UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM
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* | t for trading, but only in connection with the listing on The Nasdaq Global Select Market of American depositary shares. |
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† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.
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(APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS)
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds | 126 | ||
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Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers | 127 | ||
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Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions That Prevent Inspections | 128 | ||
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i
INTRODUCTION
Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, references in this annual report to:
| ● | “active merchants” in a given period are to merchant accounts that had one or more orders shipped to a buyer on our platforms in that period, regardless of whether the buyer returns the merchandise or the merchant refunds the purchase price; |
| ● | “ADSs” are to our American depositary shares, each of which represents four Class A ordinary shares, par value US$0.000005 each; |
| ● | “China” or the “PRC” are to the People’s Republic of China; |
| ● | “our platforms” are to the Pinduoduo platform and the Temu platform; |
| ● | “PDD Holdings,” “we,” “us,” “our company,” “the Company,” and “our” are to PDD Holdings Inc. (formerly known as Pinduoduo Inc.), our Cayman Islands holding company, its direct and indirect subsidiaries, and, in the context of describing our operations and consolidated financial information, the VIE (as defined below); |
| ● | “Pinduoduo” or “Pinduoduo platform” are to our Pinduoduo mobile app and a variety of related features, functionalities, tools and services that we provide to buyers and merchants via the Pinduoduo mobile app and through social networks and access points; |
| ● | “RMB” and “Renminbi” are to the legal currency of mainland China; |
| ● | “SEC” are to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission; |
| ● | “shares” or “ordinary shares” are to our Class A and Class B ordinary shares, par value US$0.000005 per share; |
| ● | “Temu” or “Temu platform” are to our Temu mobile app and website and a variety of related features, functionalities, tools and services that we provide to buyers and merchants via the Temu mobile app and website; |
| ● | “US$,” “U.S. dollars,” “$,” and “dollars” are to the legal currency of the United States; and |
| ● | “VIE” are to Hangzhou Aimi Network Technology Co., Ltd., or Hangzhou Aimi, a PRC entity in which we do not have equity interests but whose financial results are consolidated into our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. |
Our reporting currency is Renminbi. This annual report contains translations of Renminbi amounts into U.S. dollars at specific rates solely for the convenience of the readers. Unless otherwise noted, all translations from Renminbi to U.S. dollars and from U.S. dollars to Renminbi in this annual report were made at a rate of RMB7.0999 to US$1.00, the exchange rate on December 29, 2023 as set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. We make no representation that any Renminbi or U.S. dollar amounts could have been, or could be, converted into U.S. dollars or Renminbi, as the case may be, at any particular rate or at all.
1
FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION
This annual report contains forward-looking statements that reflect our current expectations and views of future events. The forward-looking statements are contained principally in the sections entitled “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors,” “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview” and “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects.” These forward-looking statements are made under the “safe-harbor” provisions of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, including those listed under “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors,” may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.
You can identify some of these forward-looking statements by words or phrases such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “aim,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “is/are likely to,” “potential,” “continue” or other similar expressions. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy and financial needs. These forward-looking statements include statements relating to:
| ● | our growth strategies; |
| ● | our future business development, financial conditions and results of operations; |
| ● | the trends in the e-commerce industry in the countries or regions where we have operations; |
| ● | our expectations regarding demand for and market acceptance of our products and services; |
| ● | our expectations regarding our relationships with buyers and merchants; |
| ● | competition in our industry; and |
| ● | government policies and regulations relating to us, and their future development. |
These forward-looking statements involve various risks and uncertainties. Although we believe that our expectations expressed in these forward-looking statements are reasonable, our expectations may later be found to be incorrect. Our actual results could be materially different from our expectations. Important risks and factors that could cause our actual results to be materially different from our expectations are generally set forth in “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors,” “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview,” “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects,” and other sections in this annual report. You should read thoroughly this annual report and the documents that we refer to with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from and worse than what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.
This annual report contains certain data and information that we obtained from various government and private publications. We have not independently verified the accuracy or completeness of the data contained in these industry publications and reports. Statistical data in these publications also include projections based on a number of assumptions. The e-commerce industry may not grow at the rate projected by market data, or at all. Failure of this market to grow at the projected rate may have a material and adverse effect on our business and the market price of our ADSs. In addition, the rapidly evolving nature of the e-commerce industry results in significant uncertainties for any projections or estimates relating to the growth prospects or future condition of our market. Furthermore, if any one or more of the assumptions underlying the market data are later found to be incorrect, actual results may differ from the projections based on these assumptions. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements.
The forward-looking statements made in this annual report relate only to events or information as of the date on which the statements are made in this annual report. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, after the date on which the statements are made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. You should read this annual report and the documents that we refer to in this annual report and exhibits to this annual report completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect.
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PART I
Item 1. Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers
Not applicable.
Item 2. Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable
Not applicable.
Item 3. Key Information
Our Company
PDD Holdings is a multinational commerce group that owns and operates a portfolio of businesses. We aim to bring more businesses and people into the digital economy so that local communities and small businesses can benefit from increased productivity and new opportunities.
Our Pinduoduo platform provides buyers with a comprehensive selection of value-for-money merchandise and fun and interactive shopping experiences. The platform pioneered an innovative “team purchase” model. Buyers are encouraged to share product information on social networks, and invite their friends, family and social contacts to form shopping teams to enjoy the more attractive prices available under the “team purchase” option. Pinduoduo’s buyer base helps attract merchants to the platform, while the scale of the platform’s sales volume encourages merchants to offer more competitive prices and customized products and services to buyers, thus forming a virtuous cycle.
We have always seen business opportunities in agriculture, and we seize these opportunities by leveraging the Pinduoduo platform to promote digital inclusion of smallholder farmers. The ability to aggregate demand and generate large volumes of orders helps create economies of scale for farmer merchants. Farmers can sell directly to consumers through the platform and become less dependent on wholesale distributors. Dedicated training programs are offered to enable farmers to become better business operators. We collaborate with reputable agricultural institutions to invest in technology and fund research with the objective of improving food production, quality control, food safety and sustainability, so that a greater volume of better, fresher and safer agricultural products can go directly from farm to table.
Temu was founded in September 2022 in Boston, Massachusetts, the United States. As a new initiative at an early stage of development, Temu aspires to become a global online platform dedicated to providing quality products to consumers at attractive prices. In partnership with a global network of logistics vendors and fulfillment partners, Temu empowers merchants with value-added services that enables a broader market reach.
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Our Holding Company Structure and Contractual Arrangements with the VIE
We conduct our businesses through a number of operating entities incorporated in jurisdictions across the globe. The following diagram illustrates our corporate structure, including our principal subsidiaries and the VIE and its principal subsidiary, as of the date of this annual report:
(1) | Mr. Lei Chen and Mr. Jianchong Zhu hold 86.6% and 13.4% equity interests in Hangzhou Aimi, respectively. They are employees of our company and have entered into a series of contractual arrangements with Hangzhou Weimi, pursuant to which the Company has control over and is the primary beneficiary of Hangzhou Aimi. |
(2) | Through intermediary holding entities. |
Holders of our ADSs hold equity interests in PDD Holdings Inc., a Cayman Islands holding company that does not conduct operations directly. Instead, we conduct our operations through (i) our subsidiaries, (ii) the VIE, and (iii) the subsidiaries of the VIE. We do not have any equity ownership in the VIE or its subsidiaries, through which we conduct certain of our operations in mainland China. We only maintain contractual arrangements with the VIE which allows us to consolidate the financial results of the VIE and its subsidiaries into our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Holders of our ADSs therefore do not have direct or indirect equity interests in the VIE and its subsidiaries.
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The VIE structure allows foreign investors to have exposure to China-based operating companies that are subject to restrictions on direct foreign investment under Chinese law. In particular, certain PRC laws and regulations restrict and impose conditions on foreign investment in value-added telecommunications services businesses in mainland China, such as those providing internet content-related services and online data processing and transaction processing services. Accordingly, we operate these businesses in mainland China through the VIE and its subsidiaries, and rely on contractual arrangements among Hangzhou Weimi, the VIE and its shareholders to direct the business operations of the VIE and its subsidiaries. The VIE was established in April 2015 and holds the value-added telecommunication business operation license, or the VATS License, covering online data processing and transaction processing business (operating e-commerce) and internet content-related services. Shanghai Xunmeng was established in January 2014 and holds the VATS License covering (i) online data processing and transaction processing business (operating e-commerce), (ii) internet content-related services, (iii) call center business within mainland China, and (iv) information services.
The VIE structure consists of a series of contractual arrangements, including a shareholders’ voting rights proxy agreement, equity pledge agreement, spousal consent letter, exclusive consulting and services agreement and exclusive option agreement, that have been entered into by and among Hangzhou Weimi, the VIE, the VIE’s shareholders and, as applicable, their spouses. As a result of the contractual arrangements, we are able to direct the activities of and derive economic benefits from the VIE. We are considered the primary beneficiary of the VIE and its subsidiaries for accounting purposes, and we have consolidated their financial results in our consolidated financial statements. Revenues contributed by the VIE and its subsidiaries accounted for 59.3%, 56.2% and 45.7% of our total revenues for 2021, 2022 and 2023, respectively. For more details of these contractual arrangements, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure—Contractual Arrangements with the VIE and Its Shareholders.”
However, the use of these contractual arrangements involves unique risks to investors. The contractual arrangements do not, and may never, provide holders of our ADSs with direct or indirect equity ownership in the VIE and its subsidiaries. Although the contractual arrangements enable us to direct the activities of and derive economic benefits from the VIE, any control that we have over, as well as any economic benefits that we may derive from, the VIE depend on the enforceability of the contractual arrangements that we have entered into with the VIE and its shareholders. Although King & Wood Mallesons, our PRC legal counsel, has advised us that these contractual arrangements are legal, valid, binding and enforceable in accordance with their terms and applicable PRC laws and regulations, they have also advised us that there are uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of the current and future PRC laws and regulations over the validity of our contractual arrangements with the VIE. As of the date of this annual report, the legality and enforceability of these contractual arrangements, as a whole, have not been tested in any PRC court. There is no guarantee that these contractual arrangements, as a whole, would be enforceable if they were tested in a PRC court, and we may incur substantial costs to enforce the terms of the arrangements. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—We rely on contractual arrangements with the VIE and its shareholders for a large portion of our business operations, which may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing operational control” and “—The shareholders of the VIE may have potential conflicts of interest with us, which may materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition.”
In addition, the PRC authorities may also disallow the use of VIE structures. If the whole or any part of our contractual arrangements with the VIE is found to be unenforceable, or if the PRC authorities disallow the use of VIE structures, we may not be able to consolidate, derive economic interests from, or direct the activities of the VIE and its subsidiaries, which could result in a material adverse change in the financial performance of our company and cause our ADSs to decline in value or become worthless. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—If the PRC government determines that the contractual arrangements that establish part of the VIE structure do not comply with the PRC regulations relating to the relevant industries, or if these regulations or the interpretation of existing regulations change in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in our operations in China, and our ADSs may decline in value or become worthless.”
Our Operations in China Are Subject to PRC Laws and Regulations
The operations of the businesses that we own and operate in China are subject to PRC laws and regulations. The laws and regulations governing the internet industry in China, as well as the application and interpretation of some of them, are relatively new and quickly evolving. For example, our operations in China are subject to regulatory approvals and permit requirements, oversight on cybersecurity and data privacy, and anti-monopoly and anti-unfair competition laws, with respect to which the applicable laws and regulations have evolved substantially in recent years. For more information see “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations in the PRC” in this annual report.
5
As of the date of this annual report, our PRC subsidiaries, the VIE and its subsidiaries have obtained the requisite licenses and permits from the PRC government authorities that are material for our business operations in China, including, among others, VATS Licenses. New laws and regulations may be adopted from time to time, which may require us to obtain additional licenses and permits for our operations and services. If, in the future, we offer new functions and services in China, we may be required to obtain additional licenses, permits, filings or approvals for such functions or services. If we fail to obtain such additional licenses, permits, filings or approvals, our business and results of operations, as well as the value of our ADSs, may be materially and adversely affected. For more information, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—Any lack of additional requisite approvals, licenses or permits or failure to comply with any requirements of the applicable laws, regulations and policies may materially and adversely affect our daily operations and hinder our growth.”
The PRC governmental authorities have promulgated PRC laws and regulations relating to cybersecurity review and listings outside of mainland China. Pursuant to the Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, effective as of the date of this annual report, a special purpose vehicle incorporated outside of mainland China that (i) was formed for listing purposes through the acquisition of mainland China companies and (ii) is controlled by mainland China persons or entities must obtain the approval of the China Securities Regulatory Commission, or the CSRC, before it can list its securities on a stock exchange outside of mainland China. Based on the advice of King & Wood Mallesons, our PRC legal counsel, we are of the view that none of us, our mainland China subsidiaries, the VIE or its subsidiaries is required under the M&A Rules to obtain any permission from the CSRC for our previous securities offerings because (a) our mainland China subsidiaries were incorporated through direct investment, rather than by the acquisition, through merger or otherwise, of the equity interests or assets of a mainland China company owned by mainland China entities or individuals that are the Company’s beneficial owners, and (b) the Company does not constitute a “special purpose vehicle” to which the relevant provisions of the M&A Rules would apply.
The Data Security Law, the Regulations on the Protection of Critical Information Infrastructure, and the Cybersecurity Review Measures promulgated by the PRC authorities (collectively, the “Cybersecurity Laws”) impose cybersecurity review obligations on critical information infrastructure operators and network platform operators. Critical information infrastructure operators, as determined and notified by the applicable governing authorities, are required to undergo cybersecurity reviews if they procure network products and services which could affect the security of their information infrastructure, network or data. As of the date of this annual report, we have not received any notice that we are a critical information infrastructure operator from any government authority. Nor have we received any request from the Cyberspace Administration of China, or the CAC, to undergo a cybersecurity review pursuant to the Cybersecurity Laws. Moreover, none of us, our PRC subsidiaries, the VIE or its subsidiaries has received any notice from any PRC authority requiring us to obtain any permissions, in each case in connection with our previous issuance of securities to investors outside the PRC.
However, in connection with any future capital markets activities, we may need to obtain permission from the CSRC, undergo a cybersecurity review conducted by the CAC or meet other regulatory requirements that may be adopted in the future by the PRC authorities. To the extent such requirements are or become applicable, we cannot assure you that we would be able to comply with them. Any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining such permission, clearing such review process or meeting such requirements would subject us to restrictions and penalties imposed by the CSRC, the CAC or other PRC regulatory authorities, which could include fines and penalties on our operations in mainland China, delays of or restrictions on the repatriation of the proceeds from our offerings into mainland China, restrictions on our ability to remain listed on a U.S. exchange, or other actions that could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects, as well as significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer our securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless. For more information, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—Our business generates and processes a large amount of data, and we are required to comply with laws relating to privacy and cybersecurity. The improper use or disclosure of data could have a material and adverse effect on our business and prospects” and “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Multi-jurisdictional Operations—Under PRC laws, the approval of or filing with the CSRC or other PRC government authorities may be required in connection with our previous or future offerings, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or for how long we will be able to obtain such approval or complete such filing.”
6
In February 2021, the Anti-monopoly Committee of the State Council of the PRC published the Anti-monopoly Guidelines for the Platform Economy Sector, aiming to enhance anti-monopoly administration of businesses that operate under the platform model and the overall platform economy in China. According to these guidelines, business practices such as deploying big data analytics to set discriminatory terms for merchandise prices or other transaction terms, coercive exclusivity arrangements with transaction counterparties, blocking of competitor interface through technological means and unlawful collection of user data without consent, are prohibited. The heightened regulatory scrutiny of business operators under the Anti-monopoly Law may increase our compliance costs and subject us to heightened risks and challenges that may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. For more information, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—We may be subject to claims under consumer protection laws, including health and safety claims and product liability claims, if property or people are harmed by the products and services sold on our platforms. Meanwhile, we are subject to existing and new laws and regulations imposing various requirements on our business operations.”
The Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act
Pursuant to the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the HFCA Act, if the SEC determines that we have filed audit reports issued by a registered public accounting firm that has not been subject to inspections by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or the PCAOB, for two consecutive years, the SEC will prohibit our shares or the ADSs from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter trading market in the United States. On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a report to notify the SEC of its determination that the PCAOB was unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China or Hong Kong, including our auditor.
In May 2022, the SEC conclusively listed us as a Commission-Identified Issuer under the HFCA Act following the filing of our annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB issued a report that vacated its December 16, 2021 determination and removed mainland China and Hong Kong from the list of jurisdictions where it is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms. We were therefore not identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer under the HFCA Act after we filed our annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.
Each year, the PCAOB will determine whether it can inspect and investigate completely audit firms in mainland China and Hong Kong, among other jurisdictions. As of the date of this annual report, the PCAOB has not issued any new determination that it is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in any jurisdiction. If the PCAOB determines in the future that it no longer has full access to inspect and investigate completely accounting firms in certain jurisdictions, and we use an accounting firm headquartered in one of those jurisdictions to issue an audit report on our financial statements to be filed with the SEC, we would be identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer following the filing of the annual report on Form 20-F for the relevant fiscal year. There can be no assurance that we would not be identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer for any future fiscal year, and if we were so identified for two consecutive years, we would become subject to the prohibition on trading under the HFCA Act. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Multi-jurisdictional Operations—The PCAOB had historically been unable to inspect our auditor in relation to their audit work performed for our financial statements and the inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of our auditor in the past has deprived our investors of the benefits of such inspections” and “—Our ADSs may be prohibited from trading in the United States under the HFCA Act in the future if the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely auditors located in mainland China or Hong Kong. The delisting of the ADSs, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment.”
Summary of Risk Factors
Investing in our ADSs involves significant risks. You should carefully consider all of the information in this annual report before making an investment in our ADSs. Below please find a summary of the principal risks we face, organized under relevant headings. These risks are discussed more fully in the section titled “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors.” While businesses in Hong Kong and Macau operate under a different set of laws from mainland China, in the event and to the extent that PRC regulations become fully and directly applicable to companies in Hong Kong and Macau, the legal risks associated with operating in mainland China, as discussed in “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry,” may also apply to operating in Hong Kong and Macau.
7
Risks Related to Our Business and Industry
Risks and uncertainties related to our business and industry include, but are not limited to, the following:
| ● | Our historical performance may not be indicative of our future growth or financial results. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to maintain the growth rate that we have experienced to date. |
| ● | If we fail to anticipate buyer needs and provide products and services to attract and retain buyers, or fail to adapt our services or business model to changing buyer needs or emerging industry standards, our business may be materially and adversely affected. |
| ● | Any harm to our brands or reputation may materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations. |
| ● | Products sold on our platforms are delivered to buyers through a variety of third-party logistics service providers, third-party warehouse operators, third-party pick-up point operators and/or e-waybill systems. Service interruptions, failures, or constraints of these third parties or any disruptions or malfunctions of the e-waybill systems could severely harm our business and prospects. |
| ● | We face intense competition, and if we fail to compete effectively, we may lose market share, buyers and merchants. |
| ● | If we fail to maintain and expand our relationships with merchants, our revenues and results of operations will be harmed. |
| ● | We have incurred net losses in the past, and we may not be able to maintain profitability in the future. |
| ● | We may incur liability for counterfeit, unauthorized, illegal, or infringing products sold or misleading information available on our platforms. |
| ● | We may be subject to claims under consumer protection laws, including health and safety claims and product liability claims, if property or people are harmed by the products and services sold on our platforms. Meanwhile, we are subject to existing and new laws and regulations imposing various requirements on our business operations. |
Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure
Risks and uncertainties related to our corporate structure include, but are not limited to, the following:
| ● | Holders of our ADSs hold equity interests in PDD Holdings Inc., a Cayman Islands holding company that does not conduct operations directly. Instead, we conduct our operations through (i) our subsidiaries, (ii) the VIE, and (iii) the subsidiaries of the VIE. We do not have any equity ownership in the VIE or its subsidiaries, through which we conduct certain of our operations in mainland China. We only maintain contractual arrangements with the VIE which allows us to consolidate the financial results of the VIE and its subsidiaries into our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Holders of our ADSs therefore do not have direct or indirect equity interests in the VIE and its subsidiaries. In addition, the PRC authorities may also disallow the use of VIE structures. If the whole or any part of our contractual arrangements with the VIE and its shareholders is found to be unenforceable, or if the PRC authorities disallow the use of VIE structures, we may not be able to consolidate the financial statements of, derive economic interests from, or direct the activities of the VIE and its subsidiaries, which could result in a material adverse change in the financial performance of our company and cause our ADSs to decline in value or become worthless. |
| ● | The rights and functions of the PDD Partnership, once effective, may impact your ability to appoint executive directors and nominate the chief executive officer of our company, and the interests of the PDD Partnership may conflict with your interests. |
| ● | Any failure by the VIE or its shareholders to perform their obligations under our contractual arrangements with them would have a material and adverse effect on our business. |
| ● | The shareholders of the VIE may have potential conflicts of interest with us, which may materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition. |
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Risks Related to Our Multi-jurisdictional Operations
We are also subject to risks and uncertainties associated with having a business presence in multiple jurisdictions, including the PRC and the United States. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, the following:
| ● | As we continue to expand our global operations, we face risks associated with expanding into markets where we have limited or no experience and where we may be less well-known or have fewer local resources. We are subject to risks inherent in doing business on a global scale, including without limitation international geopolitical tensions and events; local political, social, economic and regulatory conditions; compliance with local laws, regulations, tax regimes and policies; local and/or regional competition; limitations on global, regional and local fulfillment and technology infrastructure; funds transfer; currency exchange controls; fluctuations in currency exchange rates; and difficulties in staffing and managing global operations. Despite our global footprint, we are still in the early stages of operating on a global scale. If we fail to generate revenue globally in an effective and efficient manner, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. |
· | Our business is subject to a large number of laws across the many jurisdictions where we operate, including without limitation those relating to international trade, investment restrictions, product liability, employment and labor, taxation, consumer protection, marketing and advertising, online payments and money transmission, data privacy and protection, intellectual property protection, trust and safety, and supply chain compliance. These laws and regulations can be significantly different across different jurisdictions, and are continually evolving. Compliance with these laws and regulations is costly, requires significant management time and effort, and may require changes to our business practices for local adaptation. Despite our compliance efforts, we may not have fully complied in the past, and may not fully comply in the future, with all applicable laws and regulations. We may also be subject to inconsistent compliance obligations across jurisdictions. If we violate laws or regulations applicable to us, we may be subject to investigations, enforcement actions, fines, sanctions or penalties that could include civil and criminal liability, and our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. Meanwhile, if the third-party merchants or vendors whom we work with violate applicable laws and regulations, those violations could also result in liabilities for us and harm our brands, reputation and business. |
| ● | Changes in U.S. and international trade policies, escalations of tensions in international relations, and increased scrutiny from customs and other authorities, may adversely impact our business and operating results. In addition, any factors that reduce cross-border e-commerce or make such trade activities more difficult could harm our business. |
| ● | Changes in China’s economic, political or social conditions or government policies could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations. |
| ● | The laws and regulations governing the internet industry in China, as well as the application and interpretation of some of them, are relatively new and quickly evolving, and they have been applied and interpreted for only a short period of time. If we fail to meet or comply with requirements under the applicable laws and regulations, it could result in a material change in our operations and the value of our ADSs. For more details, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Multi-jurisdictional Operations—The regulatory environment in China is complex and evolving, which could adversely affect us” and “—We may be adversely affected by the complexity and changes in the PRC’s regulation of internet-related businesses and companies, and any lack of requisite approvals, licenses or permits applicable to our business may have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.” |
| ● | The PRC government’s authority in regulating our operations, our offerings of securities and investment in us could limit our ability or prevent us from conducting future offerings of securities to investors, which may cause the value of our ADSs to significantly decline. For more details, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Multi-jurisdictional Operations—The PRC government’s significant oversight and discretion over our business operations could result in a material change in our operations and the value of our ADSs.” |
9
| ● | Cash transfers from our mainland China subsidiaries to entities outside of mainland China are subject to PRC laws and regulations related to currency conversion. To the extent cash in our business is in mainland China, such cash may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of mainland China due to regulatory restrictions and limitations on currency conversion, cross-border transactions and cross-border capital flows. Shortages in the availability of foreign currency may temporarily delay the ability of our mainland China subsidiaries, the VIE and its subsidiaries to pay dividends or other payments to us, or otherwise satisfy their foreign currency denominated obligations. For more details, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Multi-jurisdictional Operations—We may rely on distributions and advances paid by our mainland China subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our mainland China subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business” and “—Governmental control of currency conversion may limit our ability to utilize our revenues effectively and affect the value of your investment.” |
| ● | Our ADSs may be prohibited from trading in the United States under the HFCA Act in the future if the PCAOB is unable to inspect or fully investigate auditors located in mainland China or Hong Kong. The PCAOB had historically been unable to inspect our auditor in relation to their audit work performed for our financial statements and the inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of our auditor in the past has deprived our investors of the benefits of such inspections. The delisting of our ADSs, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment. For more details, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Multi-jurisdictional Operations—The PCAOB had historically been unable to inspect our auditor in relation to their audit work performed for our financial statements and the inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of our auditor in the past has deprived our investors of the benefits of such inspections” and “—Our ADSs may be prohibited from trading in the United States under the HFCA Act in the future if the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely auditors located in mainland China or Hong Kong. The delisting of the ADSs, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment.” |
Risks Related to Our ADSs
In addition to the risks described above, we are subject to general risks relating to our ADSs, including, but not limited to, the following:
| ● | The trading price of our ADSs may be volatile, which could result in substantial losses to investors. |
| ● | The sale or availability for sale of substantial amounts of our ADSs could adversely affect their market price. |
Cash and Asset Flows Through Our Organization
PDD Holdings Inc. is a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands with no operations of its own. While we carry out our business in the rest of the world primarily through our subsidiaries, we conduct our operations in mainland China primarily through our mainland China subsidiaries, the VIE and its subsidiaries. As a result, although other means are available for us to obtain financing at the holding company level, PDD Holdings Inc.’s ability to pay dividends to the shareholders and to service any debt it may incur may depend partially upon dividends paid by our mainland China subsidiaries and license and service fees paid by the VIE. If any of our subsidiaries incurs debt on its own behalf in the future, the instruments governing such debt may restrict its ability to pay dividends to our Cayman Islands holding company. In addition, our mainland China subsidiaries are permitted to pay dividends only out of their retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. Further, our mainland China subsidiaries, the VIE and its subsidiaries are required to make appropriations to certain statutory reserve funds or may make appropriations to certain discretionary funds, which are not distributable as cash dividends except in the event of a solvent liquidation of the companies. For more details, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—B. Liquidity and Capital Resources—Holding Company Structure.”
10
Under PRC laws and regulations, our mainland China subsidiaries, the VIE and its subsidiaries are subject to certain restrictions with respect to paying dividends or otherwise transferring any of their net assets to us. Remittance of dividends by a mainland China company out of mainland China is also subject to examination by the banks designated by the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE. The amounts restricted include the paid-in capital and the statutory reserve funds of our mainland China subsidiaries and the net assets of the VIE in which we have no legal ownership, totaling RMB23,306.4 million, RMB57,000.1 million and RMB80,755.5 million (US$11,374.2 million) as of December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, respectively. Furthermore, cash transfers from our mainland China subsidiaries, the VIE and its subsidiaries to entities outside of mainland China are subject to PRC government controls on currency conversion. To the extent cash in our business is in mainland China, such cash may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of mainland China due to restrictions and limitations imposed by the governmental authorities on currency conversion, cross-border transactions and cross-border capital flows. Shortages in the availability of foreign currency may temporarily delay the ability of our mainland China subsidiaries, the VIE and its subsidiaries to pay dividends or other payments to us, or otherwise satisfy their foreign currency denominated obligations. In view of the foregoing, to the extent cash in our business is held in mainland China, such cash may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of mainland China. For risks relating to the fund flows through our operations in mainland China, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Multi-jurisdictional Operations—We may rely on distributions and advances paid by our mainland China subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our mainland China subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business” and “—Governmental control of currency conversion may limit our ability to utilize our revenues effectively and affect the value of your investment.”
Under PRC law, PDD Holdings Inc. may provide funding to our mainland China subsidiaries only through capital contributions or loans, and to the VIE only through loans, subject to satisfaction of applicable government registration and approval requirements. For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, (i) PDD Holdings Inc. provided loans to our subsidiaries in an aggregate principal amount of RMB15,520.1 million, RMB21,991.6 million, and RMB1,754.5 million (US$247.1 million), respectively, (ii) our subsidiaries repaid loans to PDD Holdings Inc. in an aggregate principal amount of RMB9,664.8 million, RMB22,057.3 million and RMB10,570.6 million (US$1,488.8 million), respectively, (iii) the VIE and its subsidiaries provided loans to our subsidiaries in an aggregate principal amount of RMB47,711.8 million, RMB5,443.7 million and RMB206,353.0 million (US$29,064.2 million), respectively, (iv) our subsidiaries repaid loans to the VIE and its subsidiaries in an aggregate principal amount of RMB29,999.3, RMB16.0 million and RMB171,391.6 million (US$24,140.0 million), respectively, (v) our subsidiaries provided loans to the VIE and its subsidiaries in an aggregate principal amount of RMB7,729.5 million, RMB62,753.7 million and RMB5,193.0 million (US$731.4 million), respectively, and (vi) the VIE and its subsidiaries repaid loans to our subsidiaries in an aggregate principal amount of RMB7,300.0 million, RMB46,043.4 million and RMB1,802.6 million (US$253.9 million), respectively.
As of the date of this annual report, we do not have any cash management policies that dictate how funds are transferred among PDD Holdings Inc., our subsidiaries, the VIE and its subsidiaries and investors.
PDD Holdings Inc. has not declared or paid any cash dividends, nor does it have any present plan to pay any cash dividends on our ordinary shares in the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to operate and expand our business. See “Item 8. Financial Information—A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Dividend Policy.” For PRC and United States federal income tax considerations of an investment in our ADSs, see “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation.”
Financial Information Related to the VIE
The following table presents the condensed consolidating schedule of financial position and results for (i) PDD Holdings Inc., (ii) Hangzhou Weimi, a PRC subsidiary of the Company that has entered into contractual arrangements with the VIE, the VIE’s shareholders and, as applicable, their spouses, (iii) the VIE and its subsidiaries, and (iv) the Company’s subsidiaries other than Hangzhou Weimi as of the dates or for the periods presented.
11
Selected Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income Information
For the Year Ended December 31, 2023 | ||||||||||||
PDD Holdings | ||||||||||||
Inc. (Primary | Other Subsidiaries | |||||||||||
beneficiary | Hangzhou | VIE and Its | of PDD | Consolidated | ||||||||
| of the VIE) |
| Weimi* |
| Subsidiaries |
| Holdings Inc.** |
| Eliminations |
| Total | |
| (RMB in thousands) | |||||||||||
Revenues | — |
| 892,863 |
| 131,868,973 |
| 194,028,064 |
| (79,150,695) | 247,639,205 | ||
Total costs and operating expenses | (156,391) |
| (835,691) |
| (110,080,065) |
| (157,018,991) |
| 79,150,695 | (188,940,443) | ||
Share of profit from subsidiaries, the VIE and subsidiaries of the VIE | 60,112,989 | — | — | — | (60,112,989) | — | ||||||
Net income | 60,026,544 | 64,191 | 23,398,906 | 36,649,892 | (60,112,989) | 60,026,544 | ||||||
For the Year Ended December 31, 2022 | ||||||||||||
PDD Holdings | ||||||||||||
Inc. (Primary | Other Subsidiaries | |||||||||||
beneficiary | Hangzhou | VIE and Its | of PDD | Consolidated | ||||||||
| of the VIE) |
| Weimi* |
| Subsidiaries |
| Holdings Inc.** |
| Eliminations |
| Total | |
| (RMB in thousands) | |||||||||||
Revenues | — |
| 837,973 |
| 103,631,702 |
| 66,770,734 | (40,682,820) | 130,557,589 | |||
Total costs and operating expenses | (660,216) |
| (803,066) |
| (68,152,664) |
| (71,222,542) | 40,682,820 | (100,155,668) | |||
Share of profit from subsidiaries, the VIE and subsidiaries of the VIE | 32,238,254 | — | — | — | (32,238,254) | — | ||||||
Net income/(loss) | 31,538,062 | 47,567 | 33,595,051 | (1,404,364) | (32,238,254) | 31,538,062 | ||||||
| ||||||||||||
For the Year Ended December 31, 2021 | ||||||||||||
PDD Holdings | ||||||||||||
Inc. (Primary | Other Subsidiaries | |||||||||||
beneficiary | Hangzhou | VIE and Its | of PDD | Consolidated | ||||||||
| of the VIE) |
| Weimi* |
| Subsidiaries |
| Holdings Inc.** |
| Eliminations |
| Total | |
| (RMB in thousands) | |||||||||||
Revenues | — |
| 2,288,608 |
| 77,877,339 |
| 50,467,506 |
| (36,683,514) | 93,949,939 | ||
Total costs and operating expenses | (649,171) |
| (2,273,922) |
| (62,977,072) |
| (57,836,526) |
| 36,683,514 | (87,053,177) | ||
Share of profit from subsidiaries, the VIE and subsidiaries of the VIE | 9,579,738 | — | — | — | (9,579,738) | — | ||||||
Net income/(loss) | 7,768,670 | 43,461 | 15,169,180 | (5,632,903) | (9,579,738) | 7,768,670 | ||||||
12
Selected Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets Information
As of December 31, 2023 | |||||||||||||
PDD Holdings | Other | ||||||||||||
Inc. (Primary | Subsidiaries | ||||||||||||
beneficiary | Hangzhou | VIE and Its | of PDD | Consolidated | |||||||||
| of the VIE) |
| Weimi* |
| Subsidiaries |
| Holdings Inc.** |
| Eliminations |
| Total | ||
(RMB in thousands) | |||||||||||||
Current assets: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||
Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and short-term investments | 3,116 |
| 73 | 104,637,936 |
| 174,554,145 | — | 279,195,270 |
| ||||
Amounts due from Group companies(1) | — | 1,317,391 | 69,254,862 | 63,044,270 | (133,616,523) | — | |||||||
Others | 70 | 2,955 | 8,285,690 | 7,266,487 | — | 15,555,202 | |||||||
Total current assets | 3,186 | 1,320,419 | 182,178,488 | 244,864,902 | (133,616,523) | 294,750,472 | |||||||
Non-current assets: |
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||
Other non-current assets | — |
| 5,001 | 29,960,383 |
| 17,985,892 | — | 47,951,276 |
| ||||
Investments in subsidiaries, the VIE and its subsidiaries(2) | 193,146,679 | 2,000 | — | 1,754,436 | (194,903,115) | — | |||||||
Others | — | 63,973 | 1,070,678 | 4,241,721 | — | 5,376,372 | |||||||
Total non-current assets | 193,146,679 | 70,974 | 31,031,061 | 23,982,049 | (194,903,115) | 53,327,648 | |||||||
Total assets | 193,149,865 |
| 1,391,393 | 213,209,549 |
| 268,846,951 | (328,519,638) | 348,078,120 |
| ||||
Current liabilities: |
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||
Payable to merchants | — |
| — | 65,435,469 |
| 9,561,783 | — | 74,997,252 |
| ||||
Amounts due to Group companies(1) | — | 1,314,958 | 49,313,408 | 164,591,871 | (215,220,237) | — | |||||||
Convertible bonds, current portion | 648,570 | — | — | — | — | 648,570 | |||||||
Others | 28,165 | 160,361 | 28,761,446 | 48,305,107 | — | 77,255,079 | |||||||
Total current liabilities | 676,735 |
| 1,475,319 | 143,510,323 |
| 222,458,761 | (215,220,237) | 152,900,901 |
| ||||
Non-current liabilities | |||||||||||||
Convertible bonds | 5,231,523 | — | — | — | — | 5,231,523 | |||||||
Others | — | 49,992 | 239,982 | 2,414,115 | — | 2,704,089 | |||||||
Total non-current liabilities | 5,231,523 | 49,992 | 239,982 | 2,414,115 | — | 7,935,612 | |||||||
Total liabilities | 5,908,258 | 1,525,311 | 143,750,305 | 224,872,876 | (215,220,237) | 160,836,513 | |||||||
As of December 31, 2022 | ||||||||||||
PDD Holdings | ||||||||||||
Inc. (Primary | Other Subsidiaries | |||||||||||
beneficiary | Hangzhou | VIE and Its | of PDD | Consolidated | ||||||||
| of the VIE) |
| Weimi* |
| Subsidiaries |
| Holdings Inc.** |
| Eliminations |
| Total | |
(RMB in thousands) | ||||||||||||
Current assets: | ||||||||||||
Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and short-term investments | 61,553 |
| 73 |
| 105,954,484 |
| 101,396,861 | — |
| 207,412,971 | ||
Amounts due from Group companies(1) | — |
| 1,097,624 |
| 34,810,132 |
| 24,602,577 | (60,510,333) |
| — | ||
Others | 443 |
| 3,450 |
| 7,812,912 |
| 1,388,100 | — |
| 9,204,905 | ||
Total current assets | 61,996 |
| 1,101,147 |
| 148,577,528 |
| 127,387,538 | (60,510,333) |
| 216,617,876 | ||
Non-current assets: | ||||||||||||
Other non-current assets | — |
| 5,005 |
| 10,444,964 |
| 6,412,148 | — |
| 16,862,117 | ||
Investments in subsidiaries, the VIE and its subsidiaries(2) | 133,085,591 |
| 2,000 |
| — |
| 1,725,183 | (134,812,774) |
| — | ||
Others | 109,847 |
| 76,235 |
| 1,415,413 |
| 2,038,465 | — |
| 3,639,960 | ||
Total non-current assets | 133,195,438 |
| 83,240 |
| 11,860,377 |
| 10,175,796 | (134,812,774) |
| 20,502,077 | ||
Total assets | 133,257,434 |
| 1,184,387 |
| 160,437,905 |
| 137,563,334 | (195,323,107) |
| 237,119,953 | ||
Current liabilities: |
|
|
|
| ||||||||
Payable to merchants | — |
| — |
| 62,006,946 |
| 1,309,749 | — |
| 63,316,695 | ||
Amounts due to Group companies(1) | — |
| 1,124,895 |
| 22,452,033 |
| 125,803,100 | (149,380,028) |
| — | ||
Convertible bonds, current portion | 13,885,751 |
| — |
| — |
| — | — |
| 13,885,751 | ||
Others | 25,017 |
| 194,971 |
| 29,696,716 |
| 9,770,330 | — |
| 39,687,034 | ||
Total current liabilities | 13,910,768 |
| 1,319,866 |
| 114,155,695 |
| 136,883,179 | (149,380,028) |
| 116,889,480 | ||
Non-current liabilities |
|
|
|
| ||||||||
Convertible bonds | 1,575,755 |
| — |
| — |
| — | — |
| 1,575,755 | ||
Others | — |
| 62,630 |
| 290,412 |
| 530,765 | — |
| 883,807 | ||
Total non-current liabilities | 1,575,755 |
| 62,630 |
| 290,412 |
| 530,765 | — |
| 2,459,562 | ||
Total liabilities | 15,486,523 |
| 1,382,496 |
| 114,446,107 |
| 137,413,944 | (149,380,028) |
| 119,349,042 | ||
13
As of December 31, 2021 | ||||||||||||
PDD Holdings | ||||||||||||
Inc. (Primary | Other Subsidiaries | |||||||||||
beneficiary | Hangzhou | VIE and Its | of PDD | Consolidated | ||||||||
| of the VIE) |
| Weimi* |
| Subsidiaries |
| Holdings Inc.** |
| Eliminations |
| Total | |
(RMB in thousands) | ||||||||||||
Current assets: | ||||||||||||
Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and short-term investments | 2,269 |
| 1,033 |
| 74,138,859 |
| 78,418,428 | — |
| 152,560,589 | ||
Amounts due from Group companies(1) | — |
| 1,239,992 |
| 40,425,872 |
| 29,829,301 | (71,495,165) |
| — | ||
Others | 390 |
| 9,393 |
| 6,198,116 |
| 2,140,680 | — |
| 8,348,579 | ||
Total current assets | 2,659 |
| 1,250,418 |
| 120,762,847 |
| 110,388,409 | (71,495,165) |
| 160,909,168 | ||
Non-current assets: | ||||||||||||
Other non-current assets | — |
| — |
| 5,300,938 |
| 11,125,028 | — |
| 16,425,966 | ||
Investments in subsidiaries, the VIE and its subsidiaries(2) | 86,252,341 |
| 2,000 |
| — |
| 1,579,309 | (87,833,650) |
| — | ||
Others | 674,057 |
| 9,690 |
| 2,581,092 |
| 609,745 | — |
| 3,874,584 | ||
Total non-current assets | 86,926,398 |
| 11,690 |
| 7,882,030 |
| 13,314,082 | (87,833,650) |
| 20,300,550 | ||
Total assets | 86,929,057 |
| 1,262,108 |
| 128,644,877 |
| 123,702,491 | (159,328,815) |
| 181,209,718 | ||
Current liabilities: |
|
|
|
| ||||||||
Payable to merchants | — |
| — |
| 61,947,517 |
| 562,197 | — |
| 62,509,714 | ||
Amounts due to Group companies(1) | — |
| 1,315,756 |
| 27,978,153 |
| 123,501,613 | (152,795,522) |
| — | ||
Others | 24,607 |
| 191,953 |
| 25,980,009 |
| 5,023,431 | — |
| 31,220,000 | ||
Total current liabilities | 24,607 |
| 1,507,709 |
| 115,905,679 |
| 129,087,241 | (152,795,522) |
| 93,729,714 | ||
Non-current liabilities |
|
|
|
| ||||||||
Convertible bonds | 11,788,907 |
| — |
| — |
| — | — |
| 11,788,907 | ||
Others | 996 |
| 75 |
| 324,285 |
| 251,194 | — |
| 576,550 | ||
Total non-current liabilities | 11,789,903 |
| 75 |
| 324,285 |
| 251,194 | — |
| 12,365,457 | ||
Total liabilities | 11,814,510 |
| 1,507,784 |
| 116,229,964 |
| 129,338,435 | (152,795,522) |
| 106,095,171 | ||
Selected Condensed Consolidated Cash Flows Information
For the Year Ended December 31, 2023 | ||||||||||||
PDD Holdings Inc. | Other | |||||||||||
(Primary | Subsidiaries | |||||||||||
beneficiary | VIE and Its | of PDD | Consolidated | |||||||||
| of the VIE) |
| Hangzhou Weimi* |
| Subsidiaries |
| Holdings Inc.** |
| Eliminations |
| Total | |
(RMB in thousands) | ||||||||||||
Net cash generated from/(used in) operating activities(3) | 71,615 |
| (206,025) | 49,705,625 |
| 44,591,316 | — | 94,162,531 | ||||
Net cash generated from/(used in) investing activities | 8,816,124 | (254,396) | (43,637,362) | (50,505,975) | 30,150,331 | (55,431,278) | ||||||
Net cash (used in)/generated from financing activities | (8,960,626) |
| 460,421 | 3,390,438 |
| 26,299,472 | (30,150,331) | (8,960,626) | ||||
| For the Year Ended December 31, 2022 | |||||||||||
| PDD Holdings Inc. |
|
| Other |
|
| ||||||
| (Primary |
|
| Subsidiaries |
|
| ||||||
beneficiary | VIE and Its | of PDD | Consolidated | |||||||||
| of the VIE) |
| Hangzhou Weimi* |
| Subsidiaries |
| Holdings Inc.** |
| Eliminations |
| Total | |
| (RMB in thousands) | |||||||||||
Net cash (used in)/generated from operating activities(3) | (24,202) |
| 25,830 | 25,650,939 |
| 22,855,293 |
| — |
| 48,507,860 | ||
Net cash generated from/(used in) investing activities | 65,707 |
| (93,576) | (43,513,150) |
| (1,053,261) |
| 22,232,610 |
| (22,361,670) | ||
Net cash generated from financing activities | 10,079 |
| 66,786 | 16,710,269 |
| 5,455,555 |
| (22,232,610) |
| 10,079 | ||
14
| For the Year Ended December 31, 2021 | |||||||||||
| PDD Holdings Inc. |
|
| Other |
|
| ||||||
| (Primary |
|
| Subsidiaries |
|
| ||||||
| beneficiary | VIE and Its | of PDD | Consolidated | ||||||||
of the VIE) |
| Hangzhou Weimi* |
| Subsidiaries |
| Holdings Inc.** |
| Eliminations |
| Total | ||
| (RMB in thousands) | |||||||||||
Net cash generated from/(used in) operating activities(3) | 82,074 |
| (150,891) | 34,365,025 |
| (5,513,197) |
| — |
| 28,783,011 | ||
Net cash used in investing activities | (91,170) |
| (270,312) | (26,828,581) |
| (33,008,291) |
| 24,635,989 |
| (35,562,365) | ||
Net cash generated from/(used in) financing activities | 318 |
| 368,069 | (1,445,969) |
| 23,838,417 |
| (24,635,989) |
| (1,875,154) | ||
Notes:
* | Represents Hangzhou Weimi, a PRC subsidiary of the Company that has entered into contractual arrangements with the VIE, the VIE’s shareholders and, as applicable, their spouses. These contractual arrangements enable us to direct the activities of and derive economic benefits from the VIE and its subsidiaries. For more information, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure—Contractual Arrangements with the VIE and Its Shareholders.” |
** | Represents all of the Company’s subsidiaries other than Hangzhou Weimi. |
| (1) | Represents the elimination of the intercompany balances among PDD Holdings Inc., Hangzhou Weimi, the Company’s subsidiaries other than Hangzhou Weimi, and the VIE and its subsidiaries. |
| (2) | Represents the elimination of the investments in Hangzhou Weimi, the Company’s subsidiaries other than Hangzhou Weimi, and the VIE and its subsidiaries. |
| (3) | For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, cash paid by the VIE and its subsidiaries to Hangzhou Weimi, primarily for service fees, was RMB2,714.2 million, RMB963.9 million, and RMB938.2 million (US$132.1 million), respectively. |
A.[Reserved]
B.Capitalization and Indebtedness
Not applicable.
C.Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds
Not applicable.
D.Risk Factors
Investing in our ADSs involves significant risks. You should carefully consider all of the information in this annual report before making an investment in our ADSs. Below please find the principal risks we face, organized under relevant headings. While businesses in Hong Kong and Macau operate under a different set of laws from mainland China, in the event and to the extent that PRC regulations become fully and directly applicable to companies in Hong Kong and Macau, the legal risks associated with operating in mainland China, as discussed in “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry,” may also apply to operating in Hong Kong and Macau.
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Risks Related to Our Business and Industry
Our historical performance may not be indicative of our future growth or financial results. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to maintain the growth rate that we have experienced to date.
The Pinduoduo platform commenced its commercial operations in 2015. The Temu platform commenced its commercial operations in 2022 and has a limited operating history. Our revenues grew from RMB93,949.9 million in 2021 to RMB130,557.6 million in 2022 and RMB247,639.2 million (US$34,879.3 million) in 2023. However, our historical performance may not be indicative of our future growth or financial results. We cannot assure you that we will be able to grow at the same rate as we did in the past, or avoid any decline in the future. Our growth may slow down or become negative, and revenues may decline for a number of possible reasons, some of which are beyond our control, including decreasing consumer spending, increasing competition, declining growth of our overall market or industry, the emergence of alternative business models, changes in rules, regulations, government policies or changes in general economic conditions. It is also difficult to evaluate our prospects as we operate in rapidly evolving markets. In addition, our online marketing services, from which we have generated most of our revenues since 2017, may not grow as quickly as we have anticipated. If our growth rate declines, investors’ perceptions of our business, operating results and prospects may be materially and adversely affected and the market price of our ADSs could decline. You should consider our prospects in light of the risks and uncertainties that companies with a relatively limited operating history may encounter.
If we fail to anticipate buyer needs and provide products and services to attract and retain buyers, or fail to adapt our services or business model to changing buyer needs or emerging industry standards, our business may be materially and adversely affected.
The e-commerce market in which we operate as well as buyer needs and preferences are constantly evolving. As a result, we must continuously respond to changes in the market and buyer demand and preferences to remain competitive, grow our business and maintain our market position. We intend to further diversify our product and service offerings to add to our revenue sources in the future. New products and services, new types of buyers or new business models may involve risks and challenges we do not currently face. Any new initiatives may require us to devote significant financial and management resources and may not perform as well as expected. For example, Duo Duo Grocery, a next-day grocery pick-up service that we started in August 2020 as an extension of the Pinduoduo platform, and Temu, a global e-commerce platform that we launched in September 2022, may each require financial, personnel and other resources commitment over time and may not attract or retain enough users or otherwise perform in accordance with our expectations.
Furthermore, we may have difficulty in anticipating buyer demand and preferences, and the products offered on our platforms may not be accepted by the market or be rendered obsolete or uneconomical. Therefore, any inability to adapt to these changes may result in a failure to capture new buyers or retain existing buyers, the occurrence of which would materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
In addition, to remain competitive, we must continue to enhance and improve the responsiveness, functionality and features of our platforms. The internet and e-commerce markets are characterized by rapid technological evolution, changes in buyer requirements and preferences, frequent introductions of new products, features and services embodying new technologies and the emergence of new industry standards and practices, any of which could render our existing technologies and systems obsolete. Our success will depend, in part, on our ability to identify, develop and adapt to new technologies useful in our business, and respond to technological advances and emerging industry standards and practices, in a cost-effective and timely way. We cannot assure you that we will be successful in these efforts.
Any harm to our brands or reputation may materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.
We believe that the recognition and reputation of our brands, including Pinduoduo and Temu, among our buyers, merchants and third-party service providers have contributed significantly to the growth and success of our business. Maintaining and enhancing the recognition and reputation of our brands are critical to our business and competitiveness.
Many factors, some of which are beyond our control, are important to maintaining and enhancing our brands. These factors include our ability to:
| ● | provide a superior shopping experience to buyers; |
| ● | maintain the popularity, attractiveness, diversity, quality and authenticity of the product offerings on our platforms; |
| ● | maintain the efficiency, reliability and quality of the fulfillment and delivery services to our buyers; |
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| ● | maintain or improve buyers’ satisfaction with our after-sale services; |
| ● | increase brand awareness through marketing and brand promotion activities; and |
| ● | preserve our reputation and goodwill in the event of any negative publicity on our consumer experience or merchant service, internet and data security, product quality, price or authenticity, performance measures, or other issues affecting us or other e-commerce businesses in the countries or regions where we have operations. |
Public perception that counterfeit, unauthorized, illegal, or infringing products are sold on our platforms or that we or merchants on our platforms do not provide satisfactory consumer services, even if factually incorrect or based on isolated incidents, could damage our reputation, diminish the value of our brands, undermine the trust and credibility we have established and have a negative impact on our ability to attract new buyers or retain our current buyers. In particular, we have been and may continue to be subject to negative publicity based on claims and allegations related to intellectual property. For example, the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, or USTR, has identified the Pinduoduo platform as a “notorious market” since 2019. The USTR may continue to identify the Pinduoduo platform as a notorious market in the future. The negative public perception resulting therefrom could damage our reputation, harm our business, diminish the value of our brand name and negatively affect trading price of our ADSs.
If we are unable to maintain our reputation, enhance our brand recognition or increase positive awareness of our platforms, products and services, it may be difficult to maintain and grow our buyer base, and our business and growth prospects may be materially and adversely affected.
Products sold on our platforms are delivered to buyers through a variety of third-party logistics service providers, third-party warehouse operators, third-party pick-up point operators and/or e-waybill systems. Service interruptions, failures, or constraints of these third parties or any disruptions or malfunctions of the e-waybill systems could severely harm our business and prospects.
Orders placed on our platforms typically rely on third parties to be fulfilled and delivered. These third parties include third-party logistics service providers, warehouse operators and/or pick-up point operators. Interruptions to or failures in services provided by these third parties could affect the timely and successful delivery of products to our buyers. As we do not directly control or manage the operations of these third parties, we may not be able to guarantee their performance. If orders are delayed, damaged or lost during transit, or if order pick-up points are shut down, our buyers may be unsatisfied with their experience on our platforms, which may damage our reputation, cause us to lose buyers, or ultimately adversely affect our results of operations. In addition, certain of these third parties may be influenced by our competitors when providing services to us or our merchants. For example, if third-party logistics service providers raise the shipping rates for delivering merchants’ products on our platforms, those products may no longer be offered at competitive prices on our platforms. As a result, our business and prospects, as well as our financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
If these third parties fail to deliver products to our buyers on time or in good condition, our buyers may refuse to accept merchandise purchased on our platforms and have less confidence in our platforms. In such event, we cannot assure you that our merchants or we will be able to find alternative cost-efficient service providers or operators to offer satisfactory services or pick-up points in a timely manner, or at all, which could cause our business and reputation to suffer or cause merchants and buyers to move to other platforms and have a negative impact on our financial condition and results of operations.
Most merchants on our Pinduoduo platform use e-waybill systems to arrange and track shipments. While we launched our e-waybill system during the first quarter of 2019, merchants on our Pinduoduo platform are allowed to choose different e-waybill systems developed and operated by third-party service providers. Any disruptions to or malfunctions of the e-waybill systems used by our merchants could prevent the timely or proper delivery of products to consumers, which would damage our reputation, harm our business, and diminish the value of our brand name.
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We face intense competition, and if we fail to compete effectively, we may lose market share, buyers and merchants.
The e-commerce industry is intensely competitive. We compete to attract, engage and retain buyers, merchants, and other participants on our platforms. Our current or potential competitors include (i) major e-commerce operators, (ii) major traditional and brick-and-mortar retailers, (iii) retail companies focused on specific product categories and (iv) major internet companies that do not operate e-commerce businesses now but are in the process of initiating their e-commerce businesses or may launch e-commerce businesses in the future. These current or future competitors may have longer operating histories, greater brand recognition, better supplier or merchant relationships, stronger infrastructure, larger buyer bases or greater financial, technical or marketing resources than we do. Competitors may leverage their brand recognition, experience and resources to compete with us in a variety of ways, including making investments and acquisitions for the expansion of their product and service offerings. Some of our competitors may be able to secure more favorable terms from merchants, devote greater resources to marketing and promotional campaigns, adopt more aggressive pricing or inventory policies and devote substantially more resources to develop their IT systems and technology. Some of these competitors may offer innovative purchase models that may turn out to be highly popular among buyers, and buyers may prefer them over our business model. In addition, new and enhanced technologies may increase the competition in the market we operate in. Increased competition may reduce our profitability, market share, user base and brand recognition. There can be no assurance that we will be able to compete successfully against current or future competitors, and such competitive pressures may have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
If we fail to maintain and expand our relationships with merchants, our revenues and results of operations will be harmed.
We rely on our merchants to offer merchandise that appeals to our existing and potential buyers at attractive prices. Our ability to provide popular products on our platforms at attractive prices depends on our ability to develop mutually beneficial relationships with our merchants. For example, we rely on our merchants to make available sufficient inventory for the timely fulfillment of large volumes of orders on our platforms in an efficient manner to ensure our user experience. However, we may experience merchant attrition in the ordinary course of business resulting from several factors, such as losses to competitors, perception that marketing on our platforms is ineffective, reduction in merchants’ marketing budgets, and closures or bankruptcies of merchants. In addition, we may have disputes with merchants with respect to their compliance with our quality control policies and measures and the penalties we impose for violation of these policies or measures from time to time, which may cause them to be dissatisfied with our platforms. Their complaints may in turn result in a negative impact on our public image and reputation. Our agreements with merchants also typically do not restrict them from establishing or maintaining business relationships with our competitors. We cannot assure you that merchants will continue to offer merchandise on our platforms if they are pressured to use only one platform to market their products. If we experience significant merchant attrition, or if we are unable to attract new merchants, our revenues and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.
Any change, disruption, or discontinuity in the features and functions of major social networks could severely limit our ability to continue growing our buyer base, and our business may be materially and adversely affected.
Our success depends on our ability to attract and retain new buyers and expand our buyer base. Acquiring and retaining buyers on our platforms is important to the growth and profitability of our business. We leverage social networks as a tool for buyer acquisition and engagement. Although buyers can access our platforms and make purchases directly through our platforms, we leverage social networks to enable buyers to share product information and their purchase experiences with their friends, family and other social contacts to generate effective and organic traffic and active interactions among buyers. A portion of our buyer traffic comes from these recommendations or product introductions that buyers share through social networks. Due to the nature of our business model, which resembles a dynamic and interactive shopping experience, it is impracticable for us to accurately bifurcate and quantify the buyer traffic generated directly through our platforms and through social networks. Therefore, during our daily operations, we focus more on the delivery of a seamless user experience across different access points, and believe that the final purchase destination cannot be used to reflect the significance of social networks to our business operations.
To the extent that we fail to effectively leverage such social networks, our ability to attract or retain buyers may be severely harmed. If any of these social networks makes changes to its functions or support, such as charging fees for functions or support that are currently provided for free, or stops offering its functions or support to us, we may not be able to locate alternative platforms of similar scale to provide similar functions or support on commercially reasonable terms in a timely manner, or at all. Any interruption to or discontinuation of our relationships with major social network operators may severely and negatively impact our ability to continue growing our buyer base. Furthermore, we may fail to establish or maintain relationships with additional social network operators to support the growth of our business on economically viable terms, or at all. Any occurrence of the circumstances mentioned above may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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We are dependent on app stores to disseminate our mobile apps.
Consumers primarily access our services through the Pinduoduo and Temu mobile apps. Our mobile apps are offered via app stores operated by third parties, such as Apple’s App Store, which could suspend or terminate users’ access to our mobile apps, increase access costs or change the terms of access in a way that makes our apps less desirable or harder to access. As a result, our ability to expand our user base may be hindered if potential users experience difficulties in or are barred from accessing our mobile apps. In the past, our mobile apps were taken down from certain third-party app stores. We cannot assure you that we will not experience such an incident of a similar nature in the future. The occurrence of a similar incident may adversely affect our brands and reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.
Any disruption to our IT systems could materially affect our ability to maintain the satisfactory performance of our IT systems and deliver consistent services to our buyers and merchants.
The satisfactory performance, reliability and availability of our IT systems are critical to our success, our ability to attract and retain buyers and our ability to maintain and deliver consistent services to our buyers and merchants. However, our technology infrastructure may fail to keep pace with the growth of our business, particularly with respect to the new product and service offerings on our platforms. Our buyers may experience delays as we seek to source additional capacity. If our buyers are dissatisfied with their experience on our platforms as a result of such delays, our results of operations as well as our reputation could be adversely affected.
Additionally, we must continue to upgrade and improve our technology infrastructure to support the growth of our business. However, we cannot assure you that we will be successful in executing these system upgrades, and the failure to do so may impede our growth. We currently rely on cloud services and servers operated by external cloud service providers to store our data, to allow us to analyze a large amount of data simultaneously and to update our buyer database and buyer profiles quickly. Any interruption or delay in the functionality of these external cloud service and server providers may materially and adversely affect the operations of our business.
We may be unable to satisfactorily monitor, maintain or upgrade our IT systems and infrastructure on a real-time basis, and buyers may experience service outages and delays in accessing and using our platforms to place orders. In addition, we may experience surges in online traffic and orders associated with specific promotional activities or the general increase of our scale and complexity of our operations which can put additional demand on our platforms at specific times. Our technology or infrastructure may not function properly at all times. Any system interruptions caused by telecommunications failures, computer viruses, hacking or other attempts to harm our systems that result in the unavailability or slowdown of our platforms or reduced order fulfillment performance could reduce the volume of products sold and the attractiveness of product offerings on our platforms. Our servers may also be vulnerable to computer viruses, physical or electronic break-ins and similar disruptions, which could lead to system interruptions, mobile app slowdowns or unavailability, delays or errors in transaction processing, loss of data or the inability to accept and fulfill buyer orders. Any such occurrence could cause disruption to our daily operations. As a result, our reputation may be materially and adversely affected, our market share could decline and we could be subject to liability claims.
We have incurred net losses in the past, and we may not be able to maintain profitability in the future.
We incurred net losses from our inception until 2020, before recording a net income of RMB7,768.7 million, RMB31,538.1 million and RMB60,026.5 million (US$8,454.6 million) in 2021, 2022 and 2023, respectively. We cannot assure you that we will be able to maintain profitability in the future. In particular, we expect our operating costs and expenses to increase in absolute amounts in the future due to: (i) the continued expansion of our business operations, buyer base and merchant network, (ii) the continued investment in technology infrastructure and network, (iii) our promotion and marketing efforts as we continue to enhance our brand recognition, retain and grow our buyer base, and increase our buyer activities, (iv) the launch of new services, and (v) the investment in new initiatives, which may incur upfront costs, change our existing revenue and cost structures, and affect our ability to maintain profitability.
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In addition to managing the foregoing costs and expenses, our ability to maintain profitability depends on our ability to, among other things, attract and retain buyers and increase buyer activities, establish and maintain relationships with merchants, provide valuable online platform services, broaden service offerings, and optimize our cost structure. We may not be able to achieve any of the above. In particular, our sales and marketing expenses increased by 51.2% from RMB54,343.7 million in 2022 to RMB82,188.9 million (US$11,576.1 million) in 2023, as we invested in cultivating greater user recognition and engagement through online and offline advertising campaigns and promotions. Similarly, our research and development expenses increased from RMB10,384.7 million in 2022 to RMB10,952.4 million (US$1,542.6 million) in 2023. If we incur substantial sales and marketing expenses without being able to achieve the anticipated growth in the number of buyers and merchants on our platforms or their spending, our operating results may be materially and adversely affected. Moreover, if our investment in our research and development does not result in improvements to the quality or efficiency of our services or otherwise fails to generate returns as expected, our operating results may also be materially and adversely affected. As a result, we may experience decreasing operating margin, and may incur net losses in the future.
In addition, our ability to use our net losses, to the extent we record such net losses in future periods, to offset future taxable income may be subject to certain limitations, including limitations resulting from the reorganization of our corporate structure and change of our primary operating entities. As such, we may not be able to fully utilize our net losses or at all.
We rely on certain key operating metrics to evaluate the performance of our business, and perceived inaccuracies in such metrics may harm our reputation and negatively affect our business.
We rely on certain key operating metrics to evaluate the performance of our business. Our operating metrics may differ from estimates published by third parties or from similarly titled metrics used by other companies due to differences in methodology and assumptions. If these metrics are perceived to be inaccurate by investors or investors make investment decisions based on operating metrics we disclosed in the past but with their own methodology and assumptions or those published or used by third parties or other companies, our reputation may be harmed, which could negatively affect our business, and we may also face potential lawsuits or disputes.
We face risks related to natural disasters, health epidemics and other outbreaks, which could significantly disrupt our operations.
We and our merchants are vulnerable to natural disasters, health epidemics, and other calamities. Any such occurrence could cause disruption to our and our merchants’ daily operations or the closure of facilities and logistics delivery networks, which may disrupt our business operations and adversely affect our results of operations. In recent years, there have been outbreaks of epidemics in the countries or regions where we have operations. For example, from late December 2022 to early 2023, certain parts of China experienced a heightened number of COVID-19 cases, which resulted in temporary disruptions to business and other activities. Our results of operations could be adversely affected to the extent that any other epidemics or catastrophic events harm the local or global economy in general.
Our success depends on the continuing efforts of our key employees. If we fail to hire, retain and motivate our key employees, our business may suffer.
Our future success is significantly dependent upon the continued service of our key executives and other key employees. If we lose the services of any member of our management or key personnel, we may not be able to locate suitable or qualified replacements, and may incur additional expenses to recruit and train new staff, which could severely disrupt our business and growth. Our management and key personnel are critical to our vision, strategic direction, culture and overall business success. If there is any internal organizational structure change or change in responsibilities for our management or key personnel, the operation of our business and our business prospects may be adversely affected. Our employees, including members of our management, may choose to pursue other opportunities. If we are unable to motivate or retain key employees, our business may be severely disrupted and our prospects would suffer.
The increasing scale of our business also requires us to hire and retain a wide range of capable and experienced personnel and technological talents who can adapt to a dynamic, competitive and challenging business environment. For example, we may need to hire additional personnel with special sets of skills and experience for our new initiatives and businesses, such as Duo Duo Grocery and the Temu platform. Competition for talent is intense, and the availability of suitable and qualified candidates is limited. Competition for talent could cause us to offer higher compensation and other benefits to attract and retain suitable individuals. Even if we were to offer higher compensation and other benefits, these individuals may choose not to join or continue to work for us. Any failure to attract or retain management and key personnel could severely disrupt our business and growth.
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If we are unable to manage our growth or execute our strategies effectively, our business and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.
We expect to further expand our businesses. Expansion in general increases the complexity of our operations and places significant strains on our management, operational and financial resources, and may cause additional risks and costs in relation to compliance, such as dealing with regulatory enforcement or labor disputes. We may continue to hire, train and effectively manage new employees and contractors. If our new hires perform poorly or if we are unsuccessful in hiring, training, managing and integrating new employees and contractors, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially harmed.
In addition, we plan to further establish relationships with more merchants to increase the product offerings on our platforms. Such expansion may require us to work with a variety of additional merchants to introduce new products and address the evolving needs of our buyers. We may have limited or no experience with certain new product offerings, and our expansion into these new product offerings may not achieve broad buyer acceptance. These offerings may present new and difficult technological or operational challenges, and we and our merchants may be subject to claims if buyers are not satisfied with the quality of the products or do not have satisfactory experiences in general.
To effectively execute our business strategies and manage the expected growth of our operations and personnel, we will need to continue to improve our transaction processing, technological, operational and financial systems, policies, procedures and controls. All of these endeavors involve risks and will require significant management, financial and human resources. We cannot assure you that we will be able to effectively manage our growth or to implement our strategies successfully. If we are not able to manage our growth or implement our strategies effectively, or at all, our business and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.
We have launched a number of new initiatives in recent years. For example, we have developed an open, asset-light logistics technology platform. As the first pillar to such logistics technology platform, we launched our e-waybill system during the first quarter of 2019. Building on top of our e-waybill system, our aim is to build a platform that would provide technology solutions to our sizable and growing merchant base, and fundamentally improve their efficiencies and services to users as we deepen our relationships with them. As a result of the development of this platform, we may incur additional costs and expenses, devote more management’s attention to its operations and compliance and allocate additional resources in dealing with potential disputes relating to its operations and intellectual property rights. In August 2020, as an extension to the Pinduoduo platform, we started Duo Duo Grocery, a next-day grocery pick-up service that allows users to order groceries and related products online and collect their orders the next day at nearby designated pickup points. In September 2022, we launched Temu, a global online platform that brings together consumers, merchants, manufacturers and brands around the world. We cannot assure you that we will be able to manage or operate these new business initiatives successfully or effectively, including by providing the requisite services to the merchants, attracting and retaining capable employees and partners, or leasing suitable facilities on commercially acceptable terms. Failure to manage and operate Duo Duo Grocery or the Temu platform could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We may incur liability for counterfeit, unauthorized, illegal, or infringing products sold or misleading information available on our platforms.
Under the business model of our platforms, substantially all of the products offered on our platforms are supplied by merchants, who are separately responsible for sourcing the products sold to buyers. We have been, are currently, and may in the future be subject to allegations and lawsuits claiming that products listed or sold through our platforms by third-party merchants are counterfeit, unauthorized, illegal, or otherwise infringe upon third-party copyrights, trademarks, patents or other intellectual property rights, or that content posted on our user interface contains misleading information on description of products and comparable prices. Laws and regulations around the world also regulate consumer protection and unfair or deceptive trade practices. To protect against potential liabilities and ensure our compliance with the applicable laws and regulations, we have adopted strict measures, including but not limited to, proactively verifying the authenticity and authorization of products sold on our platforms through working with brands and conducting offline investigations, blocking prior to product launch, or immediately taking down any counterfeit or illegal products or misleading information found on our platforms, closing higher-risk online stores, and freezing the accounts of merchants in violation of the platform policies, but these measures may not always be successful or timely. We may implement further measures in an effort to eliminate infringing products on our platforms, including taking legal actions against merchants of counterfeit or infringing products, which may cause us to spend substantial additional resources or result in reduced revenues. These measures may not appeal to consumers, merchants or other participants on our platforms. A merchant whose account we suspend or terminate, regardless of our compliance with the applicable laws and regulations, may have disputes with us and commence action against us for damages, make public complaints or engage in publicity campaigns against us. We may incur significant costs to defend against these activities, which could harm our business and reputation.
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In the event that counterfeit, illegal, unauthorized or infringing products are sold on our platforms or infringing or misleading content is posted on our user interface, we could face claims or incur penalties. Counterfeit products sold on our platforms may result in significant negative publicity and damage our reputation and cause buyers to refrain from making future purchases from us, which would materially and adversely affect our business operations and financial results. We have in the past received claims alleging the sales of defective, counterfeit or unauthorized items on our platforms. Irrespective of the validity of such claims, we could incur significant costs and efforts in either defending against or settling such claims. If there is a successful claim against us in the United States or the other regions where we have operations, we might be required to pay substantial damages, prohibit the further sale of those products, or limit the activities of certain merchants on our platforms. Potential liabilities under PRC law for negligence in participating or assisting in infringement activities associated with counterfeit goods include injunctions to cease infringing activities, rectification, compensation, administrative penalties and even criminal liability. The negative public perception resulting therefrom could damage our reputation, harm our business, diminish the value of our brand name and negatively affect trading price of our ADSs.
Some of our merchants interact and exchange information with our users through our livestreaming feature. As these communications are conducted in real time, we may be unable to verify and moderate the information exchanged. Therefore, it is possible that users may engage in conversations or activities with illegal, obscene or infringing content that may be deemed unlawful under the applicable laws and regulations on our platforms. In addition, certain merchants may post and sell on our platforms products that may not be sold via e-commerce platforms under the applicable regulations. Failure to identify and remove such products and content from our platforms in a timely manner may subject us to liability and administrative penalties. Any of these events could have a material and adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition.
In addition to fraudulent transactions with legitimate buyers, merchants on our platforms may engage in fictitious transactions with themselves or collaborate with third parties to artificially inflate their sales records and search results rankings. Such activity may frustrate other merchants by enabling the perpetrating merchants to be favored over legitimate merchants, and may harm buyers by misleading them to believe that a merchant is more reliable or trustworthy than the merchant actually is. Some merchants and users also engage in fictitious transactions on e-commerce platforms to facilitate illegal activities such as online gambling. Fictitious transactions may result in the inflation of our key metrics. Although we have implemented strict measures to detect and penalize merchants who engage in fictitious transactions on our platforms, there can be no assurance that such measures will be effective in preventing all fraudulent transactions or in deterring illegal activities.
Under our standard form agreements, we require our merchants to indemnify us for any losses we suffer or any costs that we incur due to any products sold by these merchants. However, we may not be able to successfully enforce our contractual rights and may need to initiate costly and lengthy legal proceedings to protect our rights. Additionally, while we are a platform that does not control merchants, we nevertheless frequently receive and respond to related inquiries and demands from regulators around the globe, and we expect to continue to receive more inquiries and demands in the future. If our policies are violated by merchants, or if our policies and practices or responses to such conduct are perceived as or found to be inadequate by regulators, it could subject us to governmental inquiries, investigations, enforcement actions or potential civil or criminal liabilities, or require us to change our policies and practices in ways that could lower our revenue, increase our costs, make our platform less user-friendly, all of which could adversely impact our business.
Under current U.S. copyright laws such as the Digital Millennium Copyright Act § 512 et. seq., we benefit from statutory safe harbor provisions that protect us from copyright liability for content posted on our platforms by merchants and buyers, and we rely upon user content platform protections under 47 U.S.C. § 230, which limit most non-intellectual property law claims against us based upon content posted by users on our platforms. However, such statutory safe harbor provisions are not available in all jurisdictions where we operate, nor are they available under trademark and patent laws. Similarly, laws related to platforms’ liabilities for products and services offered by merchants to consumers vary by jurisdiction and continue to evolve. Legislation, court rulings and executive orders affecting these limitations on platform liabilities may affect us. In jurisdictions where such limitations on platform liabilities are or become unavailable, we may be held directly or secondarily liable for content, products or services posted or offered by merchants on our platforms in connection with instances of intellectual property infringement, defective products or services and data protection incidents.
Moreover, illegal, fraudulent or collusive activities by our employees could also subject us to liability or negative publicity. Historically, there have been instances of our employees accepting payments from merchants in exchange for preferential treatment on our platforms, and we reported these behaviors to the government authorities.
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Although we implement a zero-tolerance policy towards these activities and have not been charged with any wrongdoing, there can be no assurance that our controls and policies will prevent all fictitious, fraudulent or illegal activities by merchants, users or our employees, or that similar incidents will not occur in the future. Any inquiries, investigations and other governmental actions associated with and negative publicity and user sentiment resulting from similar incidents could divert significant management time and attention, severely diminish consumer confidence in us and the value of our brands, and would materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We may be subject to claims under consumer protection laws, including health and safety claims and product liability claims, if property or people are harmed by the products and services sold on our platforms. Meanwhile, we are subject to existing and new laws and regulations imposing various requirements on our business operations.
The products sold on our platforms may be defectively designed or manufactured, and offerings of defective products on our platforms may expose us to liabilities associated with consumer protection laws. Third parties who purchase defective products sold on our platforms and sustain personal injury or property damage may bring claims or legal proceedings against us. Although we would have legal recourse against the manufacturer of such products under the applicable law, attempting to enforce our rights against the manufacturer may be expensive, time-consuming and ultimately futile. Also, operators of e-commerce platforms may be subject to certain provisions of consumer protection laws even where the operator is not the manufacturer, provider or retailer of the products or services purchased by the consumer. In addition, if we do not take appropriate remedial actions against merchants on our platforms for their actions that we know, or should have known, would infringe upon the rights and interests of consumers, we may be held jointly liable for infringement alongside the merchants. For example, if the operator of the Pinduoduo platform fails to provide a consumer with the real name, address and contact details of the merchant that sold the defective product on the Pinduoduo platform, the operator of the Pinduoduo platform may be liable to compensate such consumer for damages suffered by him or her. Moreover, consumer protection laws in China provide that a platform will be held liable for failing to meet any undertaking that it made to consumers with regard to products listed on it, and the Pinduoduo platform is required to report violations of applicable consumer protection laws, regulations or administrative rules by merchants on the platform to the State Administration for Market Regulation of the PRC, or the SAMR, or its local branches, and to take appropriate remedial measures, including ceasing to provide services to those merchants, as a platform. The operator of the Pinduoduo platform may also be held jointly liable with merchants on the platform who do not possess the proper licenses or authorizations to sell goods or sell goods that do not meet product standards.
We do not maintain product liability insurance for products transacted on our platforms, and our rights of indemnity from the merchants or suppliers on our platforms may not adequately cover us for any liability we may incur. Claims against us, even if they are eventually unsuccessful, could result in significant expenditure of funds and diversion of management time and resources, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and prospects. In addition, governments and regulatory authorities of the jurisdictions where we operate may continue to promulgate new laws and regulations governing the e-commerce industry, tighten enforcement of existing laws and regulations, and impose additional requirements and other obligations on our business including the operation of our platforms and our market promotion activities. Compliance with these laws and regulations may be costly, and any non-compliance or associated inquiries, investigations and other governmental actions may divert significant management time and attention and our financial resources, bring negative publicity, or subject us to liabilities or administrative penalties. In the case of the Pinduoduo platform we are subject to the following laws and regulations in China:
| ● | In August 2018, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of the PRC promulgated the E-Commerce Law, pursuant to which we may be held responsible if fresh produce or other products sold through Duo Duo Grocery caused harm to the interests and health of consumers. Please see “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations in the PRC—Regulations Relating to E-Commerce—The E-Commerce Law” for details. |
| ● | The E-Commerce Law requires certain e-commerce operators, including, but not limited to, e-commerce platform operators and merchants on these platforms, to register with the relevant local branches of the SAMR, and requires that e-commerce platform operators should provide the identity information of the merchants on their platforms to local branches of the SAMR and procure those merchants who fail to make such registrations to comply with the registration requirements. The Measures for the Supervision and Administration of Online Transactions, promulgated by the SAMR in 2021, also require e-commerce platforms to remind individual merchants to timely register with the applicable local branches of the SAMR if those merchants have an aggregate annual online business turnover of RMB100,000 or more. Please see “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations in the PRC—Regulations Relating to E-Commerce—The E-Commerce Law” and “—Regulations on Online Transactions” for details. The policy of the Pinduoduo platform expressly requires all merchants on the platform to complete these registrations. The Pinduoduo platform may lose existing or potential merchants who do not or are unwilling to comply with the registration and related requirements, and the Pinduoduo platform may be found liable under the E-Commerce Law and related regulations if it is deemed to have failed to implement the required procedures. |
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| ● | In October 2020, the SAMR issued the Interim Provisions for Regulating Promotional Activities, which require platform operators to design rules and procedures to foster fair and transparent merchandise promotional activities, and assist the authorities in their investigation of violations by platform merchants. In addition, according to the PRC Anti-unfair Competition Law and other laws and regulations, business operators are prohibited from inducing consumers into transactions via misleading pricing terms or engaging in other anti-competitive conducts associated with product price. Violators of these laws and regulations may be subject to fines and other administrative penalties. For example, in March 2021, the SAMR fined five platform operators a sum of RMB6.5 million, including RMB1.5 million against the operator of the Pinduoduo platform, for unfair pricing conduct with respect to their online grocery businesses. |
| ● | In February 2021, the Anti-monopoly Committee of the State Council of the PRC published the Anti-monopoly Guidelines for the Platform Economy Sector, which prohibit business practices such as deploying big data analytics to set discriminatory terms for merchandise prices or other transaction terms; coercive exclusivity arrangements with transaction counterparties; blocking of a competitor’s interface through technological means; and unlawful collection of user data without consent. If the Pinduoduo platform is found to have any non-compliance issues by the authorities, it may be subject to fines and other penalties. |
| ● | In April 2021, the SAMR, together with the CAC and the State Administration of Taxation of the PRC, held a meeting with more than 30 major platform operators, including the operator of the Pinduoduo platform. All platform operators that participated in the meeting were required to conduct a self-inspection within one month to identify and correct possible violations of anti-monopoly, anti-unfair competition, tax and other related laws and regulations and submit their compliance commitments for public supervision. The authorities may regulate these compliance commitments through further legislation or administrative activities. As a result, we may incur additional costs and expenses, devote more of management’s attention and allocate additional resources to be in compliance with the applicable laws and regulations. If the operator of the Pinduoduo platform is required to take any rectifying or remedial measures or is subject to any penalty, the reputation and business operations of the Pinduoduo platform may be materially and adversely affected. |
| ● | In August 2022, certain amendments to the Anti-monopoly Law became effective. These amendments generally impose stricter requirements for completing acquisitive transactions. Please see “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations in the PRC—Regulations Relating to Anti-unfair Competition and Anti-monopoly” for details. Any failure or perceived failure by the Pinduoduo platform to comply with the anti-monopoly laws and regulations may result in governmental investigations or enforcement actions, lawsuits or claims against the Pinduoduo platform or its operator, and could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. |
In the case of the Temu platform, we as the operator of the e-commerce platform and merchants that offer to sell products into the jurisdictions where we operate are subject to the consumer protection laws of such jurisdictions, including those relating to health and safety and product liability. For instance, merchants that offer to sell products into the U.S. are subject to laws and regulations enforced by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission and other similar regulatory authorities at the state level. Merchants that offer to sell products into the European Union are subject to the Product Safety Regulation in the EU. If certain products sold in a jurisdiction by merchants on our platforms are found to be in violation of the applicable consumer protection laws of such jurisdiction, such products could be subject to involuntary recalls, takedown notices, and other actions by the applicable authorities. Recalls and government or user concerns about product safety could harm our reputation and reduce sales, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
Due to evolving legislative activities and varied local implementation practices regarding consumer protection, anti-monopoly and competition laws and regulations in the countries or regions where we have operations, compliance with these laws, regulations, rules and guidelines may be costly, and any actual or alleged non-compliance or associated inquiries, investigations and other governmental actions may divert significant management time and attention, strain our financial resources, bring negative publicity, subject us to liabilities or administrative penalties, or otherwise materially and adversely affect our financial condition, operations and business prospects.
We may face challenges in expanding product offerings on our platforms.
The merchants on our platforms carry a wide range of products. Expansion of product offerings on our platforms, in terms of both categories and items, involves new risks and challenges. Our lack of familiarity with new products and lack of buyer data relating to these products may make it more difficult for us to anticipate buyer demand and preferences, inspect and control the quality of these products, and ensure that these products are properly handled, stored and delivered. Our merchants may experience higher return rates on new products, receive more buyer complaints about such products and face costly product liability claims as a result of selling such products, which would harm our brands, reputation and financial performance. We may also be involved in disputes with the merchants in connection with these claims and complaints.
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As we broaden product offerings on our platforms, we will need to work with a large number of new merchants efficiently and establish and maintain mutually beneficial relationships with our existing and new merchants. To support our growth and our expansion, we will need to devote management, operating, financial and human resources which may divert our attention from existing businesses, incur upfront costs, and implement a variety of new and upgraded management, operating and financial systems, procedures and controls. There is no assurance that we will be able to implement all of these systems, procedures and control measures successfully or address the various challenges in expanding our future businesses and operations effectively. In addition, the initiatives that we are pursuing to diversify our business operations, such as livestreaming, Duo Duo Grocery and Temu, face risks and uncertainties and may not grow successfully.
Tencent provides services to us in connection with various aspects of our operations. If these services become limited, compromised, restricted, curtailed or less effective, more expensive or unavailable to us for any reason or in any way, our business may be materially and adversely affected.
We collaborate with Tencent, one of our principal shareholders and the owner of Weixin and QQ, with respect to various aspects of our business, including our Pinduoduo mini-programs within Weixin and the entry point to our Pinduoduo mini-program in Weixin Pay, which serves as one of the access points to the Pinduoduo platform, as well as providing services such as payment processing, advertising and cloud technology.
If the services provided by Tencent to us become limited, compromised, restricted, curtailed or less effective, more expensive or unavailable to us for any reason, such as if our mini-programs within Weixin and the entry point to our Pinduoduo mini-program in Weixin Pay become inaccessible, our business may be materially and adversely affected. Failure to maintain our relationship with Tencent could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations. See “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—B. Related Party Transactions.”
We rely on the proper operation and maintenance of our platforms, internet infrastructure and telecommunications networks in the countries or regions where we have operations. Any malfunction, capacity constraint or operation interruption may have an adverse impact on our business.
We provide products and services online through our platforms. The satisfactory performance, reliability and availability of our platforms are critical to our success and our ability to attract and retain buyers. Our business depends on the performance and reliability of the internet infrastructure in the countries or regions where we have operations. The reliability and availability of our platforms also depends on telecommunications carriers and other third-party providers for communications and storage capacity, including bandwidth and server storage, among other things. If we are unable to enter into and renew agreements with these providers on acceptable terms, or if any of our existing agreements with such providers are terminated as a result of our breach or otherwise, our ability to provide our services to our buyers could be adversely affected. In the case of the Pinduoduo platform, access to the internet in China is maintained through state-owned telecommunications carriers under administrative control. The Pinduoduo platform obtains access to end-user networks operated by such telecommunications carriers and internet service providers. The failure of telecommunications network operators to provide us with the requisite bandwidth could also interfere with the speed and availability of our platforms. Service interruptions prevent buyers from accessing our platforms and placing orders, and frequent interruptions could frustrate buyers and discourage them from attempting to place orders, which could cause us to lose buyers and harm our operating results. In addition, we have no control over the costs of the services provided by the telecommunications operators. If the prices that we pay for telecommunications and internet services rise significantly, our financial results could be adversely affected.
We may engage in acquisitions, investments or strategic alliances, which could require significant management attention and materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.
We may, from time to time, identify strategic partners to form strategic alliances, invest in or acquire additional assets, technologies or businesses that are complementary to our existing business. These transactions may involve minority investments in other companies, acquisitions of controlling stakes in other companies or acquisitions of selected assets.
Any strategic alliances, investments or acquisitions and the subsequent integration of the new assets and businesses obtained or developed from such transactions into our own businesses may divert management from their primary responsibilities and subject us to additional liabilities. In addition, the costs of identifying and consummating investments and acquisitions may be significant. We may also incur costs and experience uncertainties in completing necessary registrations and obtaining necessary approvals from the government authorities. The costs and duration of integrating newly acquired assets and businesses could also materially exceed our expectations. Any such negative developments could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow.
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Our financial results could be adversely affected by our investments or acquisitions. The investments and acquired assets or businesses may not generate anticipated synergies with our business or achieve anticipated financial growth. They could result in significant investments and goodwill impairment charges and amortization expenses for other intangible assets, which would adversely affect our financial condition and operating results.
Undetected programming errors or flaws could negatively affect user experience, damage our reputation or even cause direct loss to us, which would materially and adversely affect our results of operations.
Our platforms and internal systems rely on software that is highly technical and complex. In addition, our platforms and internal systems depend on the ability of such software to store, retrieve, process and manage an immense amount of data and the ability of their operators to operate these complex systems properly. The software on which we rely may contain undetected programming errors or design defects, some of which may only be discovered after the code has been released. Improper operations or other human errors may also occur from time to time as a result of operating such software and complex systems. Programming errors or design defects within the software or human errors in connection with the operation of the software may result in a negative experience to buyers using our platforms, disruptions to the operations of our merchants, delays in the introduction of new features or enhancements, unintended disclosure of confidential information of buyers, merchants and our platforms, compromise in our ability to provide effective customer service and enjoyable user engagement or exploitation of loopholes by dishonest buyers or merchants. Programming errors or design defects could cause damage to our reputation, loss of buyers or merchants, or direct economic loss to us.
Our business generates and processes a large amount of data, and we are required to comply with laws relating to privacy and cybersecurity. The improper use or disclosure of data could have a material and adverse effect on our business and prospects.
Our business generates and processes a large amount of data. We face a number of challenges relating to data from transactions and other activities on our platforms, including:
| ● | protecting the data in and hosted on our system, including against attacks on our system by outside parties or fraudulent behavior or improper use by our employees, and securely transmitting such data over public networks; |
| ● | addressing concerns related to privacy, sharing, safety, security and other factors; and |
| ● | complying with applicable laws and regulations relating to the collection, use, storage, transfer, disclosure and security of personal data, including any requests from regulatory and government authorities relating to these data. |
To address these challenges, we have adopted strict security policies and measures, including encryption technology, to protect our proprietary data and buyer information. Maintaining complete security on our platforms and systems for the storage and transmission of confidential or private data, such as buyers’ personal information, payment-related information and transaction information, is essential to maintaining consumer confidence in our platforms and systems.
However, advances in technology, the expertise of hackers, new discoveries in the field of cryptography or other events or developments could result in a compromise or breach of the technology that we use to protect our data. We may not be able to prevent third parties, especially hackers or other individuals or entities engaging in similar activities through viruses, Trojan horses, malicious software, break-ins, phishing attacks, third-party manipulation or security breaches, from illegally obtaining the confidential or private data we hold on our platforms. Individuals or entities that illegally obtain confidential or private data may further engage in various other illegal activities using such data. The methods used by hackers and others engaging in illegal online activities are increasingly more sophisticated and constantly evolving. In addition, all online payments for products sold on our platforms are settled through third-party payment services. We have limited control or influence over the security policies or measures adopted by third-party providers of online payment services through which some of our buyers may choose to make payment for purchases.
Any negative publicity on our platforms’ data safety or privacy protection mechanisms and policies, and any claims asserted or investigations against us or fines imposed upon us as a result of actual or perceived failures, could have a material and adverse effect on our public image, reputation, financial condition and results of operations. Any compromise of our information security or the information security measures of our contracted third-party payment service providers that results in data being improperly used or disclosed could also materially and adversely affect us. Significant capital, managerial and other resources, including costs incurred to deploy additional personnel, develop network protection technologies, train employees, and engage third-party experts and consultants, may be required to ensure and enhance information security or to address the issues caused by a potential security failure.
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Our business is subject to complex and evolving laws and regulations regarding privacy and data protection in the countries and regions where we have operations. These laws and regulations can be complex and stringent, and many are subject to change and evolving interpretation, which may result in claims, changes to our data and other business practices, regulatory investigations, penalties, or otherwise affect our business.
Regulatory authorities around the world have adopted laws and regulations or are considering legislative and regulatory proposals concerning privacy and data protection, including in the PRC, U.S. and the European Union. These laws and regulations regulate the way we collect, use, store, transfer, disclose and secure data and protect the privacy of our users. Global developments in these laws may also create additional compliance obligations for us in the jurisdictions in which we operate.
In the PRC, the regulatory and enforcement regime relating to data security and data protection is evolving and may be subject to different interpretations or further legislation. Moreover, different PRC regulatory bodies, including the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the PRC, or the MIIT, the CAC, the Ministry of Public Security of the PRC, and the SAMR, have enforced data privacy and protections laws and regulations with varying standards and applications. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations in the PRC—Regulations Relating to Internet Information Security and Privacy Protection.” The following are examples of certain recent PRC regulatory activities in this area:
Cybersecurity and Data Security
| ● | The PRC authorities have promulgated a number of laws and regulations relating to cybersecurity and data security in the past few years. In June 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress promulgated the Data Security Law, effective September 1, 2021. In July 2021, the state council of the PRC promulgated the Regulations on the Protection of Critical Information Infrastructure, effective September 1, 2021. In December 2021, the CAC, together with other authorities, jointly promulgated the Cybersecurity Review Measures, effective February 15, 2022. These laws and regulations impose cybersecurity review obligations on critical information infrastructure operators and network platform operators. Under the Regulations on the Protection of Critical Information Infrastructure, “critical information infrastructure” is defined as those network facilities or information systems that may endanger national security, people’s livelihoods and the public interest if such facilities or systems were to experience data breaches, damage, or system malfunctions. Critical information infrastructure operators, as determined and notified by the applicable governing authorities, are required to undergo cybersecurity reviews if they procure network products and services which could affect the security of their information infrastructure, network or data. As of the date of this annual report, we have not received any notice that we are a critical information infrastructure operator from any government authority. Under the Cybersecurity Review Measures, any network platform operator that handles the personal data of more than one million users must apply for a cybersecurity review before it makes any public offering on a stock exchange outside of the PRC. As these laws and regulations are relatively new, certain concepts thereunder, including the exact scope of the term “critical information infrastructure operators” and “network platform operators,” remain subject to further clarification. Therefore, if we are deemed to be a critical information infrastructure operator or a network platform operator under PRC law, we may become subject to PRC cybersecurity laws and regulations, such as cybersecurity review obligations discussed above. |
| ● | In addition to the currently effective laws and regulations described above, the PRC authorities may adopt additional laws and regulations in the future that further heighten the regulation of data security. For example, in November 2021, the CAC released a consultation draft of the Regulations on Network Data Security Management for public comment. These regulations create cybersecurity review obligations for data processors, which are broadly defined as individuals or organizations that have discretion in deciding the objectives and means of their data processing activities, such as data collection, storage, utilization, transmission, publication and deletion. In particular, pursuant to the draft Regulations on Network Data Security Management, a data processor must apply for cybersecurity review if, among others, it (i) seeks to complete a public offering on a stock exchange outside of the PRC and (ii) processes the data of more than one million users. In addition to the foregoing cybersecurity review obligations, the draft Regulations on Network Data Security Management also proposed to create a system of annual data security self-assessments, whereby data processors that (i) process “important data” or (ii) are listed outside of the PRC, must conduct an annual data security assessment and submit the annual assessment report to the applicable municipal cybersecurity department by the end of January in the following year. As of the date of this annual report, the draft Regulations on Network Data Security Management have only been released for public comment, and their respective provisions and anticipated adoption or effective date remain subject to change with substantial uncertainty. However, if such regulations were to be adopted in their current form, we would be subject to additional regulatory obligations with respect to data security, and may face challenges in addressing their requirements and amending our internal data processing policies and practices to ensure compliance therewith. |
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Personal Data and Privacy
| ● | The Anti-monopoly Guidelines for the Platform Economy Sector published by the Anti-monopoly Committee of the State Council, effective February 7, 2021, prohibit collection of user information through coercive means by online platform operators. |
| ● | In August 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress promulgated the Personal Information Protection Law, which unified a number of separate rules with respect to personal information rights and privacy protection, effective November 1, 2021. The Personal Information Protection Law strengthened the protection of personal information. As a general principle, the processing of personal data must be directly related to a specific and reasonable purpose and the related collection of personal information must be tailored to what is necessary to meet that purpose. The Personal Information Protection Law also created a number of specific requirements for the processing of personal data. For example, the law prohibits any person that processes personal data from engaging in price discrimination or otherwise applying unreasonable differential treatment to individuals based on automated analysis of collected personal information. To meet the latest regulatory requirements of the PRC authorities, we update our privacy policies from time to time and adopt technical measures to protect data and ensure that we systematically protect personal information rights. However, in practice, many of the specific requirements of the Personal Information Protection Law remain to be clarified by the CAC, other regulatory authorities, and courts. We may be required to make further adjustments to our business practices to comply with personal information protection laws and regulations. |
We believe, to the best of our knowledge, that our business operations are compliant with the currently effective PRC laws relating to cybersecurity, data security, and personal data and privacy laws in all material respects. These PRC laws and regulations are relatively new and certain concepts thereunder remain subject to interpretation by the PRC regulators. The Pinduoduo platform is subject to heightened scrutiny and required to adopt stricter measures to protect and manage certain categories of data. However, some of the provisions under the Cybersecurity Review Measures and the draft Regulations on Network Data Security Management remain unclear on whether they are, or will be, applicable to companies that are already listed on securities exchanges in the United States, such as us. If the Cybersecurity Review Measures and the enacted version of the draft Regulations on Network Data Security Management mandate that issuers like us must clear cybersecurity review or obtain other regulatory approvals for their previous issuances of securities in the United States or future offerings, it is unclear whether we would be able to complete such regulatory procedures in a timely fashion, or at all. Failure to do so may subject us to government actions, investigations, fines, penalties, suspension of our operations or removal of our apps from application stores, which could have a material and adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
In the United States, rules and regulations governing data privacy and security include those promulgated under the authority of the Federal Trade Commission Act, the Electronic Communications Privacy Act, the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, California’s California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 (“CCPA”) and California Privacy Rights Act of 2020 (“CPRA”), and other state and federal laws relating to privacy, consumer protection, and data security. The CCPA and CPRA contain requirements regarding the handling of personal information of California consumers and households, including compliance and record keeping obligations, the right of individuals to request access to and deletion of their personal information, and the right to opt out of the sale and other uses of their personal information, and provide a private right of action and statutory damages for data breaches. Other jurisdictions in the United States are beginning to expand existing regulations, or propose laws similar to the CCPA, which will continue to shape the data privacy environment nationally. Aspects of certain newly enacted state privacy statutes remain unclear, resulting in further legal uncertainty and potentially requiring us to modify our data practices and policies and to incur substantial additional costs and expenses to comply. If more stringent privacy legislation arises in the United States, it could increase our potential liability and adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
In the European Union and the United Kingdom, we are also subject to laws and regulations regarding data privacy and protection. These include the European Union General Data Protection Regulation, known as the EU GDPR. In the United Kingdom, we are subject to the United Kingdom General Data Protection Regulation and Data Protection Act 2018, known as the UK GDPR, which is substantially similar to the EU GDPR. These laws establish requirements applicable to the processing of personal data, create new data protection rights for individuals and impose penalties for serious data breaches. Individuals also have a right to compensation under these laws for financial or non-financial losses. Failure to comply with the EU GDPR or the UK GDPR can result in significant monetary penalties, regulatory investigations, reputational damage, orders to cease or change our data processing activities, enforcement notices, assessment notices (for a compulsory audit), or civil claims (including class actions).
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The GDPR, CCPA, and similar laws in other jurisdictions, and future changes to or interpretations of any of these laws, may continue to change the data protection landscape globally and could result in potentially significant operational costs for internal compliance and risk to our business. Complying with these laws and contractual or other obligations relating to privacy, data protection, data transfers, data localization, or information security may require us to make changes to our services to enable us or our customers to meet new legal requirements, incur substantial operational costs, modify our data practices and policies, and restrict our business operations. Any actual or perceived failure by us to comply with these laws, regulations, or other obligations may lead to significant fines, penalties, regulatory investigations, lawsuits, significant costs for remediation, damage to our reputation, or other liabilities.
In recent years, U.S. and European lawmakers and regulators have expressed concern over the use of third-party cookies and similar technologies for online behavioral advertising, and laws in this area are also under reform. In the European Union, current national laws that implement the ePrivacy Directive will be replaced by an EU regulation known as the ePrivacy Regulation. Changes to the regulations on cookies and similar technologies may increase regulatory scrutiny and increase potential civil liability under data protection or consumer protection laws. We may incur liabilities, expenses, costs, and other operational losses under applicable laws in connection with any measures we take to comply with them.
Complying with these laws and contractual or other obligations relating to privacy, data protection, data transfers, data localization, or information security may require us to incur substantial operational costs or modify our data practices and policies. We have taken and will continue to take reasonable measures to comply with such laws and regulations, including those set forth under “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Data Security and Protection” and “Item 16K. Cybersecurity.” However, there are uncertainties with respect to how such laws and regulations will be implemented and interpreted in practice. Complying with applicable laws and regulations relating to data security and personal information protection may be costly and result in additional expenses to us, and any material failure to do so may subject us to potential liability, regulatory investigations, costly litigation or negative publicity, harm our reputation and business operations, significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to continue to offer securities to investors, or cause the value of such securities to significantly decline.
We currently rely on commercial banks and third-party payment service providers for payment processing and escrow services. If these payment services are restricted or curtailed in any way, are offered to us on less favorable terms, or become unavailable to us or our buyers for any reason, our business may be materially and adversely affected.
Buyers on our platforms may opt to pay for purchases using a variety of methods, including through credit cards, debit cards, and payment methods provided by third-party payment service providers such as mobile wallets or buy now pay later solutions. Our business therefore depends on the billing, payment and escrow systems of these service providers to maintain accurate records of payments of sales proceeds by buyers and collect such payments.
Business involving online payment services is subject to a number of risks that could materially and adversely affect third-party payment service providers’ ability to provide payment processing and escrow services to us, including:
| ● | dissatisfaction with these online payment services or decreased use of their services by buyers and merchants; |
| ● | increasing competition, including from other established internet companies, payment service providers and companies engaged in other financial technology services; |
| ● | changes to rules or practices applicable to payment systems that link to third-party payment service providers; |
| ● | breach of buyers’ personal information and concerns over the use and security of information collected from buyers; |
| ● | service outages, system failures or failures to effectively scale the system to handle large and growing transaction volumes; |
| ● | increasing costs to third-party payment service providers, including fees charged by banks to process transactions through online payment channels, which would also increase our costs of revenues; and |
| ● | failure to manage funds accurately or loss of funds, whether due to employee fraud, security breaches, technical errors or otherwise. |
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Our reliance on third-party payment service providers subjects us to limitations imposed by the providers. For example, some commercial banks in China impose limits on the amounts that may be transferred by automated payments from buyers’ bank accounts to their linked accounts with third-party payment services. We cannot predict whether these and any additional restrictions that could be put in place would have a material adverse effect on our business.
We cannot assure you that we will be successful in entering and maintaining amicable relationships with commercial banks and online payment service providers that work with us. Identifying, negotiating and maintaining relationships with these providers require significant time and resources. Our current agreements with these service providers also do not prohibit them from working with our competitors. They could choose to terminate their relationships with us or propose terms that we cannot accept. Moreover, we cannot guarantee that the terms we have negotiated with these payment service providers, including the payment processing fee rates, will remain as favorable. If the terms with these payment service providers become less favorable to us, such as the increase of payment processing fee rate, we may have to raise the transaction services fees for certain of our merchants, which may cause us to lose merchants, or absorb the additional costs by ourselves, both of which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, these service providers may not perform as expected under our agreements with them, and we may have disagreements or disputes with such payment service providers, either of which could adversely affect our brands and reputation as well as our business operations.
The laws, regulations, rules, and standards relating to payments span multiple jurisdictions globally, and are complex and evolving.
The laws and regulations related to payments are complex, evolving, subject to change and vary across the PRC, the United States and other jurisdictions globally. Jurisdictions may subject us to requirements for licensing, regulatory inspection, handling of funds, data processing and privacy or other obligations. Any failure or claim of our failure to comply, or any failure by our third-party payment processors to comply, could cost us substantial resources, result in liabilities and harm our reputation. In addition, through our agreements with third-party payment processors, we are subject to credit card association operating rules, which are subject to change or reinterpretation. Any failure to comply with these rules could impact our ability to meet our contractual obligations to our third-party payment processors. Any changes in these rules, including any change in our designation by major payment card providers, could require a change in our business operations.
In China, the commercial banks and third-party payment service providers that work with the Pinduoduo platform are subject to the supervision of the People’s Bank of China. The People’s Bank of China may publish rules, guidelines and interpretations from time to time regulating the operation of financial institutions and payment service providers that may in turn affect the pattern of services provided by such entities to the Pinduoduo platform. For example, in November 2017, the People’s Bank of China published the Notice on Further Strengthening the Rectification of Uncertificated Payment Business Operations without a Certificate. This notice was intended to prevent unlicensed entities from using licensed payment service providers as a conduit for conducting the unlicensed payment settlement services, so as to safeguard the fund security and information security. We believe that the pattern of the Pinduoduo platform receiving settlement services from third-party payment service providers is not in violation of the notice because (i) the commercial bank opens a special internal account to receive payment from the buyers, (ii) the Pinduoduo platform submits to the bank materials verifying the truthfulness of the transactions and (iii) the bank also verifies other information, if it deems necessary, before it distributes the payment to merchants on the Pinduoduo platform and the Pinduoduo platform, as applicable. However, we cannot assure you that the People’s Bank of China or other governmental authorities will take the same view as ours. If required by the People’s Bank of China or new legislation, the payment service providers that work with the Pinduoduo platform will have to suspend their services or explore new models to offer their services to the Pinduoduo platform, the Pinduoduo platform may not be able to claim its ownership and exclusive control of the payments from the buyers in the bank accounts opened with the commercial banks, and the Pinduoduo platform may incur additional expenses or invest considerable resources in complying with the requirements. If the People’s Bank of China or other governmental authorities deem the Pinduoduo platform’s cooperation with payment service providers to be in violation of law, the Pinduoduo platform may also have to suspend or terminate its cooperation with these payment service providers or explore new models for using their services, and the income derived from the accrued interests in the bank accounts may be confiscated, and the Pinduoduo platform may be subject to a fine of one to five times of such income.
In addition, similar to a potential increase in fee rates from third-party payment service providers described above, any increased costs associated with compliance with rules on payment processing could lead us to bear increased costs or increased fees for our merchants, each of which may negatively impact our business.
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We do not control Shanghai Fufeitong and the majority of its equity interests is indirectly controlled by our executive officers. If any conflict arises between us and Shanghai Fufeitong and cannot be resolved in our favor, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.
In April 2020, Shanghai Xunmeng, a subsidiary of the VIE, entered into a business cooperation agreement with Shanghai Fufeitong Information Service Co., Ltd., or Shanghai Fufeitong, pursuant to which both parties agreed to conduct comprehensive business cooperation in payment services, technical resources and other related professional areas. As Shanghai Fufeitong is a company in which Mr. Lei Chen and Mr. Zhenwei Zheng, our executive officers, indirectly hold 50.01% of the equity interests, the transaction constitutes a related party transaction. See “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—B. Related Party Transactions—Loan to Ningbo Hexin and Business Cooperation Agreement with Shanghai Fufeitong” for more details about the transactions.
As Shanghai Fufeitong, which we do not have control over, also provides payment services to other parties from time to time, we cannot assure you that Shanghai Fufeitong’s transactions with other parties or its pursuit of opportunities and development would not conflict with our interests. There can be no assurance that Mr. Lei Chen and Mr. Zhenwei Zheng, in light of their control over Shanghai Fufeitong, would act in favor of our interests if any conflict arises between us and Shanghai Fufeitong. If the conflict cannot be resolved in our favor, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.
Moreover, due to our cooperation with Shanghai Fufeitong, any event that negatively affects Shanghai Fufeitong may also negatively affect the perception of our buyers, merchants, regulators and other third parties on us and may further adversely and materially affect our reputation, business, results of operations and prospects.
Any lack of additional requisite approvals, licenses or permits or failure to comply with any requirements of the applicable laws, regulations and policies may materially and adversely affect our daily operations and hinder our growth.
Our business is subject to governmental supervision and regulation by the governmental authorities. In the case of the Pinduoduo platform, these authorities include the Ministry of Commerce of the PRC, the MIIT, the National Radio and Television Administration of the PRC, or the NRTA, and other governmental authorities in charge of the relevant categories of products sold on the Pinduoduo platform. Together, these government authorities promulgate and enforce regulations that cover many aspects of the operation of online retailing and related business, including entry into the industry, the scope of permissible business activities, licenses and permits for various business activities, and foreign investment. For instance, the Pinduoduo platform is required to hold a number of licenses and permits in connection with its business operations, including the ICP license and approvals for the establishment of PRC foreign-invested enterprises engaging in the sale of goods over the internet. We have in the past held and currently hold all material licenses and permits described above and may apply for certain additional licenses with the government authorities in the future to maintain compliances especially when we take on new business activities. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations in the PRC—Regulations Relating to Foreign Investment” and “—Licenses, Permits and Filings.”
As of the date of this annual report, we have not been subject to material penalties or other material disciplinary action from the governmental authorities regarding conducting our business without proper approvals, licenses and permits. However, we cannot assure you that we will not receive such notice of warning or be subject to penalties or other disciplinary actions in the future. The interpretation and implementation of current and any future laws and regulations applicable to online retail and related businesses may substantially impact our business and financial condition. New laws and regulations may be adopted from time to time that require additional licenses and permits other than those we currently have, and to address new issues that arise from time to time. Interpretations of existing laws and regulations could also change, resulting in us being subject to licensing requirements that we believe we are not currently subject to. If any governmental authority considers us operating without proper approvals, licenses, filings, registrations or permits or promulgates new laws and regulations that require additional approvals, filings, registrations or licenses or impose additional restrictions on the operation of any part of our business, it has the power to, among other things, levy fines, confiscate our income, revoke our business licenses, require us to discontinue the relevant part of our business or impose restrictions on the affected portion of our business. Any of these and other regulatory actions by the governmental authorities, including issuance of official notices, change of policies, promulgation of regulations and imposition of sanctions, may adversely affect our business. In addition, if we were to use new or additional domain names to conduct our business, we would have to apply for the same set of government authorizations or amend the current ones. There is no assurance that we will be able to complete such procedures timely.
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Applicable laws and regulations may also require e-commerce platform operators to take measures to protect consumer rights. Failure to do so may subject the e-commerce platform operators to rectification requirements and penalties. Although we endeavor to comply with the applicable laws and regulations, there is no assurance that we can timely react to the evolving requirements. If the competent governmental authorities deem that we fail to meet such requirements, we may receive warnings, be ordered to make rectifications, or be subject to other administrative sanctions and/or penalties that may have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.
For instance, on November 12, 2020, the NRTA issued the Circular on Strengthening the Administration of Livestreaming, also known as Notice 78. Pursuant to Notice 78, platforms that provide livestreaming must register their information and business operations. On April 23, 2021, seven PRC regulatory authorities jointly promulgated the Administrative Measures on Online Livestreaming Marketing (Trial), effective May 25, 2021, which requires livestreaming platforms to adopt measures to (i) intervene in risky or illegal transactions by limiting traffic, suspending livestreaming or other methods, and (ii) prominently warn users of the risks involved in transactions conducted outside of the livestreaming platforms. Regulatory authorities may promulgate new laws and regulations from time to time to address new issues and regulate emerging activities. The interpretation and implementation of existing laws and regulations applicable to business activities in livestreaming and e-commerce are complex and evolving. We cannot assure you that we will not be found in violation of any of the laws and regulations currently in effect due to the evolving interpretation and implementation of these laws and regulations.
We are subject to the labor laws and regulations of the jurisdictions in which we have employees. If we are found to violate these laws or regulations, or if these laws and regulations change, we could be negatively affected. Our entities in China are required by PRC laws and regulations to comply with PRC labor laws and regulations, pursuant to which they must pay overtime compensation and provide various government statutory employee benefit plans, including medical insurance, maternity insurance, workplace injury insurance, unemployment insurance and pension benefits through a PRC government-mandated multi-employer defined contribution plan. The relevant government agencies may examine whether an employer has made adequate payments of the requisite statutory employee benefits, and those employers who fail to make adequate payments may be subject to late payment fees, fines and/or other penalties. If the PRC authorities determine that the PRC entities need to make supplemental contributions, that these entities are not in compliance with labor laws and regulations, or that these entities are subject to fines or other legal sanctions, such as order of timely rectification, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.
Pursuant to the Individual Income Tax Law of the PRC, as amended on August 31, 2018, which became effective on January 1, 2019, an individual’s taxable income shall be an amount equal to such individual’s total annual income less a general deductible of RMB60,000 and various special deductibles permitted under relevant laws. Determination and calculation of such special deductibles in accordance with the law may result in an increase of the operating costs and expenses of the Pinduoduo platform. However, as the interpretations of these laws and implementing rules have not been entirely settled yet, our determination and calculation of the special deductibles based on our understanding may be different from how the tax authorities or our employees in the PRC would do. These differences may result in inquiries or reassessment by the tax authorities, as well as disputes with our employees in the PRC.
We may increasingly become a target of public scrutiny and anti-competitive actions conducted by competitors or third parties with ill intent, including complaints to regulatory agencies, negative media coverage, and public dissemination of malicious reports or accusations about our business, all of which could severely damage our reputation and materially and adversely affect our business and prospects.
We process an extremely large number of transactions on a daily basis on our platforms, and the high volume of transactions taking place on our platforms as well as publicity about our business create the possibility of heightened attention from the public, competitors, regulators and the media. Heightened regulatory and public concerns over consumer protection and consumer safety issues may subject us to additional legal and social responsibilities and increased scrutiny and negative publicity over these issues, due to the large number of transactions that take place on our platform and the increasing scope of our overall business operations. In addition, changes in our services or policies have resulted or could result in objections by the public, our competitors, operators of traditional or new media and social networks, merchants on our platform or others. From time to time, these objections or allegations, regardless of their veracity, may result in consumer dissatisfaction, public protests or negative publicity, which could result in government inquiry or substantial harm to our brand, reputation and operations.
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In particular, as the competition in the e-commerce industry further intensifies, we are increasingly susceptible to aggressive, anti-competitive and potentially malicious behaviors, conducts and campaigns by our competitors or third parties with ill intent. For example, untrue and unsubstantiated allegations targeting our platforms or merchants on our platforms may be posted on internet forums, social media platforms or websites by anyone on an anonymous basis. The availability of information on the internet is virtually immediate, as is its impact. These information platforms may not necessarily filter or check the accuracy of information before allowing them to be published. We are often afforded little or no time to respond. For instance, in March 2023, a number of media channels reported cybersecurity concerns about our Pinduoduo mobile app alleged by an anonymous source. Competitors or third parties with ulterior motives could launch aggressive marketing and publicity strategies against us and place the media coverage about this incident among other innocuous or unrelated matters. We are working with stakeholders to refute the allegations while using this opportunity to review our practices. As a result of this anti-competitive conduct, or activities of a similar nature, our brand name and reputation may be materially and adversely affected, and our business operations and strategies may be disrupted or harmed. We may even be subject to governmental or regulatory scrutiny or third-party claims as a result. Meanwhile, we may be required to spend significant amount of time and incur substantial costs to react to or address these consequences. There is no assurance that we will be able to effectively defend ourselves against this type of anti-competitive conduct within a reasonable period of time, or at all.
Moreover, as our business expands and grows, both organically and through acquisitions of and investments in other businesses, we may be exposed to heightened public scrutiny in jurisdictions where we already operate as well as in new jurisdictions where we may operate. There is no assurance that we would not become a target for regulatory or public scrutiny in the future or that scrutiny and public exposure would not severely damage our reputation, business or prospects.
The online marketing services provided by the Pinduoduo platform are considered, in part, to involve internet advertisement under PRC law, which subjects us to PRC laws and regulations applicable to advertising.
The Pinduoduo platform generates a significant amount of our revenues from online marketing services and other related services. The PRC Advertising Law and the Administrative Measures on Internet Advertising govern commercial advertising activities conducted within the territory of the PRC that directly or indirectly promote a product or service through text, images, audio, video, or any other form, using any website, web page, web application, or other online media. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations in the PRC—Regulations Relating to Internet Advertising Business.” Under the Administrative Measures on Internet Advertising, our online marketing services and other related services fall within the purview of the PRC Advertising Law.
PRC advertising laws and regulations require advertisers, advertising operators and advertising distributors to ensure that the content of the advertisements they prepare or distribute is fair and accurate and is in full compliance with applicable laws. The Pinduoduo platform currently generates revenues primarily from online marketing services. Violation of these laws, rules or regulations may result in penalties, including fines, confiscation of advertising fees and orders to cease dissemination of the advertisements. In circumstances involving serious violations, the PRC government may suspend or revoke a violator’s business license or license for operating advertising business. In addition, the Administrative Measures on Internet Advertising require paid-for search results to be prominently marked as an advertisement and distinguished from natural search results so that consumers will not be misled as to the nature of these search results. As such, the Pinduoduo platform must distinguish between merchants who purchase the relevant online marketing and related services (or the listings posted by these merchants) and other merchants. Complying with these requirements and any penalties or fines for any failure to comply may significantly reduce the attractiveness of the Pinduoduo platform and increase our costs and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
In addition, for advertising content related to specific types of products and services, advertisers, advertising operators and advertising distributors must confirm that the advertisers have obtained requisite government approvals, including the advertiser’s operating qualifications, proof of quality inspection of the advertised products, and, with respect to certain industries, government approval of the content of the advertisement and filing with the local authorities. Pursuant to the Administrative Measures on Internet Advertising, the Pinduoduo platform is required to take steps to monitor the content of advertisements displayed on the platform. Complying with PRC requirements on online advertising requires considerable resources and time, and could significantly affect the operation of the Pinduoduo platform, while exposing the Pinduoduo platform to increased liability under the relevant laws and regulations. The costs associated with complying with these laws and regulations, including any penalties or fines for our failure to comply if required, could have a material adverse effect on the Pinduoduo platform’s business, financial condition and results of operations. Any further change in the classification of the Pinduoduo platform’s online marketing and other related services by the PRC government may also significantly disrupt the Pinduoduo platform’s operations, and materially and adversely affect its business and prospects.
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In addition, the Chinese government may, from time to time, promulgate new advertising laws and regulations in the future to impose further requirements on online advertising services. To the extent such new laws or regulations are enacted, our costs of complying with and our potential liability under the relevant laws or regulations could increase, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We may be subject to intellectual property infringement claims, which may be expensive to defend and may disrupt our business and operations.
We cannot be certain that our operations or any aspects of our business do not or will not infringe upon or otherwise violate patents, copyrights or other intellectual property rights held by third parties. We have been, are, and from time to time in the future may be, subject to legal proceedings and claims relating to the intellectual property rights of others. In addition, there may be other third-party intellectual property that is infringed by products offered by our merchants, our services or other aspects of our business. There could also be existing patents of which we are not aware that our products may inadvertently infringe. We cannot assure you that holders of patents purportedly relating to some aspect of our technology platforms or business, if any such holders exist, would not seek to enforce such patents against us in any jurisdiction. Further, the application and interpretation of patent laws and the procedures and standards for granting patents in certain countries or regions where we operate may be evolving and are uncertain, and we cannot assure you that their courts or regulatory authorities would agree with our analysis. If we are found to have violated the intellectual property rights of others, we may be subject to liability for our infringement activities or may be prohibited from using such intellectual property, and we may incur licensing fees or be forced to develop alternatives of our own. In addition, we may incur significant expenses, and may be forced to divert management’s time and other resources from our business and operations to defend against these infringement claims, regardless of their merits. Successful infringement or licensing claims made against us may result in significant monetary liabilities and may materially disrupt our business and operations by restricting or prohibiting our use of the intellectual property in question.
Finally, we use open-source software in connection with our products and services. Companies that incorporate open-source software into their products and services have, from time to time, faced claims challenging the ownership of open-source software and compliance with open-source license terms. As a result, we could be subject to suits by parties claiming ownership of what we believe to be open-source software or non-compliance with open-source licensing terms. Some open-source software licenses require users who distribute open-source software as part of their software to publicly disclose all or part of the source code to such software and make available any derivative works of the open-source code on unfavorable terms or at no cost. Any requirement to disclose our source code or pay damages for breach of contract could be harmful to our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We may not be able to prevent others from unauthorized use of our intellectual property, which could harm our business and competitive position.
We regard our trademarks, copyrights, patents, domain names, know-how, proprietary technologies, and similar intellectual property as critical to our success, and we rely on a combination of intellectual property laws and contractual arrangements, including confidentiality, invention assignment and non-compete agreements with our employees and others, to protect our proprietary rights. We are aware of certain copycat websites that attempt to cause confusion or diversion of traffic from us, against which we have initiated or are considering initiating legal proceedings. However, there is no guarantee we would prevail in any legal proceeding, and we may continue to become an attractive target to these types of attacks in the future because of our brand recognition in the online retail industry. Despite these measures, any of our intellectual property rights could be challenged, invalidated, circumvented or misappropriated, or such intellectual property may not be sufficient to provide us with competitive advantages. In addition, there can be no assurance that (i) our application for registration of trademarks, patents, and other intellectual property rights will be approved, (ii) any intellectual property rights will be adequately protected, or (iii) such intellectual property rights will not be challenged by third parties or found by a judicial authority to be invalid or unenforceable. Further, because of the rapid pace of technological change in our industry, parts of our business rely on technologies developed or licensed by third parties, and we may not be able to obtain or continue to obtain licenses and technologies from these third parties on reasonable terms or at all.
Confidentiality, invention assignment and non-compete agreements may be breached by counterparties, and there may not be adequate remedies available to us for any such breach. Accordingly, we may not be able to effectively protect our intellectual property rights or enforce our contractual rights. Policing any unauthorized use of our intellectual property is difficult and costly and the steps we take may be inadequate to prevent the infringement or misappropriation of our intellectual property. In the event that we resort to litigation to enforce our intellectual property rights, such litigation could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our management and financial resources, and could put our intellectual property at risk of being invalidated or narrowed in scope. We have initiated litigation to defend our trademarks against infringement. However, we can provide no assurance that we will prevail in these ongoing actions or any other future litigation, and even if we do prevail, we may not obtain a meaningful recovery.
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In addition, our trade secrets may be leaked or otherwise become available to, or be independently discovered by, our competitors. Any failure in maintaining, protecting or enforcing our intellectual property rights could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Tightening of tax compliance efforts that affect our merchants could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Tax legislation relating to the e-commerce industry is still developing. Governments may promulgate or strengthen the implementation of tax regulations that impose obligations on e-commerce platforms, which could increase the costs to consumers and merchants and make our platforms less competitive. Governments may require e-commerce platform operators to assist in the enforcement of tax registration requirements and the collection of taxes with respect to the revenue or profit generated by merchants from transactions conducted on their platforms. We may also be requested by tax authorities to supply information about merchants on our platforms, such as transaction records and bank account information, and assist in the enforcement of other tax regulations, including payment and withholding obligations against merchants. As a result of more stringent tax compliance requirements and liabilities, we may lose existing merchants and potential merchants might not be willing to sell products through our platforms, which could in turn negatively affect us. Stricter tax enforcement by tax authorities may also reduce the activities of merchants on our platforms and increase our liabilities and obligations.
Any heightened tax law enforcement against us or participants in our ecosystem (including imposition of reporting or withholding obligations on operators of e-commerce platforms with respect to indirect taxes of merchants and stricter tax enforcement against merchants generally) could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our business may be subject to seasonal sales fluctuations which could result in volatility or have an adverse effect on the market price of our ADSs.
We experience seasonality in our business, reflecting a combination of seasonal fluctuations in internet usage and traditional retail seasonality patterns. For example, we generally experience less buyer traffic and purchase orders in the first quarter of each year. Furthermore, sales are generally higher in the fourth quarter of each calendar year than in the preceding three quarters. Due to the foregoing factors, our financial condition and results of operations for future quarters may continue to fluctuate and our historical quarterly results may not be comparable to future quarters. Moreover, due to our relatively limited operating history, the seasonal trends that we have experienced in the past may not apply to, or be indicative of, our future operating results. As a result, the trading price of our ADSs may fluctuate from time to time due to seasonality.
We have granted and may continue to grant options and other types of awards under our share incentive plans, which may result in increased share-based compensation expenses.
We adopted a global share incentive plan in 2015 (the “2015 Plan”) and a share incentive plan in 2018 (the “2018 Plan”) for the purpose of granting share-based compensation awards to employees, directors and consultants to incentivize their performance and align their interests with ours. Under each of the share incentive plans, we are authorized to grant options and other types of awards. The maximum aggregate number of ordinary shares which may be issued pursuant to all awards under the 2015 Plan is 581,972,860 Class A ordinary shares, subject to adjustment and amendment, and the maximum aggregate number of shares which may be issued pursuant to all awards under the 2018 Plan was initially 363,130,400 Class A ordinary shares, plus an annual increase on the first day of each fiscal year of our company during the term of the 2018 Plan commencing with the fiscal year beginning January 1, 2019, by an amount equal to the lessor of (i) 1.0% of the total number of shares issued and outstanding on the last day of the immediately preceding fiscal year, and (ii) such number of shares as may be determined by our board of directors. In March 2021, our board of directors approved an amendment to the 2018 Plan to increase the annual increase percentage from 1.0% to 3.0% effective from the fiscal year beginning January 1, 2022. See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—B. Compensation” for further details. We recognized substantial share-based compensation expenses in our consolidated financial statements in connection with these grants, and may continue to incur such expenses in the future.
We believe the granting of share-based compensation is of significant importance to our ability to attract and retain key personnel and employees, and we will continue to grant share-based compensation to employees in the future. As a result, our expenses associated with share-based compensation may increase, which may have an adverse effect on our results of operations. We may re-evaluate the vesting schedules, lock-up period, exercise price or other key terms applicable to the grants under our currently effective share incentive plans from time to time. If we choose to do so, our expenses associated with share-based compensation may increase, which may have an adverse effect on our results of operations.
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If we fail to implement and maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, our ability to accurately and timely report our financial results or prevent fraud may be adversely affected, and investor confidence and the market price of our ADSs may be adversely impacted.
We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and the rules and regulations of the Nasdaq Global Select Market. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. We must perform system and process evaluation and testing of our internal control over financial reporting to allow management to report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting in our Form 20-F filing for that year, as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. In addition, our independent registered public accounting firm must attest to and report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Our management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2023. See “Item 15. Controls and Procedures.” If we fail to implement and maintain an effective system of internal control, we will not be able to conclude and our independent registered public accounting firm will not be able to report that we have effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in our future annual report on Form 20-F covering the fiscal year in which this failure occurs. Effective internal control over financial reporting is necessary for us to produce reliable financial reports. Any failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could prevent us from identifying fraud and result in the loss of investor confidence in the reliability of our financial statements, which in turn could have a material and adverse effect on the trading price of our ADSs. Furthermore, we may need to incur additional costs and use additional management and other resources as our business and operations further expand or in an effort to remediate any significant control deficiencies that may be identified in the future.
If we cannot obtain sufficient cash when we need it, we may not be able to meet our payment obligations under our convertible notes.
In September 2019, we issued US$1 billion in aggregate principal amount of convertible senior notes due 2024 (the “2024 Notes”). The 2024 Notes do not bear regular interest, and will mature on October 1, 2024.
In November 2020, we issued US$2 billion in aggregate principal amount of convertible senior notes due 2025 (the “2025 Notes”). The 2025 Notes do not bear regular interest, and will mature on December 1, 2025.
We may not have sufficient funds to fulfill our payment obligations under the 2024 Notes and the 2025 Notes, including to repay the 2024 Notes and/or the 2025 Notes upon maturity, to settle conversions of the 2024 Notes and/or the 2025 Notes in cash, to repurchase the 2024 Notes and/or the 2025 Notes upon a tax redemption or an optional redemption thereof or, at the holders’ election, upon a fundamental change (as defined in the terms of the 2024 Notes and the 2025 Notes, respectively) or on the specified dates set forth in the terms of the 2024 Notes and/or the 2025 Notes. In September 2022, we offered to repurchase the 2024 Notes at the election of the holders thereof pursuant to such holders’ right to repurchase their notes on the specified date set forth in the terms of the 2024 Notes, and we completed the repurchase right offer relating to the 2024 Notes in October 2022. US$1,000 aggregate principal amount of the 2024 Notes was validly surrendered and repurchased. In October 2023, we offered to repurchase the 2025 Notes at the election of the holders thereof pursuant to such holders’ right to repurchase their notes on the specified date set forth in the terms of the 2025 Notes, and we completed the repurchase right offer relating to the 2025 Notes in December 2023. US$1,261,366,000 aggregate principal amount of the 2025 Notes was validly surrendered and repurchased.
We may rely upon distributions and advances from our subsidiaries, as well as service fees paid by the VIE and its subsidiaries pursuant to our contractual arrangements with them, to meet our cash requirements, including the payment obligations under the 2024 Notes, the 2025 Notes and our other obligations. Our subsidiaries and the VIE and its subsidiaries are distinct legal entities and do not have any obligation, legal or otherwise, to provide us with distributions or advances. We may face tax or other adverse consequences, or legal limitations, on our ability to obtain funds from these entities. In addition, our ability to obtain external financing in the future is subject to a variety of uncertainties, including:
| ● | our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows; |
| ● | general market conditions for financing activities by internet companies; and |
| ● | economic, political and other conditions in the PRC and elsewhere. |
If we are unable to obtain funding in a timely manner or on commercially acceptable terms, we may not be able to meet our payment obligations under the 2024 Notes and/or the 2025 Notes, which in turn may constitute a default under the existing and/or future agreements governing our indebtedness.
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We do not have any business insurance coverage in China.
The insurance industry in China is still developing, and insurance companies in China currently offer limited business-related insurance products. We do not have any business liability or disruption insurance to cover our operations in China. We have determined that the costs of insuring for these risks and the difficulties associated with acquiring such insurance on commercially reasonable terms make it impractical for us to have such insurance. Any uninsured risks may result in substantial costs and the diversion of resources, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
A severe or prolonged downturn in the global economy could materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition.
COVID-19 had a severe and negative impact on the Chinese and global economy from 2020 through 2022, and the global macroeconomic environment still faces numerous challenges. The growth rate of the Chinese economy has been slowing since 2010. The Federal Reserve and other central banks outside of China have raised interest rates. The Russia-Ukraine conflict, the Hamas-Israel conflict and the attacks on shipping in the Red Sea have heightened geopolitical tensions across the world. The impact of the Russia-Ukraine conflict on Ukraine food exports has contributed to increases in food prices and thus to inflation more generally. There have also been concerns about the relationship between China and other countries which may potentially have economic effects. In particular, there is significant uncertainty about the future relationship between the United States and China with respect to a wide range of issues including trade policies, treaties, government regulations and tariffs. Economic conditions in China are sensitive to global economic conditions, as well as changes in economic and political policies and the expected or perceived overall economic growth rate in China. Any severe or prolonged slowdown in the global or Chinese economy may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We and certain of our directors and officers have been named as defendants in several lawsuits, and we may be the target of future claims, litigation, government investigations or other proceedings, all of which could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operation, cash flows and reputation.
We are regularly subject to actual and threatened claims, litigation (including putative class action lawsuits), reviews, investigations, and other proceedings, including proceedings by governments and regulatory authorities, involving a wide range of issues, including intellectual property infringement, data security and privacy, commercial practices and other matters. For instance, in December 2022, Temu was named as defendant in a copyright and trademark infringement lawsuit filed by Roadget Business Pte. Ltd., doing business as SHEIN, in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois. This action was dismissed by SHEIN in October 2023. In July 2023, Temu was named as a defendant in five copyright infringement lawsuits filed by several businesses and persons who have business relationships with SHEIN, which lawsuits are currently pending in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois. In December 2023, to protect Temu’s intellectual property and defend Temu against further harm from unfair competitive practices, we filed a complaint in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia against SHEIN. We have also been named as defendants in putative class actions with claims largely based on a short seller report alleging, among other things, that consumers were misled about how Temu uses their data. We do not believe that these claims are meritorious and are vigorously defending ourselves against them. See “Item 8. Financial Information—A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Legal Proceedings” for more details. The number and scale of these proceedings have increased, and will likely continue to increase, as our business has expanded in scope and geographic reach, and as our platforms become more complex, available to, and used by more people, and as governments and regulatory authorities seek to regulate us on a pre-emptive basis.
The outcome of any claims, litigation, government investigations, and other proceedings is inherently uncertain. Regardless of the outcome, such investigations and proceedings can have a material adverse impact on us because of legal costs, diversion of management resources, and other factors. There can be no assurance that we will be able to prevail in our defense or reverse any unfavorable judgment on appeal, and we may decide to settle lawsuits on unfavorable terms. Any adverse outcome of these matters could result in payments of substantial monetary damages or fines, reputational harm, harm to our relations with various government agencies and regulators, orders preventing us from offering certain products or services or requiring us to changes to our business practices in costly ways, and would thus have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operation, cash flows and reputation. In addition, all or part of the defense costs, or any liabilities that may arise from these matters may not be covered by any insurance. The litigation process may utilize a significant portion of our cash resources and divert management’s attention from the day-to-day operations of our company, all of which could harm our business. We may also be subject to claims for indemnification related to these matters, and we cannot predict the impact that indemnification claims may have on our business or financial results.
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Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure
If the PRC government determines that the contractual arrangements that establish part of the VIE structure do not comply with the PRC regulations relating to the relevant industries, or if these regulations or the interpretation of existing regulations change in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in our operations in China, and our ADSs may decline in value or become worthless.
In China, foreign ownership of certain parts of our businesses including value-added telecommunications services (“VATS”) is subject to restrictions under current PRC laws and regulations. For example, foreign investors are not allowed to own more than 50% of the equity interests in a value-added telecommunications service provider (except for e-commerce, multi-party communications in the PRC, storage and forwarding classes, and call centers).
PDD Holdings Inc. is a Cayman Islands holding company and certain of our PRC subsidiaries are considered PRC foreign-invested enterprises under PRC laws, and accordingly, are not eligible to provide value-added telecommunications services. As a result, we conduct our operations in mainland China through (i) our mainland China subsidiaries, (ii) the VIE, in which PDD Holdings Inc. does not have any equity interest but with which we maintain contractual arrangements, and (iii) the subsidiaries of the VIE. In particular, we currently conduct the business activities of the Pinduoduo platform through Shanghai Xunmeng, a subsidiary of the VIE, which holds the VATS License for (i) online data processing and transaction processing business (operating e-commerce), (ii) internet content-related services, (iii) call center business within mainland China, and (iv) information services. Shanghai Xunmeng is wholly owned by the VIE, namely Hangzhou Aimi, which has obtained a VATS License covering online data processing and transaction processing business (operating e-commerce) and internet content-related services. We, through Hangzhou Weimi, entered into a series of contractual arrangements, including a shareholders’ voting rights proxy agreement, equity pledge agreement, spousal consent letter, exclusive consulting and services agreement and exclusive option agreement, with Hangzhou Aimi, its shareholders and, as applicable, their spouses, which enable us to (i) direct the activities of the VIE, (ii) receive substantially all of the economic benefits of the VIE and its subsidiaries, and (iii) have an exclusive option to purchase all or part of the equity interests and assets in the VIE when and to the extent permitted by PRC law. As a result of these contractual arrangements, we have control over and are the primary beneficiary of the VIE and its subsidiaries for accounting purposes and hence consolidate their financial results into our consolidated financial statements under U.S. GAAP. The VIE and its subsidiaries contributed 45.7% of our revenues in 2023. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure” for further details.
In the opinion of King & Wood Mallesons, our PRC legal counsel, (i) the structures of the VIE and Hangzhou Weimi are not in violation of applicable PRC laws and regulations currently in effect; and (ii) the contractual arrangements between Hangzhou Weimi, the VIE and its shareholders governed by PRC law are legal, valid, binding and enforceable in accordance with its terms and applicable PRC laws. However, as of the date of this annual report, the legality and enforceability of our contractual arrangements, as a whole, have not been tested in any PRC court, and we cannot guarantee you that the contractual arrangements, as a whole, would ultimately be legal or enforceable if they were to be tested in a PRC court.
King & Wood Mallesons, our PRC legal counsel, has also advised us that there are uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current and future PRC laws and regulations over the validity of the whole or any part of our contractual arrangements with the VIE. Accordingly, the PRC regulatory authorities may take a view that is contrary to the opinion of our PRC legal counsel. It is uncertain whether any new PRC laws or regulations relating to variable interest entity structures will be adopted or if adopted, what they would provide. The PRC government has discretion in determining rectifiable or punitive measures for non-compliance with or violations of PRC laws and regulations. If we, the VIE or its subsidiaries are found to be in violation of any existing or future PRC laws or regulations, or fail to obtain or maintain any of the required permits or approvals, the PRC regulatory authorities would have discretion to take action in dealing with such violations or failures, including, but not limited to:
| ● | revoking the business license and/or operating license of such entities; |
| ● | discontinuing or placing restrictions or onerous conditions on our operations, including by blocking the VIE’s websites or apps; |
| ● | imposing fines, confiscating the income from Hangzhou Weimi, the VIE or its subsidiaries, or imposing other requirements with which we, the VIE or its subsidiaries may not be able to comply; |
| ● | requiring us to restructure our ownership structure or operations, including terminating the contractual arrangements with the VIE and deregistering the equity pledges of the VIE, which in turn would affect our ability to consolidate, derive economic interests from, or direct the activities of the VIE and its subsidiaries; or |
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| ● | restricting or prohibiting our use of the proceeds of financings conducted outside of China to finance our business and operations in China. |
The imposition of any of the penalties listed above would result in a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business in the PRC. We may not be able to repay the notes and other indebtedness.
In addition, if the PRC government authorities determine that the contractual arrangements constituting part of the VIE structure to be in violation of PRC laws and regulations, or if these PRC laws and regulations change or are interpreted differently in the future, our ADSs may decline in value or become worthless if the determinations, changes, or interpretations result in our inability to assert contractual control over the assets of the VIE that conducts our operations in China. In particular, if the imposition of any of these government actions causes us to lose our right to direct the activities of the VIE and its subsidiaries or our right to receive substantially all the economic benefits and residual returns from the VIE and its subsidiaries and we are not able to restructure our ownership structure and operations in a satisfactory manner, we would no longer be able to consolidate the financial results of the VIE and its subsidiaries in our consolidated financial statements. This would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations and the value of our ADSs.
We face uncertainties with respect to the implementation of the PRC Foreign Investment Law and how it may impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations.
On March 15, 2019, the National People’s Congress of China approved the PRC Foreign Investment Law, which took effect on January 1, 2020 and replaced most of the laws and regulations previously governing foreign investment in the PRC. The PRC Foreign Investment Law is the foundation for regulating foreign investments in China. Subsequently, on December 26, 2019, the State Council promulgated the Implementation Regulations on the PRC Foreign Investment Law, which came into effect on January 1, 2020.
Under the PRC Foreign Investment Law, “foreign investment” refers to the investment activities directly or indirectly conducted by foreign individuals, enterprises or other foreign entities in China. The PRC Foreign Investment Law stipulates three forms of foreign investment, but is silent as to whether contractual arrangements are a form of foreign investment. The Implementation Regulations on the PRC Foreign Investment Law are also silent as to whether contractual arrangements should be deemed to be a form of foreign investment. However, the definition of “foreign investment” under the PRC Foreign Investment Law is broad and covers all activities whereby foreign investors invest in China, including investments made through “any other methods” under laws, administrative regulations, or provisions prescribed by the State Council. Before clarification or confirmation by future laws, administrative regulations or provisions promulgated by the State Council on the nature of contractual arrangements, there is no assurance that contractual arrangements would not be considered to be foreign investment under the PRC Foreign Investment Law. The State Council may in the future enact laws or issue administrative regulations or provisions to classify contractual arrangements as a form of foreign investment, at which time it would be uncertain as to how contractual arrangements would be regulated and whether such contractual arrangements would be deemed to be in violation of the foreign investment restrictions. There is no guarantee that our contractual arrangements and our business will not be materially and adversely affected in the future due to changes in PRC laws and regulations. If future laws, administrative regulations or provisions prescribed by the State Council mandate further actions to be completed by companies with existing contractual arrangements, we may face substantial uncertainties as to the timely completion of such actions. Failure to take timely and appropriate measures to cope with any of these or similar regulatory compliance challenges could materially and adversely affect our current corporate structure and business operations.
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The rights and functions of the PDD Partnership, once effective, may impact your ability to appoint executive directors and nominate the chief executive officer of our company, and the interests of the PDD Partnership may conflict with your interests.
Under our currently effective articles of association, the PDD Partnership, upon and for so long as certain conditions are satisfied, will be entitled to nominate two executive directors (if there are no more than five directors on the board of directors) or three executive directors (if there are more than five but no more than nine directors on the board of directors) and nominate the chief executive officer candidate of our company. Such executive director candidate duly nominated by the PDD Partnership shall be approved and appointed by our board of directors and serve as an executive director of our company until expiry of his or her terms (if any), removal by the PDD Partnership, the shareholders by an ordinary resolution or vacation of office if such executive director, among other things, resigns his office by notice in writing to us or dies or is found to be or becomes of unsound mind. The chief executive officer candidate nominated by the PDD Partnership shall stand for appointment by the nominating and corporate governance committee of the board of directors. If the candidate is not appointed by the nominating and corporate governance committee in accordance with the then effective articles of association of the company, the PDD Partnership may nominate a replacement nominee until the nominating and corporate governance committee appoints such nominee as chief executive officer, or if the nominating and corporate governance committee fails to appoint more than three candidates nominated by the PDD Partnership consecutively, the board of directors may then nominate and appoint any person to serve as our chief executive officer in accordance with the then effective articles of association of the company. See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—A. Directors and Senior Management—PDD Partnership.” This governance structure and contractual arrangements will limit your ability to influence corporate matters, including the matters determined at the board level.
In addition, the interests of the PDD Partnership may not coincide with your interests, including certain managerial decisions such as partner compensation. For example, each year, once an aggregate bonus pool is approved by the board of directors, the partnership committee of the PDD Partnership will make further determinations as to, among other things, the allocation of the current bonus pool among all partners and these allocations may not be entirely aligned with the interest of shareholders who are not partners. Because the partners may be largely comprised of members of our management team, the PDD Partnership and its executive director nominees may focus on the operational and financial results that may differ from the expectations and desires of shareholders. To the extent that the interests of the PDD Partnership differ from your interests on certain matters, you may be disadvantaged.
We rely on contractual arrangements with the VIE and its shareholders for a large portion of our business operations, which may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing operational control.
The VIE and its subsidiaries contributed 59.3%, 56.2% and 45.7% of our consolidated total revenues in 2021, 2022 and 2023, respectively. We have relied and expect to continue to rely on contractual arrangements with the VIE and its shareholders to conduct our business in the PRC. For a description of these contractual arrangements, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure.” These contractual arrangements may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing us with control over the VIE and its subsidiaries. For example, the VIE and its shareholders could breach their contractual arrangements with us by, among other things, failing to conduct their operations in an acceptable manner or taking other actions that are detrimental to our interests.
If we had direct ownership of the VIE, we would be able to exercise our rights as a shareholder to effect changes in the board of directors of the VIE, which in turn could implement changes, subject to any applicable fiduciary obligations, at the management and operational level. However, under the current contractual arrangements, we rely on the performance by the VIE and its shareholders of their obligations under the contracts to exercise control over the VIE and its subsidiaries. The shareholders of our consolidated VIE may not act in the best interests of our company or may not perform their obligations under these contracts. Such risks exist throughout the period in which we intend to operate certain portions of our business through the contractual arrangements with the VIE. If any dispute relating to these contracts remains unresolved, we would have to enforce our rights under these contracts through the operations of PRC law and arbitration, litigation and other legal proceedings, the outcome of which cannot be predicted with certainty. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—Any failure by the VIE or its shareholders to perform their obligations under our contractual arrangements with them would have a material and adverse effect on our business.” Therefore, our contractual arrangements with the VIE may not be as effective in ensuring our control over the relevant portion of our business operations as direct ownership would be.
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Any failure by the VIE or its shareholders to perform their obligations under our contractual arrangements with them would have a material and adverse effect on our business.
Although the shareholders of the VIE hold equity interests on record in the VIE, each such shareholder has irrevocably authorized Hangzhou Weimi to exercise his rights as a shareholder of the VIE pursuant to the terms of the shareholders’ voting rights proxy agreement. However, if the VIE or its shareholders fail to perform their respective obligations under the contractual arrangements, we may have to incur substantial costs and expend additional resources to enforce such arrangements. We may also have to rely on legal remedies under PRC law, including seeking specific performance or injunctive relief, and claiming damages, which may not be effective under PRC law. For example, if the shareholders of the VIE refuse to transfer their equity interest in the VIE to us or our designee if we exercise the purchase option pursuant to these contractual arrangements, or if they otherwise act in bad faith toward us, then we may have to take legal actions to compel them to perform their contractual obligations.
All of the arrangements under our contractual arrangements are governed by PRC law