of operations.

Because MMV is a foreign private issuer and is exempt from certain Nasdaq corporate governance standards applicable to U.S. issuers, you will have less protection than you would have if it were a domestic issuer.

Our status as a foreign private issuer exempts it from compliance with certain Nasdaq corporate governance requirements if it instead complies with the statutory requirements applicable to a British Virgin Islands business company. The statutory requirements of our home country of British Virgin Islands, do not strictly require a majority of its board to consist of independent directors. Thus, although a director must act in the best interests of MMV, it is possible that fewer board members will be exercising independent judgment and the level of board oversight on the management the company may decrease as a result. In addition, the Nasdaq Listing Rules also require U.S. domestic issuers to have an independent compensation committee with a minimum of two members, a nominating committee, and an independent audit committee with a minimum of three members. MMV, as a foreign private issuer, with the exception of needing an independent audit committee composed of at least three members, is not subject to these requirements. The Nasdaq Listing Rules may also require shareholder approval for certain corporate matters that our home country’s rules do not. Following British Virgin Islands governance practices, as opposed to complying with the requirements applicable to a U.S. company listed on Nasdaq, may provide less protection to you than would otherwise be the case.

Although as a Foreign Private Issuer, MMV is exempt from certain corporate governance standards applicable to US domestic issuers, if MMV cannot continue to satisfy the listing requirements and other rules of Nasdaq, our securities may be delisted, which could negatively impact the price of its securities and your ability to sell them.

In order to maintain its listing on Nasdaq, MMV is required to comply with certain rules of Nasdaq, including those regarding minimum shareholders’ equity, minimum share price, minimum market value of publicly held shares, and various additional requirements. MMV may not be able to continue to satisfy all applicable rules of Nasdaq. If MMV is unable to satisfy Nasdaq criteria for maintaining its listing, its securities could be subject to delisting.

If Nasdaq does not list our securities, or subsequently delists its securities from trading, MMV could face significant consequences, including:

As a “controlled company” under the Nasdaq Listing Rules, MMV may choose to exempt from certain corporate governance requirements that could have an adverse effect on the public shareholders.

On March 22, 2021, Mr. Yiran Xu, Mr. Yanzhi Wang, Lucky Cookie Holdings Limited, or Lucky Cookie, a company incorporated in British Virgin Islands that is controlled by Mr. Yiran Xu, and Avatar Group Holdings Limited, or Avatar, a company incorporated in British Virgin Islands that is controlled by Mr. Yanzhi Wang entered into an Acting-in-Concert Agreement, pursuant to which Mr. Yanzhi Wang and Avatar undertakes that following the completion of the Business Combination, Mr. Yanzhi Wang and Avatar shall take actions in accordance with the instructions of Mr. Yiran Xu and Lucky Cookie with regard to any matter submitted to vote by the shareholders of the MMV. As a result of the Acting-in-Concert agreement, Mr. Yiran Xu holds a majority of the voting power of the MMV following the completion of the Business Combination. Accordingly, MMV will be a controlled company under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5615 (c) following the completion of the Business Combination. For so long as MMV remains a controlled company under Nasdaq Listing Rules, it is permitted to elect to rely on certain exemptions from corporate governance rules. Our status as a controlled company could cause its securities to look less attractive to certain investors or otherwise harm the trading price. As a result, you will not have the same protection afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to these corporate governance requirements.

We will incur increased costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management will be required to devote substantial time to compliance with our public company responsibilities and corporate governance practices.

As a public company, we will incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company, which we expect to further increase after we are no longer an “emerging growth company”. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the listing requirements of the Nasdaq, and other applicable securities rules and regulations impose various requirements on public companies. Our management and other personnel are not experienced in managing a public company and will be required to devote a substantial amount of time to compliance with these requirements. Moreover, these rules and regulations will increase our legal and financial compliance costs and will make some activities more time-consuming and costly. We cannot predict or estimate the amount of additional costs we will incur as a public company or the specific timing of such costs.

You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because MMV is incorporated under British Virgin Islands law.

MMV is a BVI business company incorporated under the laws of the British Virgin Islands. Our corporate affairs are governed by its memorandum and articles of association and the laws of the British Virgin Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against our directors, actions by our minority shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors to MMV under British Virgin Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the British Virgin Islands. The common law of the British Virgin Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the British Virgin Islands as well as from the common law of England, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority, but are not binding, on a court in the British Virgin Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors under British Virgin Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the British Virgin Islands have a less developed body of securities laws than the United States. Some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the British Virgin Islands. In addition, British Virgin Islands companies may not have standings to initiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the United States.

Shareholders of British Virgin Islands business companies like MMV have no general rights under British Virgin Islands law to inspect corporate records or to obtain copies of lists of shareholders of these companies. Our directors have discretion under its articles of association to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, its corporate records may be inspected by its shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to its shareholders. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder motion or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.

As a result of all of the above, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by our management, users of the board of directors, or controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States.

You may experience difficulties in effecting service of legal process, enforcing foreign judgments or bringing actions in China against MMV or its management named in this annual report based on foreign laws.

MMV conducts substantially all of its operations in China, and substantially all of our assets are located in China. In addition, all our senior executive officers reside within China for a significant portion of the time and most are PRC nationals. As a result, it may be difficult for our shareholders to effect service of process upon MMV or those persons inside China. In addition, China does not have treaties providing for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgments of courts with the British Virgin Islands and many other countries and regions. Therefore, recognition and enforcement in China of judgments of a court in any of these non-PRC jurisdictions in relation to any matter not subject to a binding arbitration provision may be difficult or impossible.

Shareholder claims that are common in the United States, including securities law actions and fraud claims, generally are difficult to pursue as a matter of law or practicality in China. For example, in China, there are significant legal and other obstacles to obtaining information needed for shareholder investigations or litigation outside China or otherwise with respect to foreign entities. Although the local authorities in China may establish a regulatory cooperation mechanism with the securities regulatory authorities of another country or region to implement cross-border supervision and administration, such regulatory cooperation with the securities regulatory authorities in the Unities States have not been efficient in the absence of mutual and practical cooperation mechanism.

According to Article 177 of the PRC Securities Law, which became effective in March 2020, no overseas securities regulator is allowed to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within the territory of the PRC. Accordingly, without the consent of the competent PRC securities regulators, and relevant authorities, no organization or individual may provide the documents and materials relating to securities business activities to overseas parties. See also “— Risks Related to MMV Operating as a Public Company — You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because MMV is incorporated under British Virgin Islands law.”

Future changes to U.S. and non-U.S. tax laws could adversely affect MMV.

The U.S. Congress and other government agencies in jurisdictions where MMV and its affiliates will do business have had an extended focus on issues related to the taxation of multinational corporations. One example is in the area of “base erosion and profit shifting”, including situations where payments are made between affiliates from a jurisdiction with high tax rates to a jurisdiction with lower tax rates. As a result, the tax laws in the countries in which MMV and its affiliates do business could change on a prospective or retroactive basis, and any such changes could adversely affect MMV and its affiliates.

MMV may be or become a PFIC, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. Holders.

If MMV or any of its subsidiaries is a PFIC for any taxable year, or portion thereof, that is included in the holding period of a U.S. Holder of MMV Ordinary Shares or Warrants, such U.S. Holder may be subject to certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences and may be subject to additional reporting requirements. There is no assurance that MMV or its subsidiaries are not currently PFICs for U.S. federal income tax purposes for the taxable year of the Business Combination or for foreseeable future taxable years. Moreover, MMV does not expect to provide a PFIC annual information statement for 2021 or going forward.

ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

A. History and Development of the Company

MMV was incorporated in British Virgin Islands in 2021 as a merger vehicle to facilitate the business combination (“Business Combination”) between Model Performance Mini Corp. (“MPAC”), a blank check company incorporated in British Virgin Islands in 2021 which was formed for the purpose of effecting a merger, capital stock exchange, asset acquisition, stock purchase, reorganization or similar business combination with one or more businesses, and MultiMetaVerse Inc. (“Legacy MMV”), which was founded in 2021 in Cayman Islands. Upon closing of the Business Combination on January 4, 2023, MPAC merged with MMV with MMV being the surviving entity. As a result of the Business Combination, Legacy MMV became a wholly owned subsidiary of MMV and the business of Legacy MMV became our business. Starting from January 5, 2023, Class A ordinary shares were listed on Nasdaq Global Market under the symbols “MMV” and Warrants were listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market and “MMVWW,” respectively. On October 17, 2023, Class A ordinary shares were transferred to the Nasdaq Capital Market. MMV conducts all of its operations and generates all of its revenue through its subsidiaries and VIEs in the PRC.

Legacy MMV commenced its operations in 2015 through its VIEs and subsidiaries in the PRC. Starting from March 2021, Legacy MMV underwent a series of reorganization, which primarily included:

We are regarded as the primary beneficiary of Shanghai Jupiter and its subsidiaries. We treat them as our consolidated affiliated entities under U.S. GAAP, and have consolidated the financial results of these entities in our combined and consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

We refer to Shanghai Mi Ting as our wholly foreign owned entity, or WFOE, and to Shanghai Jupiter and its subsidiaries as our variable interest entities, or VIEs, in this annual report. For more details and risks related to our variable interest entity structure, please see “— C. Organizational Structure — Contractual Arrangements with MMV VIEs and Their Respective Shareholders” and “Item 3. Key Information — D. Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Our Corporate Structure.”

Subsequent to the closing of the Business Combination, an assignee of Prominence Investment Management Ltd. (“Prominence”) completed the subscription of 450,000 MMV Ordinary Shares at $10.00 per share for an aggregate subscription price of $4,500,000, pursuant to a subscription agreement previously entered into among Prominence, MPAC and MMV.

On February 7, 2023, we filed a registration statement on Form F-1, to which a prospectus forms a part, related to:

Our principal executive offices are located at Room 7033, 7/F, Tower B, No. 785 Hutai Road, Shanghai, China. Our telephone number at this address is +86 21 61853907. Our registered office in the British Virgin Islands is located at Ritter House, Wickhams Cay II, PO Box 3170, Road Town, Tortola VG1110, British Virgin Islands. Our agent for service of process in the United States is Cogency Global Inc., located at 122 East 42nd Street, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10168.

The SEC maintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding registrants that make electronic filings with the SEC. Investors should contact us for any inquiries through the address and telephone number of our principal executive office. Our principal website is https://www.multi-metaverse.com/. The information contained on our website is not a part of this annual report.

Nasdaq Notification Letter 

On April 17, 2024, we received a written Notification Letter from the Nasdaq that the Company received a delinquency notice from Nasdaq indicating that the Company was not in compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2), which requires a minimum bid price of $1.00 per share (the “Minimum Bid Price Requirement”) and 5550(b)(2), which requires a minimum market value of listed securities of $35 million (the “Minimum Market Value of Listed Securities Requirement”). The notification had no immediate effect on the listing of the Company’s common stock. In accordance with NASDAQ Marketplace Rule 5810(c)(3)(A) and Rule 5810(c)(3)(C), the Company had a period of 180 calendar days from the date of notification, until October 14, 2024 (the “Compliance Period”), to regain compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Requirement and the Minimum Market Value of Listed Securities Requirement. If at any time before the expiration of the Compliance Period the bid price of the Company’s Class A Ordinary Shares closed at or above $1.00 per share for a minimum of 10 consecutive business days, NASDAQ would provide written notification that the Company had achieved compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Requirement. If at any time before the expiration of the Compliance Period the Market Value of Listed Seucrties of the Company closed at or above $35 million for a minimum of 10 consecutive business days, NASDAQ would provide written notification that the Company had achieved compliance with the Minimum Market Value of Listed Securities Requirement.

Recent Regulatory Development 

Recently, the PRC government initiated a series of regulatory actions and made a number of public statements on the regulation of business operations in China with little advance notice, including cracking down on illegal activities in the securities market, enhancing supervision over China-based companies listed overseas, adopting new measures to extend the scope of cybersecurity reviews, and expanding efforts in anti-monopoly enforcement. For example:

Currently, no PRC laws and regulations are in force requiring that MMV obtain permission from PRC authorities for the Business Combination and its listing on Nasdaq. However, any future securities offerings and listings outside of mainland China by MMV, including but not limited to follow-on offerings, secondary listings and going private transactions, will be subject to the filing requirements with the CSRC under the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, and we cannot assure you that we will be able to comply with such filing requirements in a timely manner. In addition, the aforesaid laws, regulatory requirement and interpretations thereof are evolving. There remains uncertainty as to the enactment, interpretation and implementation of regulatory requirements related to overseas securities offering and other capital markets activities. If it is determined in the future that the approval, filing or other administrative procedures of the CSRC, the CAC or any other regulatory authority is required for our subsequent securities offering and we fail to complete and obtain such approval, filing or other administrative procedures in a timely manner or at all, we may face sanctions by the CSRC, the CAC or other PRC regulatory agencies. These regulatory agencies may impose fines and penalties on our operations in China, limit our ability to pay dividends outside of China, limit our operations in China, delay or restrict the repatriation of the proceeds into China or take other actions that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, as well as the trading price of our securities. The CSRC, the CAC or other PRC regulatory agencies also may take actions requiring us, or making it advisable for us, to halt any securities offering we may undertake in the future. Consequently, if you engage in market trading or other activities in anticipation of and prior to settlement and delivery, you do so at the risk that settlement and delivery may not occur. In addition, if the CSRC, the CAC or other regulatory PRC agencies later promulgate new rules requiring that we obtain their approvals in the future, we may be unable to obtain such approvals or a waiver of such approval requirements, if and when procedures are established to obtain such a waiver. Any uncertainties and/or negative publicity regarding such an approval requirement could have a material adverse effect on the trading price of our securities. These legal and operational risks and uncertainties associated with being based in China may materially and adversely change our operations, affect the value of our securities, significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors could cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or be worthless. For further details and for risks related to regulatory approvals on overseas listings, see “Item 3. Key Information —3.D. Risk Factors — Risks Related to Doing Business in China — The approval of and the filing with the CSRC or other PRC government authorities may be required in connection with our future offshore offerings under PRC law, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or for how long we will be able to obtain such approval or complete such filing” and “Item 3. Key Information —3.D. Risk Factors — MMV faces challenges from the evolving regulatory environment regarding cybersecurity, information security, privacy and data protection, and user attitude toward data privacy and protection. The Chinese government exerts substantial influence over the manner in which the operating entities conduct their business activities, and may intervene or influence such operations at any time, or may exert more control over offerings conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers, which could result in a material change in such operations and the value of our ordinary shares, significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors, and cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or be of no value. Many of these laws and regulations are subject to change and uncertain interpretation, and any actual or alleged failure to comply with related laws and regulations regarding cybersecurity, information security, data privacy and protection could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.”

Contractual Arrangements and Corporate Structure 

In May 2021, the WFOE entered into a series of contractual arrangements with Shanghai Jupiter and its shareholders (“VIE Agreements”). These agreements or their forms are filed as exhibits to the registration statement on Form F-1 of which this prospectus is a part and include: (i) a Technical Consultation and Service Agreement between the WFOE and Shanghai Jupiter Creative Design Co., Ltd., which enables MMV to receive substantially all of the economic benefits of Shanghai Jupiter, (ii) four Proxy Agreements entered by the WFOE with each of Shanghai Jupiter’s shareholders, respectively and four equity pledge agreements entered by the WFOE and Shanghai Jupiter with each of Shanghai Jupiter’s shareholders, respectively, which provide us with effective control over Shanghai Jupiter, and (iii) four Exclusive Call Option Agreements entered by the WFOE and Shanghai Jupiter with each of Shanghai Jupiter’s shareholders, respectively, which provide us with the option to purchase all of the equity interests in Shanghai Jupiter. We exercise control over the VIEs and become the primary beneficiary of the VIEs for accounting purposes through the VIE Agreements, which are less effective than direct ownership. Our control over the VIEs and our position of being the primary beneficiary of the VIEs for the accounting purposes are limited to the conditions that we met for consolidation of the VIEs under U.S. GAAP. Such conditions include that (i) we control Shanghai Jupiter through power to govern the activities which most significantly impact the Shanghai Jupiter’s economic performance, (ii) we are contractually obligated to absorb losses of Shanghai Jupiter that could potentially be significant to Shanghai Jupiter, and (iii) we are entitled to receive benefits from Shanghai Jupiter that could potentially be significant to Shanghai Jupiter. Only if we meet the aforementioned conditions for consolidation of the VIEs under U.S. GAAP, we will be deemed as the primary beneficiary of the VIEs, and the VIEs will be treated as our consolidated affiliated entities for accounting purposes.

Neither we nor our subsidiaries, including the WFOE, own any equity interest or direct foreign investment in the VIEs. The VIEs are owned by PRC citizens or entities who are our founder, co-founders, or beneficially owned, controlled by or under common control with our shareholders, with whom we have contractual arrangements. We exercise control over the VIEs and become the primary beneficiary of the VIEs for accounting purposes through the VIE Agreements, which are less effective than direct ownership. The shareholders of the VIEs may not act in our best interests or may not perform their obligations under these contracts. Such risks exist throughout the period in which we intend to operate certain portions of its business through the contractual arrangements with the VIEs. If the VIEs or their shareholders fail to perform their respective obligations under the contractual arrangements, we could face heightened risks and substantial costs in enforcing these contractual arrangements. Although contractual arrangements similar to the VIE Agreements have been widely adopted by PRC companies seeking for listing aboard, such arrangements have not been tested in any of the PRC courts. The legal system in the PRC may not be as developed as in some other jurisdictions, such as the United States. As a result, uncertainties in the PRC legal system could limit our ability to enforce these contractual arrangements. At the same time, there are very few precedents and limited formal guidance as to how contractual arrangements in the context of a VIE should be interpreted or enforced under PRC law. There remain significant uncertainties regarding the ultimate outcome of such arbitration should legal action become necessary. In addition, under PRC law, rulings by arbitrators are final, parties cannot appeal the arbitration results in courts except that parties may apply for a cancellation of such rulings before an intermediate people’s court at the place where the arbitration commission is located under certain circumstances, and if the losing parties fail to carry out the arbitration awards within a prescribed time limit, the prevailing parties may only enforce the arbitration awards in PRC courts, which would require additional expenses and delay. In the event we are unable to enforce these contractual arrangements, or if we suffer significant delays or other obstacles in the process of enforcing these contractual arrangements, we may not be able to exert effective control over its VIEs, and our ability to conduct our business may be negatively affected. In addition, there are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current and future PRC laws, regulations, and rules relating to these contractual arrangements. If the PRC government finds the VIE Agreements non-compliant with relevant PRC laws, regulations, and rules, or if these laws, regulations, and rules or the interpretation thereof change in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in Shanghai Jupiter or forfeit its rights under the contractual arrangements. See “— C. Organizational Structure — Contractual Arrangements with MMV VIEs and Their Respective Shareholders” and “Key Information — 3.D. Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Our Corporate Structure.” 

Permits and Permission Required from the PRC Authorities

As of the date of this annual report, the PRC Subsidiaries and the VIEs have obtained the requisite licenses and permits from the PRC government authorities that are material for its business operations in the PRC, including the value-added telecommunications business operating license, license for production and operation of radio and television programs and operating license of publication. However, the licensing requirements in China are constantly evolving, and we may be subject to more stringent regulatory requirements due to changes in the political or economic policies in the relevant jurisdictions. We cannot assure you that the PRC Subsidiaries or the VIEs will be able to satisfy such regulatory requirements, and as a result, the PRC Subsidiaries or the VIEs may be unable to retain, obtain or renew relevant licenses, permits or approvals in the future. If the PRC Subsidiaries or the VIEs (i) do not receive or maintain such permissions or approvals, (ii) inadvertently conclude that such permissions or approvals are not required, or (iii) applicable laws, regulations, or interpretations change and we are required to obtain additional permissions or approvals in the future, the PRC Subsidiaries or the VIEs may be subject to administrative penalties or sanctions, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. For a list of licenses and approvals that the PRC Subsidiaries and the VIEs are required to obtain for our and the VIE’s operations in China as of the date of this annual report, see “— B. Business Overview — Licenses and Approvals.” For risks relating to licenses and approvals required for our and the VIEs’ operations in China, see “Item 3. Key Information — D. Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Business and Industry — Any lack of requisite approvals, licenses, or permits applicable to our business may have a material and adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.” If the WFOE, the PRC Subsidiaries and the VIEs fail to obtain and maintain the requisite licenses and approvals required under the complex regulatory environment for operating their business in China, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

Assets Transfer between MMV and the VIEs

To date, the VIEs have not distributed any earnings or settled any amounts owed under the VIE agreements to MMV or the WFOE. MMV does not have any plan to direct the VIEs to distribute earnings or settle amounts owed under the VIE agreements in the foreseeable future. To date, there has been no transfer of cash or other assets between MMV and the VIEs.

Dividends or Distributions Made to MMV and U.S. Investors by our Subsidiaries and the VIEs and Tax Consequences

To date, our subsidiaries and the VIEs have not made any dividends or distributions to us and we have not made any dividends or distributions to our shareholders either. In addition, subject to the passive foreign investment company rules, the gross amount of any distribution that we make to investor with respect to the shares (including any amounts withheld to reflect PRC withholding taxes) will be taxable as a dividend, to the extent paid out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under United States federal income tax principles. If we are considered a PRC tax resident enterprise for tax purposes, any dividends we pay to our overseas shareholders may be regarded as China-sourced income and as a result may be subject to PRC withholding tax. See “Item 3. Key Information — D. Risk Factors — Risks Related to Doing Business in China — If MMV is classified as a PRC resident enterprise for PRC enterprise income tax purposes, such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders.”

Restrictions on Foreign Exchange and the Ability to Transfer Cash between Entities, Across Borders and to U.S. Investors

We currently have not maintained any cash management policies that dictate the purpose, amount and procedure of cash transfers between MMV, the WFOE, the VIEs, or investors. Rather, the funds can be transferred in accordance with the applicable laws and regulations.

The PRC government imposes controls on the convertibility of Renminbi into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currency out of China. The majority of our income is received in Renminbi and shortages in foreign currencies may restrict our ability to pay dividends or other payments, or otherwise satisfy our foreign currency denominated obligations, if any. Under existing PRC foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, including profit distributions, interest payments and expenditures from trade-related transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval from the State Administration of Foreign Exchange of the PRC, or the SAFE, as long as certain procedural requirements are met. Approval from appropriate government authorities is required if Renminbi is converted into foreign currency and remitted out of China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies. The PRC government may, at its discretion, impose restrictions on access to foreign currencies for current account transactions and if this occurs in the future, we may not be able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to its shareholders.

If we are considered a PRC tax resident enterprise for tax purposes, any dividends we pay to our overseas shareholders may be regarded as China-sourced income and as a result may be subject to PRC withholding tax. See “Item 3. Key Information — D. Risk Factors — Risks Related to Doing Business in China — If MMV is classified as a PRC resident enterprise for PRC enterprise income tax purposes, such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders.”

Cash is transferred among MMV, the WFOE, and the VIEs, in the following manners: (i) funds are transferred to the WFOE, from MMV as needed through MultiMetaVerse Inc., or the Cayman Subsidiary, and MultiMetaVerse HK Limited, or the Hong Kong Subsidiary, in the form of capital contributions or shareholder loans, as the case may be; (ii) funds may be paid by Shanghai Jupiter, to the WFOE, as service fees according to the VIE Agreements; (iii) dividends or other distributions may be paid by the WFOE, to MMV through the Hong Kong Subsidiary and Cayman Subsidiary; and (iv) the WFOE and Shanghai Jupiter, lend to and borrow from each other from time to time for business operation purpose. As a holding company, we may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by WFOE for its cash and financing requirements. If WFOE incurs debt on its own behalf in the future, the instruments governing such debt may restrict its ability to pay dividends to MMV.

The following diagram illustrates the typical fund flow among MMV, the WFOE, and Shanghai Jupiter. 

Relevant PRC laws and regulations permit the PRC companies to pay dividends only out of their retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. Additionally, the PRC Subsidiaries and the VIEs can only distribute dividends upon approval of the shareholders after they have met the PRC requirements for appropriation to the statutory reserves. As a result of these and other restrictions under the PRC laws and regulations, the PRC Subsidiaries and the VIEs are restricted to transfer a portion of their net assets to us either in the form of dividends, loans or advances. Even though we currently do not require any such dividends, loans or advances from the PRC Subsidiaries and the VIEs for working capital and other funding purposes, we may in the future require additional cash resources from the PRC Subsidiaries and the VIEs due to changes in business conditions, to fund future acquisitions and developments, or merely declare and pay dividends to or distributions to its shareholders. We are permitted under the laws of British Virgin Islands to provide funding to our subsidiaries in Hong Kong and mainland China through loans or capital contributions without restrictions on the amount of the funds. Hong Kong Subsidiary and Cayman Subsidiary are also permitted under the laws of Hong Kong SAR and Cayman Islands, respectively, to provide funding to us through dividend distributions without restrictions on the amount of the funds.

B. Business Overview

Our Mission

We are committed to building an open, immersive, and multi-experienced entertainment world with high-quality original contents and a wide range of professional user generated content.

Overview

We are an animation and entertainment company devoted to establishing an open community for our global users (a collective reference to our animation viewers, game players, and content creators) and to providing high-quality and immersive entertainment experience by way of original contents, user-generated contents (“UGC”), and professional user-generated contents (“PUGC”).

We commenced animation production in 2015 under our signature Aotu World brand, which has attracted a broad following with its inspiring storyline and unique graphic style, particularly among the younger audience in China. By leveraging the company’s established user base, we have built a diverse product portfolio, including animated content, comic books, short videos, collectibles, stationery, consumer products, and mobile games across the Aotu World brand. We have also developed and augmented new brands, stories, and characters, such as Neko Album. We create content and capitalize on our brands to provide our users with intriguing, multi-faceted, and interactive virtual entertainment services and products.

We have developed a business model that centers around our proprietary brands leveraging our brand appeal to our users. Our proprietary brands are established by developing original and compelling animated content. To provide multi-faceted entertainment experiences for our fans, we design, develop and operate mobile games, and design, manufacture and sell merchandise based on these brands. We have also devoted resources to laying a foundation for the development of new brands as well as providing animation production and other technical support services to third party customers. In summary, our business is primarily comprised of the following four pillars:

We believe that we are an industry innovator and pioneer, not just for the original contents we create but also for the business model under which we produces and promotes these contents. In addition to creating content in-house, we utilizes a user-oriented approach and encourages fan participation in our creative process. We provide users with creative inspiration and guidance, license of art assets, tools and technologies, and other support for the development and promotion of UGC. This has helped diversify our content offerings and nurtured a culture within our user community that creates and shares UGC. The user-oriented approach adds to our identification of high-quality UGC, which we refers to as PUGC. We believe that our UGC and PUGC materials contribute to the growth and popularity of our proprietary brands, broaden the spectrum of our entertainment content and inspire the development of new storylines and ideas.  

Aotu World started as an animation series, which we refers to as Aotu World the Animation. Season one of Aotu World the Animation was first broadcasted in 2015. Since its initial introduction, over 110 television channels in Mainland China have broadcast the series, and it has also expanded its influence globally. We have continued to develop the animation series with the fifth season currently in creative stage. The animation series had an accumulated total view of approximately 1.05 billion as of April 2024 on Bilibili alone, which ranked top among all Chinese Original Animation Brands based on views on Bilibili. Since its initial release, Aotu World has gradually developed into an independent universe with its own characters and storylines, as well as source material for diverse entertainment genres, including original comic books, short videos, merchandise and mobile games. In addition, we have marketed our contents and products via the internet with derivative artworks and animated contents, and these original contents have successfully attracted followers as well as contributed to the maintenance and promotion of the brand’s popularity on social media.

We have cultivated a UGC culture within its community. We have gained a large number of followers on various social media platforms that are popular among Generation Z in China. As of April 2024, we had approximately 2.1 million followers on Bilibili, 2.8 million followers on Douyin, 3.5 million followers on Kuaishou, and 996,000 followers on Weibo.

Our relationship with our users goes beyond a unilateral relationship through which our users casually view our animation series. Instead, our users participate in the creation of UGC in the form of online discussions, cosplay, user-generated artworks and comics, stories, videos, music and even video games. Aotu World is a popular animation on leading UGC focused fan communities in China. There are hundreds of new Aotu World based UGC posts uploaded on Bilibili on a daily basis. To promote this community growth around its brand, we share Aotu World character model files for use by UGC creators. The UGC created in association with our animation content reflects our fans’ engagement with its storyline and characters. In addition to contributing to the promotion of the Aotu World brand, UGC supply creative concepts and ideas that enable us to further develop and diversify our entertainment genre.

We have also developed a business model that monetizes our original animated content and brand through derivative products. Our derivative products mainly include mobile games and brand merchandise. Aotu World the Game was our venture into building an interactive entertainment platform and has attracted approximately 13 million cumulative registered users as of March 2023. We have also developed and marketed over 2,782 merchandise items as of December 2023, which not only offers actual companionship to our users but also contributes to our cash flow. We intend to develop additional games and apps, and to further capitalize on our animated content and userbase as a launchpad to develop new proprietary brands, content offerings and multi-faceted online and offline entertainment experience.

Our Core Platform

Our mission to be an industry innovator built on creative content gives rise to our focus on establishing a system that nurtures the development of creative UGC and PUGC, rather than focusing on one particular brand. We believe that this approach can provide a consistent stream of high-quality gaming and entertainment products that are generated by our users for our users, and as a result, contribute to our long-term success. Our Core Platform and the capabilities it encompasses provide a foundation for us to achieve this goal.

Our Core Platform is a platform that drives the operation of our entire ecosystem. The Core Platform is designed to fully utilize the UGC at its disposal to further develop and monetize our proprietary brands. For example, to further enhance the commercial value of Aotu World brand, we provide relevant art assets and technical resources to Aotu World fans to encourage UGC creation. We believe UGC creators, especially PUGC creators, will bring new ideas and content that can be further explored and monetized. We plan to use the same approach to initiate the development of its other proprietary brands, and the integration of resources on the Core Platform is expected to bring synergies to our operations.

Our Core Platform is the engine that drives the cyclical process starting from UGC game conception and development, commercialization plan and implementation, to marketing and distribution. Upon completion of a development cycle, we gather meaningful input from users and market participants to restart the creative process of identifying content creators and creative concepts for new developments. The Core Platform’s functionalities are enabled by the following components:

Investment/Incentives

We maintain and implement incentive plans to encourage the development of PUGC under our proprietary brands. In a typical engagement of a PUGC creator, if we believe that the PUGC may have broad market appeal, but its creator lacks the necessary resources or comprehensive skillset to further develop this early concept, we will provide financial support to the PUGC creator to further develop his/her concept and secure its stakes in the invested projects through contractual arrangements.

The screening process also helps us identify acquisition opportunities for targets with commercial potential and mature products that have broad market appeal and large UGC potential. Once we identify and acquires a target, we will utilize the tools and strategies under the Core Platform to further the target’s development by exploring the feasibility of enabling UGC compatibility, incentivizing the development and spread of UGC to further promote the popularity of the original content, and creating more value by monetizing its contents through diversified forms of entertainment, such as mobile and console video game development, animations production, merchandise, sales as well as distributing these content offerings to additional geographic market including the large Chinese consumer market.

Tools

One of our objectives is to establish an open-source technology hub that caters to the technical needs of our UGC creators. We developed technology and toolsets to produce high-quality animations at lower costs and continues to invest in the development and acquisition of technology for content production. In addition, we have been searching and investing in engines, plugins, middlewares and other technology tools that are critical for the creation of metaverse-oriented content. We may license these tools, or cause them to be licensed, to PUGC creators to support their development through the Core Platform. To protect our proprietary know-hows, our users agree to an end-user agreement to acknowledge that any creations produced using our proprietary information are for non-commercial use only. Other rights are withheld by us and subject to further negotiation on a case-by-case basis.

Development Support

With our expertise and technical know-how in content production as well as our executive team’s abundant experience in the video gaming industry, we are able to offer various development support services to UGC and PUGC creators through the Core Platform, such as advising on concept development, product design, technical design and cross-play development.

We believe that making our brands and products UGC-enabled would enhance their long-term monetization potential. In particular, games with UGC support may have a longer user life cycle compared to games with OGC only. Players of OGC do not have the opportunity to contribute to a game’s development, and the OGC’s revenue generation ability fades if players lose interest due to the limited contents. On the other hand, UGC-enabled games and genres actively promote user engagement and involvement in product development, which can unlock a variety of game designs and extend the product’s life cycle.

IP Support

A significant barrier that hinders the development process for an individual PUGC creator is the costs to obtain necessary copyright and trademark licenses. If we believe a PUGC creator has made meaningful progress towards realizing a creative concept, we may license its copyright and trademark to the PUGC creator to alleviate relevant intellectual property restrictions, including those relating to various art assets created and owned by us, such as pictures, animations and sound effects. We help PUGCs and their creators garner user acquisition and retention, especially among existing users of our proprietary brands. In addition, We expect to work with other intellectual property owners and expand the scope of licensable intellectual properties.

Creators Community

Our proprietary brand Aotu World maintains online community following on some of the most popular online forums and social media platforms in China, such as Bilibili, Weibo, QQ, WeChat, Douyin and Lofter. Our content development team actively manages these social media groups and monitors UGC and its creators for ideas with commercial potential. Further, we expect to establish and operate our proprietary UGC community to cover creators with a wider range of preferences and skillsets, and to nurture a creative platform for new projects and teams.

Crowdsourcing Platform

We expect to establish a platform that connects production companies with freelance artists and other individual creators. This platform can support production company’s UGC efforts, and it can also provide individual creators with more opportunities to monetize their ideas and gain experience through contract work.

Publishing Support

With our experience in publishing various types of content, we are able to provide publishing support services to PUGC creators, including advice on publishing strategies and marketing plans and connecting creators with local publishers for greater monetary returns.

In particular, the publication of telecommunication contents in the PRC, including mobile and PC games, is regulated by the PRC National Radio and Television Administration. Any game operator must apply for and obtain an International Standard Book Number (“ISBN”) from the PRC National Press and Publication Administration prior to its commercial launch. The application process can be complicated and daunting for PUGC creators and international gaming companies. We are able to provide assistance or handle the publication process to help intriguing contents enter the China market.

Cross Promotion

We do not undertake any systematic advertising campaigns. Instead, our uses word-of-mouth marketing to promote our brand and products among our user base. This marketing strategy may extend to the promotion of our new brands and entertainment products. We also actively promote our PUGC products created by our partnering PUGC creators. We believe that cross promotion would mutually benefit MMV and the creator community, which can help our Core Platform grow into a reputable content distribution platform.

Summary of Our Core Platform

The original intention and ultimate goal of our Core Platform are to create synergies between PUGC creators and our resources, which allows MMV and creators to join forces and develop creative concepts with commercial potential. These concepts could in turn diversify content offerings available in the market. Under this approach, if any of our PUGC creators offer a commercially feasible creative concept, we would provide support to guide the development of such creative concept for commercial success. As a result, we build a community in which PUGC creators from around the world can interact and work together to develop a product. In addition to connecting PUGC creators with a common interest, this strategy can also lower our cost of production. We believe this efficient approach, cooperative model, and broad appeal will contribute to our long-term development.

Our Original Animation Series

We have created multiple original animation series, including Aotu World the Animation, Neko Album and Blade of Vengers. The original animation series become the starting point of building our proprietary brands, and Aotu World the Animation series have led the success of the Aotu World brand across China.

Aotu World the Animation

Overview

Aotu World the Animation is a 3D animation series that we created based on our original proprietary contents. The story of Aotu World the Animation takes place in a fictitious universe called the “Aotu World.” Aotu World was created by an omnipotent god-like figure, the Creator, who controls the destinies of people living in his universe. The Creator also appoints The Seven, who are seven almighties, to carry out the Creator’s will. Ordinary people of the Aotu World only have one path to change their fate, which is to win in the Aotu Tournament and earn the same ruling power as The Seven. The main storyline follows the beloved characters on their journey to win the Aotu Tournament.

The launch of Aotu World the Animation in 2015 has garnered an active following among the young generation in China and has subsequently fueled the creative passion among our users. The animation series’ characters like King, Grey, Phantom Shitou, Kalie, Ray and Godrose became virtual idols and household names among our audience. Furthermore, our fanbase created various UGC based on Aotu World the Animation, including fan fictions, fan arts, and most notably, fan videos.

As of the date of this annual report, we have produced and broadcasted four seasons of Aotu World the Animation. The series was broadcasted on over 110 television channels in Mainland China and it has also expanded its influence globally. The early seasons were broadcasted online on Chinese and overseas video platforms, including Bilibili, Tencent Video, and YouTube. In January 2019, November 2019 and January 2022, MMV entered into exclusive broadcasting license agreements with an affiliate of Bilibili. As a result of these agreements the online broadcasting of all four seasons of Aotu World the Animation in Mainland China have been granted exclusively to Bilibili since April 2022. This original series quickly became one of the top-ranking animation brands produced domestically in China. Furthermore, Aotu World the Animation enjoyed a total of approximately 1.05 billion hits as of April 2024 and was the most popular original animation brands among Chinese animation series on Bilibili. We are also expanding the reach of Aotu World the Animation to the global market and the series has been broadcast in a number of other Asian countries and regions.

Awards and Recognitions

In the 2018 Portrait Report of the Generation Z Consumers, referring to people born in the 2000s, sponsored by the All-China Students’ Federation and jointly issued by the QQ Database and China Youth Daily news organization, Aotu World the Animation was recognized as the fourth most popular animation series among the Generation Z consumers in China, and the most popular animation among domestically produced animation series. The All-China Students’ Federation is the organization of China’s top secondary and collegial education institutions. Its recognition of Aotu World the Animation is an endorsement of our efforts to provide meaningful original contents to the young generation of consumers in China. The appreciation of Aotu World the Animation by the Generation Z consumers is further substantiated by the viewership data available on Bilibili. According to a public poll by Bilibili users, the third season of Aotu World the Animation is the most popular domestically produced animation series in 2020 among the Generation Z consumers. In addition, in the 2020 TAAF×Bilibili China-Japan Animation Awards, Aotu World the Animation was recognized as one of the most popular animations among PRC produced animations in 2020. In 2024 Kuaishou Animation IP Gala, Aotu World was voted Top 1 among the Annual Top 10 Influential IP Brands Poll.

In addition to the above awards, Aotu World the Animation has received numerous prestigious awards from prominent industry organizations. In 2020, Aotu World the Animation received an award as one of the Top Ten Copyright Cooperation Holders from the PRC Copyright Protection Center as well as the Top Ten New Animation during the 2018 China IP Industry Annual Conference. MMV received the Bronze Medal of the 14th Annual China Comic Golden Dragon Award at the China International Comics Festival in 2017 for Aotu World the Animation being one of the most popular internet animation series. In recognition of its overall achievements, Aotu World the Animation was also selected as a partner by the 2017 China International Comics Festival.

The recognition of our Aotu World brand by industry players and its users motivates MMV to further enrich its contents. Since the initial introduction of Aotu World the Animation in 2015, MMV has also published two mobile games, marketed over 2,782 merchandises as of December 2023, and inspired the wave of UGC relating to the Aotu World brand. For more information, please see “— Our Games” and “— Our Merchandise” in this section.

Our Games

Aotu World the Game

Leveraging the fanbase of the animation series, we expanded the Aotu World universe into mobile games. Aotu World the Game is our first generation mobile strategy role-playing game launched in June 2020 in China. The game retains the main storyline of Aotu World the Animation, and game users enter the virtual Aotu World as Trainee Angels. The users interact with original characters to complete game quests and missions for the ultimate goal of entering the Aotu Tournament as a finalist. The users may also join forces with other users for a quest or fight in a player-versus-player mode for combat experience.

Consistent with our approach of promoting UGC, Aotu World the Game includes a “mini-theater” function for users to create their own stories by engaging non-player characters, or NPCs, in form of videos within the game. User generated stories are shared in the game, which makes Aotu World the Game a platform for MMV users to gather.

Aotu World the Game attracted over 5.4 million registered users in the first month of operation in China, and has attracted approximately 13.7 million registered users as of December 2023. We believe that the Aotu World brand user base was an important contributing factor for achieving this user data.

Project A

Project A is our major game update to one of our existing live games based on the Aotu World brand. Project A is a card gameplay designed and developed by our experienced in-house game development team with a track record in card games. Project A combines new storylines with the main storyline of the animation series and incorporates animated content, which can help fans build a stronger bond with the animation. The game update was launched in February 2023. We licensed the exclusive operation of Project A in Mainland China to Shanghai Youmier Network Technology Co., Ltd, which is a related party of us.

Our Merchandise

Since the introduction of Aotu World branded merchandise in 2017, we have actively sought to promote and expand its merchandise sales and coverage as part of its monetization strategy. Since 2017, we had developed over 2,782 merchandise items as of December 2023 and will continue to develop new merchandise for our users. We marketed merchandise include items such as comic books, action figures, stuffed dolls, apparels, costumes, trading cards and other merchandise. Our Aotu World branded merchandise business has increased rapidly in the first few years and stabilized recently.

We believe our Aotu World branded merchandise business will continue this upward trend as we continue to diversify our products, promote our brand, and establish additional distributional channels to market our merchandise. Furthermore, we continue to identify viable partners with original intellectual properties, from whom we can obtain licenses to expand our merchandise portfolio and enhance our revenue base.

Our Animation Production Services

From June 2019, MMV started to provide animation production services, which mainly include animation series and game cinematic animation works, to third-party customers to utilize its extra capacity and generate additional revenue. The customers for our animation production services mainly include animation production studios, game developers and publishers. We provide services to customers under fixed-price contracts pursuant to which we agree to perform the specified work for a pre-determined price. The provision of these services helps us strengthen our animation production capacity and gain additional experience, expertise and market insight that can bring value to our own animation and game development.

We have built up stable pipeline of animation series, which provided us steady cash flow over the term of these projects. In 2023, two animation series produced by us, namely First Kiss and Summer Punch, were released on Bilibili. In 2022, we also produced three animation series which were released on Bilibili. In terms of game cinematic animation works, which provides higher margin, we are quickly expanding our client pool to cover most of top Chinese gaming companies. In 2023, revenue from game cinematic animations as a percentage of the total animation production revenue increased from 19% in 2022 to 46% in 2023.

We have also strengthened our production capability in both 2D and 3D animations and streamlined the animation production process with Unreal Engine, a real-time 3D creation tool, which enables us to produce animated content within a controllable budget and timeline. As our business continues to grow, we expect to further improve its animation production capacity and increase the profitability of such services.

Our Users

We have accumulated a user base through, among others, our Aotu World the Animation series and Aotu World the Game. In addition to the ratings, viewership numbers and game player numbers, our active fans demonstrate their engagement with our proprietary brands by the UGC they create.

Our Engaged User Base

We have accumulated a following across the major streaming platforms and social media platforms in the PRC, and our fan base is growing in the global market. Aotu World the Animation was first broadcasted on various major online video platforms in the PRC, including Bilibili, Tencent Videos, Sina Videos, Mango TV, iQiyi and Youku. In April 2022, the exclusive broadcast right in China mainland of Aotu World the Animation was granted to Bilibili. On Bilibili alone, the Aotu World series has accumulated approximately 1.05 billion total views and approximately 4.4 million subscribers as of April 2024.

We have gained a following on mainstream Chinese social media platforms. On Douyin, our official account has 2.3 million fans and received approximately 100 million likes as of April 2024. On Kuaishou, our official account has 3.5 million followers and received approximately 120 million likes as of April 2024. MMV has additional fans and followers across various online platforms and social media platforms. The fanbase and engagement on social media contributes to us and the Aotu World Brand’s reputation and brand awareness in China.

Moreover, we can leverage our user base accumulated through the broadcasting of our animation series and our fanbase on social media for new content and across business lines, which can enhance our commercial value. Aotu World the Game attracted over 5.4 million registered users in the first month of operation in China, and its total number of registered users in China reached approximately 13.7 million as of December 2023.

We are dedicated to providing our users with quality entertainment experience, which is rooted in our mission. We believe that an engaged user base may contribute to the promotion of our proprietary brands as well as in the creation and distribution of UGC and PUGC. Purchases of merchandise by our fanbase also form a substantial portion of our source of revenue. Our user base and UGC can contribute to our long-term business growth through development of additional propriety brands, production of a variety of entertainment genres and further expand our user base.

Our UGC and UGC Creators

Our user base contributes to the voluminous UGC, which allows us to spend a relatively low amount of marketing expenses to promote our proprietary brands. Bilibili has become a prominent forum for the Aotu World community to gather, discuss everything that relates to Aotu World, and share UGC. There are hundreds of new Aotu World based UGC posts uploaded on Bilibili on a daily basis. In addition, Aotu World the Animation was the most popular Chinese animation on Douyin and Kuaishou as of April 2024 for receiving a total of approximately 16.1 billion and 15.3 billion hits, respectively, on Aotu World themed videos comprised mostly of UGC.

Lofter, an artistic UGC forum built for fans of every genre, has become another prominent gathering community for Aotu World users. MMV has accumulated over 835,000 users and 2.2 billion views on Lofter for Aotu World as of April 2024.

Our Content Development Teams

We have the following teams to support our business operation, product development, and maintenance.

Creative Content Team

Our creative content team provides a source of inspiration for our animation and gaming development. The team primarily includes writers and comic artists. Our writers and comic artists are the masterminds behind Aotu World the Animation storyline that has attracted millions of users for seven ongoing years. Our creative content team is dedicated to applying their knowledge of our userbase to create appealing content that resonates among our users. Our energetic creative content team continues to develop new concepts for animation production, which we believe will deliver new proprietary brands for us.

Animation Production Team

We fulfill our animation production needs in-house with a team of animation directors, graphic designers, and graphic programmers. Our production team is structured for efficiency and scalability. Our animation design and production are primarily realized with Unreal Engine. The animation designers and programmers utilize resources in Unreal Engine to develop our own graphic modules for cost-efficient animation production.

In addition to serving our internal production needs, the animation production team also provides animation production services to external clients. With our experience in animation production, developing pipeline and the reputation built from our animation series produced for our clients, we expect our animation production business to continue to grow and our animation production team to further expand.

Game Development and Operation Team

We have assembled a game development and operation team comprised of experienced industry experts. Prior to joining us, the game development and operation team had gained experience through successfully developing a number of mobile games operating in various markets and regions. Currently, our game development and operation team is in charge of updating and operating Project A the Game.

Merchandise Team

We primarily design and develop our wide variety of Aotu World brand merchandise in-house and outsources the manufacture of these items to business partners. In addition to merchandise development, our merchandise team is also responsible for supply chain management, merchandise sales and marketing, operation of online official store, proprietary storefront and distributors, coordination with manufacturing partners, storage and logistics, product delivery supervision, advertising, marketing and customer services management. As we continue to build and broaden our offline distribution channel, our merchandise team is given the responsibility of exploring business opportunities with potential distributors and negotiating new deals.

Intellectual Property

Similar to other interactive entertainment and video game companies, our business depends heavily on the use, creation, licensing, and acquisition of proprietary information and intellectual property. We protect our intellectual property through a combination of copyrights, pending and issued trademarks, trade secret laws, restrictions on disclosure, confidentiality provisions and procedures, and other contractual provisions.

We intend to protect our technology and proprietary rights; however, no assurances can be given that its efforts will be successful. Even if our efforts are successful, it may incur significant costs in defending our rights. From time to time, third parties may initiate litigation against MMV, alleging infringement of their proprietary rights or claiming they have not infringed our intellectual property rights. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors” for additional information regarding the risks we face with respect to litigation related to intellectual property claims. As of the date of this annual report, we have 792 registered copyrights, 291 registered trademarks, seven registered domain names, and four patents.

In order to encourage our fans to create UGC, we have released 3D character models, animation files, engine related codes and projects for certain products to the user communities. To gain access to our published proprietary materials, users must agree to our statement of rights and disclaimers, which includes various provisions to protect our intellectual property. In addition, we have made efforts to suppress pirated toys and merchandise sold online. We have also contracted with third-party copyright protection professionals to monitor potential infringements and defend our proprietary rights.

Seasonality

Our business operation results and our mobile game operation, in particular, are subject to certain seasonal fluctuations. Due to the composition of the user group of our brands and products, the growth of active users for mobile games tends to occur during school holidays, especially during the extended summer vacation and winter school holidays. Correspondingly, spending by our active users on mobile games tends to increase during the same periods due to users’ extended gameplay time. These seasonal fluctuations tend to be consistent from year to year but our quarterly performance has been and will be affected.

Branding and Marketing

We primarily rely on social media marketing, word-of-mouth referrals, recognition of our brand, and our user community to attract more users. We have created and operated official social media accounts for our animation studios and our animation franchises on mainstream social platforms in China, such as Bilibili, Weibo, Douyin and Kuaishou, and has accumulated following on each platform. For example, we have created and operated accounts for our 7DOC Studio on various popular social media platforms. The focus of our marketing efforts is to further strengthen our brands and to expand our ecosystem to connect more users, PUGC creators, and other participants.

In addition, we have initiated various marketing activities to further promote our brand awareness among existing and potential users and market participants. For example, we market our products and services through direct marketing, such as anniversary celebration activities and studio tours for fans, collaboration with reputable video platforms and trade shows, such as taking part in anime expos, and other media events.

User Privacy and Safety

Data security is crucial to our business operations. We collect non-sensitive and non-confidential user data necessary for business operations, such as users’ phone number and address, based on users’ interactions for our services and products, which have removed plaintext user identity or other sensitive information. Users are required to acknowledge the terms and conditions of the user agreement and privacy policy before accessing our products and services, under which they consent to our collection, use and disclosure of their personal data in compliance with applicable laws and regulations. We provide users with prior notice as to what data are being collected and undertaken to manage and use the data collected in accordance with applicable laws.

From an internal policy perspective, we have established a cyber and data security team responsible for leading, managing and implementing our data security policies, and safeguarding the integrity and security of user data. We have also formulated internal rules and policies to govern how it may use and share personal data. It also has protocols, technologies, and programs in place to ensure that such information will not be used or disclosed improperly. We store all user data in an encrypted format and conducts routine backup of these user data. Regarding the internal personnel control, we require employees to agree in writing to protect the confidentiality of data, and strictly limits the number of personnel who can access personal data. For the external interfaces, we also utilize firewalls to protect against potential attacks or unauthorized access. Since our inception, we have not experienced any material information breach or other system failures which could have led to the loss of confidential information.

Competition

We face competition primarily from other interactive entertainment market players. In particular, our competitors mainly include animation companies, video game companies and, in a larger space, interactive entertainment producers. We compete to attract, engage, and retain users, to attract and retain content creators, and to improve and expand our product portfolio and user experience. Our competitors may compete with us in a variety of ways, including by providing better content, fulfilling evolving user needs, making acquisitions, as well as conducting brand promotions and other marketing activities.

We will continue to compete with our competitors by focusing on (i) the target demographic composition and engagement of our user base, (ii) our ability to provide creative and quality PUGC, (iii) the strength and reputation of our current brands, and (iv) our ability to develop new products and services as well as by continuing to enhance our existing products, content variety, and services to keep pace with user preferences and demands.

As we introduce new products and services on our platform and our existing products continue to evolve as well as other companies introduce new products and services, we may become subject to additional competition.

Insurance

We do not maintain insurance policies covering damages to our network infrastructures or information technology systems. We also do not maintain business interruption insurance or general third-party liability insurance, nor do we maintain product liability insurance or key-man insurance. We consider our insurance coverage to be in line with that of other companies in the same industry of similar size in China.

Licenses and Approvals

The following table sets forth licenses and approvals that the WFOE, the PRC Subsidiaries and the VIEs are required to obtain for our operations in China as of the date of this annual report.

C. Organizational Structure

The following chart shows our corporate structure as of the date of this annual report, including our principal subsidiaries and our VIEs.

Contractual Arrangements with Our VIEs and Their Respective Shareholders

Current PRC laws and regulations impose certain restrictions or prohibitions on foreign ownership of companies that engage in value-added telecommunication services, or VATS, and certain other businesses.

We are a BVI business company incorporated in the British Virgin Islands. We currently conduct our operation in China primarily through Shanghai Jupiter, including value-added online services such as animation production and broadcast, and mobile games development, publication and operation. We also plan to engage in VATS businesses and other businesses which may subject to foreign investment restrictions through Shanghai Jupiter and our subsidiaries in the future. We operate our business mainly through our VIEs in the PRC, based on a series of contractual arrangements. As a result of these contractual arrangements, we exert effective control over, and are considered the primary beneficiary of, our VIEs and consolidates their operating results in our financial statements under the U.S. GAAP. Under the contractual arrangements, we provide certain management, technical and financial services to Shanghai Jupiter, and Shanghai Jupiter, in turn, maintain operation control of our primary business operation in the PRC such as the production of our animation series and development of our mobile games.

We exercise control over the VIEs and become the primary beneficiary of the VIEs for accounting purposes through the VIE Agreements, which are less effective than direct ownership. Our control over the VIEs and our position of being the primary beneficiary of the VIEs for the accounting purposes are limited to the conditions that we met for consolidation of the VIEs under U.S. GAAP. Such conditions include that (i) we control Shanghai Jupiter through power to govern the activities which most significantly impact the Shanghai Jupiter’s economic performance, (ii) we are contractually obligated to absorb losses of Shanghai Jupiter that could potentially be significant to Shanghai Jupiter, and (iii) we are entitled to receive benefits from Shanghai Jupiter that could potentially be significant to Shanghai Jupiter. Only if we meet the aforementioned conditions for consolidation of the VIEs under U.S. GAAP, we will be deemed as the primary beneficiary of the VIEs, and the VIEs will be treated as our consolidated affiliated entities for accounting purposes.

Neither we nor our subsidiaries, including the WFOE, own any equity interest or direct foreign investment in the VIEs. The VIEs are owned by PRC citizens or entities who are our founder, co-founders, or beneficially owned, controlled by or under common control with our shareholders, with whom we have contractual arrangements. We exercise control over the VIEs and become the primary beneficiary of the VIEs for accounting purposes through the VIE Agreements, which are less effective than direct ownership. The shareholders of the VIEs may not act in the best interests of us or may not perform their obligations under these contracts. Such risks exist throughout the period in which we intend to operate certain portions of our business through the contractual arrangements with the VIEs. If the VIEs or their shareholders fail to perform their respective obligations under the contractual arrangements, we could face heightened risks and substantial costs in enforcing these contractual arrangements. Although contractual arrangements similar to the VIE Agreements have been widely adopted by PRC companies seeking for listing aboard, such arrangements have not been tested in any of the PRC courts. The legal system in the PRC may not be as developed as in some other jurisdictions, such as the United States. As a result, uncertainties in the PRC legal system could limit our ability to enforce these contractual arrangements. At the same time, there are very few precedents and limited formal guidance as to how contractual arrangements in the context of a VIE should be interpreted or enforced under PRC law. There remain significant uncertainties regarding the ultimate outcome of such arbitration should legal action become necessary. In addition, under PRC law, rulings by arbitrators are final, parties cannot appeal the arbitration results in courts except that parties may apply for a cancellation of such rulings before an intermediate people’s court at the place where the arbitration commission is located under certain circumstances, and if the losing parties fail to carry out the arbitration awards within a prescribed time limit, the prevailing parties may only enforce the arbitration awards in PRC courts, which would require additional expenses and delay. In the event we are unable to enforce these contractual arrangements, or if we suffer significant delays or other obstacles in the process of enforcing these contractual arrangements, we may not be able to exert effective control over our VIEs, and our ability to conduct our business may be negatively affected. In addition, there are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current and future PRC laws, regulations, and rules relating to these contractual arrangements. If the PRC government finds the VIE Agreements non-compliant with relevant PRC laws, regulations, and rules, or if these laws, regulations, and rules or the interpretation thereof change in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in Shanghai Jupiter or forfeit our rights under the contractual arrangements. See “Item 3. Key Information — D. Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Our Corporate Structure.” 

The following is a summary of the contractual arrangements by and among Shanghai Mi Ting, Shanghai Jupiter and the shareholders of Shanghai Jupiter.

In the opinion of Global Law Office, our PRC legal counsel, the contractual arrangements described below are valid, binding and enforceable under current PRC law. However, these contractual arrangements may not be as effective in providing control as direct ownership. There are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current or future PRC laws and regulations. MMV has been further advised by our PRC legal counsel that if the PRC government finds that the agreements that establish the structure for operating our value-added telecommunication services and related business do not comply with PRC government restrictions on foreign investment in such businesses, MMV could be subject to severe penalties, including being prohibited from continuing operating such business. For a description of the risks related to these contractual arrangements and our corporate structure, please see “Item 3. Key Information — D. Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure.”

Technical consultation and service agreement

Under the technical consultation and service agreement dated May 8, 2021 by and among Shanghai Mi Ting and Shanghai Jupiter, Shanghai Mi Ting has agreed to provide the following services (among others) to Shanghai Jupiter:

Shanghai Jupiter has agreed to pay fees up to its and its subsidiaries’ after-tax profit to Shanghai Mi Ting. This agreement was effective from May 8, 2021 and will continue to be effective unless it is terminated by written notice of Shanghai Mi Ting, or until all of the equity interests in or assets of Shanghai Jupiter have been acquired by Shanghai Mi Ting or its designee under the exclusive call option agreement.

Equity interest pledge agreements

Each shareholder of Shanghai Jupiter entered into an equity interest pledge agreement with Shanghai Mi Ting and Shanghai Jupiter on May 8, 2021. Under such equity interest pledge agreements, each of the shareholders of Shanghai Jupiter agreed to pledge their respective equity interest in Shanghai Jupiter to Shanghai Mi Ting to secure their obligations under the exclusive call option agreement, proxy agreement, and technical consultation and service agreement. Each of such shareholders further agreed to not transfer or pledge his or her respective equity interest in Shanghai Jupiter without the prior written consent of Shanghai Mi Ting. The equity interest pledge agreements will remain effective until the pledgers discharge all their obligations under such agreements.

MMV has completed the registration of equity pledge of Shanghai Jupiter with the relevant offices of State Administration for Market Regulation, or the SAMR, in accordance with PRC laws.

Exclusive call option agreements

Under the exclusive call option agreements entered into by Shanghai Mi Ting, Shanghai Jupiter and each of the shareholders of Shanghai Jupiter, dated May 8, 2021, shareholders of Shanghai Jupiter granted Shanghai Mi Ting or its designee an option to purchase all or a portion of their respective equity interest in Shanghai Jupiter for the minimum amount of consideration permitted by PRC law. In addition, under the exclusive call option agreements, Shanghai Jupiter has granted Shanghai Mi Ting or its designee an option to purchase all or a portion of the assets of Shanghai Jupiter or its subsidiaries for the minimum amount of consideration permitted by PRC law. Each of Shanghai Jupiter and its shareholders agreed not to transfer, mortgage or permit any security interest to be created on any equity interest in or assets of Shanghai Jupiter without the prior written consent of Shanghai Mi Ting. The exclusive call option agreements will remain in effect until all of the equity interests in or assets of Shanghai Jupiter have been acquired by Shanghai Mi Ting or its designee, or until all parties agree in writing to terminate these agreements, or until Shanghai Mi Ting unilaterally terminates these agreements by written notice.

Proxy agreements

Under the proxy agreements among Shanghai Mi Ting, Shanghai Jupiter and each of the shareholders of Shanghai Jupiter, dated May 8, 2021, each of the shareholders of Shanghai Jupiter, agreed to irrevocably entrust Shanghai Mi Ting or its designee to represent it to exercise all the voting rights and other shareholders’ rights to which it is entitled as a shareholder of Shanghai Jupiter. Each of the shareholders’ proxy agreement will remain effective until all of the equity interests in or assets of Shanghai Jupiter have been acquired by Shanghai Mi Ting or its designee under the exclusive call option agreements, or until Shanghai Mi Ting unilaterally terminates the agreement by written notice.

D. Property, Plants and Equipment

Our principal place of business is located in Shanghai, China. As of December 31, 2023, we lease three properties in Shanghai and one property in Guangzhou with an aggregate gross floor area of approximately 3,299 square meters. These leases vary in duration from one to three years.

ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS

The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon and should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and their related notes included elsewhere in this annual report. This annual report contains forward-looking statements. See “Forward-Looking Information.”

Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements. In evaluating our business, you should carefully consider the information provided under the caption “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors” in this annual report. We caution you that our businesses and financial performance are subject to substantial risks and uncertainties.

A. Operating Results

Overview

We are an animation and entertainment company devoted to establishing an open community for our global users and to provide high-quality and immersive entertainment experience by way of original contents, user-generated contents and professional user-generated contents. We primarily develop and publish animations, mobile games, and other contents offerings such as anime merchandise, and provides animation production services to other animation and gaming companies.

Business Combination

On the Closing Date, we consummated the Business Combination pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement by and among MPAC, the Company, Merger Sub, Legacy MMV and certain shareholders of Legacy MMV. On the Closing Date, pursuant to the Merger Agreement, (i) MPAC reincorporated to the British Virgin Islands by merging with and into the Company (the “Reincorporation Merger”); and (ii) Merger Sub was merged with and into Legacy MMV resulting in Legacy MMV being a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company (the “Acquisition Merger”). In connection with the Business Combination, the Company changed its name to “MultiMetaVerse Holdings Limited”.

While the legal acquirer in the Merger Agreement is MPAC, for financial accounting and reporting purposes under the GAAP, Legacy MMV is the accounting acquirer, and the Business Combination is accounted for as a “reverse recapitalization”. The Business Combination was accounted for as a reverse recapitalization in accordance with GAAP. Under this method of accounting, MPAC was treated as the “acquired” company and Legacy MMV was treated as the accounting acquirer for financial statement reporting purposes. Accordingly, the Business Combination was treated as the equivalent of Legacy MMV issuing stock for the net assets of MPAC, accompanied by a recapitalization. The net assets of MPAC were stated at historical cost, with no goodwill or other intangible assets recorded. Operations prior to the Business Combination were those of Legacy MMV.

Key Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations

Our results of operation are affected by the following factors:

Our Proprietary Brands and Content Offerings

Our long term business and financial operation depend on the commercial appeal of our proprietary brands, as well as the variety of entertainment content offerings developed under these brands. We continue to improve and develop our contents under our Aotu World brand. As of the date of this annual report, we have released four seasons of the animation series, two mobile games under the Aotu World brand, and eight comic books. For more details related to our animations and mobile games, please see “Item 4. Information On The Company – D. Business Overview” in the Report. In addition, we strive to self-develop new brands or obtain new brands via acquisitions, in order to broaden and diversify our content offerings.

Our User Engagement

Our financial results depend on our ability to maintain and expand our user base and increase the level of user engagement. We believe an increase in the size of our user base leads to revenue growth as the overall consumer population for our brand increases. We have accumulated a user base for our proprietary brand, and aim to keep our user base engaged through developing new contents under our brand. We utilize the UGC for reference when developing new content offerings as a way to increase likelihood that the product developed meets users’ demands, and that the new content offerings, once marketed, could resonate with the loyal brand users to materialize their commercial potential.

We recognize that the continued engagement of our user base is important to our long term business operation. In addition to developing new brands to expand our user base, we will continue to motivate and encourage creators to develop new UGC by making technological resources and tools available to these UGC creators, and incentivize PUGC creators to produce high-quality content offerings with commercial potential. We believes the creation of UGC by users is an effective way to strengthen user engagement. We believe that, in addition to being a cost-efficient creative process, the production of UGC by creators can be an efficient way to promote our brand and expand user coverage. Therefore, UGC creators’ continued involvement in the production of derivative brand contents is an essential element of user engagement.

Our Monetization of Our Contents

Our revenue, financial results and future financial performance depend on our ability to further enhance our monetization capability. We expect our mobile games, merchandise sales and licensing to be the key drivers for our further growth.

The first mobile game under the Aotu World brand was our first attempt to monetarize from the gaming genre under our flagship brand. Since then, we continues to diversify our gaming content under the Aotu World brand by developing games of different genres to cater to the broad appeal of the brand’s users. Successful game products can provide users with intriguing and immersive gaming experience, and they can also build up a scalable business for us. For our merchandise business, we have developed and marketed over 2,782 brand-related merchandises since the launch of this business. We primarily conducts merchandise sales through self-operated online stores via multiple e-commerce marketplace, and started to expand our cooperation with offline third party distributors from 2021. For the licensing business, we believe that it has heightened our brand awareness and increased popularity among the general public, which contributes to better monetization of our contents by granting license for the broadcasting of our original contents to streaming platforms, granting license for our brand name, trademarks and character to other merchandise manufactures, and through various other means.

Furthermore, we will explore other market opportunities through the promotion of our brands, strategic acquisitions, and cooperation with other gaming companies around the world as a way to better monetarize our contents.

Our Operating Efficiency

Our ability to effectively manage our costs and expenses and increase the scale of our operation is critical to our long term operation. We believe that our cost control effort benefits from the systematic content development strategy under our past experience, and we will continue to achieve greater operating efficiency. In addition to relying on our internal content creative team to develop our proprietary brands, we actively encourages the development of UGC and PUGC as a way to supplement our content offerings. We believe that the utilization of UGC and PUGC can directly lower the costs needed for content development. In addition, we intend to make strategic acquisitions to acquire developed contents with robust commercial upside. we will leverage our senior management team’s industry experience and deep understanding of the PRC market to make these strategic decisions and diversify our content offering.

We hope to obtain greater operating efficiency and lower our costs and expenses in relation to net revenue, while continuing to expand our content offering and proprietary brands by achieving greater economies of scale and product diversification.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

We use adjusted net loss and adjusted negative EBITDA, which are non-GAAP financial measures, in evaluating our financial results and for financial and operational decision-making purposes. Adjusted net loss represents net income excluding share-based compensation expenses, impairment loss and transaction costs, and such adjustment has no impact on income tax expense.

We believe that adjusted net loss and adjusted negative EBITDA help identify the underlying trends of our business that could otherwise be distorted by the effect of certain expenses that we include in the net loss. We believe that adjusted net loss and adjusted negative EBITDA provide useful information about our financial results, enhance the overall understanding of our past performance and future prospects and allow for greater visibility with respect to key metrics used by our management in our financial and operational decision- making.

Adjusted net loss and adjusted negative EBITDA should not be considered in isolation or construed as an alternative to net loss or any other measure of performance or as an indicator of our operating performance. Investors are encouraged to review the historical non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable GAAP measures. Adjusted net loss and adjusted negative EBITDA presented here may not be comparable to similarly titled measures presented by other companies. Other companies may calculate similarly titled measures differently, limiting their usefulness as comparative measures to the data of us. We encourages investors and others to review our financial information in its entirety and not rely on a single financial measure.

The table below sets forth a reconciliation of our adjusted net loss to net loss for the periods indicated.

The adjusted net loss increased slightly by US$0.3 million from US$7.0 million in 2022 to US$7.3 million in 2023, and the adjusted negative EBITDA decreased by US$0.2 million from US$6.2 million in 2022 to US$6.0 million in 2023. The changes in adjusted net loss and adjusted negative EBTIDA were primarily due to (i) the decrease in gross profit by US$1.8 million due to the decline in net revenue, (ii) the decrease in other operating expenses by US$1.7 million, primarily driven by the decrease in research and development expenses as a result of our cost optimization measures taken, (iii) the increase in interest expense by US$0.6 million, which was driven by additional borrowings from both third parties and related parties during the year of 2023, and (iv) the increase in other income by US$0.4.

The adjusted net loss increased by US$1.1 million from US$5.9 million in 2021 to US$7.0 million in 2022, and the adjusted negative EBITDA increased by US$0.6 million from US$5.6 million in 2021 to US$6.2 million in 2022. The increase in adjusted net loss and adjusted negative EBITDA was primarily due to the increase in (i) general and administrative expenses other than share-based compensation by US$0.9 million, which consisted mainly of additional personnel costs due to expansion of the management team, (ii) research and development expenses by US$1.7 million for investments in our proprietary animations and pipeline games and apps, and (iii) interest expenses by US$0.5 million, which only affected the adjusted net loss.

VIE Consolidation Schedule

The following table sets forth the summary of the consolidating balance sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2023 of the Parent, i.e. MultiMetaVerse Holdings Limited, which is our investment holding company, its VIEs, and its subsidiaries (other than the VIEs), and the summary of the consolidating statement of operations and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023. Our consolidating financial statements are prepared and presented in accordance with the GAAP. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of results expected for future periods. You should read this information together with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of MMV” included elsewhere in this prospectus.