Old Republic Earnings 2018-12-31

ORI 10K Annual Report

Balance Sheet	Income Statement	Cash Flow

10-K 1 ori201810-k.htm 10-K OLD REPUBLIC INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION 2018 Document

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

X ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

(FEE REQUIRED)

For the fiscal year ended: December 31, 2018 OR

_ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

(NO FEE REQUIRED)

For the transition period from _____________________________ to ______________________________

Commission File Number: 001-10607

OLD REPUBLIC INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)



Delaware		No. 36-2678171
(State or other jurisdiction of		(IRS Employer Identification No.)
incorporation or organization)

307 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois		60601
(Address of principal executive office)		(Zip Code)

Registrant's telephone number, including area code: 312‑346‑8100

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:



Title of each class	Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock/$1 par value	New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes: X/ No:

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.

Yes: / No:X

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes: X/ No:

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes: X/No:

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S‑K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definition of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer x Accelerated filer o

Non-accelerated filer o Smaller reporting company o

Emerging growth company o

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 12b-2). Yes: / No:X

The aggregate fair value of the registrant's voting Common Stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant (assuming, for purposes of this calculation only, that the registrant's directors and executive officers, the registrant's various employee benefit plans and American Business & Mercantile Insurance Mutual, Inc. and its subsidiaries are all affiliates of the registrant), based on the closing sale price of the registrant's common stock on June 30, 2018, the last day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was $5,558,075,381.

The registrant had 302,775,042 shares of Common Stock outstanding as of January 31, 2019.

Documents incorporated by reference:

The following documents are incorporated by reference into that part of this Form 10-K designated to the right of the document title.



Title	Part
Proxy statement for the 2019 Annual Meeting of Shareholders Exhibits as specified in exhibit index (page 112)	III, Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 IV, Item 15

______________________________________

There are 113 pages in this report

PART I

Item 1 - Business

(a) General Description of Business. Old Republic International Corporation is a Chicago based holding company engaged in the single business of insurance underwriting and related services. It conducts its operations principally through a number of regulated insurance company subsidiaries organized into three major segments, namely, it's General Insurance Group (property and liability insurance), Title Insurance Group, and the Republic Financial Indemnity Group ("RFIG") (mortgage guaranty ("MI") and consumer credit indemnity ("CCI")) Run-off Business. References herein to such groups apply to the Company's subsidiaries engaged in these respective segments of business. The results of a small life and accident insurance business are included within the corporate and other caption of this report. "Old Republic" or "the Company" refers to Old Republic International Corporation and its subsidiaries as the context requires.

The insurance business is distinguished from most others in that the prices (premiums) charged for various insurance products are set without certainty of the ultimate benefit and claim costs that will emerge, often many years after issuance and expiration of a policy. This basic fact casts Old Republic as a risk-taking enterprise managed for the long run. Management therefore conducts the business with a primary focus on achieving favorable underwriting results over cycles, and on the maintenance of financial soundness in support of the insurance subsidiaries' long-term obligations to policyholders and their beneficiaries. To achieve these objectives, adherence to insurance risk management principles is stressed, and asset diversification and quality are emphasized. The underwriting principles encompass:


•	Disciplined risk selection, evaluation, and pricing to reduce uncertainty and adverse selection;


•	Enhancing the predictability of expected outcomes through insurance of the largest number of homogeneous risks as to each type of coverage;


•	Reducing the insurance portfolio risk profile through:


•	diversification and spread of insured risks; and


•	assimilation of uncorrelated asset and liability exposures across economic sectors that tend to offset or counterbalance one another; and


•	Effective management of gross and net limits of liability through appropriate use of reinsurance.

In addition to income arising from Old Republic's basic underwriting and related services functions, significant investment income is earned from invested funds generated by those functions and from capital resources. Investment management aims for stability of income from interest and dividends, protection of capital, and for sufficiency of liquidity to meet insurance underwriting and other obligations as they become payable in the future. Securities trading and the realization of capital gains are not primary objectives. The investment philosophy is therefore best characterized as emphasizing value, credit quality, and relatively long-term holding periods. The Company's ability to hold both fixed maturity and equity securities for long periods of time is in turn enabled by the scheduling of maturities in contemplation of an appropriate matching of assets and liabilities, and by investments in large capitalization, highly liquid equity securities.

In light of the above factors, the Company's affairs are managed for the long run and without significant regard to the arbitrary strictures of quarterly or even annual reporting periods that American industry must observe. In Old Republic's view, such short reporting time frames do not comport well with the long-term nature of much of its business. Management therefore believes that the Company's operating results and financial condition can best be evaluated by observing underwriting and overall operating performance trends over succeeding five- or preferably ten-year intervals. A ten-year period in particular can likely encompass at least one economic and/or underwriting cycle and thereby provide an appropriate time frame for such cycle to run its course, and for premium rate changes and reserved claim costs to be quantified and emerge in financial results with greater finality and effect.

The contributions to consolidated revenues and pretax income, and the assets and shareholders' equity of each Old Republic segment are set forth in the following table. This information should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements, the notes thereto, and the "Management Analysis of Financial Position and Results of Operations" appearing elsewhere in this report.



Financial Information Relating to Segments of Business (a) ($ in Millions)

Revenues (b)
Years Ended December 31:	2018			2017			2016
General	$	3,739.4		$	3,531.6		$	3,354.7
Title	2,375.4			2,325.0			2,244.1
Corporate & Other - net (c)	46.3			50.1			35.4
Subtotal	6,161.3			5,906.8			5,634.3
RFIG Run-off	96.1			144.6			193.2
Subtotal	6,257.4			6,051.5			5,827.6
Consolidated investment gains (losses) (b)	(235.6		)	211.6			72.8
Consolidated	$	6,021.8		$	6,263.1		$	5,900.5


Pretax Income (Loss)
Years Ended December 31:	2018			2017			2016
General	$	363.9		$	340.3		$	319.9
Title	219.3			237.1			210.2
Corporate & Other - net (c)	40.4			9.9			13.0
Subtotal	623.8			587.3			543.3
RFIG Run-off	49.9			(73.5		)	69.8
Subtotal	673.7			513.8			613.1
Consolidated investment gains (losses)	(235.6		)	211.6			72.8
Consolidated	$	438.1		$	725.4		$	686.0


Assets
As of December 31:	2018			2017			2016
General	$	16,411.4		$	16,055.5		$	15,305.7
Title	1,452.2			1,466.0			1,423.0
Corporate & Other - net (c)	726.7			1,076.8			957.9
Subtotal	18,590.3			18,598.4			17,686.7
RFIG Run-off	736.7			805.0			904.8
Consolidated	$	19,327.1		$	19,403.5		$	18,591.6


Shareholders' Equity (d)
As of December 31:	2018			2017			2016
General (d)	$	3,024.6		$	3,179.9		$	2,957.2
Title (d)	673.6			641.8			554.7
Corporate & Other - net (c)	1,001.2			489.8			618.0
Subtotal	4,699.5			4,311.7			4,130.0
RFIG Run-off	446.7			421.6			330.6
Consolidated	$	5,146.2		$	4,733.3		$	4,460.6


(a)	Reference is made to the table in Note 6 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, incorporated herein by reference, which shows the contribution of each subcategory to the consolidated revenues and pretax income (loss) of Old Republic's insurance industry segments.


(b)	Revenues consist of net premiums, fees, net investment and other income earned. Investment gains (losses) which effective January 1, 2018, include unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities, are shown on a consolidated basis since the investment portfolio is managed as a whole.


(c)	Includes amounts for a small life and accident insurance business as well as those of the parent holding company, its internal corporate services subsidiaries and consolidation elimination adjustments.


(d)	Shareholders' equity excludes intercompany financing arrangements for the following segments: General - $1,222.1, $1,097.1, and $1,007.1 as of December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively; Title - $87.9, $97.9, and $143.9 as of December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively.

General Insurance Group

Old Republic's General Insurance segment is best characterized as a commercial lines insurance business with a strong focus on liability insurance coverages. Most of these coverages are provided to businesses, government, and other institutions. The Company does not have a meaningful exposure to personal lines insurance such as homeowners and private automobile coverages, nor does it insure significant amounts of commercial or other real property. In continuance of its commercial lines orientation, Old Republic also focuses on specific sectors of the North American economy, most prominently the transportation (trucking and general aviation), commercial construction, healthcare, education, retail and wholesale trade, forest products, energy, general manufacturing, and financial services industries. In managing the insurance risks it undertakes, the Company employs various underwriting and loss mitigation techniques such as utilization of policy deductibles, captive insurance risk-sharing arrangements, and retrospective rating and policyholder dividend plans. These underwriting techniques are intended to better correlate premium charges with the ultimate claims experience of individual or groups of assureds.

Over the years, the General Insurance Group's operations have been developed steadily through a combination of internal growth, the establishment of additional subsidiaries focused on new types of coverages and/or industry sectors, and through several mergers of smaller companies. As a result, this segment has become widely diversified with a business base encompassing the following major coverages:

Automobile Extended Warranty Insurance (1992): Coverage is provided to the vehicle owner for certain mechanical or electrical repair or replacement costs after the manufacturer's warranty has expired.

Aviation (1983): Insurance policies protect the value of aircraft hulls and afford liability coverage for acts that result in injury, loss of life, and property damage to passengers and others on the ground or in the air.

Commercial Automobile Insurance (1930's): Covers vehicles (mostly trucks) used principally in commercial pursuits. Policies cover damage to insured vehicles and liabilities incurred by an assured for bodily injury and property damage sustained by third parties.

Commercial Multi-Peril ("CMP")(1920's): Policies afford liability coverage for claims arising from the acts of owners or employees, and protection for the physical assets of businesses.

Financial Indemnity: Multiple types of specialty coverages, including most prominently the following four, are underwritten by Old Republic within this financial indemnity products classification.

Errors & Omissions("E&O")/Directors & Officers ("D&O")(1983): E&O liability policies are written for non-medical professional service providers such as lawyers, architects, and consultants, and provide coverage for legal expenses, and indemnity settlements for claims alleging breaches of professional standards. D&O coverage provides for the payment of legal expenses, and indemnity settlements for claims made against the directors and officers of corporations from a variety of sources, most typically shareholders.

Fidelity (1981): Bonds cover the exposures of financial institutions and commercial and other enterprises for losses of monies or debt and equity securities due to acts of employee dishonesty.

Guaranteed Asset Protection ("GAP")(2003): This insurance indemnifies an automobile loan borrower for the dollar value difference between an insurance company's liability for the total loss (remaining cash value) of an insured vehicle and the amount still owed on an automobile loan.

Surety (1981): Bonds are insurance company guarantees of performance by a corporate principal or individual such as for the completion of a building or road project, or payment on various types of contracts.

General Liability (1920's): Protects against liability of an assured which stems from carelessness, negligence, or failure to act, and results in property damage or personal injury to others.

Home Warranty Insurance (1981): This product provides repair and/or replacement coverage for home systems (e.g. plumbing, heating, and electrical) and designated appliances.

Inland Marine (1920's): Coverage pertains to the insurance of property in transit over land and of property which is mobile by nature.

Travel Accident (1970): Coverages provided under these policies, some of which are also underwritten by the Company's Canadian life insurance affiliate, cover monetary losses arising from trip delay and cancellation for individual insureds.

Workers' Compensation (1910's): This coverage is purchased by employers to provide insurance for employees' lost wages and medical benefits in the event of work-related injury, disability, or death.

______

(Parenthetical dates refer to the year(s) when Old Republic's Companies began underwriting the coverages)

______

Commercial automobile, general liability and workers' compensation insurance policy coverages are typically produced in tandem for many assureds. For 2018, production of workers' compensation direct insurance premiums accounted for approximately 31.4% of consolidated General Insurance Group direct premiums written, while commercial automobile and general liability direct premium production amounted to approximately 32.5% and 12.2%, respectively, of such consolidated totals.

Approximately 92% of general insurance premiums are produced through independent agency or brokerage channels, while the remaining 8% is obtained through direct production facilities.

Title Insurance Group

Old Republic's flagship title insurance company was founded in 1907. The Title Insurance Group's business consists primarily of the issuance of policies to real estate purchasers and investors based upon searches of the public records which contain information concerning interests in real property. The policies insure against losses arising out of defects, liens and encumbrances affecting the insured title and not excluded or excepted from the coverage of the policy. For the year ended December 31, 2018, approximately 26% of the Company's consolidated title premium and related fee income stemmed from direct operations (which include branch offices of its title insurers and wholly owned agency subsidiaries of the Company), while the remaining 74% emanated from independent title agents and underwritten title companies.

There are two basic types of title insurance policies: lenders' policies and owners' policies. Both are issued for a one-time premium. Most mortgages made in the United States are extended by mortgage bankers, savings and commercial banks, state and federal agencies, and life insurance companies. These financial institutions secure title insurance policies to protect their mortgagees' interest in the real property. This protection remains in effect for as long as the mortgagee has an interest in the property. A separate title insurance policy may be issued to the owner of the real estate. An owner's policy of title insurance protects an owner's interest in the title to the property.

The premiums charged for the issuance of title insurance policies vary with the policy amount and the type of policy issued. The premium is collected in full when the real estate transaction is closed, there being no recurring fee thereafter. In many areas, premiums charged on subsequent policies on the same property may be reduced depending generally upon the time elapsed between issuance of the previous policies and the nature of the transactions for which the policies are issued. Most of the charge to the customer relates to title services rendered in conjunction with the issuance of a policy rather than to the possibility of loss due to risks insured against. Accordingly, the cost of services performed by a title insurer relates for the most part to the prevention of loss rather than to the assumption of the risk of loss. Claim losses that do occur result primarily from title search and examination mistakes, fraud, forgery, incapacity, missing heirs and escrow processing errors.

In connection with its title insurance operations, Old Republic also provides escrow closing and construction disbursement services, as well as real estate information products, national default management services, and a variety of other services pertaining to real estate transfers and loan transactions. As lenders and the title insurance industry transition into the evolving digital landscape of eClosings and eMortgages, Old Republic believes it is well positioned with technology and business process innovations to remain competitive in the market.

Republic Financial Indemnity Group (RFIG) Run-off Business

Old Republic's RFIG run-off business consists of its mortgage guaranty and CCI operations.

Private mortgage insurance protects mortgage lenders and investors from default related losses on residential mortgage loans made primarily to homebuyers who make down payments of less than 20% of the home's purchase price. The mortgage guaranty operation insures only first mortgage loans, primarily on residential properties incorporating one-to-four family dwelling units. Old Republic's mortgage guaranty business was started in 1973.

There are two principal types of private mortgage insurance coverage: "primary" and "pool". Primary mortgage insurance provides mortgage default protection on individual loans and covers a stated percentage of the unpaid loan principal, delinquent interest, and certain expenses associated with the default and subsequent foreclosure. In lieu of paying the stated coverage percentage, the Company may pay the entire claim amount, take title to the mortgaged property, and subsequently sell the property to mitigate its loss. Pool insurance, which is written on a group of loans in negotiated transactions, provides coverage that ranges up to 100% of the net loss on each individual loan included in the pool, subject to provisions regarding deductibles, caps on individual exposures, and aggregate stop loss provisions which limit aggregate losses to a specified percentage of the total original balances of all loans in the pool.

Traditional primary insurance was issued on an individual loan basis to mortgage bankers, brokers, commercial banks and savings institutions through a network of Company-managed underwriting sites located throughout the country. Traditional primary loans were individually reviewed (except for loans insured under delegated underwriting programs) and priced according to filed premium rates. In underwriting traditional primary business, the Company generally adhered to the underwriting guidelines published by Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac both of which were purchasers of many of the loans the Company insured. Delegated underwriting programs allowed approved lenders to commit the Company to insure loans provided they adhered to predetermined underwriting guidelines.

Bulk and other insurance was issued on groups of loans to mortgage banking customers through a centralized risk assessment and underwriting department. These groups of loans were priced in the aggregate on a bid or negotiated

basis. Coverage for insurance issued in this manner was provided through primary insurance policies (loan level coverage) or pool insurance policies (aggregate coverage). The Company considers transactions designated as bulk insurance to be exposed to higher risk (as determined by such characteristics as origination channel, loan amount, credit quality, and extent of loan documentation) than those designated as other insurance.

Before insuring any loans, the Company issued to each approved customer a master policy outlining the terms and conditions under which coverage would be provided. Primary business was then produced via the issuance of a commitment/certificate for each loan submitted and approved for insurance. In the case of business providing pool coverage, a separate pool insurance policy was issued covering the particular loans applicable to each transaction.

As to all types of mortgage insurance products, the amount of premium charge depended on various underwriting criteria such as loan-to-value ratios, the level of coverage being provided, the borrower's credit history, the type of loan instrument (whether fixed rate/fixed payment or an adjustable rate/adjustable payment), documentation type, and whether or not the insured property is categorized as an investment or owner occupied property. Coverage is non-cancelable by the Company (except in the case of non-payment of premium or certain master policy violations) and premiums are paid under single, annual, or monthly payment plans. Single premiums are paid at the inception of coverage and provide coverage for the entire policy term. Annual and monthly premiums are renewable on their anniversary dates with the premium charge determined on the basis of the original or outstanding loan amount. The majority of the Company's direct premiums were written under monthly premium plans. Premiums may be paid by borrowers as part of their monthly mortgage payment and passed through to the Company by the servicer of the loan, or paid directly by the originator of, or investor in the mortgage loan.

During 2011, the Company's flagship mortgage guaranty insurance carrier, Republic Mortgage Insurance Company ("RMIC") and its sister company Republic Mortgage Guaranty Insurance Corporation ("RMGIC"), discontinued writing new business in all states and limited themselves to servicing the run-off of their existing business. RMIC has continually evaluated the potential long-term underwriting performance of the run-off book of business based on various modeling techniques. The resulting models take into account actual premium and paid claim experience of prior periods, together with a large number of assumptions and judgments about future outcomes that are highly sensitive to a wide range of estimates. Many of these estimates and underlying assumptions relate to matters over which the Company has no control, including: 1) The conflicted interests, as well as the varying mortgage servicing and foreclosure practices of a large number of insured lending institutions; 2) General economic and industry-specific trends and events; and 3) The evolving or future social and economic policies of the U.S. Government vis-à-vis such critical sectors as the banking, mortgage lending, and housing industries, as well as its policies for resolving the insolvencies and assigning a possible future role to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. These matters notwithstanding, RMIC's standard model of forecasted results extending through 2022 continues to reflect ultimate profitability for the book of business. In this regard a long-used RMIC standard model indicates that underwriting performance of the book of business should be positive over the run-off period assumed to end on or about December 31, 2022, though there is no guaranty of such an outcome.

As of December 31, 2018, RFIG's mortgage insurance subsidiaries had total statutory capital, inclusive of a contingency reserve of $433.1 million, of $515.0 million.

CCI policies, which have been issued by the Company since 1954, provide limited indemnity coverage to lenders and other financial intermediaries. The coverage is for the risk of non-payment of loan balances by individual buyers and borrowers. Claim costs are typically affected by unemployment, bankruptcy, and other issues leading to failures to pay. During 2008, the Company ceased the underwriting of new policies and the existing book of business was placed in run-off operating mode. Until year end 2017, CCI underwriting performance was affected negatively by significant litigation costs pertaining to claims settled or otherwise fully provided for through that date.

Corporate and Other Operations

Corporate and other operations include the accounts of a small life and accident insurance business as well as those of the parent holding company and its internal corporate services subsidiaries that perform cash and investment management, payroll, administrative and marketing services. The life and accident business registered net premium revenues of $14.6 million, $18.8 million, and $20.1 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Life and accident business is conducted in both the United States and Canada and consists mostly of limited product offerings sold through financial intermediaries such as automobile dealers, travel agents, and marketing channels that are also utilized in some of Old Republic's general insurance operations. Production of term life insurance, accounting for net premiums earned of $6.8 million, $7.1 million, and $10.3 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, was terminated and placed in run off as of year-end 2004.

Consolidated Underwriting Statistics

The following table reflects underwriting statistics covering premiums and related loss, expense, and policyholders' dividend ratios for the major coverages underwritten in the Company's insurance segments.



			($ in Millions)
Years Ended December 31:			2018			2017			2016
General Insurance Group:
	Overall Experience: (d)
		Net Premiums Earned	$	3,277.1		$	3,110.8		$	2,936.3
		Claim Ratio	72.2		%	71.8		%	73.0		%
		Expense Ratio	25.0			25.5			24.8
		Composite Ratio	97.2		%	97.3		%	97.8		%

	Experience by Major Coverages:
	Commercial Automobile (Principally Trucking):
		Net Premiums Earned	$	1,206.1		$	1,076.3		$	988.6
		Claim Ratio	79.3		%	76.8		%	79.4		%

	Workers' Compensation:
		Net Premiums Earned	$	1,018.5		$	1,045.2		$	1,072.5
		Claim Ratio	70.7		%	75.5		%	76.1		%

	General Liability:
		Net Premiums Earned	$	203.6		$	195.2		$	163.3
		Claim Ratio	68.9		%	73.1		%	77.5		%

	Three Above Coverages Combined:
		Net Premiums Earned	$	2,428.3		$	2,316.8		$	2,224.5
		Claim Ratio	74.8		%	75.9		%	77.6		%

	Financial Indemnity: (a)(d)
		Net Premiums Earned	$	174.7		$	153.1		$	125.0
		Claim Ratio	73.8		%	62.1		%	45.5		%

	Inland Marine and Commercial Multi-Peril:
		Net Premiums Earned	$	252.8		$	236.7		$	217.9
		Claim Ratio	62.8		%	59.3		%	60.9		%

	Home and Automobile Warranty:
		Net Premiums Earned	$	297.5		$	294.9		$	274.6
		Claim Ratio	63.5		%	60.5		%	65.3		%

	Other Coverages: (b)
		Net Premiums Earned	$	122.2		$	108.1		$	95.2
		Claim Ratio	51.7		%	54.7		%	53.4		%

Title Insurance Group: (c)
		Net Premiums Earned	$	1,885.6		$	1,827.6		$	1,742.4
		Combined Net Premiums & Fees Earned	$	2,336.1		$	2,287.2		$	2,206.6
		Claim Ratio	2.1		%	.9		%	3.8		%
		Expense Ratio	90.0			90.0			87.9
		Composite Ratio	92.1		%	90.9		%	91.7		%

RFIG Run-off Business: (d)
		Net Premiums Earned	$	75.9		$	122.9		$	170.0
		Claim Ratio	39.4		%	160.9		%	60.4		%
		Expense Ratio	21.5			16.6			12.2
		Composite Ratio	60.9		%	177.5		%	72.6		%

All Coverages Consolidated:
		Net Premiums & Fees Earned	$	5,703.9		$	5,539.7		$	5,333.2
		Claim Ratio	43.1		%	44.7		%	44.0		%
		Expense Ratio	51.6			52.0			50.6
		Composite Ratio	94.7		%	96.7		%	94.6		%

_________

Any necessary reclassifications of prior years' data are reflected in the above table to conform to current presentation.


(a)	Consists principally of fidelity, surety, executive indemnity (directors & officers and errors & omissions), and GAP coverages.


(b)	Consists principally of aviation and travel accident coverages.


(c)	Title claim, expense, and composite ratios are calculated on the basis of combined net premiums and fees earned.


(d)	Consumer credit indemnity coverages are reported within the RFIG Run-off segment and have been excluded from the General Insurance Group.

The effect of the reclassified CCI coverage from the General Insurance Group's overall and financial indemnity underwriting statistics to the RFIG Run-off Business are as follows:



		($ in Millions)
Years Ended December 31:		2018			2017			2016
General insurance overall experience:
	Increase (decrease) in net premiums earned	$	(1.5	)	$	(13.0	)	$	(15.8	)
	Percentage point increase (decrease) in claim ratio	.1		%	(4.0		)%	(1.3		)%
	Percentage point increase (decrease) in expense ratio	(.1		)	.1			.1
	Percentage point increase (decrease) in composite ratio	—		%	(3.9		)%	(1.2		)%

Financial Indemnity coverages:
	Increase (decrease) in net premiums earned	$	(1.5	)	$	(13.0	)	$	(15.8	)
	Percentage point increase (decrease) in claim ratio	1.9		%	(76.1		)%	(30.4		)%

RFIG Run-off Business:
	Increase (decrease) in net premiums earned	$	1.5		$	13.0		$	15.8
	Percentage point increase (decrease) in claim ratio	(3.8		)%	103.3		%	26.3		%
	Percentage point increase (decrease) in expense ratio	1.5			.1			.2
	Percentage point increase (decrease) in composite ratio	(2.3		)%	103.4		%	26.5		%

Net Premiums Earned

With few exceptions, General insurance 2018 earned premiums grew for most types of coverages and markets served. The cumulative effects of recent years’ and ongoing premium rate increases for several insurance products, along with new business production were main contributors to premium growth. The greater premium levels stemmed primarily from commercial automobile (trucking), national accounts, executive indemnity and auto warranties. Positive earned premium trends throughout 2017 were unevenly distributed among various insurance coverages and sources of business. Gains were registered most prominently in commercial automobile (trucking), risk management and national accounts, and home and auto warranty. On the other hand, premium growth was constrained by low volume in a large account contractors book of business faced with a particularly competitive market place, and by reduced opportunities in gas and oil energy services and several smaller industry sectors. Premium volume from the new underwriting facility established in early 2015 also added measurably to earned premiums in all three years.

Growth in Title insurance 2018 premiums and fees reflect a slowdown in housing and mortgage lending activity during the year. The continuation of a generally positive mortgage rate environment and reasonably strong housing and commercial property markets were major factors in the year-over-year gain in premiums and fees in 2017.

RFIG Run-off earned premium volume has reflected a continuing decline due to the natural outcome of a run-off book of business devoid of new premium production since at least 2011.

Claim Ratios

Variations in claim ratios are typically caused by changes in the frequency and severity of claims incurred, changes in premium rates and the level of premium refunds, and periodic changes in claim and claim expense reserve estimates resulting from ongoing reevaluations of reported and incurred but not reported claims and claim expenses. As demonstrated in the table on the previous page, the Company can therefore experience period-to-period volatility in the underwriting results posted for individual coverages. In light of Old Republic's basic underwriting focus in managing its business, a long-term objective has been to dampen this volatility by diversifying coverages offered and industries served.

The claim ratios include loss adjustment expenses where appropriate. Policyholders' dividends, which apply principally to workers' compensation insurance, are a reflection of changes in loss experience for individual or groups of policies, rather than overall results, and should be viewed in conjunction with claim ratio trends.

The general insurance claim ratios are summarized as follows:



				Effect of Prior Periods'
				(Favorable)/			Claim Ratio Excluding
	Reported			Unfavorable Claim			Prior Periods' Claim
	Claim Ratio			Reserves Development			Reserves Development
2014		77.9	%		3.9	%		74.0	%
2015		74.1			1.5			72.6
2016		73.0			0.3			72.7
2017		71.8			0.7			71.1
2018		72.2	%		—	%		72.2	%

The Company generally underwrites concurrently workers' compensation, commercial automobile (liability and physical damage), and general liability insurance coverages for a large number of customers. Given this concurrent underwriting approach, an evaluation of trends in premiums, claim and dividend ratios for these individual coverages is more appropriately considered for the aggregate of these coverages. As the table above indicates, claim ratios have been on a fairly consistent downtrend during the past five years. The improvement has arisen from slightly lower estimates of current accident years' claim provisions, and by the lessening impacts from developments of prior years' reserve estimates. The claim ratio increase in 2018 resulted from recurring fiscal twelve month reserve evaluations of current and prior years' developing claim experience. Substantially all of this increase stemmed from the past decade's new books of business that are subject to ongoing adjustments to the underwriting and claim management processes. The claim ratio improved in 2017 compared to 2016. While current accident year claim ratios reflected moderate year-over-year declines, these were affected by moderately unfavorable developments of prior years’ reserves. The unfavorable developments were concentrated in the Company’s largest insurance coverages of workers’ compensation and general liability which were partially offset by favorable development trends in commercial automobile (trucking).

Claims are a major cost factor and changes in them reflect continually evolving pricing and risk selection together with variability in loss severity and frequency trends caused by fortuitous and other events. Changes in commercial automobile claim ratios are primarily due to fluctuations in claim severity. Claim ratios for workers' compensation and liability insurance can reflect greater variability due to chance events in any one year, changes in loss costs emanating from participation in involuntary markets (i.e. insurance assigned risk pools and associations in which participation is basically mandatory), and added provisions for loss costs not recoverable from assuming reinsurers which may experience financial difficulties from time to time. Additionally, workers' compensation claim costs in particular are affected by a variety of underwriting techniques such as the use of captive reinsurance retentions, retrospective premium plans, and self-insured or deductible insurance programs that are intended to mitigate claim costs over time. Claim ratios for a relatively small book of general liability coverages tend to be highly volatile year to year due to the impact of changes in claim emergence and severity of legacy asbestos and environmental claims exposures.

Title insurance claim ratios have remained in the single digits for a number of years due to a continuation of favorable trends in claims frequency and severity. 2018's claim costs trended higher as favorable development of prior years’ claim reserve estimates edged down. 2017 claim costs were lower in the face of declining claims activity since the Great Recession years. Favorable developments of reserves established in prior years further reduced the claim ratios for the periods shown in the following table:



				Effect of Prior Periods'
				(Favorable)/			Claim Ratio Excluding
	Reported			Unfavorable Claim			Prior Periods' Claim
	Claim Ratio			Reserves Development			Reserves Development
2014		5.2	%		(0.8	)%		6.0	%
2015		4.9			(0.6	)		5.5
2016		3.8			(1.1	)		4.9
2017		0.9			(3.3	)		4.2
2018		2.1	%		(2.0	)%		4.1	%

The ratio of RFIG Run-off - mortgage guaranty incurred claim costs to earned premiums were reduced by 27.0, 38.3 and 39.8 percentage points for 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. In each instance, the reductions reflect favorable developments of prior years’ claim reserves. MI claim costs for 2017, however, had risen most significantly due to third quarter additional claim provisions of $23.0 which added 20.9 percentage points to the claim ratio for the year.

The much more favorable RFIG Run-off - CCI claim ratio for 2018 reflects the absence of the litigation-induced claim costs and favorable development of previously established claim reserves. The 2017 year-over-year claim ratio comparison was most significantly affected by the additional $107.0 million claim and related expense provisions related to the final settlement and probable dispositions of all known litigated and other claim costs.

The consolidated claim, expense, and composite ratios reflect all the above factors and the changing period-to-period contributions of each segment to consolidated results.

General Insurance Claim Reserves

The Company's property and liability insurance subsidiaries establish claim reserves which consist of estimates to settle: a) reported claims; b) claims which have been incurred as of each balance sheet date but have not as yet been reported ("IBNR") to the insurance subsidiaries; and c) the direct costs, (fees and costs which are allocable to individual claims) and indirect costs (such as salaries and rent applicable to the overall management of claim departments) to administer known and IBNR claims. Such claim reserves, except as to classification in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as to gross and reinsured portions and purchase accounting adjustments, are reported for financial and regulatory reporting purposes at amounts that are substantially the same.

The establishment of claim reserves by the Company's insurance subsidiaries is a reasonably complex and dynamic process influenced by a large variety of factors. These factors principally include past experience applicable to the anticipated costs of various types of claims, continually evolving and changing legal theories emanating from the judicial system, recurring accounting, statistical, and actuarial studies, the professional experience and expertise of the Company's claim departments' personnel or attorneys and independent claim adjusters, ongoing changes in claim frequency or severity patterns such as those caused by natural disasters, illnesses, accidents, work-related injuries, and changes in general and industry-specific economic conditions. Consequently, the reserves established are a reflection of the opinions of a large number of persons, of the application and interpretation of historical precedent and trends, of expectations as to future developments, and of management's judgment in interpreting all such factors. At any point in time, the Company is exposed to the incurrence of possibly higher or lower than anticipated claim costs due to all of these factors, and to the evolution, interpretation, and expansion of tort law, as well as the effects of unexpected jury verdicts.

In establishing claim reserves, the possible increase in future loss settlement costs caused by inflation is considered implicitly, along with the many other factors cited above. Reserves are generally set to provide for the ultimate cost of all claims. With regard to workers' compensation reserves, however, the ultimate cost of long-term disability or pension type claims is discounted to present value based on interest rates ranging from 3.5% to 4.0%. Where applicable, the Company only uses such discounted reserves in evaluating the results of its operations, in pricing its products and settling retrospective and reinsured accounts, in evaluating policy terms and experience, and for other general business purposes. Solely to comply with reporting rules mandated by the Securities and Exchange Commission, however, Old Republic has made statistical studies of applicable workers' compensation reserves to obtain estimates of the amounts by which claim and claim adjustment expense reserves, net of reinsurance, have been discounted. These studies have resulted in estimates of such amounts at $216.5 million, $240.7 million and $231.9 million, as of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. It should be noted, however, that these differences between discounted and non-discounted (terminal) reserves are fundamentally of an informational nature, and are not indicative of an effect on operating results for any one or series of years for the above noted reasons.

Early in 2001, the Federal Department of Labor revised the Federal Black Lung Program regulations. The revisions basically require a reevaluation of previously settled, denied, or new occupational disease claims in the context of newly devised, more lenient standards when such claims are resubmitted. Following a number of challenges and appeals by the insurance and coal mining industries, the revised regulations were, for the most part, upheld in June, 2002 and are to be applied prospectively. Since the final quarter of 2001, black lung claims filed or refiled pursuant to these revised regulations have increased, though the volume of new claim reports has abated in recent years.

In March 2010, federal regulations were revised once again as part of the Patient Protection and Affordability Act that reinstates two provisions that can potentially benefit claimants. In response to this most recent legislation and the above noted 2001 change, black lung claims filed or refiled have risen once again. The vast majority of claims filed to date against Old Republic pertain to business underwritten through loss sensitive programs that permit the charge of additional or refund of return premiums to wholly or partially offset changes in estimated claim costs, or to business underwritten as a service carrier on behalf of various industry-wide involuntary market (i.e. assigned risk) pools. A much smaller portion pertains to business produced on a traditional risk transfer basis. The Company has established applicable reserves for claims as they have been reported and for claims not as yet reported on the basis of its historical experience as well as assumptions relative to the effect of the revised regulations.

Old Republic's reserve estimates also include provisions for indemnity and settlement costs for various asbestosis and environmental impairment ("A&E") claims that have been filed in the normal course of business against a number of its insurance subsidiaries. Many such claims relate to policies incepting prior to 1985, including many issued during a short period between 1981 and 1982 pursuant to an agency agreement canceled in 1982. Over the years, the Company's property and liability insurance subsidiaries have typically issued general liability insurance policies with face amounts ranging between $1.0 million and $2.0 million and rarely exceeding $10.0 million. Such policies have, in turn, been subject to reinsurance cessions which have typically reduced the subsidiaries' net retentions to $.5 million or less as to each claim.

Old Republic's exposure to A&E claims cannot be calculated by conventional insurance reserving methods for a variety of reasons, including: a) the absence of statistically valid data inasmuch as such claims typically involve long reporting delays and very often uncertainty as to the number and identity of insureds against whom such claims have arisen or will arise; and b) the litigation history of such or similar claims for insurance industry members which has produced inconsistent court decisions with regard to such questions as to when an alleged loss occurred, which policies provide coverage, how a loss is to be allocated among potentially responsible insureds and/or their insurance carriers, how policy coverage exclusions are to be interpreted, what types of environmental impairment or toxic tort claims are covered, when the insurer's duty to defend is triggered, how policy limits are to be calculated, and whether clean-up costs constitute property damage.

Over time, the Executive Branch and/or the Congress of the United States have proposed or considered changes in the legislation and rules affecting the determination of liability for environmental and asbestosis claims. As of December 31, 2018, however, there is no solid evidence to suggest that possible future changes might mitigate or reduce some or all of these claim exposures. Because of the above issues and uncertainties, estimation of reserves for losses and allocated loss adjustment expenses for A&E claims in particular is much more difficult or impossible to quantify with a high degree of precision. Accordingly, no representation can be made that the Company's reserves for such claims and related costs will not prove to be overstated or understated in the future. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, Old Republic's aggregate indemnity and loss adjustment expense reserves specifically identified with A&E exposures amounted to approximately $105.8 million and $117.4 million gross, respectively, and $74.4 million and $96.4 million net of reinsurance, respectively. Based on average annual claims payments during the five most recent calendar years, such reserves represented a paid loss survival ratio of 4.3 years (gross) and 5.0 years (net of reinsurance) as of December 31, 2018 and 4.6 years (gross) and 6.3 years (net of reinsurance) as of December 31, 2017. Fluctuations in this ratio between years can be caused by the inconsistent pay out patterns associated with these types of claims. For the five years ended December 31, 2018, incurred A&E claim and related loss settlement costs have averaged .2% of average annual General Insurance Group claims and related settlement costs.

Over the years, the subject of property and liability insurance claim reserves has been written about and analyzed extensively by a large number of professionals and regulators. Accordingly, the above discussion should be regarded as a basic outline of the subject and not as a definitive presentation. The Company believes that its overall reserving practices have been consistently applied over many years, and that its aggregate reserves have generally resulted in reasonable approximations of the ultimate net costs of claims incurred. However, no representation is made nor is any guaranty given that ultimate net claim and related costs will not develop in future years to be greater or lower than currently established reserve estimates.

(b) Investments. In common with other insurance organizations, Old Republic invests most of its capital and operating funds in income producing securities. Investments must comply with applicable insurance laws and regulations which prescribe the nature, form, quality, and relative amounts of investments which may be made by insurance companies. Generally, these laws and regulations permit insurance companies to invest within varying limitations in state, municipal and federal government obligations, corporate debt, preferred and common stocks, certain types of real estate, and first mortgage loans. For many years, Old Republic's investment policy has therefore been to acquire and retain primarily investment grade, publicly traded, fixed maturity securities, and in more recent years, a greater amount of high yielding publicly traded large capitalization equity securities. The investment policy is also influenced by the terms of the insurance coverages written, by its expectations as to the timing of claim and benefit payments, and by income tax considerations. As a consequence of all these factors, the Company's invested assets portfolio is directed in consideration of enterprise-wide risk management objectives. Most importantly, these are intended to ensure solid funding of insurance subsidiaries' long-term obligations to policyholders and other beneficiaries, as well as the long-term stability of the subsidiaries' capital accounts. To this end, the investment portfolio contains no significant insurance risk-correlated asset exposures to real estate, mortgage-backed securities, collateralized debt obligations ("CDO's"), derivatives, hybrid securities, or illiquid private equity and hedge fund investments. Moreover, the Company does not engage in hedging or securities lending transactions, nor does it invest in securities whose values are predicated on non-regulated financial instruments exhibiting amorphous or unfunded counter-party risk attributes.

Management considers investment grade fixed maturity securities to be those rated by major credit rating agencies that fall within the top four rating categories, or securities which are not rated but have characteristics similar to securities so rated. The Company had no fixed maturity investments in default as to principal and/or interest at December 31, 2018 and 2017. The status and fair value changes of each of the fixed maturity investments are reviewed at least once per quarter during the year, and estimates of other-than-temporary impairments ("OTTI") in the portfolio's value are evaluated and established at each quarterly balance sheet date.

The realization of investment gains or losses can be highly discretionary and can be affected by such randomly occurring factors as the timing of individual securities sales, the recording of estimated losses from write-downs of impaired securities, tax-planning and tax-rate change considerations, and modifications of investment management judgments regarding the direction of securities markets or the future prospects of individual investees or industry sectors.

The following tables show invested assets at the end of the last two years, together with investment income for each of the last three years:



Consolidated Investments
($ in Millions)
December 31:		2018		2017
Available for Sale
Fixed Maturity Securities:
	U.S. & Canadian Governments	$	1,524.4	$	1,552.2
	Corporate	6,658.3		6,730.0
		8,182.8		8,282.3
Short-term Investments		354.9		670.1
	Total available for sale	8,537.8		8,952.4
Held to Maturity
Fixed Maturity Securities:
	Tax-Exempt	1,044.8		1,067.4
Equity Securities		3,380.9		3,265.5
Other Investments		31.0		32.5
	Total Investments	$	12,994.6	$	13,318.0



Sources of Consolidated Investment Income
($ in Millions)
Years Ended December 31:		2018		2017		2016
Fixed Maturity Securities:
	Taxable Interest	$	278.4	$	272.7	$	285.0
	Tax-Exempt Interest	20.7		20.4		11.5
		299.2		293.2		296.6

Equity Securities Dividends		124.0		110.9		88.2

Other Investment Income:
	Interest on Short-term Investments	9.8		5.4		2.1
	Other Sources	4.9		4.5		3.9
		14.8		9.9		6.0
Gross Investment Income		438.1		414.1		390.9
	Less: Investment Expenses (a)	6.2		4.6		3.8
Net Investment Income		$	431.8	$	409.4	$	387.0

__________


(a)	Investment expenses largely consist of personnel costs and investment management and custody service fees.

The independent credit quality ratings and maturity distribution for Old Republic's consolidated fixed maturity investments, excluding short-term investments, at the end of the last two years are shown in the following tables. These investments, $9.2 billion and $9.3 billion at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, represented approximately 48% of consolidated assets for both years, and 65% and 64% of consolidated liabilities, respectively, as of December 31, 2018 and 2017.



Credit Quality Ratings of Fixed Maturity Securities (b)
December 31:			2018		2017
			(% of total portfolio)
	Aaa		20.9	%	21.6	%
	Aa		12.8		12.9
	A		31.5		31.8
	Baa		29.1		27.5
		Total investment grade	94.3		93.8
	All other (c)		5.7		6.2
		Total	100.0	%	100.0	%

__________


(b)	Credit quality ratings referred to herein are a blend of those assigned by the major credit rating agencies for U.S. and Canadian Governments, Agencies, Corporates and Municipal issuers, which are converted to the above ratings classifications.


(c)	"All other" includes non-investment grade or non-rated issuers.



Age Distribution of Fixed Maturity Securities
December 31:		2018		2017
		(% of total portfolio)
	Maturity Ranges:
	Due in one year or less	7.0	%	9.2	%
	Due after one year through five years	51.6		45.5
	Due after five years through ten years	40.7		44.1
	Due after ten years through fifteen years	.6		1.0
	Due after fifteen years	.1		.2
		100.0	%	100.0	%

	Average Maturity in Years	4.5		4.7

(c) Marketing. Commercial automobile (trucking), workers' compensation and general liability insurance underwritten for business enterprises and public entities is marketed primarily through independent insurance agents and brokers with the assistance of Old Republic's trained sales, underwriting, actuarial, and loss control personnel. The remaining property and liability commercial insurance written by Old Republic is obtained through insurance agents or brokers who are independent contractors and generally represent other insurance companies, and by direct sales. No single source accounted for over 10% of Old Republic's premium volume in 2018.

A substantial portion of the Company's title insurance business is referred to it by title insurance agents, builders, lending institutions, real estate developers, realtors, and lawyers. Title insurance and related real estate settlement products are sold through 274 Company offices and through agencies and underwritten title companies in the District of Columbia and all 50 states. The issuing agents are authorized to issue commitments and title insurance policies based on their own search and examination, or on the basis of abstracts and opinions of approved attorneys. Policies are also issued through independent title companies (not themselves title insurers) pursuant to underwriting agreements. These agreements generally provide that the agency or underwritten company may cause title policies of the Company to be issued, and the latter is responsible under such policies for any payments to the insured. Typically, the agency or underwritten title company deducts the major portion of the title insurance charge to the customer as its commission for services. During 2018, approximately 74% of title insurance premiums and fees were accounted for by policies issued by agents and underwritten title companies.

Title insurance premium and fee revenue is closely related to the level of activity in the real estate market. The volume of real estate activity is affected by the availability and cost of financing, population growth, family movements and other socio-economic factors. Also, the title insurance business is seasonal. During the winter months, new building activity is reduced and, accordingly, the Company produces less title insurance business relative to new construction during such months than during the rest of the year. The most important factors, insofar as Old Republic's title business is concerned, however, are the rates of activity in the resale and refinance markets for residential properties.

The Company's flagship mortgage guaranty insurance carrier ceased underwriting new policies and the existing book of business was placed in run-off operating mode effective August 31, 2011. Prior to that date, traditional primary mortgage insurance was marketed principally through a direct sales force which called on mortgage bankers, brokers, commercial banks, savings institutions and other mortgage originators. No sales commissions or other forms of remuneration were paid to the lending institutions or others for the procurement or development of business.

The personal contacts, relationships, reputations, and intellectual capital of Old Republic's key executives and other associates responsible for the production of business are a vital element in obtaining and retaining much of its business. Many of the Company's customers produce large amounts of premiums and fees and therefore warrant substantial levels

of attention and involvement by these persons. In this respect, Old Republic's mode of operation is similar to that of professional reinsurers and commercial insurance brokers, and relies on the marketing, underwriting, and management skills of relatively few key people for large parts of its business.

Historically, several types of insurance coverages underwritten by Old Republic, such as consumer credit indemnity, title, and mortgage guaranty insurance, have been affected in varying degrees by changes in national economic conditions. During periods when housing activity or mortgage lending are constrained by any combination of rising interest rates, tighter mortgage underwriting guidelines, falling home prices, excess housing supply and/or economic recession, operating and/or claim costs pertaining to such coverages tend to rise disproportionately to revenues and can result in underwriting losses and reduced levels of profitability.

At least one Old Republic general insurance subsidiary is licensed to do business in each of the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Guam, and each of the Canadian provinces. Title insurance operations are licensed to do business in 50 states, the District of Columbia and Guam. Although not currently writing new business, the mortgage insurance subsidiaries are licensed in 50 states and the District of Columbia. Consolidated direct premium volume distributed among the various geographical regions shown was as follows for the past three years:



Geographical Distribution of Consolidated Direct Premiums Written

			2018		2017		2016
	United States:
		Northeast	11.9	%	12.3	%	12.3	%
		Mid-Atlantic	7.3		7.5		7.9
		Southeast	20.9		20.8		20.2
		Southwest	11.6		11.1		11.3
		East North Central	11.2		11.8		12.1
		West North Central	10.1		10.3		10.6
		Mountain	8.2		7.9		7.4
		Western	16.1		16.3		16.4
	Foreign (Principally Canada)		2.7		2.0		1.8
		Total	100.0	%	100.0	%	100.0	%

(d) Reserves, Reinsurance, and Retrospective Adjustments. Old Republic's insurance subsidiaries establish reserves for unearned premiums, reported claims, IBNR claims, and claim adjustment expenses, as required in the circumstances. See "General Insurance Claim Reserves" herein.

In order to maintain premium production within its capacity and limit maximum losses for which it might become liable under its policies, Old Republic, as is the common practice in the insurance industry, may cede all or a portion of its premiums and related liabilities on certain classes of insurance, individual policies, or blocks of business to other insurers and reinsurers. Although the ceding of insurance does not ordinarily discharge an insurer from its direct liability to a policyholder, it is industry practice to establish the reinsured part of risks as the liability of the reinsurer. Old Republic also employs retrospective premium and a large variety of risk-sharing procedures and arrangements for parts of its business in order to reduce underwriting losses for which it might become liable under insurance policies it issues, and to afford its customers or producers a degree of participation in the risks and rewards associated with such business. Under retrospective arrangements, Old Republic collects additional premiums if losses are greater than originally anticipated and refunds a portion of original premiums if loss costs are lower. Pursuant to risk sharing arrangements, the Company adjusts production costs or premiums retroactively to likewise reflect deviations from originally expected loss costs. The amount of premium, production costs and other retrospective adjustments which may be made is either limited or unlimited depending on the Company's evaluation of risks and related contractual arrangements.

The following table displays the Company's General Insurance liabilities reinsured by its ten largest reinsurers as of December 31, 2018.



Major General Insurance Balances Due from Reinsurers

			($ in Millions)						% of Total
		A.M.	Reinsurance Recoverable				Total		Consolidated
		Best	on Paid		on Claim		Exposure		Reinsured
Reinsurer		Rating	Claims		Reserves		to Reinsurer		Liabilities
	Munich Re America, Inc.	A+	$	9.1	$	321.1	$	330.3	10.9	%
	Archway Insurance, Ltd.	Unrated	—		297.6		297.6		9.8
	Hannover Ruckversicherungs	A+	2.8		211.0		213.8		7.1
	Swiss Reinsurance America Corporation	A+	7.5		164.2		171.8		5.7
	AXIS Reinsurance Company	A+	.2		120.6		120.8		4.0
	Summit Insurance, Ltd.	Unrated	—		109.2		109.3		3.6
	Global Vision II	Unrated	—		105.9		105.9		3.5
	National WC Reinsurance Pool	Unrated	1.6		93.8		95.4		3.1
	Endurance Assurance Corporation	A+	.1		88.6		88.8		2.9
	Trabaja Reinsurance Company	Unrated	1.4		81.5		82.9		2.7
			$	23.0	$	1,594.1	$	1,617.1	53.3	%

Reinsured liabilities of the Title Insurance Group, RFIG Run-off Group and small life and accident insurance operations are not material.

Reinsurance recoverable asset balances represent amounts due from or credited by assuming reinsurers for paid and unpaid claims and policy reserves. Such reinsurance balances that are recoverable from non-admitted foreign and certain other reinsurers such as captive insurance companies owned by assureds or business producers, as well as similar balances or credits arising from policies that are retrospectively rated or subject to assureds' high deductible retentions are substantially collateralized by irrevocable letters of credit, securities, and other financial instruments. Old Republic evaluates on a regular basis the financial condition of its assuming reinsurers and assureds who purchase its retrospectively rated or high deductible policies. Estimates of unrecoverable amounts are included in the Company's net claim and claim expense reserves since reinsurance, retrospectively rated and self-insured deductible policies and contracts do not relieve Old Republic from its direct obligations to assureds or their beneficiaries.

Old Republic's reinsurance practices with respect to portions of its business also result from its desire to bring its sponsoring organizations and customers into some degree of joint venture or risk sharing relationship. The Company may, in exchange for a ceding commission, reinsure up to 100% of the underwriting risk, and the premium applicable to such risk, to insurers owned by or affiliated with lending institutions, financial and other intermediaries, and commercial institutions generally whose customers are insured by Old Republic, or individual customers who have formed captive insurance companies. The ceding commissions received compensate Old Republic for performing the direct insurer's functions of underwriting, actuarial, claim settlement, loss control, legal, reinsurance, and administrative services to comply with local and federal regulations, and for providing appropriate risk management services.

Remaining portions of Old Republic's business are reinsured in most instances with independent insurance or reinsurance companies pursuant to excess of loss agreements. Except as noted in the following paragraph, reinsurance protection on property and liability coverages generally limits the net loss on most individual claims to a maximum of: $5.2 million for workers' compensation; $6.4 million for commercial automobile (trucking) liability; $6.4 million for general liability; $12.0 million for executive protection (directors & officers and errors & omissions); $2.0 million for aviation; and $5.0 million for property coverages. Title insurance risk assumptions are generally limited to a maximum of $500.0 million as to any one policy. The vast majority of title policies issued, however, carry exposures of less than $1.0 million. The average direct primary mortgage guaranty exposure is (in whole dollars) $37,700 per insured loan.

Since January 1, 2005, the Company has had maximum treaty reinsurance coverage of up to $200.0 million for its workers' compensation exposures. Pursuant to regulatory requirements, however, all workers' compensation primary insurers such as the Company remain liable for unlimited amounts in excess of reinsured limits. Other than the substantial concentration of workers' compensation losses caused by the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack on America, to the best of the Company's knowledge there had not been a similar accumulation of claims in a single location from a single occurrence prior to that event. Nevertheless, the possibility continues to exist that non-reinsured losses could, depending on a wide range of severity and frequency assumptions, aggregate several hundred million dollars to an insurer such as the Company. Such aggregation of losses could occur in the event of a catastrophe such as an earthquake that could lead to the death or injury of a large number of persons concentrated in a single facility such as a high rise building.

As a result of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack on America, the reinsurance industry eliminated coverage from substantially all contracts for claims arising from acts of terrorism. Primary insurers like the Company thus became fully exposed to such claims. Late in 2002, the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act of 2002 (the "TRIA") was signed into law, immediately establishing a temporary federal reinsurance program administered by the Secretary of the Treasury. The program applied to insured commercial property and casualty losses resulting from an act of terrorism, as defined in the TRIA. Congress extended and modified the program in late 2005 through the Terrorism Risk Insurance Revision and Extension Act of 2005 (the "TRIREA"). TRIREA expired on December 31, 2007. Congress enacted a revised program

in December 2007 through the Terrorism Risk Insurance Program Reauthorization Act (the "TRIPRA") of 2007, a seven year extension that expired in December 2014. In January 2015, Congress passed the TRIPRA of 2015 that extended the program through 2020.

The TRIA automatically voided all policy exclusions which were in effect for terrorism related losses and obligated insurers to offer terrorism coverage with most commercial property and casualty insurance lines. The TRIREA revised the definition of "property and casualty insurance" to exclude commercial automobile, burglary and theft, surety, professional liability and farm owners multi-peril insurance. TRIPRA did not make any further changes to the definition of property and casualty insurance, however, it did include domestic acts of terrorism within the scope of the program. Although insurers are permitted to charge an additional premium for terrorism coverage, insureds may reject the coverage. Under TRIPRA, the program's protection is not triggered for losses arising from an act of terrorism until the industry first suffers losses in excess of a prescribed aggregate deductible during any one year. The program deductible trigger is $180 million and $200 million for 2019 and 2020, respectively. Once the program trigger is met, the program will be responsible for a fixed percentage of the Company's terrorism losses that exceed its deductible which ranges from 85% for 2015 and declines by one percentage point per year until it reaches 80% in 2020. The Company's deductible amounts to 20% of direct earned premium on eligible property and casualty insurance coverages. The Company currently reinsures limits on a treaty basis of $195.0 million in excess of $5.0 million for claims arising from certain acts of terrorism for casualty clash and catastrophe workers' compensation liability insurance coverages. The Company also purchases facultative reinsurance on certain accounts in excess of $200.0 million to manage the Company's net exposures.

(e) Competition. The insurance business is highly competitive and Old Republic competes with many stockholder-owned and mutual insurance companies. Many of these competitors offer more insurance coverages and have substantially greater financial resources than the Company. The rates charged for many of the insurance coverages in which the Company specializes, such as workers' compensation insurance, other property and liability insurance and title insurance, are primarily regulated by the states. The basic methods of competition available to Old Republic, aside from rates, are service to customers, expertise in tailoring insurance programs to the specific needs of its clients, efficiency and flexibility of operations, personal involvement by its key executives, and, as to title insurance, accuracy and timely delivery of evidences of title issued.

The Company believes its experience and expertise have enabled it to develop a variety of specialized insurance programs and related services for its customers, and to secure state insurance departments' approval of these programs.

(f) Government Regulation. In common with all insurance companies, Old Republic's insurance subsidiaries are subject to the regulation and supervision of the jurisdictions in which they do business. The method of such regulation varies, but, generally, regulation has been delegated to state insurance commissioners who are granted broad administrative powers relating to: the licensing of insurers and their agents; the nature of and limitations on investments; approval of policy forms; reserve requirements; and trade practices. In addition to these types of regulation, many classes of insurance, including most of the Company's insurance coverages, are subject to rate regulations which require that rates be reasonable, adequate, and not unfairly discriminatory.

The majority of states have also enacted insurance holding company laws which require registration and periodic reporting by insurance companies controlled by other corporations licensed to transact business within their respective jurisdictions. Old Republic's insurance subsidiaries are subject to such legislation and are registered as controlled insurers in those jurisdictions in which such registration is required. Such legislation varies from state to state but typically requires periodic disclosure concerning the corporation which controls the registered insurers, or ultimate holding company, and all subsidiaries of the ultimate holding company, and prior approval of certain intercorporate transfers of assets (including payments of dividends in excess of specified amounts by the insurance subsidiary) within the holding company system. Each state has established minimum capital and surplus requirements to conduct an insurance business. At December 31, 2018 each of the Company’s General, Title, Mortgage Guaranty and Life and Accident insurance subsidiaries exceeded the minimum statutory capital and surplus requirements.

Data Protection and Cybersecurity

The Company is subject to U.S. laws and regulations that require financial institutions, insurance companies and other businesses to protect the security and confidentiality of personal information and provide notice of their practices relating to the collection and disclosure of personal information. The Company is also subject to laws and regulations requiring notification to affected individuals and regulators of security breaches.

Effective March 1, 2017, the New York Department of Financial Services issued a landmark cybersecurity regulation requiring covered financial services institutions to implement a cybersecurity program designed to protect customer information as well as information technology systems. The regulation imposes specific safeguards as well as governance, risk assessment, monitoring and testing, third party service provider incident response and reporting and other requirements.

In October 2017, the National Association of Insurance Commissioners adopted the Insurance Data Security Model Law, which requires insurers, insurance producers and other entities licensed under state insurance laws to develop and maintain a written information security program, conduct risk assessments, oversee the data security practices of third-party service providers and other related requirements. Since the model law’s adoption, numerous states in which the Company operates have approved legislation incorporating the model into statute.

In June 2018, California adopted the California Consumer Privacy Act. This law provides California residents with broad personal data protections and rights related to the use and collection of their personal information. The Company anticipates additional information security and privacy laws and regulations to be forthcoming.

(g) Employees. As of December 31, 2018, Old Republic and its subsidiaries employed approximately 9,000 persons on a full time basis. Approximately 50% of this total was represented by employees associated with the Company's title insurance segment. A majority of eligible full time employees participate in various pension plans (all of which are frozen) or other plans which provide benefits payable upon retirement. Eligible employees are also covered by hospitalization and major medical insurance, group life insurance, and various savings, profit sharing, and deferred compensation plans. The Company considers its employee relations to be good.

(h) Website access. The Company files various reports with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), including its annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, proxy statements, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act. The Company's reports are available by visiting the SEC's internet website (http://www.sec.gov) and accessing its EDGAR database to view or print copies of the electronic versions of the Company's reports. Additionally, the Company's reports can be obtained, free of charge, by visiting its internet website (http://www.oldrepublic.com), selecting Investors then SEC Filings to view or print copies of the electronic versions of the Company's reports. The contents of the Company's internet website are not intended to be, nor should they be considered incorporated by reference in any of the reports the Company files with the SEC.

Item 1A - Risk Factors

Risk factors are uncertainties and events over which the Company has limited or no control, and which can have a materially adverse effect on its business, results of operations or financial condition. The Company and its business segments are subject to a variety of such risk factors and, within individual segments, each type of insurance coverage may be exposed to risk factors specific to them. The following sections set forth management's evaluation of material risk factors for the Company as a whole and for each business segment. There may be risks which management does not presently consider to be material that may later prove to be material risk factors as well.

Parent Company

Dividend Dependence and Liquidity

The Company is an insurance holding company with no operations of its own. Substantially all of its assets consist of those used for the business conducted by its insurance subsidiaries. It relies upon dividends from such subsidiaries in order to pay the interest and principal on its debt obligations, dividends to its shareholders, and corporate expenses. The extent to which the insurance subsidiaries are able to declare and pay dividends is subject to regulations under the laws of their states or foreign jurisdictions of domicile. The regulations limit dividends based on the amount of statutory adjusted unassigned surplus or statutory earnings, and require the insurance subsidiaries to maintain minimum amounts of capital, surplus and reserves. Dividends in excess of the ordinary limitations can only be declared and paid with prior regulatory approval, of which there can be no assurance. The inability of the insurance subsidiaries to pay dividends in an amount sufficient to meet the Company's debt service and cash dividends on stock, as well as other cash requirements could result in liquidity issues.

Capitalization

Apart from dividends and interest on intercompany financing arrangements from its subsidiaries, the Company has access to various capital and liquidity resources including holding company investments and the public debt and equity capital markets. The availability of all such capital sources cannot, however, be assured and its cost could be significant at the time capital is raised. At December 31, 2018, the Company's consolidated debt to equity ratio was 19.1%.

Risk Factors Common to the Company and its Insurance Subsidiaries

Investment Risks

The Company’s investment portfolio consists primarily of highly rated debt securities and large capitalization common stocks. Its investments are subject to market-wide risks and fluctuations, as well as to risks inherent in particular securities. Changing or unprecedented market conditions could materially impact the future valuation of securities in its investment portfolio. This could cause the Company to impair the carrying value of some portion of those debt securities in the future. Volatility or illiquidity in the markets in which the Company holds positions may cause certain other-than-temporary impairments within its portfolio and thus lead to potentially significant adverse effects on the Company’s liquidity, financial condition and operating results.

Income from the Company’s investment portfolio is one of its primary sources of cash flow to support operations and claim payments. Should the Company improperly structure its investment portfolio to meet those future liabilities or should it have unexpected losses, including losses resulting from the forced liquidation of investments before their maturity or under adverse securities markets conditions, the Company could be unable to meet those obligations. The Company’s investments and investment policies are subject to the provisions of state insurance laws, which results in its portfolio

being predominantly limited to highly rated fixed income securities. Interest rates on fixed income securities have been at historical lows. In the event that interest rates should rise above those of the Company’s fixed income securities, the market value of the Company’s investment portfolio would decline. Any significant decrease in the value of the Company’s investment portfolio could adversely impact its GAAP financial condition, but not necessarily the statutory financial condition of its insurance subsidiaries since their fixed maturities portfolio is generally stated at amortized cost from a regulatory standpoint.

Compared to historical averages, interest rates and investment yields on highly rated investments have generally declined, which has the effect of limiting the investment income the Company can generate. The Company depends on its investments as a source of revenue, and a prolonged period of low investment yields would have an adverse impact on its revenues and could potentially adversely affect its operating results.

The Company may be forced to change its investments or investment policies depending upon regulatory, economic and market conditions, thus affecting the existing or anticipated financial condition and operating needs, including the tax position, of its business. In such circumstances, the Company’s investment objectives may not be achieved. While the Company’s portfolio consists mostly of highly-rated investments and complies with applicable regulatory requirements, the success of its investment activity is affected by general economic conditions, which may adversely affect the markets for credit and interest-rate-sensitive securities, including the extent and timing of investor participation in these markets, the level and volatility of interest rates and, consequently, the value of fixed-income securities.

Excessive Losses and Loss Expenses

Although the Company's business segments encompass different types of insurance, the greatest risk factor common to all insurance coverages is excessive losses due to unanticipated claims frequency, severity or a combination of both. Many of the factors affecting the frequency and severity of claims depend upon the type of insurance coverage, but others are shared in common. Severity and frequency can be affected by changes in national economic conditions, unexpectedly adverse outcomes in claims litigation, often as a result of unanticipated jury verdicts, changes in court made law, adverse court interpretations of insurance policy provisions resulting in increased liability or new judicial theories of liability, together with unexpectedly high costs of defending claims.

Inadequate Reserves

Reserves are the amounts that an insurance company sets aside for its anticipated policy liabilities. Claim reserves are an estimate of liability for reported unpaid claims as well as defense and claim adjustment expenses, and IBNR claims. It is not possible to calculate precisely what these liabilities will amount to in advance and, accordingly, the reserves represent a best estimate at any point in time. Such estimates are based upon known historical loss data, certain assumptions and expectations of future trends in claim frequency and severity, inflation and other economic considerations. The latter are affected by a variety of factors over which insurers may have little or no control and which may exhibit significant volatility over time.

Reserve estimates are periodically reviewed in light of known developments and, where necessary, they are adjusted and refined as circumstances may warrant. Nevertheless, the reserve setting process is inherently uncertain. If for any of these reasons reserve estimates prove to be inadequate, the Company's subsidiaries can be forced to increase their reported liabilities; such occurrences could result in possibly material adverse impacts on their results of operations and financial condition.

Inadequate Pricing

Premium rates are generally determined on the basis of historical data for claim frequency and severity as well as related production and other expense patterns. In the event ultimate claims and expenses exceed historically projected levels, premium rates are likely to prove insufficient. Premium rate inadequacy may not become evident quickly, may require time to correct, and, much like excessive losses can affect adversely the Company's business, operating results and financial condition.

Liquidity Risk

As indicated above, the Company manages its fixed-maturity investments with a view toward matching the maturities of those investments with the anticipated liquidity needs of its subsidiaries for the payment of claims and expenses. If a subsidiary suddenly experienced greater-than-anticipated liquidity needs for any reason, it could require an injection of funds that might not necessarily be available to meet its obligations at a point in time. Alternatively, invested securities may need to be sold at a loss and thus impact adversely both financial condition and operating results.

Regulatory Environment

The Company's insurance businesses are subject to extensive governmental regulation under state laws in the U.S. and the laws of each of the few other jurisdictions outside the U.S. in which they operate. These regulations relate to such matters as licensing requirements, types of insurance products that may be sold, premium rates, marketing practices, capital and surplus requirements, investment limitations, underwriting limitations, dividend payment limitations, transactions with affiliates, accounting practices, taxation and other matters. While most of the regulation is at the state level in the U.S., the federal government has increasingly expressed an interest in regulating the insurance business and has injected itself through the Graham-Leach-Bliley Act, the Patriot Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and

Consumer Protection Act of 2009. Likewise, changes in the Internal Revenue Code and other regulations bear directly on the costs of conducting an insurance business through increased compliance expenses.

Apart from the rising costs of compliance, as existing regulations evolve through administrative and court interpretations, and as new regulations are adopted, there is no basis for predicting the impact that changes could have on the Company's businesses in the future. The impact could have a material adverse effect on the manner in which the company's subsidiaries do business, and or their ability to compete, to continue offering their existing products, or to pursue acquisitions and growth opportunities.

Competition

Each of the Company's lines of continuing insurance business is highly competitive and is likely to remain so for the foreseeable future. Moreover, existing competitors and the capital markets have from time to time brought an influx of capital and newly-organized entrants into the industry, and changes in laws have enabled financial institutions, like banks and savings and loans, to sell insurance products. Increases in competition threaten to reduce demand for the Company's insurance products, reduce its market share and growth prospects, and potentially reduce its profitability.

Exposure to Independent Rating Downgrades

The competitive positions of insurance companies in general have come to depend increasingly on independent ratings of their financial strength and claims-paying ability. The rating agencies base their ratings on criteria they establish regarding an insurer's financial strength, operating performance, strategic position and ability to meet its obligations to policyholders. A significant downgrade in the ratings of any of the Company's major policy-issuing subsidiaries could have a materially adverse effect on their ability to compete for new business and retain existing business and, as a result, their operating results and financial condition.

Financial Institutions Risk

The Company's subsidiaries have significant business relationships with financial institutions, particularly national banks. The subsidiaries are the beneficiaries of a considerable amount of security in the form of letters of credit and trusteed funds and investments which they hold as collateral securing the obligations of insureds and certain reinsurers. Some of the banks themselves have subsidiaries that reinsure the Company's business. Other banks are depositories holding large sums of money in escrow accounts established by the Company's title subsidiaries. There is thus a risk of concentrated financial exposures in one or more such banking institutions. If any of these institutions fail or are unable to honor their credit obligations, or if escrowed funds become lost or tied up due to the failure of a bank, the result could have a materially adverse effect on the Company's business, results of operations and financial condition.

Risk Management

The Company has established processes and procedures designed to identify, measure, analyze, monitor and report the types of risk the Company and its subsidiaries are subject to, including operational risk, market risk, credit risk, liquidity risk, investment risk, interest rate risk, legal risk and reputational risk, among others. There are inherent limitations in such processes and procedures, and as a result, there is always the possibility that the Company has not adequately identified or anticipated risks. Such inadequacies could lead to future unexpected losses or expenses.

Legal Risks

The Company and certain of its subsidiaries are from time to time named defendants or otherwise involved in various legal proceedings, including class actions and other litigation or arbitration proceedings with third parties, as well as proceedings by regulatory agencies. Any of these actions could result in judgments, settlements, fines or penalties which could materially adversely affect the Company's or its subsidiaries' business, financial condition or results of operations.

Acquisition Integration Risk

The Company has from time to time grown its business by acquisition and is likely to consider acquisitions in the future. There can never be any assurance that such acquisitions will have positive accretive results. Integration of an acquired business can be costly and complex. The integration of acquisitions already completed, as well as any that may be completed in the future could result in significant unanticipated costs or losses of one sort or another.

Attracting and Retaining Qualified Employees

The Company's and its subsidiaries' employees at all levels are among their most important assets. Should the Company and its subsidiaries for any reason be unable to attract and retain qualified employees, their performance could be materially adversely affected.

Information Technology Systems

To perform day to day operations as well as communicate with customers, business partners and other stakeholders, the Company is reliant upon an array of digital technologies. The Company’s business depends on effective information systems and the integrity and timeliness of the data its information systems use to run its business. The Company uses computer systems to store, retrieve, evaluate and use customer, employee, and company data and information. Some internal processes, in turn, rely upon third-party systems and tools. This combination of resources allow business units

to provide insurance quotes, process premium payments, make changes to existing policies, file and pay claims, provide customer support, execute transactions and manage investment portfolios. In addition, the Company routinely transmits, receives and stores personal, confidential and proprietary information by email and other electronic means. Although the Company attempts to keep such information confidential, it may be unable to do so in all events, especially with clients, vendors, service providers, and other third parties.

Like other large companies, the Company is a target of potential cyber and other security threats and must continuously monitor and develop information technology networks and infrastructure to prevent, detect, address and mitigate the risk of threats to data and systems, including malware and computer virus attacks, ransomware, unauthorized access, misuse, denial-of-service attacks, system failures and disruptions. In some cases, such unauthorized access may not be immediately detected and can remain undetected for some time, increasing the severity of the incident. There is no assurance that the Company’s security measures, including information security policies, will provide fully effective protection from such events. The Company does maintain cyber risk insurance; however this insurance may not cover all costs associated with the consequences of personal, confidential or proprietary information being compromised.

Any information security breach of systems or services or breach of a third-party vendor or services provider that results in the loss or unauthorized access of sensitive data could disrupt the Company’s ability to conduct business operations during recovery and any remediation period. In the event of a cyber-attack or other information security incident, systems may be inaccessible to employees, customers or business partners for an extended period of time and employees may be unable to perform their duties for an extended period of time if data or systems are disabled or destroyed. In addition, a successful cyber-attack or similar information security incident could expose the Company to substantial costs and negative consequences including but not limited to:

•Remediation costs, such as liability for stolen assets or information and repairs of system damage;

•Lost revenues resulting from the unauthorized use of proprietary information or any down-time of critical

information technology tools and infrastructure;

•Litigation and legal costs;

•Increased cyber risk insurance premiums;

•Reputational damage that adversely affects customer or investor confidence; and

•Damage to the Company’s competitiveness, stock price and long-term shareholder value.

Furthermore, the Company’s businesses are subject to compliance with laws and regulations enacted by U.S. federal and state governments, as well as laws enacted by various regulatory organizations or exchanges relating to the privacy and security of the information of clients, employees or others. These laws and regulations are increasing in complexity and number, change frequently and sometimes conflict. The compromise of personal, confidential or proprietary information could expose the Company to liability under federal and state laws, and subject the Company to litigation and investigations and result in reputational harm, which could have a material adverse effect on its business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations.

As the breadth and inter-connectedness of the Company’s security infrastructure continues to expand and reliance on technology resources grows, so will the risk of potential privacy and security events. The Company is continuously evaluating and enhancing its privacy and security processes. While the Company takes a risk-based approach and adheres both to statutorily required and commercially reasonable measures to keep systems and data secure, such measures may be insufficient.

In addition to the foregoing, the following are risk factors that are particular to each of the Company's three major business segments.

General Insurance Group

Catastrophic Losses

While the Company limits the property exposures it assumes, the casualty or liability insurance it underwrites creates an exposure to claims arising out of catastrophes. The two principal catastrophe exposures are earthquakes and acts of terrorism in areas where there are large concentrations of employees of an insured employer or other individuals who could potentially be injured and assert claims against an insured under workers' compensation policies. Collateral damage to property or persons from acts of terrorism and other calamities could also expose general liability policies.

Following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack, the reinsurance industry eliminated coverage from substantially all reinsurance contracts for claims arising from acts of terrorism. As discussed elsewhere in this report, the U.S. Congress subsequently passed TRIA, TRIREA, and TRIPRA legislation that required primary insurers to offer coverage for certified acts of terrorism under most commercial property and casualty insurance policies. Although these programs established a temporary federal reinsurance program through December 31, 2020, primary insurers like the Company's general insurance subsidiaries retain significant exposure for terrorist act-related losses.

Long-Tailed Losses

Coverage for general liability is considered long-tailed coverage. Written in most cases on an "occurrence" basis, it often takes longer for covered claims to be reported and become known, adjusted and settled than it does for property claims, for example, which are generally considered short-tailed. The extremely long-tailed aspect of such claims as

pollution, asbestos, silicosis, manganism (welding rod fume exposure), black lung, lead paint and other toxic tort claims, coupled with uncertain and sometimes variable judicial rulings on coverage and policy allocation issues along with the possibility of legislative actions, makes reserving for these exposures highly uncertain. While the Company believes that it has reasonably estimated its liabilities for such exposures to date, and that its exposures are relatively modest, there is a risk of materially adverse developments in both known and as-yet-unknown claims.

Workers' Compensation Coverage

Workers' compensation coverage is one of the largest lines of insurance written by the Company's General Insurance subsidiaries. The frequency and severity of claims, and the adequacy of reserves for workers' compensation claims and expenses can all be significantly influenced by such risk factors as future wage inflation in states that index benefits, the speed with which injured employees are able to return to work in some capacity, the cost and rate of inflation in medical treatments, the types of medical procedures and treatments, the cost of prescription medications, the frequency with which closed claims reopen for additional or related medical issues, the mortality of injured workers with lifetime benefits and medical treatments, the use of health insurance to cover some of the expenses, the assumption of some of the expenses by states' second injury funds, the use of cost containment practices like preferred provider networks, and the opportunities to recover against third parties through subrogation. Adverse developments in any of these factors, if significant, could have a materially adverse effect on the Company's operating results and financial condition.

Reinsurance

Reinsurance is a contractual arrangement whereby one insurer (the reinsurer) assumes some or all of the risk exposure written by another insurer (the reinsured). The Company depends on reinsurance to manage its risks both in terms of the amount of coverage it is able to write, the amount it is able to retain for its own account, and the price at which it is able to write it. The availability of reinsurance and its price, however, are generally determined in the reinsurance market by conditions beyond the Company's control.

Reinsurance does not relieve the reinsured company of its primary liability to its insureds in the event of a loss. It merely reimburses the reinsured company. The ability and willingness of reinsurers to honor their counterparty obligations to the Company represent credit risks. Old Republic has no practical basis for evaluating the risks assumed by a reinsurer from sources other than its own. Those risks could result in a significant deterioration of the reinsurer's ability to honor its obligations to the Company, thereby exacerbating credit risk exposure.

Old Republic addresses these risks by limiting its reinsurance placements to those reinsurers it considers the best credit risks. In recent years, however, there has been an ever decreasing number of reinsurers so considered. There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to find the desired or even adequate amounts of reinsurance at favorable rates from acceptable reinsurers in the future. If unable to do so, the Company would be forced to reduce the volume of business it writes or retain increased amounts of liability exposure. Because of the declining number of acceptable reinsurers, there is a risk that too much reinsurance risk may become concentrated in too few reinsurers. These concentrations of risk could adversely affect the Company's business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Insureds as Credit Risks

A significant amount of Old Republic's liability and workers' compensation business, particularly for large commercial insureds, is written on the basis of risk sharing underwriting methods utilizing large deductibles, captive insurance risk retentions, or other arrangements whereby the insureds effectively retain and fund varying and at times significant amounts of their losses. Their financial strength and ability to pay are carefully evaluated as part of the underwriting process and monitored periodically thereafter, and their retained exposures are estimated and collateralized based on pertinent credit analysis and evaluation. Because the Company is primarily liable for losses incurred under its policies, the possible failure or inability of insureds to honor their retained liability represents a credit risk. Any subsequently developing shortage in the amount of collateral held would also be a risk, as would the failure or inability of a bank to honor a draw on a collateral trust or a letter of credit issued as collateral. These risk factors could have a materially adverse impact on the Company's results of operations and financial condition.

Guaranty Funds and Residual Markets

In nearly all states, licensed property and casualty insurers are required to participate in guaranty funds through assessments covering a portion of insurance claims against impaired or insolvent property and casualty insurers. Any increase in the number or size of impaired companies would likely result in an increase in the Company's share of such assessments.

Many states have established second injury funds that compensate injured employees for aggravation of prior injuries or conditions. These second injury funds are funded by assessments or premium surcharges.

Residual market or pooling arrangements exist in many states to provide various types of insurance coverage to those that are otherwise unable to find private insurers willing to insure them. All licensed property and casualty insurers writing such coverage voluntarily are required to participate in these residual market or pooling mechanisms.

A material increase in any of these assessments or charges could adversely affect the Company's results of operations and financial condition.

Prior Approval of Rates

Most of the insurance coverages underwritten by the Company are subject to prior regulatory approval of premium rates in a majority of the states. The process of securing regulatory approval can be time consuming and can impair the Company's ability to effect necessary rate increases in an expeditious manner. Furthermore, there is a risk that the regulators will not approve a requested increase, particularly in regard to workers' compensation insurance with respect to which rate increases often confront strong opposition from local business, organized labor, and political interests.

Title Insurance Group

Housing and Mortgage Lending Markets

The tightening and collapse of credit markets, the collapse of the housing market, the general decline in the value of real property, the rise in unemployment, and the uncertainty and negative trends in general economic conditions that began in 2006 created a difficult operating environment for the Company's title insurance subsidiaries. While these conditions have since improved to varying degrees, any return of these recessionary conditions could have a materially adverse effect on these subsidiaries' financial condition and results of operation over the near and longer terms. The impact of these conditions was somewhat mitigated both by lower mortgage interest rates, which lead to an increase in mortgage refinancings and by a rise in the number of agents producing business for the Companies' title insurance subsidiaries. Future rises in mortgage interest rates, however, could result in a decline in refinancing activity and reduced housing affordability which, in turn, could result in fewer transactions and reduced title insurance business.

Competition

Business comes to title insurers primarily by referral from real estate agents, lenders, developers and other settlement providers. The sources of business lead to a great deal of competition among title insurers. Although the top four title insurance companies during 2018 accounted for about 85% of industry-wide premium volume, there are numerous smaller companies representing the remainder at the regional and local levels. The smaller companies are an ever-present competitive risk in the regional and local markets where their business connections can give them a competitive edge. Moreover, there is always competition among the major companies for key employees, especially those engaged in business production. Unlike the three other large national title insurers, the Company’s title insurance subsidiaries rely upon independent agencies to produce most of their business. Independent agencies can direct business to any title insurer, whereas owned agencies will typically direct business solely to their parent or affiliated title insurers. The Company’s title subsidiaries are therefore more vulnerable to a loss of business than other title companies that rely on direct production facilities.

Regulation and Litigation

Regulation is also a risk factor for title insurers. The title insurance industry has recently been, and continues to be, under regulatory scrutiny in a number of states with respect to pricing practices, and alleged RESPA violations and unlawful rebating practices. The regulatory investigations could lead to industry-wide reductions in premium rates and escrow fees, the inability to get rate increases when necessary, as well as to changes that could adversely affect the Company's ability to compete for or retain business or raise the costs of additional regulatory compliance.

From time to time the Company's title insurance subsidiaries are named as defendants or are otherwise involved in various legal proceedings, including class actions and other litigated disputes with third parties, and proceedings or civil investigations brought by regulatory agencies. Any resulting adverse judgments, settlements, fines, penalties or other rulings could have, directly or indirectly, a material adverse effect on the Company's financial condition, results of operations or business reputation. Litigation or other disputes between the Company’s mortgage insurance subsidiaries and insured mortgage lenders could also have an adverse effect on the Company’s title insurance subsidiaries if, as a result, the lenders threatened to or discontinued accepting title insurance or title related services from the Company’s title insurers.

Other Risks

Inadequate title searches are among the risk factors faced by the entire industry. When the search is less than thorough or complete, title defects can go undetected and claims result.

Fraud is also a risk factor for all title companies -- sometimes in the form of an agent's or an employee's defalcation of escrowed funds, sometimes in the form of fraudulently issued title insurance policies.

RFIG Run-off Business

Mortgage Guaranty Business in Run-off; Possible Material Losses, Statutory Capital Impairment, and Receivership

The material increases in mortgage guaranty insurance claims and loss payments that began in 2007 gradually depleted RMIC's statutory capital base and forced it to discontinue writing new business in 2011. The insurance laws of 16 jurisdictions, including RMIC's and RMGIC’s domiciliary state of North Carolina, require a mortgage insurer to maintain a minimum amount of statutory capital relative to risk in force (or a similar measure) in order to continue to write new

business. The formulations currently allow for a maximum risk-to-capital ratio of 25 to 1, or alternatively stated, a “minimum policyholder position” (“MPP”) of one-twenty-fifth of the total risk in force. The failure to maintain the prescribed minimum capital level in a particular state generally requires a mortgage insurer to immediately stop writing new business until it reestablishes the required level of capital or receives a waiver of the requirement from a state's insurance regulatory authority. RMIC breached the minimum capital requirement during the third quarter of 2010. RMIC and RMGIC were placed under administrative supervision by the North Carolina Department of Insurance ("NCDOI") in 2012 and ultimately ordered to defer the payment of 40% of all settled claims as a deferred payment obligation ("DPO").

On July 1, 2014, the NCDOI issued a Final Order approving an Amended and Restated Corrective Plan (the "Amended Plan") submitted jointly on April 16, 2014, by RMIC and RMGIC. Under the Amended Plan, RMIC and RMGIC were authorized to pay 100% of their DPOs accrued as of June 30, 2014, and to settle all subsequent valid claims entirely in cash, without establishing any DPOs. In anticipation of receiving this Final Order, ORI invested $125.0 million in cash and securities in RMIC in June 2014. In mid-July 2014, in furtherance of the Final Order, RMIC and RMGIC processed payments of their accumulated DPO balances of approximately $657.0 million relating to fully settled claims charged to periods extending between January 19, 2012 and June 30, 2014. The NCDOI subsequently terminated the summary orders which placed RMIC and RMGIC under administrative supervision effective December 8, 2017, thereby releasing both companies from its supervision as they were eminently solvent.

RMIC has continually evaluated the potential long-term underwriting performance of the run-off book of business based on various modeling techniques. The resulting models take into account actual premium and paid claim experience of prior periods, together with a large number of assumptions and judgments about future outcomes that are highly sensitive to a wide range of estimates. Many of these estimates and underlying assumptions relate to matters over which the Company has no control, including: 1) The conflicted interests, as well as the varying mortgage servicing and foreclosure practices of a large number of insured lending institutions; 2) General economic and industry-specific trends and events; and 3) The evolving or future social and economic policies of the U.S. Government vis-à-vis such critical sectors as the banking, mortgage lending, and housing industries, as well as its policies for resolving the insolvencies and assigning a possible future role to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.

Premium Income and Long-Term Claim Exposures

Mortgage insurers such as the Company issue long duration, guaranteed renewable policies covering multi-year periods during which exposure to loss exists. Loss exposures typically manifest themselves as recurring losses usually concentrated between the second and fifth year following issuance of any one year's new policies. Additionally, the policies cover catastrophic aggregations of claims such as those that occurred during the Great Recession of 2007 to 2012 which was engendered by substantial market dislocations in the housing and mortgage lending industries, in particular.

The Company's mortgage guaranty premiums stem principally from monthly installment policies. Such premiums are written and earned in the month coverage is effective. Recognition of claim costs, however, occurs only after an insured mortgage loan has missed two or more consecutive monthly payments. Accordingly, GAAP revenue recognition is not appropriately matched to the risk exposure and the consequent recognition of both normal and, most significantly, future catastrophic loss occurrences. As a result, mortgage guaranty GAAP earnings for any individual year or series of years may be materially adversely affected, particularly by cyclical catastrophic loss events such as the mortgage insurance industry experienced between 2007 and 2012. Reported GAAP earnings and financial condition form, in part, the basis for significant judgments and strategic evaluations made by management, analysts, investors, and other users of the financial statements issued by mortgage guaranty companies. The risk exists that such judgments and evaluations are at least partially based on GAAP financial information that does not necessarily match revenues and expenses and is not reflective of the long-term normal and catastrophic risk exposures assumed by mortgage guaranty insurers at any point in time. This risk is inherent in the models on which the run-off of RMIC's and RMGIC's business is based.

Inadequate Loss Reserves

The Company establishes reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses for its mortgage and consumer credit indemnity insurance coverages based upon loans reported to be in default, as well as estimates of those in default but not yet reported. The reserves are best estimates by management and take into consideration its judgments and assumptions regarding the housing and mortgage markets, unemployment rates and economic trends in general. During the ongoing sustained economic downturn, loss reserve estimates have become subject to even greater uncertainty and volatility. The rate and severity of actual losses could prove to be greater than expected and require the Company to effect substantial increases in its loss reserves. Depending upon the magnitude, such increases could have a materially adverse impact on the Company's mortgage insurance and consumer credit indemnity insurance run-off business and the Company's consolidated results of operations and financial condition. There can be no assurance that the actual losses for the mortgage insurance and consumer credit indemnity coverages will not be materially greater than previously established loss reserves.

Fewer Coverage Rescissions

The Company may rescind its mortgage guaranty and consumer credit indemnity coverages whenever it finds evidence that a loan did not qualify for insurance coverage in the first instance, or that a material misrepresentation had been made in the loan application by the borrower, the lender, and/or its agent. Between 2008 and 2010 the number and rate of coverage rescissions and claim denials rose dramatically. As a result, rescissions reduced materially the percentage of approved claims, and loss reserving estimates have reflected assumptions about the levels of rescission activity. Since 2010 the number and rate of rescissions and denials has continued to decline.

Certain policyholders experienced high rates of coverage rescission and instituted litigation or arbitration proceedings challenging the Company's position on rescissions. Whether the current rescission rates continue or decline, it is possible that further litigation or arbitral challenges to the Company's rescissions of coverage could arise. If any of the challenges are successful, they could have a materially adverse effect on the Company's mortgage guaranty and/or consumer credit indemnity run-off insurance business and consolidated operating results and financial position. Even if such challenges should prove unsuccessful, the costs of addressing them through litigation could be substantial.

Item 1B - Unresolved Staff Comments

None

Item 2 - Properties

The principal executive offices of the Company are located in the Old Republic Building in Chicago, Illinois. This Company-owned building contains 151,000 square feet of floor space of which approximately 50% is occupied by Old Republic, and the remainder is leased to others. In addition to its Chicago building, the Company owns one other major office building. A subsidiary of the Title Insurance Group owns and partially occupies its operations headquarters building in Minneapolis, Minnesota. This building contains 110,000 square feet of floor space of which approximately 95% is occupied by the Title Insurance Group and an affiliated Old Republic subsidiary, with the remainder leased to others. Six smaller buildings are owned by Old Republic and its subsidiaries in various parts of the nation and are primarily used for its business. The carrying value of all owned buildings and related land at December 31, 2018 was $49.1 million.

Certain other operations of the Company and its subsidiaries are directed from leased premises. See Note 4(b) of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a summary of all material lease obligations.

Item 3 - Legal Proceedings

Legal proceedings against the Company and its subsidiaries routinely arise in the normal course of business and usually pertain to claim matters related to insurance policies and contracts issued by its insurance subsidiaries. At December 31, 2018, the Company did not have material non-claim litigation exposures in its consolidated business for which adequate loss and related expense provisions had not been made.

Item 4 - Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

PART II

Item 5 - Market for the Registrant's Common Equity, Related Security Holder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

The Company's common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol "ORI". As of January 31, 2019, there were 2,071 registered holders of the Company's Common Stock. See Note 3(c) of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a description of certain regulatory restrictions on the payment of dividends by Old Republic's insurance subsidiaries.

Comparative Five Year Performance Graphs for Common Stock

The following table, prepared on the basis of market and related data furnished by Standard & Poor's Total Return Service, reflects total market return data for the most recent five calendar years ended December 31, 2018. For purposes of the presentation, the information is shown in terms of $100 invested at the close of trading on the last trading day preceding the first day of the fifth preceding year. The $100 investment is deemed to have been made either in Old Republic Common Stock, in the S&P 500 Index of common stocks, or in an aggregate of the common shares of the Peer Group of publicly held insurance businesses selected by Old Republic. The cumulative total return assumes reinvestment of cash dividends on a pretax basis. The information utilized to prepare the following table has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but no representation is made that it is accurate or complete in all respects.

Comparison of Five Year Total Market Return

OLD REPUBLIC INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION vs. S&P 500 vs. Peer Group

(For the five years ended December 31, 2018)



	Dec 13		Dec 14		Dec 15		Dec 16		Dec 17		Dec 18
ORI	$	100.00	$	88.85	$	118.44	$	125.65	$	146.81	$	153.39
S&P 500	100.00		113.69		115.26		129.05		157.22		150.33
Peer Group	100.00		113.38		123.49		139.31		155.21		132.29

The Peer Group which has been approved by the Compensation Committee of the Company's Board of Directors consists of the following publicly held corporations with which the Company competes in various regards: American Financial Group, Inc., American International Group, Inc., W.R. Berkley Corporation, Chubb Limited, Cincinnati Financial Corporation, CNA Financial Corporation, Fidelity National Financial, Inc., First American Financial Corporation, The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc., Stewart Information Services Corporation, and Travelers Companies, Inc.



Item 6 - Selected Financial Data ($ in millions, except share data)

December 31:			2018			2017		2016		2015		2014
FINANCIAL POSITION:
	Cash and Invested Assets (a)		$	13,187.4		$	13,536.4	$	12,995.8	$	11,475.5	$	11,291.6
	Other Assets		6,139.6			5,867.1		5,595.7		5,626.1		5,685.2
		Total Assets	$	19,327.1		$	19,403.5	$	18,591.6	$	17,101.6	$	16,976.9

	Liabilities, Other than Debt		$	13,199.4		$	13,221.5	$	12,602.2	$	12,278.9	$	12,099.0
	Debt		981.4			1,448.7		1,528.7		952.8		953.7
		Total Liabilities	14,180.8			14,670.2		14,130.9		13,231.7		13,052.8
	Preferred Stock		—			—		—		—		—
	Common Shareholders' Equity		5,146.2			4,733.3		4,460.6		3,869.8		3,924.0
		Total Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity	$	19,327.1		$	19,403.5	$	18,591.6	$	17,101.6	$	16,976.9

	Total Capitalization (b)		$	6,127.6		$	6,182.0	$	5,989.4	$	4,822.7	$	4,877.8


Years Ended December 31:			2018			2017		2016		2015		2014
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS:
	Net Premiums and Fees Earned		$	5,703.9		$	5,539.7	$	5,333.2	$	5,179.4	$	4,811.1
	Net Investment and Other Income		553.5			511.7		494.3		495.4		447.1
	Investment Gains (Losses) (c)		(235.6		)	211.6		72.8		91.3		272.3
		Net Revenues	6,021.8			6,263.1		5,900.5		5,766.1		5,530.7
	Benefits, Claims, and
	Settlement Expenses		2,460.7			2,478.8		2,347.9		2,459.3		2,514.5
	Underwriting and Other Expenses		3,122.9			3,058.8		2,866.5		2,675.0		2,406.6
		Pretax Income (Loss)	438.1			725.4		686.0		631.8		609.4
	Income Taxes (Credits)		67.5			164.8		219.0		209.6		199.7
		Net Income (Loss)	$	370.5		$	560.5	$	466.9	$	422.1	$	409.7


COMMON SHARE DATA:
	Net Income (Loss):
		Basic	$	1.26		$	2.14	$	1.80	$	1.63	$	1.58
		Diluted	$	1.24		$	1.92	$	1.62	$	1.48	$	1.44

	Dividends: Cash (d)		$	.78		$	1.76	$	.75	$	.74	$	.73

	Book Value		$	17.23		$	17.72	$	17.16	$	14.98	$	15.15

	Common Shares (thousands):
		Outstanding	302,714			269,238		262,719		261,968		260,946

		Average: Basic	294,248			262,114		259,429		259,502		258,553
		Diluted	301,016			299,387		296,379		296,088		295,073

__________


(a)	Consists of cash, investments and accrued investment income.


(b)	Total capitalization consists of debt, preferred stock, and common shareholders' equity.


(c)	Effective January 1, 2018, includes unrealized gains and losses from changes in fair value of equity securities.


(d)	In late December 2017, the Board declared a special cash dividend of $1.00 per share payable on January 31, 2018.

Item 7 - Management Analysis of Financial Position and Results of Operations

($ in Millions, Except Share Data)

OVERVIEW

This management analysis of financial position and results of operations pertains to the consolidated accounts of Old Republic International Corporation ("Old Republic", "ORI" or "the Company"). The Company conducts its operations principally through three major regulatory segments, namely, its General (property and liability), Title, and the RFIG (mortgage guaranty and consumer credit indemnity) Run-off Business. A small life and accident insurance business, accounting for .3% of consolidated operating revenues for the year ended December 31, 2018 and .7% of consolidated assets as of that date, is included within the corporate and other caption of this report.

The consolidated accounts are presented in conformity with the Financial Accounting Standards Board's ("FASB") Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") of accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP"). As a publicly held company, Old Republic utilizes GAAP largely to comply with the financial reporting requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). From time to time the FASB and the SEC issue various releases, most of which require additional financial statement disclosures and provide related application guidance. Of particular relevance to the Company's financial statements is guidance recently issued by the FASB relative to revenue recognition, recognition and measurement of financial instruments including the addition of equity security unrealized gains and losses in periodic income statements, lease accounting, and accounting for credit losses on financial instruments, all of which are discussed further in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

As a state regulated financial institution vested with the public interest, however, business of the Company's insurance subsidiaries is managed pursuant to the laws, regulations, and accounting practices of the various states in the U.S. and those of a small number of other jurisdictions outside the U.S. in which they operate. In comparison with GAAP, the statutory accounting practices reflect greater conservatism and comparability among insurers, and are intended to address the primary financial security interests of policyholders and their beneficiaries. Additionally, these practices also affect a significant number of important factors such as product pricing, risk bearing capacity and capital adequacy, the determination of Federal income taxes payable currently among ORI's tax-consolidated entities, and the upstreaming of dividends by insurance subsidiaries to the parent holding company. The major differences between these statutory financial accounting practices and GAAP are summarized in Note 1(a) to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

This management analysis should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and the footnotes appended to them.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Old Republic International Corporation reported the following consolidated results:



Years Ended December 31:	2018			2017		2016
Pretax income (loss)	$	438.1		$	725.4	$	686.0
Pretax investment gains (losses) included in pretax income (loss)	(235.6		)	211.6		72.8
Pretax income (loss) excluding investment gains (losses)	$	673.7		$	513.8	$	613.1

Net income (loss)	$	370.5		$	560.5	$	466.9
Net of tax investment gains (losses) included in net income (loss)	(185.9		)	242.4		47.3
Net income (loss) excluding investment gains (losses)	$	556.4		$	318.0	$	419.6

As noted on the following pages, performance comparisons among the periods reported upon are affected by two significant events in 2018, and by special operating charges and deferred tax adjustments in 2017. The components of consolidated net income (loss) shown in the above table are also reflected on a per share basis in the Financial Highlights below.



FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS
				% Change
				2018	2017
Years Ended December 31:	2018	2017	2016	vs. 2017	vs. 2016
SUMMARY INCOME STATEMENTS:
Revenues:

Closing Price ($)	Shares Out (MM)	Market Cap ($MM)
$21.31	303	$6,450

10-K	2018-12-31	Annual: 2018-12-31
10-Q	2018-09-30	Quarter: 2018-09-30
10-Q	2018-06-30	Quarter: 2018-06-30
10-Q	2018-03-31	Quarter: 2018-03-31
10-K	2017-12-31	Annual: 2017-12-31
10-Q	2017-09-30	Quarter: 2017-09-30
10-Q	2017-06-30	Quarter: 2017-06-30
10-Q	2017-03-31	Quarter: 2017-03-31
10-K	2016-12-31	Annual: 2016-12-31
10-Q	2016-09-30	Quarter: 2016-09-30
10-Q	2016-06-30	Quarter: 2016-06-30
10-Q	2016-03-31	Quarter: 2016-03-31
10-K	2015-12-31	Annual: 2015-12-31
10-Q	2015-09-30	Quarter: 2015-09-30
10-Q	2015-06-30	Quarter: 2015-06-30
10-Q	2015-03-31	Quarter: 2015-03-31
10-K	2014-12-31	Annual: 2014-12-31
10-Q	2014-09-30	Quarter: 2014-09-30
10-Q	2014-06-30	Quarter: 2014-06-30
10-Q	2014-03-31	Quarter: 2014-03-31
10-K	2013-12-31	Annual: 2013-12-31

8-K	2019-01-30	Officers, Exhibits
8-K	2019-01-24	Earnings, Exhibits
8-K	2019-01-24	Earnings, Exhibits
8-K	2018-10-25	Earnings, Exhibits
8-K	2018-08-23	Officers, Shareholder Vote, Exhibits
8-K	2018-07-26	Earnings, Exhibits
8-K	2018-05-25	Shareholder Vote
8-K	2018-04-26	Earnings, Exhibits
8-K	2018-03-15	Other Events, Exhibits
8-K	2018-01-25	Earnings, Exhibits

AMG	Affiliated Managers Group	5,800
MRTX	Mirati Therapeutics	2,250
FIT	Fitbit	1,400
UMH	UMH Properties	529
SGOC	SGOCO Group	86
WSTL	Westell Technologies	34
APAW	Apawthecary Pets	0
CETY	Clean Energy Technologies	0
SCGY	Scientific Energy	0
QTMM	Quantum Materials	0

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EX-10.F	ex10fformofindemnityagreem.htm
EX-21	ex212018subsidiariesofther.htm
EX-23.1	ex231consentofkmpgllp.htm
EX-24	ex242018powersofattorney.htm
EX-31.1	ex3112018ceosection302cert.htm
EX-31.2	ex3122018cfosection302cert.htm
EX-32.1	ex3212018ceosection906cert.htm
EX-32.2	ex3222018cfosection906cert.htm