PENSKE AUTOMOTIVE GROUP, INC. [PAG] Filings

10-Q 1 pag-20240630.htm 10-Q pag-20240630

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-Q


x			QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2024


o			TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission file number 1-12297

Penske Automotive Group, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


Delaware			22-3086739
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)			(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

2555 Telegraph Road
Bloomfield Hills, Michigan			48302-0954
(Address of principal executive offices)			(Zip Code)

Registrant's telephone number, including area code:

(248) 648-2500

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of each class	Trading symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Voting Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share	PAG	New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large Accelerated Filer

Accelerated filer

Non-accelerated filer

Smaller reporting company

Emerging growth company

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No x

As of July 29, 2024, there were 66,770,941 shares of voting common stock outstanding.

Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS


			Page

PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements
Consolidated Condensed Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023			3
Consolidated Condensed Statements of Income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023			4
Consolidated Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023			5
Consolidated Condensed Statements of Cash Flows for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023			6
Consolidated Condensed Statement of Equity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023			7
Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements			9
Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations			24
Item 3. Quantitative & Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk			54
Item 4. Controls and Procedures			55
PART II — OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings			56
Item 1A. Risk Factors			56
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds			57
Item 5. Other Information			58
Item 6. Exhibits			59

Table of Contents

PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

PENSKE AUTOMOTIVE GROUP, INC.

CONSOLIDATED CONDENSED BALANCE SHEETS


	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
	(Unaudited)
	(In millions, except share and per share amounts)
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents	$	115.1	$	96.4
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $7.7 and $6.8	1,040.5		1,114.6
Inventories	4,705.9		4,293.1
Other current assets	217.7		175.6
Total current assets	6,079.2		5,679.7
Property and equipment, net	2,914.3		2,765.2
Operating lease right-of-use assets	2,466.1		2,405.5
Goodwill	2,356.4		2,234.9
Other indefinite-lived intangible assets	931.9		748.2
Equity method investments	1,814.1		1,774.9
Other long-term assets	71.5		63.1
Total assets	$	16,633.5	$	15,671.5
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Floor plan notes payable	$	2,578.2	$	2,255.6
Floor plan notes payable — non-trade	1,562.7		1,515.9
Accounts payable	943.4		866.9
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	916.9		809.8
Current portion of long-term debt	171.7		209.7

Total current liabilities	6,172.9		5,657.9
Long-term debt	1,594.6		1,419.5
Long-term operating lease liabilities	2,397.4		2,336.0
Deferred tax liabilities	1,229.0		1,231.7
Other long-term liabilities	253.3		270.8
Total liabilities	11,647.2		10,915.9
Commitments and contingent liabilities (Note 10)
Equity
Penske Automotive Group stockholders' equity:
Preferred Stock, $0.0001 par value; 100,000 shares authorized; none issued and outstanding	—		—
Common Stock, $0.0001 par value, 240,000,000 shares authorized; 66,770,815 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2024; 67,111,181 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2023	—		—
Non-voting Common Stock, $0.0001 par value; 7,125,000 shares authorized; none issued and outstanding	—		—
Class C Common Stock, $0.0001 par value; 20,000,000 shares authorized; none issued and outstanding	—		—
Additional paid-in capital	—		—
Retained earnings	5,254.3		4,990.3
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(299.7)		(264.1)
Total Penske Automotive Group stockholders' equity	4,954.6		4,726.2
Non-controlling interest	31.7		29.4
Total equity	4,986.3		4,755.6
Total liabilities and equity	$	16,633.5	$	15,671.5

See Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements.

Table of Contents

PENSKE AUTOMOTIVE GROUP, INC.

CONSOLIDATED CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF INCOME


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
	(Unaudited)
	(In millions, except per share amounts)
Revenue:
Retail automotive dealership	$	6,615.4	$	6,406.0	$	13,093.4	$	12,705.8
Retail commercial truck dealership	892.3		919.2		1,684.1		1,814.8
Commercial vehicle distribution and other	189.0		143.3		367.0		286.9
Total revenues	7,696.7		7,468.5		15,144.5		14,807.5
Cost of sales:
Retail automotive dealership	5,540.4		5,320.1		10,961.2		10,557.3
Retail commercial truck dealership	747.8		772.4		1,394.8		1,521.0
Commercial vehicle distribution and other	144.4		103.0		279.2		203.9
Total cost of sales	6,432.6		6,195.5		12,635.2		12,282.2
Gross profit	1,264.1		1,273.0		2,509.3		2,525.3
Selling, general, and administrative expenses	887.5		858.1		1,767.3		1,703.0
Depreciation	38.6		34.1		76.4		68.0
Operating income	338.0		380.8		665.6		754.3
Floor plan interest expense	(46.6)		(30.8)		(91.4)		(58.7)
Other interest expense	(19.9)		(24.2)		(41.2)		(45.0)

Equity in earnings of affiliates	54.0		74.5		87.3		156.6
Income before income taxes	325.5		400.3		620.3		807.2
Income taxes	(82.6)		(97.7)		(161.2)		(205.0)


Net income	242.9		302.6		459.1		602.2
Less: Income attributable to non-controlling interests	1.7		1.8		2.7		3.1
Net income attributable to Penske Automotive Group common stockholders	$	241.2	$	300.8	$	456.4	$	599.1
Basic earnings per share attributable to Penske Automotive Group common stockholders:


Net income attributable to Penske Automotive Group common stockholders	$	3.61	$	4.41	$	6.81	$	8.72
Shares used in determining basic earnings per share	66.9		68.2		67.0		68.7
Diluted earnings per share attributable to Penske Automotive Group common stockholders:


Net income attributable to Penske Automotive Group common stockholders	$	3.61	$	4.41	$	6.81	$	8.72
Shares used in determining diluted earnings per share	66.9		68.2		67.0		68.7
Amounts attributable to Penske Automotive Group common stockholders:
Net income	$	242.9	$	302.6	$	459.1	$	602.2
Less: Income attributable to non-controlling interests	1.7		1.8		2.7		3.1


Net income attributable to Penske Automotive Group common stockholders	$	241.2	$	300.8	$	456.4	$	599.1
Cash dividends per share	$	0.96	$	0.66	$	1.83	$	1.27

See Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements.

Table of Contents

PENSKE AUTOMOTIVE GROUP, INC.

CONSOLIDATED CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
	(Unaudited)
	(In millions)
Net income	$	242.9	$	302.6	$	459.1	$	602.2
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustment	2.4		33.4		(34.2)		51.7




Other adjustments to comprehensive income	(4.9)		3.4		(1.3)		8.2
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	(2.5)		36.8		(35.5)		59.9
Comprehensive income	240.4		339.4		423.6		662.1
Less: Comprehensive income attributable to non-controlling interests	1.6		1.9		2.8		3.5
Comprehensive income attributable to Penske Automotive Group common stockholders	$	238.8	$	337.5	$	420.8	$	658.6

See Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements.

Table of Contents

PENSKE AUTOMOTIVE GROUP, INC.

CONSOLIDATED CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS


	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023
	(Unaudited)
	(In millions)
Operating Activities:
Net income	$	459.1	$	602.2
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash from operating activities:
Depreciation	76.4		68.0
Earnings of equity method investments, net of distributions	(71.1)		(116.2)

Deferred income taxes	(2.0)		26.1

Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	101.2		26.5
Inventories	(305.6)		(274.2)
Floor plan notes payable	334.4		112.7
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	133.4		94.4
Other	(34.7)		65.0
Net cash provided by operating activities	691.1		604.5
Investing Activities:
Purchases of property, equipment, and improvements	(201.7)		(185.5)

Proceeds from sale of property and equipment	—		9.9
Acquisitions net, including repayment of sellers' floor plan notes payable of $101.9 and $21.3, respectively	(440.8)		(80.5)
Other	(8.8)		(5.3)
Net cash used in investing activities	(651.3)		(261.4)
Financing Activities:
Proceeds from borrowings under revolving U.S. credit agreement and mortgage facilities	1,829.2		1,355.7
Repayments under revolving U.S. credit agreement and mortgage facilities	(1,760.6)		(1,288.0)
Net borrowings of other debt	68.0		44.9
Net borrowings (repayments) of floor plan notes payable — non-trade	51.6		(2.4)

Repurchases of common stock	(58.1)		(328.1)
Payments of tax withholding for stock-based compensation	(18.3)		(22.4)
Dividends	(123.0)		(87.2)
Payment of debt issuance costs	(0.7)		(2.0)
Other	(8.2)		(0.1)
Net cash used in financing activities	(20.1)		(329.6)





Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	(1.0)		(0.4)
Net change in cash and cash equivalents	18.7		13.1
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	96.4		106.5
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	115.1	$	119.6
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
Cash paid for:
Interest	$	127.4	$	114.3
Income taxes	161.3		212.4

See Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements.

Table of Contents

PENSKE AUTOMOTIVE GROUP, INC.

CONSOLIDATED CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY


	Three Months Ended June 30, 2024
	Voting and Non-voting Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Retained Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Total Penske Automotive Group Stockholders' Equity		Non-controlling Interest		Total Equity
	Issued Shares	Amount
	(Unaudited)
	(Dollars in millions)
Balance, March 31, 2024	67,049,359	$	—	$	—	$	5,113.1	$	(297.3)	$	4,815.8	$	30.3	$	4,846.1

Equity compensation	10,724	—		7.7		—		—		7.7		—		7.7
Repurchases of common stock	(289,268)	—		(7.7)		(35.6)		—		(43.3)		—		(43.3)
Dividends	—	—		—		(64.4)		—		(64.4)		—		(64.4)

Distributions to non-controlling interest	—	—		—		—		—		—		(0.2)		(0.2)
Foreign currency translation	—	—		—		—		2.5		2.5		(0.1)		2.4
Other	—	—		—		—		(4.9)		(4.9)		—		(4.9)
Net income	—	—		—		241.2		—		241.2		1.7		242.9
Balance, June 30, 2024	66,770,815	$	—	$	—	$	5,254.3	$	(299.7)	$	4,954.6	$	31.7	$	4,986.3


	Three Months Ended June 30, 2023
	Voting and Non-voting Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Retained Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Total Penske Automotive Group Stockholders' Equity		Non-controlling Interest		Total Equity
	Issued Shares	Amount
	(Unaudited)
	(Dollars in millions)
Balance, March 31, 2023	69,000,558	$	—	$	—	$	4,635.8	$	(312.5)	$	4,323.3	$	28.1	$	4,351.4

Equity compensation	17,763	—		8.2		—		—		8.2		—		8.2
Repurchases of common stock	(1,713,232)	—		(8.2)		(233.8)		—		(242.0)		—		(242.0)
Dividends	—	—		—		(44.9)		—		(44.9)		—		(44.9)

Distributions to non-controlling interest	—	—		—		—		—		—		(2.4)		(2.4)
Foreign currency translation	—	—		—		—		33.3		33.3		0.1		33.4
Other	—	—		—		—		3.4		3.4		—		3.4
Net income	—	—		—		300.8		—		300.8		1.8		302.6
Balance, June 30, 2023	67,305,089	$	—	$	—	$	4,657.9	$	(275.8)	$	4,382.1	$	27.6	$	4,409.7

See Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements.

Table of Contents

PENSKE AUTOMOTIVE GROUP, INC.

CONSOLIDATED CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY


	Six Months Ended June 30, 2024
	Voting and Non-voting Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Retained Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Total Penske Automotive Group Stockholders' Equity		Non-controlling Interest		Total Equity
	Issued Shares	Amount
	(Unaudited)
	(Dollars in millions)
Balance, December 31, 2023	67,111,181	$	—	$	—	$	4,990.3	$	(264.1)	$	4,726.2	$	29.4	$	4,755.6

Equity compensation	170,231	—		15.3		—		—		15.3		—		15.3
Repurchases of common stock	(510,597)	—		(15.3)		(61.3)		—		(76.6)		—		(76.6)
Dividends	—	—		—		(123.0)		—		(123.0)		—		(123.0)

Distributions to non-controlling interest	—	—		—		—		—		—		(0.5)		(0.5)
Foreign currency translation	—	—		—		—		(34.3)		(34.3)		0.1		(34.2)
Other	—	—		—		(8.1)		(1.3)		(9.4)		—		(9.4)
Net income	—	—		—		456.4		—		456.4		2.7		459.1
Balance, June 30, 2024	66,770,815	$	—	$	—	$	5,254.3	$	(299.7)	$	4,954.6	$	31.7	$	4,986.3


	Six Months Ended June 30, 2023
	Voting and Non-voting Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Retained Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Total Penske Automotive Group Stockholders' Equity		Non-controlling Interest		Total Equity
	Issued Shares	Amount
	(Unaudited)
	(Dollars in millions)
Balance, December 31, 2022	69,681,891	$	—	$	—	$	4,483.3	$	(335.3)	$	4,148.0	$	26.8	$	4,174.8

Equity compensation	226,757	—		16.0		—		—		16.0		—		16.0
Repurchases of common stock	(2,603,559)	—		(16.0)		(337.3)		—		(353.3)		—		(353.3)
Dividends	—	—		—		(87.2)		—		(87.2)		—		(87.2)

Distributions to non-controlling interest	—	—		—		—		—		—		(2.7)		(2.7)
Foreign currency translation	—	—		—		—		51.3		51.3		0.4		51.7
Other	—	—		—		—		8.2		8.2		—		8.2
Net income	—	—		—		599.1		—		599.1		3.1		602.2
Balance, June 30, 2023	67,305,089	$	—	$	—	$	4,657.9	$	(275.8)	$	4,382.1	$	27.6	$	4,409.7

See Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements

Table of Contents

PENSKE AUTOMOTIVE GROUP, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

(In millions, except share and per share amounts)

1. Interim Financial Statements

Unless the context otherwise requires, the use of the terms "PAG," "we," "us," and "our" in these Notes to the Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements refers to Penske Automotive Group, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.

Business Overview and Concentrations

We are a diversified international transportation services company and one of the world's premier automotive and commercial truck retailers. We operate dealerships in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Germany, Italy, Japan, and Australia, and we are one of the largest retailers of commercial trucks in North America for Freightliner. We also distribute and retail commercial vehicles, diesel and gas engines, power systems, and related parts and services principally in Australia and New Zealand. Additionally, we own 28.9% of Penske Transportation Solutions, a business that manages one of the largest, most comprehensive and modern trucking fleets in North America with trucks, tractors, and trailers under lease, rental, and/or maintenance contracts, and provides innovative transportation, supply chain, and technology solutions to its customers.

Retail Automotive. As of June 30, 2024, we operated 362 retail automotive franchised dealerships, of which 152 are located in the U.S. and 210 are located outside of the U.S. The franchised dealerships outside of the U.S. are located primarily in the U.K. As of June 30, 2024, we also operated 18 used vehicle dealerships, with six dealerships in the U.S., 11 dealerships in the U.K., and one dealership in Australia.

Each of our franchised dealerships offers a wide selection of new and used vehicles for sale. In addition to selling new and used vehicles, we generate higher-margin revenue at each of our dealerships through maintenance and repair services, the sale and placement of third-party finance and insurance products, third-party extended service and maintenance contracts, replacement and aftermarket automotive products, and at certain of our locations, collision repair services. We operate our franchised dealerships under franchise agreements with a number of automotive manufacturers and distributors that are subject to certain rights and restrictions typical of the industry. Beginning in 2023, we transitioned some of our dealerships in the U.K. and Europe to an agency model under which we receive a fee for facilitating the sale by the manufacturer of a new vehicle but do not hold the vehicle in inventory. Vehicles sold under this agency model are counted as new agency units sold instead of new retail units sold by us, and only the fee we receive from the manufacturer, not the price of the vehicle, is reported as new revenue (as opposed to previously recording all of the vehicle sale price as new revenue) with no corresponding cost of sale. We continue to provide new vehicle customer service under the agency model, and the agency model at this time has not changed our used vehicle sales operations or service and parts operations, although the long-term impact of the agency model at these dealerships as well as other agency models proposed by our manufacturer partners is uncertain.

During the six months ended June 30, 2024, we acquired 16 retail automotive franchises and opened one retail automotive franchise in the U.K., acquired one Ford dealership and one Chrysler/Dodge/Jeep/Ram dealership in the U.S., acquired two retail automotive franchises in Italy, and acquired two retail automotive franchises and one used vehicle dealership in Australia. In the U.S., we closed one retail automotive franchise and one used vehicle dealership, and in the U.K., we closed one used vehicle dealership. In July 2024, we also acquired one Ford dealership in the U.S. and divested three of our U.K. CarShop locations, and we have transitioned our remaining U.K. CarShop locations to Sytner Select dealerships, having incorporated them within the broader Sytner network.

Retail Commercial Truck Dealership. We operate Premier Truck Group ("PTG"), a heavy- and medium-duty truck dealership group offering primarily Freightliner and Western Star trucks (both Daimler brands), with locations across 11 U.S. states and the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Manitoba. During the six months ended June 30, 2024, we acquired three full-service dealerships and two independent repair facilities in the U.S. As of June 30, 2024, PTG operated 48 locations selling new and/or used trucks, performing service and parts operations, or offering collision repair services.

Penske Australia. Penske Australia is the exclusive importer and distributor of Western Star heavy-duty trucks (a Daimler brand), MAN heavy- and medium-duty trucks and buses (a VW Group brand), and Dennis Eagle refuse collection vehicles, together with associated parts, across Australia, New Zealand, and portions of the Pacific. In most of these same markets, we are also a leading distributor of diesel and gas engines and power systems, principally representing MTU (a

Table of Contents

Rolls-Royce solution), Detroit Diesel, Allison Transmission, and Bergen Engines. Penske Australia offers products across the on- and off-highway markets, including in the trucking, mining, power generation, defense, marine, rail, and construction sectors and supports full parts and aftersales service through a network of branches, field service locations, and dealers across the region.

Penske Transportation Solutions. We hold a 28.9% ownership interest in Penske Truck Leasing Co., L.P. ("PTL"). PTL is owned 41.1% by Penske Corporation, 28.9% by us, and 30.0% by Mitsui & Co., Ltd. ("Mitsui"). We account for our investment in PTL under the equity method, and we therefore record our share of PTL's earnings on our statements of income under the caption "Equity in earnings of affiliates," which also includes the results of our other equity method investments. Penske Transportation Solutions ("PTS") is the universal brand name for PTL's various business lines through which it is capable of meeting customers' needs across the supply chain with a broad product offering that includes full-service truck leasing, truck rental, and contract maintenance along with logistic services, such as dedicated contract carriage, distribution center management, freight management, and dry van truckload carrier services.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited consolidated condensed financial statements of PAG have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). Certain information and disclosures normally included in our annual financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("U.S. GAAP") have been condensed or omitted pursuant to the SEC rules and regulations. The information presented as of June 30, 2024 and for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 is unaudited but includes all adjustments which our management believes to be necessary for the fair presentation of results for the periods presented. Results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the year. These consolidated condensed financial statements should be read in conjunction with our audited financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023, which are included as part of our Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The accounts requiring the use of estimates include accounts receivable, inventories, income taxes, intangible assets, leases, and certain reserves.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Accounting standards define fair value as the price that would be received from selling an asset, or paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability, in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Accounting standards establish a fair value hierarchy which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value and also establishes the following three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:


Level 1			Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities

Level 2			Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted market prices in markets that are not active, or model-derived valuations or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities

Level 3			Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities

Our financial instruments consist of cash and cash equivalents, debt, floor plan notes payable, and forward exchange contracts used to hedge future cash flows. Other than our fixed rate debt, the carrying amount of all significant financial instruments approximates fair value due either to length of maturity, the existence of variable interest rates that approximate prevailing market rates, or as a result of mark to market accounting.

Table of Contents

Our fixed rate debt consists of amounts outstanding under our senior subordinated notes and mortgage facilities. We estimate the fair value of our senior unsecured notes using quoted prices for the identical liability (Level 2), and we estimate the fair value of our mortgage facilities using a present value technique based on our current market interest rates for similar types of financial instruments (Level 2). A summary of our fixed rate debt is as follows:


	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
	Carrying Value	Fair Value	Carrying Value	Fair Value
3.50% senior subordinated notes due 2025	548.4	533.8	547.7	$	529.7
3.75% senior subordinated notes due 2029	496.2	448.9	495.8	444.4
Mortgage facilities (1)	453.7	427.6	402.1	378.5
_____________________
(1)In addition to fixed rate debt, our mortgage facilities also include revolving mortgage facilities through Toyota Motor Credit Corporation that bear interest at variable rates. The fair value equals the carrying value.

Income Taxes

Tax regulations may require items to be included in our tax return at different times than when those items are reflected in our financial statements. Some of the differences are permanent, such as expenses that are not deductible on our tax return, and some are temporary differences, such as the timing of depreciation expense. Temporary differences create deferred tax assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets generally represent items that will be used as a tax deduction or credit in our tax return in future years which we have already recorded in our financial statements. Deferred tax liabilities generally represent deductions taken on our tax return that have not yet been recognized as an expense in our financial statements. We establish valuation allowances for our deferred tax assets if the amount of expected future taxable income is not more likely than not to allow for the use of the deduction or credit.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Reference Rate Reform

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting." This ASU provides optional guidance for a limited time to ease the potential burden in accounting for reference rate reform. The new guidance provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying U.S. GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met. The amendments apply only to contracts and hedging relationships that reference the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") or another reference rate expected to be discontinued due to reference rate reform. Additionally, entities can elect to continue applying hedge accounting for hedging relationships affected by reference rate reform if certain conditions are met. In January 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-01, "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Scope." This ASU refines the scope of ASC 848 and clarifies some of its guidance as part of the Board's monitoring of global reference rate reform activities. The ASU permits entities to elect certain optional expedients and exceptions when accounting for derivative contracts and certain hedging relationships affected by changes in the interest rates used for discounting cash flows, for computing variation margin settlements, and for calculating price alignment interest in connection with reference rate reform activities. In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06, "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848." This ASU defers the sunset date of Topic 848 from December 31, 2022, to December 31, 2024, after which entities will no longer be permitted to apply the relief in Topic 848. These new standards were effective upon issuance and generally can be applied to applicable contract modifications. While some of our floorplan arrangements and certain credit agreements had historically used LIBOR as a benchmark for calculating the applicable interest rate, all of our agreements previously utilizing LIBOR have transitioned to an alternative benchmark rate on or before July 1, 2023. These changes have not had a significant impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.

Segment Reporting

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, "Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures." This ASU expands public entities’ segment disclosures by requiring disclosure of significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss and also requires that public entities provide all annual disclosures about a reportable segment’s profit or loss and assets in interim periods. This ASU is effective for financial statements issued for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024.

Table of Contents

Early adoption is permitted. The amendments should be applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. We are currently evaluating the impact of adopting this ASU on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

Income Taxes

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, "Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures." This ASU expands public entities’ annual income tax disclosures by requiring disclosure of specific categories in the rate reconciliation and disclosure of additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold. This ASU is effective for financial statements issued for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The amendments should be applied on a prospective basis with retrospective application permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of adopting this ASU on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

2. Revenues

Automotive and commercial truck dealerships generate the majority of our revenues. New and used vehicle revenues typically include sales to retail customers, to fleet customers, and to leasing companies providing consumer leasing. We generate finance and insurance revenues from sales of third-party extended service contracts, sales of third-party insurance policies, commissions relating to the sale of finance and lease contracts to third parties, and the sales of certain other products. Service and parts revenues include fees paid by customers for repair, maintenance and collision services, and the sale of replacement parts and other aftermarket accessories as well as warranty repairs that are reimbursed directly by various vehicle manufacturers. Revenues are recognized upon satisfaction of our performance obligations under contracts with our customers and are measured at the amount of consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for transferring goods or providing services. A discussion of revenue recognition by reportable segment is included below.

Retail Automotive and Retail Commercial Truck Dealership Revenue Recognition

Dealership Vehicle Sales. We record revenue for vehicle sales at a point in time when vehicles are delivered, which is when the transfer of title, risks and rewards of ownership, and control are considered passed to the customer. The amount of consideration we receive for vehicle sales, including any non-cash consideration representing the fair value of trade-in vehicles if applicable, is stated within the executed contract with our customer. Payment is typically due and collected within 30 days subsequent to transfer of control of the vehicle. For dealerships operating under an agency model, we receive a commission for each vehicle sale that we facilitate under the terms of the agency agreement with the manufacturer, which is recorded as new vehicle revenue.

Dealership Parts and Service Sales. We record revenue for vehicle service and collision work over time as work is completed and when parts are delivered to our customers. For service and parts revenues recorded over time, we utilize a method that considers total costs incurred to date and the applicable margin in relation to total expected efforts to complete our performance obligation in order to determine the appropriate amount of revenue to recognize over time. Recognition of this revenue over time reflects the amount of consideration we expect to be entitled to for the transfer of goods and services performed to date, representative of the amount for which we have a right to payment. The amount of consideration we receive for parts and service sales, including collision repair work, is based upon labor hours expended and parts utilized to perform and complete the necessary services to our customers. Payment is typically due upon delivery or within a period of time shortly thereafter. We receive payment from our customers upon transfer of control or within a period typically less than 30 days subsequent to the completion of services for the customer. We allow for customer returns of parts sales up to 30 days after the sale.

Dealership Finance and Insurance Sales. Subsequent to the sale of a vehicle to a customer, we sell installment sale contracts to various financial institutions on a non-recourse basis (with specified exceptions) to mitigate the risk of default. We receive a commission from the lender equal to either the difference between the interest rate charged to the customer and the interest rate set by the financing institution or a flat fee. We also receive commissions for facilitating the sale of various products to customers, including voluntary vehicle protection insurance, vehicle theft protection, and extended service contracts. These commissions are recorded as revenue at a point in time when the customer enters into the contract. Payment is typically due and collected within 30 days subsequent to the execution of the contract with the customer.

In the case of finance contracts, a customer may prepay or fail to pay their contract, thereby terminating the contract. Customers may also terminate extended service contracts and other insurance products, which are fully paid at purchase, and become eligible for refunds of unused premiums. In these circumstances, a portion of the commissions we received may be charged back based on the terms of the contracts. The revenue we record relating to these transactions is net of an

Table of Contents

estimate of the amount of chargebacks we will be required to pay. Our estimate is based upon our historical experience with similar contracts, including the impact of refinance and default rates on retail finance contracts and cancellation rates on extended service contracts and other insurance products. Aggregate reserves relating to chargeback activity were $48.5 million and $42.7 million as of June 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Commercial Vehicle Distribution and Other Revenue Recognition

Penske Australia. We record revenue from the distribution of vehicles and other products at a point in time when delivered, which is when the transfer of title, risks and rewards of ownership, and control are considered passed to the customer. We record revenue for service or repair work over time as work is completed and when parts are delivered to our customers. For service and parts revenues recorded over time, we utilize a method that considers total costs incurred to date and the applicable margin in relation to total expected efforts to complete our performance obligation in order to determine the appropriate amount of revenue to recognize over time. Recognition of this revenue over time reflects the amount of consideration we expect to be entitled to for the transfer of goods and services performed to date, representative of the amount for which we have a right to payment.

The amount of consideration we receive for vehicle and product sales is stated within the executed contract with our customer. The amount of consideration we receive for parts and service sales is based upon labor hours expended and parts utilized to perform and complete the necessary services to our customers. Payment is typically due upon delivery, upon invoice, or within a period of time shortly thereafter. We receive payment from our customers upon transfer of control or within a period typically within 45 days subsequent to transfer of control or invoice.

We record revenue from the distribution of engines and other products at a point in time when delivered, which is when the transfer of title, risks and rewards of ownership, and control are considered passed to the customer. We record revenue for service or repair work over time as work is completed and when parts are delivered to our customers. For service and parts revenues recorded over time, we utilize a method that considers total costs incurred to date and the applicable margin in relation to total expected efforts to complete our performance obligation in order to determine the appropriate amount of revenue to recognize over time. Recognition of revenue over time reflects the amount of consideration we expect to be entitled to for the transfer of goods and services performed to date, representative of the amount for which we have a right to payment.

For our long-term power generation contracts, we record revenue over time as services are provided in accordance with contract milestones, which is considered an output method that requires judgment to determine our progress towards contract completion and the corresponding amount of revenue to recognize. Any revisions to estimates related to revenues or costs to complete contracts are recorded in the period in which the revisions to estimates are identified and the amounts can be reasonably estimated.

The amount of consideration we receive for engine, product, and power generation sales is stated within the executed contract with our customer. The amount of consideration we receive for service sales is based upon labor hours expended and parts utilized to perform and complete the necessary services to our customers. Payment is typically due upon delivery, upon invoice, or within a period of time shortly thereafter. We receive payment from our customers upon transfer of control or within a period typically within 45 days subsequent to transfer of control or invoice.

Retail Automotive Dealership

The following tables disaggregate our retail automotive segment revenue by product type and geographic location for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023:


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
Retail Automotive Dealership Revenue	2024		2023		2024		2023
New vehicle	$	2,995.8	$	2,820.1	$	5,798.4	$	5,541.4
Used vehicle	2,275.8		2,330.3		4,612.0		4,627.4
Finance and insurance, net	208.7		214.1		414.7		420.9
Service and parts	752.8		685.2		1,498.9		1,368.2
Fleet and wholesale	382.3		356.3		769.4		747.9
Total retail automotive dealership revenue	$	6,615.4	$	6,406.0	$	13,093.4	$	12,705.8

Table of Contents


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
Retail Automotive Dealership Revenue	2024		2023		2024		2023
U.S.	$	3,712.7	$	3,537.0	$	7,127.7	$	6,915.2
U.K.	2,399.0		2,401.5		4,945.5		4,873.9
Germany, Italy, Japan, and Australia	503.7		467.5		1,020.2		916.7
Total retail automotive dealership revenue	$	6,615.4	$	6,406.0	$	13,093.4	$	12,705.8

Retail Commercial Truck Dealership

The following table disaggregates our retail commercial truck segment revenue by product type for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023:


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
Retail Commercial Truck Dealership Revenue	2024		2023		2024		2023
New truck	$	615.4	$	616.4	$	1,109.6	$	1,216.6
Used truck	48.7		52.4		111.1		101.9
Finance and insurance, net	4.2		5.0		9.5		10.0
Service and parts	219.2		232.1		442.8		460.1
Other	4.8		13.3		11.1		26.2
Total retail commercial truck dealership revenue	$	892.3	$	919.2	$	1,684.1	$	1,814.8

Commercial Vehicle Distribution and Other

Our other reportable segment relates to our Penske Australia business. Commercial vehicle distribution and other revenue was $189.0 million and $367.0 million, including $70.9 million and $137.9 million of service and parts revenue, during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, and $143.3 million and $286.9 million, including $68.0 million and $129.3 million of service and parts revenue, during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively.

Contract Balances

The following table summarizes our accounts receivable and unearned revenues as of June 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023:


	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Accounts receivable
Contracts in transit	$	281.6	$	361.9
Vehicle receivables	205.0		170.6
Manufacturer receivables	205.8		218.9
Trade receivables	325.9		344.1

Accrued expenses
Unearned revenues	$	301.0	$	280.2

Contracts in transit represent receivables from unaffiliated finance companies relating to the sale of customers' installment sales and lease contracts arising in connection with the sale of a vehicle by us. Vehicle receivables represent receivables for any portion of the vehicle sales price not paid by the finance company. Manufacturer receivables represent amounts due from manufacturers, including incentives, holdbacks, rebates, warranty claims, and other receivables due from the factory. Trade receivables represent receivables due from customers, including amounts due for parts and service sales as well as receivables due from finance companies and others for the commissions earned on financing and commissions earned on insurance and extended service products provided by third parties. We evaluate collectability of receivables and estimate an allowance for doubtful accounts based on the age of the receivable, contractual life, historical collection experience, current conditions, and forecasts of future economic conditions, which is recorded within "Accounts receivable" on our consolidated balance sheets with our receivables presented net of the allowance.

Table of Contents

Unearned revenues primarily relate to payments received from customers prior to satisfaction of our performance obligations, such as refundable customer deposits, non-refundable customer deposits, and deferred revenues from operating leases. These amounts are presented within "Accrued expenses and other current liabilities" on our consolidated balance sheets. Of the amounts recorded as unearned revenues as of December 31, 2023, $150.0 million was recognized as revenue during the six months ended June 30, 2024.

Additional Revenue Recognition Related Policies

We do not have any material significant payment terms associated with contracts with our customers. Payment is due and collected as previously detailed for each reportable segment. We do not offer material rights of return or service-type warranties.

Taxes collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities are recorded on a net basis (excluded from revenue). Shipping costs incurred subsequent to transfer of control to our customers are recognized as cost of sales. Sales promotions that we offer to customers are accounted for as a reduction of revenues at the time of sale.

3. Leases

We lease land and facilities, including certain dealerships and office space. Our property leases are generally for an initial period between 5 and 20 years and are typically structured to include renewal options at our election. We include renewal options that we are reasonably certain to exercise in the measurement of our lease liabilities and right-of-use assets. We also have equipment leases that primarily relate to office and computer equipment, service and shop equipment, company vehicles, and other miscellaneous items. These leases are generally for a period of less than 5 years. We do not have any material leases, individually or in the aggregate, classified as a finance leasing arrangement.

We estimate the total undiscounted rent obligations under these leases, including any extension periods that we are reasonably certain to exercise, to be $5.3 billion as of June 30, 2024. Some of our lease arrangements include rental payments that are adjusted based on an index or rate, such as the Consumer Price Index (CPI). As the rate implicit in the lease is generally not readily determinable for our operating leases, the discount rates used to determine the present value of our lease liability are based on our incremental borrowing rate at the lease commencement date and commensurate with the remaining lease term. Our incremental borrowing rate for a lease is the rate of interest we would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term for an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet.

Pursuant to the leases for some of our larger facilities, we are required to comply with specified financial ratios, including a "rent coverage" ratio and a ratio of debt to earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization ("EBITDA"), each as defined. For these leases, non-compliance with the ratios may require us to post collateral in the form of a letter of credit. A breach of the other lease covenants gives rise to certain remedies by the landlord, the most severe of which include the termination of the applicable lease and acceleration of the total rent payments due under the lease.

In connection with the sale, relocation, and closure of certain of our dealerships, we have entered into a number of third-party sublease agreements. The rent paid by our sub-tenants on such properties was $3.7 million and $7.6 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, and $4.3 million and $8.5 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively. We have in the past and may in the future enter into sale-leaseback transactions to finance certain property acquisitions and capital expenditures, pursuant to which we sell property to third parties and agree to lease those assets back for a certain period of time. Such sales generate proceeds that vary from period to period. We do not have any material leases that have not yet commenced as of June 30, 2024.

Table of Contents

The following table summarizes our net operating lease cost during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023:


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Lease Cost
Operating lease cost (1)	$	66.1	$	65.2	$	133.4	$	129.6
Sublease income	(3.7)		(4.3)		(7.6)		(8.5)
Total lease cost	$	62.4	$	60.9	$	125.8	$	121.1
_________________
(1)Includes short-term leases and variable lease costs, which are immaterial.

The following table summarizes supplemental cash flow information related to our operating leases:


	Six Months Ended June 30, 2024		Six Months Ended June 30, 2023
Other Information
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	133.5	$	129.3
Right-of-use assets modified or obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities, net	$	112.2	$	(4.4)

Supplemental balance sheet information related to the weighted average remaining lease term and discount rate of our leases is as follows:


	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Lease Term and Discount Rate
Weighted-average remaining lease term - operating leases	24 years		24 years
Weighted-average discount rate - operating leases	6.7	%	6.7	%

The following table summarizes the maturity of our lease liabilities on an undiscounted cash flow basis and a reconciliation to the operating lease liabilities recognized on our consolidated condensed balance sheet as of June 30, 2024:


Maturity of Lease Liabilities	June 30, 2024
2024 (1)	$	127.8
2025	252.1
2026	246.6
2027	237.1
2028	235.0
2029	228.8
2030 and thereafter	4,014.4
Total future minimum lease payments	$	5,341.8
Less: Imputed interest	(2,856.6)
Present value of future minimum lease payments	$	2,485.2

Current operating lease liabilities (2)	$	87.8
Long-term operating lease liabilities	2,397.4
Total operating lease liabilities	$	2,485.2
____________________
(1)Excludes the six months ended June 30, 2024.
(2)Included within "Accrued expenses and other current liabilities" on Consolidated Condensed Balance Sheet as of June 30, 2024.

Table of Contents

4. Inventories

Inventories consisted of the following:


	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Retail automotive dealership new vehicles	$	2,202.1	$	1,951.3
Retail automotive dealership used vehicles	1,103.5		1,186.3
Retail automotive parts, accessories, and other	164.9		156.2
Retail commercial truck dealership vehicles and parts	723.6		543.7
Commercial vehicle distribution vehicles, parts, and engines	511.8		455.6
Total inventories	$	4,705.9	$	4,293.1

We receive credits from certain vehicle manufacturers that reduce cost of sales when the vehicles are sold. Such credits amounted to $16.3 million and $11.4 million during the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $30.7 million and $24.7 million during the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

5. Business Combinations

During the six months ended June 30, 2024, we acquired 16 retail automotive franchises in the U.K., acquired two retail automotive franchises in Italy, and acquired two retail automotive franchises in Australia. We also acquired three full-service dealerships and two independent repair facilities in the U.S. adding to PTG's operations. The companies acquired during the six months ended June 30, 2024, generated $418.4 million of revenue and $8.3 million of pre-tax income from our date of acquisition through June 30, 2024. During the six months ended June 30, 2023, we acquired three full-service commercial truck dealerships and two service and parts centers in Canada adding to PTG's operations. Our financial statements include the results of operations of the acquired entities from the date of acquisition. The fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed have been recorded in our consolidated condensed financial statements and may be subject to adjustment pending completion of final valuation. The following table summarizes the aggregate consideration paid and the aggregate amounts of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023:


	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023
Accounts receivable	$	33.6	$	—
Inventories	135.0		25.3
Other current assets	0.2		0.1
Property and equipment	37.0		2.8
Indefinite-lived intangibles	319.8		54.1
Other noncurrent assets	—		—
Current liabilities	(62.4)		(1.8)
Noncurrent liabilities	(22.4)		—
Total cash used in acquisitions	$	440.8	$	80.5

Table of Contents

Our following unaudited consolidated pro forma results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 give effect to acquisitions consummated during 2024 and 2023 as if they had occurred on January 1, 2023. This pro forma information is based on historical results of operations, adjusted for the income statement effects of incremental interest expense directly resulting from the acquisitions and the related tax effects. The pro forma information is not necessarily indicative of the results that would have been achieved had the transactions occurred on the first day of each of the periods presented or that may be achieved in the future:


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Revenues	$	7,764.0	$	7,880.3	$	15,323.9	$	15,640.8

Net income attributable to Penske Automotive Group common stockholders	243.2		308.7		461.3		615.4

Net income per diluted common share	$	3.64	$	4.53	$	6.89	$	8.96

6. Intangible Assets

The following is a summary of the changes in the carrying amount of goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets during the six months ended June 30, 2024:


	Goodwill		Other Indefinite- Lived Intangible Assets
Balance, January 1, 2024	$	2,234.9	$	748.2
Additions	131.9		187.9
Disposals	—		—
Foreign currency translation	(10.4)		(4.2)
Balance, June 30, 2024	$	2,356.4	$	931.9

As of June 30, 2024, the goodwill balance for reporting units within our Retail Automotive, Retail Commercial Truck, and Other reportable segments was $1,776.5 million, $504.7 million, and $75.2 million, respectively. There is no goodwill recorded in our Non-Automotive Investments reportable segment.

7. Vehicle Financing

We finance substantially all of the commercial vehicles we purchase for distribution, new vehicles for retail sale, and a portion of our used vehicle inventories for retail sale under floor plan and other revolving arrangements with various lenders, including the captive finance companies associated with automotive manufacturers. In the U.S., the floor plan arrangements are due on demand; however, we have not historically been required to repay floor plan advances prior to the sale of the vehicles that have been financed. We typically make monthly interest payments on the amount financed. Outside of the U.S., substantially all of the floor plan arrangements are payable on demand or have an original maturity of 90 days or less, and we are generally required to repay floor plan advances at the earlier of the sale of the vehicles that have been financed or the stated maturity.

The agreements typically grant a security interest in substantially all of the assets of our dealership and distribution subsidiaries and in the U.S., Australia, and New Zealand are guaranteed or partially guaranteed by us. Interest rates under the arrangements are variable and increase or decrease based on changes in the prime rate, the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR"), the Sterling Overnight Index Average ("SONIA"), the Bank of England Base Rate, the Finance House Base Rate, the Euro Interbank Offered Rate, the Canadian Prime Rate, the Tokyo Interbank Offered Rate, the Australian Bank Bill Swap Rate, or the New Zealand Bank Bill Benchmark Rate. To date, we have not experienced any material limitation with respect to the amount or availability of financing from any institution providing us with vehicle financing. We also receive non-refundable credits from certain of our vehicle manufacturers, which are treated as a reduction of cost of sales as vehicles are sold.

The weighted average interest rate on floor plan borrowings was 4.9% and 4.2% for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. We classify floor plan notes payable to a party other than the manufacturer of a particular new vehicle and all floor plan notes payable relating to pre-owned vehicles as "Floor plan notes payable — non-trade" on our consolidated balance sheets and classify related cash flows as a financing activity on our consolidated statements of cash flows.

Table of Contents

8. Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income attributable to common stockholders by the number of weighted average shares of voting common stock outstanding, including unvested restricted stock awards which contain rights to non-forfeitable dividends. Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing net income attributable to common stockholders by the number of weighted average shares of voting common stock outstanding, adjusted for the dilutive impact of unissued shares paid to directors during the year as compensation. A reconciliation of the number of shares used in the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 follows:


	Three Months Ended June 30,		Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024	2023	2024	2023
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding	66,878,772	68,175,825	66,969,939	68,689,106
Effect of non-participatory equity compensation	16,776	15,003	16,776	15,003
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding, including effect of dilutive securities	66,895,548	68,190,828	66,986,715	68,704,109

9. Long-Term Debt

Long-term debt consisted of the following:


	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
U.S. credit agreement — revolving credit line	$	—	$	—
U.K. credit agreement — revolving credit line	118.9		—

3.50% senior subordinated notes due 2025	548.4		547.7
3.75% senior subordinated notes due 2029	496.2		495.8
Canada credit agreement	83.0		81.5


Australia credit agreement	21.0		62.7
Mortgage facilities	453.7		402.1
Other	45.1		39.4
Total long-term debt	1,766.3		1,629.2
Less: current portion	(171.7)		(209.7)
Net long-term debt	$	1,594.6	$	1,419.5

U.S. Credit Agreement

Our U.S. Credit Agreement with Mercedes-Benz Financial Services USA LLC, Toyota Motor Credit Corporation, and Daimler Truck Financial Services USA LLC (as amended, the "U.S. Credit Agreement") provides for up to $1.2 billion in revolving loans for working capital, acquisitions, capital expenditures, investments, and other general corporate purposes and provides up to an additional $75 million of letters of credit. The U.S. Credit Agreement provides for a maximum of $400 million of borrowings for foreign acquisitions and expires on September 30, 2026. The interest rate on revolving loans is based on an adjusted Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") plus 1.50%, with uncollateralized borrowings in excess of a defined borrowing base bearing interest at adjusted SOFR plus 3.00%.

The U.S. credit agreement is fully and unconditionally guaranteed on a joint and several basis by substantially all of our U.S. subsidiaries and contains a number of significant operating covenants that, among other things, restrict our ability to dispose of assets, incur additional indebtedness, repay certain other indebtedness, pay dividends, create liens on assets, make investments or acquisitions, and engage in mergers or consolidations. We are also required to comply with specified financial and other tests and ratios, each as defined in the U.S. credit agreement, including a ratio of current assets to current liabilities, a fixed charge coverage ratio, a ratio of debt to stockholders' equity, and a ratio of debt to earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization ("EBITDA"). A breach of these requirements would give rise to certain remedies under the agreement, the most severe of which is the termination of the agreement and acceleration of the amounts owed.

Table of Contents

The U.S. credit agreement also contains typical events of default, including change of control, non-payment of obligations, and cross-defaults to our other material indebtedness. Substantially all of our U.S. assets are subject to security interests granted to the lenders under the U.S. credit agreement. As of June 30, 2024, we had no revolver borrowings under the U.S. credit agreement.

U.K. Credit Agreement

Our U.K. credit agreement with the National Westminster Bank Plc and BMW Financial Services (GB) Limited provides up to a £200.0 million revolving line of credit to be used for working capital, acquisitions, capital expenditures, investments, and general corporate purposes. The revolving loans bear interest between defined Sterling Overnight Index Average (“SONIA”) plus 1.10% and defined SONIA plus 2.10%. In addition, the U.K. credit agreement includes a £100.0 million “accordion” feature which allows the U.K. subsidiaries to request up to an additional £100.0 million of facility capacity, subject to certain limitations. The lenders may agree to provide additional capacity, and, if not, the U.K. subsidiaries may add an additional lender, if available, to the facility to provide such additional capacity. Our U.K. credit agreement expires in January 2028. The U.K. credit agreement is guaranteed by the holding company of a majority of our international subsidiaries, PAG International Ltd. As of June 30, 2024, we had £94.0 million ($118.9 million) revolver borrowings under the U.K. credit agreement.

The U.K. credit agreement is fully and unconditionally guaranteed on a joint and several basis by our U.K. subsidiaries, and contains a number of significant covenants that, among other things, limit the ability of our U.K. subsidiaries to pay dividends, dispose of assets, incur additional indebtedness, repay other indebtedness, create liens on assets, make investments or acquisitions and engage in mergers or consolidations. In addition, our U.K. subsidiaries are required to comply with defined ratios and tests, including: a ratio of earnings before interest, taxes, amortization, and rental payments (“EBITAR”) to interest plus rental payments, a measurement of maximum capital expenditures, and a debt to EBITDA ratio. A breach of these requirements would give rise to certain remedies under the U.K. credit agreement, the most severe of which is the termination of the agreement and acceleration of any amounts owed.

The U.K. credit agreement also contains typical events of default, including change of control and non-payment of obligations and cross-defaults to other material indebtedness of our U.K. subsidiaries. Substantially all of our U.K. subsidiaries’ assets are subject to security interests granted to the lenders under the U.K. credit agreement.

Senior Subordinated Notes

We have issued the following senior subordinated notes:

Description

Maturity Date

Interest Payment Dates

Principal Amount

3.50% Notes

September 1, 2025

February 15, August 15

$550 million

3.75% Notes

June 15, 2029

June 15, December 15

$500 million

Each of these notes are our unsecured, senior subordinated obligations and are guaranteed on an unsecured senior subordinated basis by our 100% owned U.S. subsidiaries. Each also contains customary negative covenants and events of default. If we experience certain "change of control" events specified in the indentures, holders of these notes will have the option to require us to purchase for cash all or a portion of their notes at a price equal to 101% of the principal amount of the notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest. In addition, if we make certain asset sales and do not reinvest the proceeds thereof or use such proceeds to repay certain debt, we will be required to use the proceeds of such asset sales to make an offer to purchase the notes at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest. We may redeem the 3.50% Notes and the 3.75% Notes at the redemption prices noted in the respective indentures.

Canada Credit Agreement

One of our Canadian subsidiaries is party to a CAD $150.0 million revolving line of credit with Daimler Truck Financial Services Canada Corporation ("DTFS") which we use in relation to our Canadian Premier Truck Group retail operations (the "Canada credit agreement"). The Canada credit agreement bears interest at a rate of Canadian Prime (determined by the Royal Bank of Canada) ("Canadian Prime Rate") minus 0.50%; provided that DTFS is entitled to demand repayment of any outstanding borrowings under the Canada revolving note and, following such demand, the interest rate on outstanding borrowings shall be increased to the Canadian Prime Rate plus 2.00%. The Canada credit agreement is guaranteed by PAG International Ltd. As of June 30, 2024, we had CAD $113.5 million ($83.0 million) of outstanding borrowings under the Canada credit agreement.

Table of Contents

Australia Credit Agreement

Penske Australia is party to an AU $100.0 million credit agreement with Daimler Truck Financial Services Australia Pty Ltd (the "Australia credit agreement"). The Australia credit agreement provides the lender with a secured interest in all assets of these businesses, is terminable with six months' notice, and carries an interest rate of Australian BBSW 30-day Bill Rate plus 2.29%. As of June 30, 2024, we had AU $31.5 million ($21.0 million) outstanding borrowings under the Australia credit agreement.

Mortgage Facilities

We are party to mortgages that bear interest at defined rates and require monthly principal and interest payments. We also have a revolving mortgage facility with Toyota Motor Credit Corporation in the U.S. Our maximum borrowing capacity under the mortgage facility is $350.0 million, contingent on property values. Our actual borrowing capacity as of June 30, 2024, was $258.7 million. The facility bears interest at the prime rate minus 1.68% and expires in December 2028. As of June 30, 2024, we had $78.0 million outstanding borrowings under this mortgage facility. Our mortgage facilities also contain typical events of default, including non-payment of obligations, cross-defaults to our other material indebtedness, certain change of control events, and the loss or sale of certain dealerships operated at the properties. Substantially all of the buildings and improvements on the properties financed pursuant to the mortgage facilities are subject to security interests granted to the lender. As of June 30, 2024, we owed $453.7 million of principal under all of our mortgage facilities.

10. Commitments and Contingent Liabilities

We are involved in litigation which may relate to claims brought by governmental authorities, issues with customers, and employment related matters, including class action claims and purported class action claims. As of June 30, 2024, we were not party to any legal proceedings, including class action lawsuits that, individually or in the aggregate, are reasonably expected to have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, or cash flows. However, the results of these matters cannot be predicted with certainty, and an unfavorable resolution of one or more of these matters could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, or cash flows.

We lease land and facilities, including certain dealerships and office space. Pursuant to the leases for some of our larger facilities, we are required to comply with specified financial ratios, including a "rent coverage" ratio and a debt to EBITDA ratio, each as defined. For these leases, non-compliance with the ratios may require us to post collateral in the form of a letter of credit. A breach of the other lease covenants gives rise to certain remedies by the landlord, the most severe of which include the termination of the applicable lease and acceleration of the total rent payments due under the lease. Refer to the disclosures provided in Note 3 for further description of our leases.

We have sold a number of dealerships to third parties and as a condition to certain of those sales, remain liable for the lease payments relating to the properties on which those businesses operate in the event of non-payment by the buyer. We are also party to lease agreements on properties that we no longer use in our retail operations that we have sublet to third parties. We rely on subtenants to pay the rent and maintain the property at these locations. In the event the subtenant does not perform as expected, we may not be able to recover amounts owed to us, and we could be required to fulfill these obligations. We believe we have made appropriate reserves relating to these locations.

Our floor plan credit agreements with Daimler Truck Financial Services Australia and Mercedes-Benz Financial Services New Zealand ("MBA") provide us revolving loans for the acquisition of commercial vehicles for distribution to our retail network. These facilities include a commitment to repurchase dealer vehicles in the event the dealer's floor plan agreement with MBA is terminated.

We have $23.9 million of letters of credit outstanding and $16.0 million of bank guarantees as of June 30, 2024, and have posted $18.2 million of surety bonds in the ordinary course of business.

Table of Contents

11. Equity

A summary of shares repurchased under our securities repurchase program, and shares acquired, is as follows:


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Shares repurchased (1)	169,206		1,551,058		390,535		2,441,385
Aggregate purchase price	$	25.2	$	217.8	$	58.1	$	328.0
Average purchase price per share	$	149.07	$	140.44	$	148.87	$	134.36

Additional Shares acquired (2)	120,062		162,174		120,062		162,174
Aggregate purchase price	$	18.3	$	22.4	$	18.3	$	22.4
Average purchase price per share	$	152.10	$	138.43	$	152.10	$	138.43
________________________
(1)Shares were repurchased under our securities repurchase program. We had $157.4 million in repurchase authorization remaining under the repurchase program as of June 30, 2024.
(2)Shares were acquired from employees in connection with a net share settlement feature of employee equity awards.

12. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) by component during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, attributable to Penske Automotive Group common stockholders follows:

Three Months Ended June 30, 2024


	Foreign Currency Translation		Other		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Balance at March 31, 2024	$	(299.4)	$	2.1	$	(297.3)


Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	2.5		(4.9)		(2.4)
Balance at June 30, 2024	$	(296.9)	$	(2.8)	$	(299.7)

Three Months Ended June 30, 2023


	Foreign Currency Translation		Other		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Balance at March 31, 2023	$	(310.1)	$	(2.4)	$	(312.5)


Other comprehensive income, net of tax	33.3		3.4		36.7
Balance at June 30, 2023	$	(276.8)	$	1.0	$	(275.8)

Six Months Ended June 30, 2024


	Foreign Currency Translation		Other		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Balance at December 31, 2023	$	(262.6)	$	(1.5)	$	(264.1)


Other comprehensive loss - net of tax	(34.3)		(1.3)		(35.6)
Balance at June 30, 2024	$	(296.9)	$	(2.8)	$	(299.7)

Table of Contents

Six Months Ended June 30, 2023


	Foreign Currency Translation		Other		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	(328.1)	$	(7.2)	$	(335.3)


Other comprehensive income - net of tax	51.3		8.2		59.5
Balance at June 30, 2023	$	(276.8)	$	1.0	$	(275.8)

13. Segment Information

Our operations are organized by management into operating segments by line of business and geography. We have determined that we have four reportable segments as defined in generally accepted accounting principles for segment reporting: (i) Retail Automotive, consisting of our retail automotive dealership operations; (ii) Retail Commercial Truck, consisting of our retail commercial truck dealership operations in the U.S. and Canada; (iii) Other, consisting of our commercial vehicle and power systems distribution operations; and (iv) Non-Automotive Investments, consisting of our equity method investments in non-automotive operations which includes our investment in PTS and other various investments. The Retail Automotive reportable segment includes all automotive dealerships and all departments relevant to the operation of the dealerships and our retail automotive joint ventures. The individual dealership operations included in the Retail Automotive reportable segment represent two operating segments: United States Retail Automotive and International Retail Automotive. These operating segments have been aggregated into one reportable segment as their operations (A) have similar economic characteristics (all are automotive dealerships having similar margins), (B) offer similar products and services (all sell new and/or used vehicles, service, parts, and third-party finance and insurance products), (C) have similar target markets and customers (generally individuals), and (D) have similar distribution and marketing practices (all distribute products and services through dealership facilities that market to customers in similar fashions). Revenue and segment income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 follows:

Three Months Ended June 30,


	Retail Automotive		Retail Commercial Truck		Other		Non-Automotive Investments		Total
Revenues
2024	$	6,615.4	$	892.3	$	189.0	$	—	$	7,696.7
2023	6,406.0		$	919.2	$	143.3	$	—	$	7,468.5
Segment income
2024	$	210.4	$	51.7	$	10.6	$	52.8	$	325.5
2023	261.1		$	55.5	$	10.4	$	73.3	$	400.3

Six Months Ended June 30,


	Retail Automotive		Retail Commercial Truck		Other		Non-Automotive Investments		Total
Revenues
2024	$	13,093.4	$	1,684.1	$	367.0	$	—	$	15,144.5
2023	12,705.8		$	1,814.8	$	286.9	$	—	$	14,807.5
Segment income
2024	$	408.8	$	102.2	$	24.2	$	85.1	$	620.3
2023	517.8		$	112.6	$	22.5	$	154.3	$	807.2

Table of Contents

Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

This Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those discussed in Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, Part II, Item 1A. "Risk Factors" in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2024, and Part II, Item 1A. "Risk Factors" in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and those in our other periodic reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, and "Forward-Looking Statements." We have acquired and initiated a number of businesses during the periods presented and addressed in this Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. Our financial statements include the results of operations of those businesses from the date acquired or when they commenced operations. Our period-to-period results of operations may vary depending on the dates of acquisitions or disposals.

Overview

We are a diversified international transportation services company and one of the world's premier automotive and commercial truck retailers. We operate dealerships in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Germany, Italy, Japan, and Australia, and we are one of the largest retailers of commercial trucks in North America for Freightliner. We also distribute and retail commercial vehicles, diesel and gas engines, power systems, and related parts and services principally in Australia and New Zealand. We employ over 28,850 people worldwide. Additionally, we own 28.9% of Penske Transportation Solutions, a business that employs over 44,000 people worldwide, manages one of the largest, most comprehensive and modern trucking fleets in North America with over 446,000 trucks, tractors, and trailers under lease, rental, and/or maintenance contracts, and provides innovative transportation, supply chain, and technology solutions to its customers.

Business Overview

During the six months ended June 30, 2024, our business generated $15.1 billion in total revenue, which is comprised of approximately $13.1 billion from retail automotive dealerships, $1.7 billion from retail commercial truck dealerships, and $367.0 million from commercial vehicle distribution and other operations. We generated $2.5 billion in gross profit, which is comprised of $2.1 billion from retail automotive dealerships, $289.3 million from retail commercial truck dealerships, and $87.8 million from commercial vehicle distribution and other operations.

Retail Automotive. We are one of the largest global automotive retailers as measured by the $25.2 billion in total retail automotive dealership revenue we generated in 2023. We are diversified geographically with 54% of our total retail automotive dealership revenues in the six months ended June 30, 2024, generated in the U.S. and Puerto Rico and 46% generated outside of the U.S. We offer over 40 vehicle brands with 72% of our retail automotive franchised dealership revenue generated from premium brands, such as Audi, BMW, Land Rover, Mercedes-Benz, and Porsche, in the six months ended June 30, 2024. As of June 30, 2024, we operated 362 retail automotive franchised dealerships, of which 152 are located in the U.S. and 210 are located outside of the U.S. The franchised dealerships outside of the U.S. are located primarily in the U.K. As of June 30, 2024, we also operated 18 used vehicle dealerships, with six dealerships in the U.S., 11 dealerships in the U.K., and one dealership in Australia. We retailed and wholesaled, including agency units, more than 308,000 vehicles in the six months ended June 30, 2024.