PDF SOLUTIONS INC [PDFS] Filings

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UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

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Form 10-K

(Mark One)

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023

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or

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For the transition period from               to               

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000-31311

(Commission file number)

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PDF SOLUTIONS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

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(408) 280-7900

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

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Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

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Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

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Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes ☐     No ☑

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.

Yes ☐     No ☑

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes ☑     No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes ☑     No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☑

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If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

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Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1 (b). ☐

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).  Yes ☐     No ☑

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The aggregate market value of the voting stock held by non-affiliates of the Registrant was approximately $1.3 billion as of the last business day of the Registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, based upon the closing sale price on the Nasdaq Global Market reported for such date. Shares of Common Stock held by each officer and director and by each person who owns 10% or more of the outstanding Common Stock have been excluded in that such persons may be deemed to be affiliates. This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes.

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There were 38,581,819 shares of the Registrant’s Common Stock outstanding as of February 23, 2024.

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DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

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Part III incorporates certain information by reference from the definitive Proxy Statement to be filed within 120 days from December 31, 2023.

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Table of Contents

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SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K, particularly in Item 1 “Business” and Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” includes forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). These statements include, but are not limited to, statements concerning: expectations about the effectiveness of our business and technology strategies; expectations regarding global economic trends; the impact of rising global inflation and increased interest rates; expectations regarding recent and future acquisitions; current semiconductor industry trends; expectations of the success and market acceptance of our intellectual property and our solutions; the continuing impact of macroeconomic conditions on the semiconductor industry and our business; supply chain disruptions; possible impacts from the evolving trade regulatory environment and geopolitical tensions; and our ability to obtain additional financing if needed. Our actual results could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements as a result of a number of factors, risks and uncertainties discussed in this Form 10-K, especially those contained in Item 1A of this Form 10-K. The words “may,” “anticipate,” “plan,” “continue,” “could,” “projected,” “expect,” “believe,” “intend,” and “assume,” the negative of these terms and similar expressions are used to identify forward-looking statements. All forward-looking statements and information included herein is given as of the filing date of this Form 10-K with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and based on information available to us at the time of this report and future events or circumstances could differ significantly from these forward-looking statements. Unless required by law, we undertake no obligation to update publicly any such forward-looking statements.

The following information should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. All references to fiscal year apply to our fiscal year that ends on December 31. All references to “we,” “us,” “our,” “PDF,” “PDF Solutions” or “the Company” refer to PDF Solutions, Inc.

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PART I

Item 1. Business

We provide comprehensive data solutions designed to empower organizations across the semiconductor and electronics ecosystems to improve the yield and quality of their products and operational efficiency for increased profitability. We derive revenues from two sources, Analytics and Integrated Yield Ramp. Our offerings contribute to Analytics revenue through contract fees for on-premise software and hardware system licenses, software-as-a-service (“SaaS”), and other professional services. Certain of our Characterization services engagements contribute to Integrated Yield Ramp revenue through contract fees and a value-based, variable fee or royalty, which we call Gainshare. We are headquartered in Santa Clara, California and also operate worldwide with offices in Canada, China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan.

Business Overview

Our customers include Fortune 500 companies across the semiconductor and electronics ecosystem. These companies use our products and services to achieve various goals depending on whether they are integrated device manufacturers (“IDMs”), fabless semiconductor companies, foundries, equipment manufacturers, electronics manufacturing suppliers (“EMS”), original device manufacturers (“ODMs”), outsourced semiconductor assembly and test (“OSATs”), or system houses. For example, our foundry customers generate and analyze key manufacturing data using our solutions to shorten the time necessary for technology development and to provide their fabless customers with a higher yielding process with improved electrical performance, which are both critical metrics for market success. Higher yields in less time can also mean less total raw materials and process runs, which help lower customers’ total cost and minimize environmental impact. Also, equipment manufacturers and factories use our connectivity products to implement evolving industry standards for their equipment or operations, respectively, with required quality and stability. By way of further example, our IDM and fabless customers use our solutions to generate unique, differentiated data that can be analyzed with our machine learning (“ML”) and artificial intelligence (“AI”) algorithms to predict downstream manufacturing issues, resulting in shorter time for designs to meet performance requirements with fewer iterations and faster time-to-market. For final example, our foundry and OSAT customers use the AI and ML applications of our software to optimize for process control, assembly, and/or test.

Our mission is to provide innovative solutions to create, access, and organize data to enable analysis and control for semiconductor and electronics companies to achieve better time-to-market, yields, quality, and operational efficiencies. Our strategy to achieve this is as follows:

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Brief History

PDF Solutions was incorporated in Pennsylvania in November 1992, and we reincorporated in California in November 1995. In July 2000, we reincorporated in Delaware, and in July 2001, we completed an initial public offering. Our shares of common stock are currently traded on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol “PDFS”.

From 2000 through 2009, we expanded our technology footprint and our operations in various countries through acquisitions. From 2009 to 2019, we primarily focused on the pervasive application of our technology to leading edge logic manufacturing and achieving yield targets with our clients that maximized Gainshare royalties. In 2013, we leveraged our extensive experience in yield simulation software and CV® test chip development and started research and development on an e-beam solution for non-contact, inline electrical inspection and process control for wafer inspection.

In a parallel effort, starting in 2014, we re-architected our point-solution software tools into a new generation, highly-integrated data analytics Exensio software, which resulted in accelerated growth in revenues from software through 2019.  Starting in 2020, after our acquisition of Cimetrix Incorporated (“Cimetrix”), we began providing software products based on open standards for equipment control and connectivity to equipment manufacturers and factories.

We released our first eProbe tool in 2015, the second generation in 2019, and the third generation in late 2022. The improvements in the third generation included:

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Industry Background

Rapid technological innovation with increasingly shorter product life cycles has fueled the economic growth of the semiconductor industry since the days of the PC revolution. IC companies have historically ramped production slowly, produced at high volume once a product gained market acceptance, and slowly reduced production volume when price and demand started to decrease near the end of the product’s life cycle. Today there are many different business models across the semiconductor industry: products that follow the traditional life cycle just described, products targeted towards fast-moving market segments like Internet of Things – which utilize mature process nodes and require a fast ramp to volume with a relatively short life cycle, and products focused on long term market segments like automotive and industrial where product life cycles can last a decade or longer. There is a lot of variation across these business models depending on the level of design complexity and the maturity of the process node used for product implementation. Processors, memory and field-programmable gate arrays (“FPGA”) continue to leverage the most advanced process nodes and experience significant challenges to achieve competitive initial yields and optimized performance. Some products and market segments, however, are content to utilize older process nodes. Regardless of the process node used for implementation or how long the product will be sold in the market, success for every semiconductor company is predicated, among other things, on fast product yield ramp and the ability to optimize manufacturing and test metrics, such as yield reclamation, product quality, and test efficiency, throughout a product’s life cycle. Thus, technologies or capabilities that can accelerate yield ramp, improve product quality, and optimize production efficiencies are highly sought after because they typically lead to cost reduction and revenue generation concurrently, causing a leveraged effect on profitability.

Technology and Intellectual Property Protection

Our success is largely dependent upon our proprietary software. We believe the creative skills and technological ability of our personnel, product enhancements, and new product development are necessary to maintaining our position as a leading provider. We rely primarily on trade secret rights, copyright laws, and nondisclosure and other contractual agreements to protect our software.

In addition, our success is dependent on various inventions we have made and we seek to protect certain of our IP under patent laws. As of December 31, 2023, we held 115 U.S. patents, with expiration dates on issued patents ranging from 2024 through 2042. We intend to prepare additional patent applications when we feel it is beneficial. Some of the technology we protect by patent includes elements of our CV and DFI systems and inventions related to AI/ML.

We protect our trademarks with registration of marks, including Characterization Vehicle, Cimetrix, CV, eProbe, Exensio, pdFasTest, PDF Solutions, and the PDF Solutions and Cimetrix logos. We have common law rights to additional trademarks, including ALPS, DFI, DirectProbe, DirectScan, Fire, and Sapience.

We enter into confidentiality and inventions assignment agreements with our employees and confidentiality and license agreements with our customers and the various parties we partner with to resell, distribute, and, in some cases, integrate our products. Further, we limit access to and distribution of our software, documentation and other proprietary information.

Third parties could in any case develop competing technologies that include similar functionality or features, or otherwise are substantially equivalent or superior to our technologies. In addition, effective patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret protection may be unavailable or limited in certain foreign countries where we operate. Our business could suffer significantly if we fail to protect our proprietary technology.

In addition, through yield, performance, and reliability improvement services over more than 20 years, we have accumulated a vast library of physical IP in the form of test structures. As part of our DFI and CV systems, our engineers create designs of experiments (“DOEs”) and layouts for targeted fail modes. We have also developed electrical measurement hardware tools and proprietary extraction, design, and analysis software. In addition, our technology embodies many production-proven and patented algorithms. Further, our IP includes proven methodologies that our implementation teams use as guidelines to drive our customers’ use of our technology. We strive to continually enhance our core technologies through the codification of knowledge that we gain in the use of our products and delivery of services.

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Products and Services

Products

The primary software products and software and hardware systems of our platform include the following:

Exensio Software. Our Exensio software products address the big data manufacturing challenge of today’s advanced process nodes and highly integrated products, by providing a common environment throughout the supply chain for different data types, including inline and end-of-line metrology, yield, parametric, performance, manufacturing consumables, tool-level sensor data, test floor data, logistical data, as well as custom data types. Exensio products are designed to enable real-time rapid diagnosis and understanding of key manufacturing and test metrics during both inline and end-of-line wafer processing, helping customers reduce product variability and cost simultaneously. By integrating silos of data and applying AI and ML, Exensio products resolve the limitation of local optimization and provide better visibility across the entire production process, reducing the time it takes to make critical decisions that can drive higher product yield, quality and reliability. Our collaboration with strategic partners is intended to also integrate data from those partners’ products to make it available in Exensio and also to develop new applications to inter-operate with those products and enhance the value to mutual customers. For example, in 2023, we started offering Sapience™ Manufacturing Hub, which provides a single, common connectivity platform between enterprise applications, such as MES, ERP, and our Exensio software. Sapience Manufacturing Hub enables advanced applications – including those for top management – that benefit from more real-time and detailed insight into manufacturing. Our Exensio Foundry Product Costing module, which leverages Sapience Manufacturing Hub, provides more accurate insight into the gap between plan costs and actual costs, enabling actions to improve profitability. Exensio Foundry Product Costing module integrates with SAP S4/HANA due to our collaboration with SAP SE to enable this capability.

Exensio software is available as either an on-premise license or SaaS and is offered in four main, separately-offered Exensio products targeting the needs of the customer’s business model: Exensio IDM, Exensio Fabless, Exensio Foundry, and Exensio OSAT. Each of these products are comprised of two or more modules to provide specific capabilities to address a particular type of company’s needs and requirements; however, there are common features, functionality, and purpose across some of the key modules as follows:

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Design-for-Inspection System. Our DFI™ system, which we have provided under a lease arrangement to some customers, leverages our production-proven design and analysis infrastructure and is designed to enable customers to achieve non-contact, inline electrical inspection of either our proprietary on-chip instruments or their product chip layout structures. The electrical measurements augment and enhance existing inline defect inspection and metrology methods for more effective process control and inline, direct inspection of product wafers. The DirectScan application of the DFI system includes our proprietary Exensio Characterization and Fire™ layout analysis software and the eProbe® non-contact e-beam tool. The original application of the DFI system also included our on-chip instruments. These elements are described as follows:

Characterization Vehicle System (also branded as our CV™ System). Our CV system is a combination of CV test chips, hardware to test such products, software to analyze the test results, and related services. This system is designed to accelerate the efficiency of yield learning by shortening the learning cycle, learning more per cycle, and reducing the number of silicon wafers required in manufacturing processes. This system includes physical IP in the form of test structures and DOEs that are tuned to our customers’ product and/or process specifics, tester hardware, data analysis, and training. The primary software and hardware products included in the CV system are as follows:

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Cimetrix® Software Products. Our Cimetrix software products enable equipment manufacturers in the semiconductor and electronics industries to provide standard interfaces on their products for efficient equipment communication, control, and data collection. Numerous industry standards have been established for equipment connectivity and control, including the SEMI (Semiconductor Equipment and Materials International) defined SECS (SEMI Equipment Communication Standard), GEM (Generic Equipment Model), GEM300, and EDA (equipment data acquisition) standards. Our Cimetrix products are designed to fully support these industry standards to enable equipment manufacturers to implement robust, turnkey support for these connectivity and control standards without needing to invest engineering resources to develop their own interfaces to these standards. Factories that purchase manufacturing equipment enabled with Cimetrix-supported interfaces, benefit from consistent and robust implementations of industry standards, enabling faster and more efficient implementation of smart manufacturing initiatives that depend on the collection and analysis of manufacturing and product data. Cimetrix products are sold via perpetual licenses and typically sold as part of a software development kit (“SDK”) that helps equipment manufacturers implement them quickly. We charge a one-time fee per equipment product type for the SDK license and a one-time fee for each piece of equipment shipped that includes the Cimetrix runtime license.

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Services

Our services are almost always sold together with, or to support, our products and include the following:

Software-as-a-Service – We provide services to make our Exensio software available to our customers via the Internet, generally hosted by third-party providers. SaaS is considered part of cloud computing since the software is hosted on the Internet, or the “cloud.” Since our SaaS applications are accessed from a remote server rather than installed on individual machines, it is easier to maintain. For example, when the remote software is updated, the customer’s interface is also updated for all users. Cloud computing is designed to eliminate incompatibilities between different software versions and allow us to make incremental updates without requiring software downloads. Additionally, our customers can save data to a central online location, which is designed to allow increased project collaboration. As part of these services, we also typically provide hosted management services for the software and the customer’s data stored in our cloud. These services include environment set-up and configuration, system health monitoring, data integration maintenance, integration monitoring, system updates, security, and data upload/download, and license administration.

Software Related Services – We provide software maintenance and support (“M&S”), data management services, various value-added services (“VAS”) to install, configure, or create analysis templates, and other professional services to achieve customers’ specific outcomes using our software. We call this last type of services our solutions offering and, in these cases, we tailor the use of one or more Exensio products to achieve a desired result. For example, our AIM YieldAware™ FDC solution offering is designed to identify the process control variables that have the greatest impact on product yield through professional services that analyze the data from both Exensio Process Control and elements of Exensio Manufacturing Analytics and make recommendations for the customer to implement. VAS are provided by our professional service personnel with expertise that enhances and complements the engineering teams at our customers. For example, VAS includes our data cleaning and monitoring services. One requirement of big data analytics is to have clean, harmonized data to analyze. This service offering outsources the data wrangling and management effort to free the customer to focus their efforts on analysis, which has a greater ROI to the company than data management.

Characterization Services – These services are designed to characterize key product and/or process elements, primarily into CV test structures or DFI on-chip measurement instruments, and typically do not include performance

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incentives based on the customers’ yield achievement. We provide these services, typically together with all elements of our CV system, to foundry customers in connection with new process technology development and/or yield ramp. In Characterization engagements, we generally provide the analysis of our CV test chips and provide summary findings and recommendations to the customer. Characterization engagements can include DFI systems.

Customers

Our existing customers include foundries, IDMs, fabless semiconductor design companies, OSATs, equipment manufacturers, EMS, and ODMs, including those that embed and distribute our Assembly Operations modules in their equipment. Our semiconductor customers’ targeted product segments vary significantly, including microprocessors, memory, graphics, image sensor solutions, and communications. We believe that the adoption of our solutions by such companies for usage in a wide range of products validates the application of our solutions to the broader semiconductor market. We often have multiple contracts with a single customer or customer group, with no interdependent performance obligations. In general, our customer contracts are non-cancellable.

One customer accounted for 35% of our revenues for 2023, two customers accounted for 41% of our revenues for 2022 and two customers accounted for 27% of our revenues for 2021. No other customers accounted for 10% or more of our revenues in 2023, 2022 and 2021. Also, two customers accounted for 50% of our gross accounts receivable as of December 31, 2023, and three customers accounted for 53% of our gross accounts receivable as of December 31, 2022. We generally do not require collateral or other security to support accounts receivable. See the discussion in “Risk Factors” under Item 1A for more information about risks associated with customer concentration and contractual provisions.

International revenues accounted for approximately 44%, 50% and 55% of our total revenues for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. We base these calculations on the geographic location of where the work is performed or where the customer is located. Revenues from customers by geographic area based on the location of the customers’ work sites for the last three fiscal years can be found in Note 11, “Customer and Geographic Information” to the consolidated financial statements. Additional discussion regarding the risks associated with international operations can be found under Item 1A, “Risk Factors”.

See our “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements”, included under Part II, Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional geographic information.

Sales and Marketing

Our sales strategy is primarily to pursue targeted accounts through a combination of our direct sales force, our service teams, and strategic alliances. After we are engaged by a customer and early in the services process, our engineers seek to establish relationships in the organization and gain an understanding of our customers’ business issues. Our direct sales and service teams combine their efforts to deepen our customer relationships by expanding our penetration across customers’ products, processes, and technologies. This close working relationship with each customer has the added benefit of helping us to identify new product areas and technologies in which we should next focus our research and development efforts. From time-to-time, we use sales representatives/agents in various locations to augment direct sales in certain territories.

We expect to continue to establish strategic alliances with process licensors, vendors in the electronic design automation software, capital equipment for IC production, and test silicon IP and mask-making software segments to create and take advantage of sales channel and co-marketing opportunities. Additionally, we expect to form relationships with key value chain participants, including foundries and OSATs, to provide services and value across the manufacturing supply chain.

Research and Development

Our research and development focuses on developing and introducing new proprietary technologies for our comprehensive platform, including our Exensio software, Cimetrix connectivity and control products, and DFI and CV systems, as well as other software products and enhancements to our existing solutions, such as field applications for DFI

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and CV and new applications targeted to inter-operate with strategic partner products. We use a rapid-prototyping paradigm in the context of the customer engagement to achieve these goals. We have made, and expect to continue to make, substantial investments in research and development. The complexity of our technologies requires expertise in standards, physical IC design and layout, transistor design and semiconductor physics, semiconductor process integration, numerical algorithms, e-beam technology, hardware, statistics and software development. We believe that our team of engineers will continue to advance our market and technological leadership. We conduct in-house training for our engineers in certain technical areas. Our training also extends to focusing on ways to enhance customer service skills. Although it fluctuates, we can have up to one quarter of our research and development engineers assigned to one or more projects, partnered with solution services engineers, in a deliberate strategy to provide direct feedback between technology development and customer needs. We also utilize a variety of skilled independent contractors for specialized development.

Competition

The semiconductor industry is highly competitive and driven by rapidly changing design and process technologies, evolving standards, short product life cycles, and decreasing prices. We expect market competition to continue to develop and increase as the market for data and analytics continues to evolve. We believe IC companies benefit from a combination of big data management infrastructure, AI/ML-based analytics engines, and products that generate and collect differentiated data that enrich the analytics process. Currently, we are a leading provider of comprehensive commercial hardware, software and IP solutions for optimizing and improving design, manufacturing and test operations processes through the application of differentiated data and advanced analytics. As a result, we face competition from three primary groups: internal customer development or design programs, equipment solutions providers, and providers of analytical and design software. We face indirect competition from internal groups at IC companies that offer tools with varying degrees of optimization to accelerate process-design integration or test operations. Some providers of semiconductor manufacturing software, inspection equipment, electronic design automation, or design IP may seek to broaden their product offerings and compete with us. In addition, companies providing general ML and analytics software may focus on semiconductor companies and compete with us. In each of the market segments we compete in, we face competition from established and potential competitors, some of whom may have greater financial, research, engineering, manufacturing and marketing resources than we have.

We currently face indirect competition from the internal groups at IC companies and direct competition from providers of (i) yield management and/or prediction systems, such as KLA Corporation (“KLA”), Siemens AG (“Siemens”), Onto Innovation, Inc. (“Onto”), and Synopsys, Inc. (“Synopsys”); (ii) semiconductor manufacturing software, such as Applied Materials, Inc (“Applied Materials”), Synopsys, Invantest, Inc., Emerson Electric Co., Onto, and Siemens; (iii) inline inspection, metrology and electrical test equipment providers, such as ASML Holding N.V. (“ASML”), Applied Materials, KLA, and Keysight Technologies, Inc.; and, (iv) connectivity software or integration products/services supporting factory equipment connectivity or control needs of customers, such as PEER Group, Inc., Kontron AIS, GmbH, Yokogawa Electric Corp., Advantest, and Kornic Automation Co. Ltd. There may be other providers of competitive commercial solutions of which we are not aware, and we may compete with the products or offerings of these named companies or additional companies if we expand our offerings through acquisitions or development. For example, since our acquisition of Cimetrix in late 2020, we now face competition in the products/services supporting the connectivity, control and integration of factory equipment. The demand for solutions that address the need for better integration between the silicon design and manufacturing processes may encourage direct competitors to enter our market. For example, in 2020, two of our competitors were acquired by larger entities, Synopsys acquired Qualtera and NI, Inc. acquired Optimal+, and each has increased marketing or pricing competition with us. For example, in 2023, Emerson Electric Co. acquired NI, Inc. This competition in our market may intensify in the future, which could lead to increased pricing pressure, negatively impacting our revenues, and slow our ability to grow or execute our strategy. Also, our current and potential customers may choose to develop their own solutions internally, particularly if we are slow in deploying our solutions or improving them to meet market needs. These and other competitors may be able to operate with a lower cost structure than our engineering organization, which would give any such competitor’s products a competitive advantage over our solutions.

We believe that our solutions compare favorably with respect to competition because we have demonstrated results and reputation, strong core technology, ability to create innovative technology, and ability to implement solutions for new technology and product generations. See the discussions in “Risk Factors” under Item 1A for more information about risks associated with our competition.

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Human Capital Management

We believe that our future success will depend, in part, on our continued ability to hire and retain qualified management, sales, and technical employees. Consequently, we seek to engage in sound ethical and organizational governance, promote business ethics and integrity, and embrace equality, diversity, and inclusion throughout our organization.

As of December 31, 2023, we had 493 employees worldwide, including 171 field application engineers and consultants, 155 in research and development, 106 in sales and marketing, and 61 in general and administrative functions. Of these employees, 285 are located in the United States, 172 in Asia, and 36 in Europe.

None of our employees are represented by a labor union. Our employees in France and Italy are subject to collective bargaining agreements in those countries.

Our commitment to human capital management is embedded in our governance structure

At the Board level, our Compensation and Human Capital Management Committee is tasked with oversight of the development, implementation and effectiveness of our policies and strategies relating to human capital management, including strategies regarding recruiting, selection, career development and progression, and diversity and employment practices. Further, our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee is tasked with primary oversight for governance and ESG issues.

Talent Development

We are committed to the development and growth of our employees because we believe this is crucial for our long-term success. This includes offering training, mentorship, and other development opportunities to further enhance the talent we have today, but also entails having the right skill sets for our future.

To this end, we are working to implement a planned set of actions around increasing formal programs to achieve these goals. We believe that our team of engineers will continue to advance our market and technological leadership. We conduct in-house training for our engineers in certain technical areas.

We also fund attendance at continuing education courses, symposia, and participation in professional organizations.

Employee Engagement

Employee engagement is crucial for the overall health of the organization. In 2023, we conducted a survey of all our employees to assess overall employee engagement.

In addition to our efforts to address employee engagement, we are committed to supporting our employees and creating an engaged workforce by prioritizing the items below:

•personal growth through training and development;

•recognizing and rewarding our people for their commitment to our values and our organization;

•flexible work locations and schedules; and

•providing a sense of organizational community by hosting online as well as in-person events where our people can gather and connect.

Health and Safety

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We are committed to ensuring that proper working conditions exist for the safety of our employees, such as developing, implementing, and improving health and safety systems and conditions, and providing appropriate preparation, education, reporting, and controls.

Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion

We work to ensure that our business practices support diversity and inclusion to build an innovative workforce and to strive toward having our organization reflect the complexion of our customers and suppliers. In February 2024, after considering the recommendation of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, the Compensation and Human Capital Management Committee approved, and then our Board adopted, a Human Rights policy and a Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (“DEI”) Policy to better implement our core values and relevant standards into our governance structure.

We are strengthening our diversity and inclusion programs with actions around organizational training, on-going education and focus on our company values, and a revitalized recruitment strategy.

We value a range of diverse perspectives with reference to our business model and specific needs, including, but not limited to, gender, age, race, language, cultural background, educational background, industry experience, professional experience, and veteran and active armed service status or other similar characteristics.

Information about our Executive Officers

The following table and notes set forth information about our current executive officers as of the date of this Form 10-K.

John K. Kibarian, Ph.D., one of our founders, has served as President since November 1991 and has served as our Chief Executive Officer since July 2000. Dr. Kibarian has served as a director on our Board of Directors since December 1992. Dr. Kibarian received a B.S. in Electrical Engineering, an M.S. E.C.E. and a Ph.D. E.C.E. from Carnegie Mellon University.

Adnan Raza, joined in January 2020 as Executive Vice President, Finance, and was appointed Chief Financial Officer effective in March 2020. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Raza served as an independent strategy consultant for private and public companies from July 2019 to January 2020. Prior to that, Mr. Raza served in various roles at Synaptics Inc., a developer of human interface technologies, including as Senior Vice President of Corporate Development from August 2017 to June 2019 and Vice President of Corporate Development from February 2015 to August 2017. Prior roles include technology investment banking at Goldman, Sachs & Co. and UBS Investment Bank, strategic advising at Blackreef Capital, engineering and marketing at Azanda Network Devices, and engineering at Lucent Technologies. Mr. Raza also served as a Board Member at FIDO Alliance, an alliance of leading technology companies to enhance user security and authentication. Mr. Raza holds an M.B.A. from The Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania, a M. Eng. in Electrical Engineering from Cornell University, and a B.S. in Electrical Engineering from Valparaiso University.

Kimon W. Michaels, Ph.D., one of our founders, has served as Vice President, Products and Solutions since July 2010 and was designated as an Executive VP in February 2019. Dr. Michaels served as Vice President, Design for Manufacturability from June 2007 through June 2010. Prior to that, Dr. Michaels served as Vice President, Field Operations for Manufacturing Process Solutions from January 2006 through May 2007, and has served as a director on our Board of Directors since November 1995. From March 1993 through December 2005, he served in various vice presidential capacities. He also served as Chief Financial Officer of the Company from November 1995 to July 1998. Dr. Michaels received a B.S. in Electrical Engineering, and M.S. E.C.E. and a Ph.D. E.C.E. from Carnegie Mellon University.

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Andrzej Strojwas, Ph.D., served as a technical advisor to the Company from our founding until 2021 and as chief technologist from 1997 to 2021. He joined the Company as an employee in July 2021 as Vice President and Technical General Manager, and was appointed Chief Technology Officer effective December 2021. From October 1982 to July 2021, Dr. Strojwas was the Keithley Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Carnegie Mellon University. In addition, Dr. Strojwas has held senior technical positions at Harris Semiconductor Co., AT&T Bell Labs, Texas Instruments, NEC, Hitachi, SEMATECH, and KLA. He holds an M.S. in Electronic Engineering from Warsaw Technical University and a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Carnegie Mellon University.

Available Information

We file or furnish various reports, such as registration statements, periodic and current reports, proxy statements and other materials with the SEC. Our Internet website address is www.pdf.com. You may obtain, free of charge on our website, copies of our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. The Company’s website address provided is not intended to function as a hyperlink, and the information on the Company’s website is not, and should not be considered, part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and is not incorporated by reference herein.

The SEC maintains a Web site (http://www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers, such as us, that file electronically with the SEC.

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Item 1A. Risk Factors

A description of the risk factors associated with our business is set forth below. Some of these risks are highlighted in the following discussion, and in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, Legal Proceedings, and Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk. The occurrence of any of these risks or additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently believe to be immaterial could materially and adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and stock price. These risks and uncertainties could cause our actual results to differ materially from the results contemplated by the forward-looking statements contained in this report. Investors should carefully consider all relevant risks and uncertainties before investing in our common stock.

Risk Factors Summary

Risks Associated with Our Business

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Risks Related to Our Technology

Risks Related to Our Operations

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Tax Risks

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Risks Related to Our Strategic Transactions

General Risk Factors

Risks Associated with Our Business

We have invested significant resources into research and development of our DFI system and Exensio software and if we fail to successfully carry out these initiatives on the expected timeline or at all, our business, financial condition, or results of operations could be adversely impacted.

As part of the evolution of our business, we have made substantial investments in research and development efforts to develop our DFI system and Exensio software. New competitors, technological advances in the semiconductor industry or other competitive factors may require us to further invest significantly greater resources than we anticipate. If we invest significantly greater resources than anticipated without a corresponding increase in revenue, our operating results could decline. The technologies and products that we invest in may not result in products that create additional revenue, and we

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may not recoup our investments, which could cause our results to suffer. If our DFI system and Exensio software do not anticipate technological changes in our industry or fail to meet market demand, we may not capture the market share we anticipate, we may lose our competitive position, our products may become obsolete, and our business, financial condition or results of operations could be adversely affected. Additionally, our periodic research and development expenses may be independent of our level of revenue, which could negatively impact our financial results.

Our sales cycle is lengthy and customers may delay entering into contracts or decide not to adopt our products or solutions after we have performed services or supported their evaluation of our technology, which could result in delays in recognizing revenue and could negatively impact our results of operations in a quarter or result in lower revenue than we expected if a contract is not consummated.

On-going negotiations and evaluation projects for new products, with new customers or in new markets may not result in significant revenues for us if we are unable to close new engagements on terms favorable to us, in a timely manner, or at all. Unexpected delays in our sales cycle could cause our revenues to fall short of expectations. Further, the timing and length of negotiations required to enter into agreements with our customers and the enforcement of our complex contractual provisions is difficult to predict. If we do not successfully negotiate certain key complex contractual provisions, if there are disputes regarding such provisions, or if they are not enforceable as we intended, our revenues and results of operations would suffer. Further, our customers sometimes delay starting negotiations until they begin developing a new process, have a need for a new product, or experience specific yield issues. This means that, on occasion we have, and may continue to provide technology and services under preliminary documentation before executing the final contract. In these cases, we would not recognize revenue and may defer associated costs until execution of a final contract, which, if significant, could negatively impact our results of operations in the periods before we execute a final contract. Further, if we were to incur significant costs and then fail to enter into a final contract, we would have to write-off such deferred costs in the period in which the negotiations ended, which would increase our costs and expenses and could result in significant operating losses.

We rely on sole-source providers for certain software as well as for specialized parts for our eProbe hardware and supply-chain delays or disruptions could increase our costs or impact our ability to provide complete software solutions or to build additional hardware tools or meet customer expectations or deadlines, which could result in lost sales and lower earnings.

We provide some enabling technology under license and support from sole-source providers and some of our vendors provide highly specialized, differentiated products and services related to our eProbe system. In the event these licensors or vendors delay or discontinue providing such products and services to us, it may be difficult and costly or impossible for us to replace such suppliers or parts. In the case of licensed software, this could impact our ability to grow our sales or to meet the support expectations of our customers and we may need to resort to legal action, which could limit our future sales, harm our reputation, increase our costs, and harm our earnings. For example, in November 2023, a provider of enabling technology abruptly stopped providing maintenance and support of their software product to us. As a result, we resorted to legal action, which caused us to incur increased legal expenses beginning in the fourth quarter of 2023. The matter is ongoing, and the long-term impact of this provider’s actions on our business and our customers is unknown at this time. In the case of vendors related to our eProbe tool, such disruptions or delays could delay or stop our ability to complete and deliver our DFI systems as currently designed to our customers, which would negatively impact our bookings and revenue related to such systems. In addition, such delays or disruptions to our supply chain could significantly increase our component costs, or personnel-related costs if we need to build a replacement solution in the case of certain software elements, and could impact our ability to build future generations or models of our eProbe tools, any of which would decrease or delay our sales, earnings, and liquidity and could otherwise adversely affect our business and result in increased costs. Such a delay or disruption could occur as a result of any number of events, including, but not limited to: failure to comply with existing contracts, higher priority alternative buyers, inflation and global interest rates increasing component costs, a closure or slowdown at our suppliers’ plants or shipping delays including, for example, those made to combat the spread of COVID-19, market shortages for critical components, increases in prices, the imposition of regulations, quotas, embargoes or tariffs on components or our products, labor stoppages or shortages, our suppliers’ supply chain disruptions, third-party interference, cyberattacks, severe weather conditions including the adverse effects of climate change-related events, geopolitical developments, war or terrorism, and disruptions in utilities and other services. In addition, the

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development, licensing, or acquisition of new products in the future may increase the complexity of supply chain management. Failure to effectively manage our supply of components and products could adversely affect our business.

Our fixed-fee services for product or system installations/configurations may take longer than budgeted, which could slow our revenue recognition and may result in a lost contract or a claim of breach by our customers, which would negatively affect our financial and operating results.

Our fixed-fee services, including for Characterization, require a team of engineers to collaborate with our customers to address complex issues by using our software and other technologies, and the installation and configuration of our software into our customers’ fabrication and test/assembly facilities requires experienced engineers working with our customers on active foundry and test/assembly equipment. We must accurately estimate the amount of time and resources needed to complete these types of services to determine when the engineers will be able to commence their next engagement. In addition, our accounting for contracts with such services, which generate fixed fees, sometimes requires adjustments to profit and loss based on revised estimates during the performance of the contract. These adjustments may have a material effect on our results of operations in the period in which they are made. The estimates giving rise to these risks, which are inherent in fixed-price contracts, include the forecasting of costs and schedules, and contract revenues related to contract performance. If we fail to meet a customer’s expectations, the customer could terminate their contract with us or claim that we breached our obligations, which could negatively affect our financial and operating results.

Our ability to sell our products, systems, and solutions depends in part on the quality of our support and services offerings, and the failure to offer high-quality support and services could negatively affect our sales and results of operations.

Once our products are integrated within our customers’ hardware and software systems, our customers may depend on our support organization to resolve any issues relating to our products. Further, in connection with delivering our SaaS Services, which requires us to maintain adequate server hardware and internet infrastructure, including system redundancies, we are required to meet contractual uptime obligations. A high level of system and support is critical for the successful marketing and sale of our products. If we do not effectively provide subscription access to our SaaS customers, assist our customers in deploying our products, succeed in helping our customers quickly resolve post-deployment issues, and provide effective on-going support and the privacy and data security capabilities required by our customers, we may face contractual penalties or customers may not renew subscriptions or services in the future, which would negatively impact our results of operations. In addition, due to our international operations, our system and support organization faces challenges associated with delivering support, hours that support is available, training, and documentation where the user’s native language may not be English. If we fail to maintain high-quality support and services or fail to adequately address our customers’ support needs, our customers may choose our competitors’ products instead of ours in the future, which would negatively affect our revenues and results of operations.

Defects in our proprietary technologies, hardware and software tools, and failure to effectively remedy any such defects could decrease our revenue and our competitive market share.

If the software, hardware, or proprietary technologies we provide to customers contain defects that negatively impact customers’ ability to use our systems or software, increase our customers’ cost of goods sold or time-to-market, or damage our customers’ property, such defects could significantly decrease the market acceptance of our products and services or could result in warranty or other claims. We must adequately train our new personnel, especially our customer service and technical support personnel, to effectively and accurately, respond to and support our customers. If we fail to do this, it could lead to dissatisfaction among our customers, which could slow our growth. Further, the cost of support resources required to remedy any defects in our technologies, hardware, or software tools could exceed our expectations. We have and may further incorporate AI solutions and related technologies for use in product development, or into our platform, offerings, services and features, and these applications may become important in our operations over time. If the content, analyses, recommendations, or other output that AI applications assist in producing are or are alleged to be deficient, inaccurate, or imprecise, our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be adversely affected. Any actual or perceived defects with our software, hardware, or proprietary technologies may also hinder our ability to attract or retain industry partners or customers, leading to a decrease in our revenue. These defects are frequently found during the period following introduction of new software, hardware, or proprietary technologies or enhancements to existing software,

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hardware, or proprietary technologies, which means that we may not discover the errors or defects until after customer implementation. If our software, hardware, or proprietary technologies contain errors or defects, it could require us to expend significant resources to remedy these problems or defend/indemnify claims, which could reduce margins and result in the diversion of technical and other resources from our other customer implementations and development efforts.

Objectionable disclosure of our customers’ confidential information or our failure to comply with our customers’ security rules, including for those related to SaaS access, AI use, or our on-site access, could result in costly litigation, cause us to lose existing and potential customers, or negatively impact on-going business with existing customers.

In the ordinary course of providing SaaS or other services engagements, we may collect customers’ product, process, and test information, personally-identifiable data about their employees needed to administer licenses, and other confidential information. Our customers consider most of this information to be competitively sensitive and, in some cases, require us to comply with strict protection frameworks, including security rules for on-site or remote access to, hosting of, or transfer of their confidential information. As a result of increased regulatory and customer scrutiny of all data processing activities, as well as increasing and evolving regulation of such practices, we have security obligations on how we collect, transfer and use data (including personal data), which could require us to expend money and resources to comply with those requirements, and if compromised again, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations, including the potential for regulatory investigations, enforcement actions, lawsuits, and a loss of business and a degradation of our reputation. If we fail to implement industry standard protections and processing procedures, the growing awareness of our customers and potential customers regarding privacy and data security requirements and/or adverse media coverage or regulatory scrutiny could limit the use and adoption of our services. In addition, to avoid potential disclosure of confidential information to competitors, some of our customers may, in the future, ask us not to work with key products or processes, which could limit our revenue opportunities. We recently started using third party AI/ML systems for research and development purposes. If these third-party AI/ML systems misuse or fail to properly protect the data we input, our use of such AI systems may result in the unauthorized disclosure of sensitive, proprietary, or confidential information belonging to us or our customers. For example, if the information we input into a third-party AI/ML system is used to train the underlying AI/ML models, such inputs could be revealed to others. The third-party AI/ML system may also provide outputs that appear to be correct but are incomplete, inaccurate, or otherwise flawed and may lead us to make erroneous decisions or recommendations to customers, which could result in harm to our reputation and competitive position, customer loss, and legal liability.

We generate a significant portion of our revenues from a limited number of customers, and a large percentage of our revenues from one customer, so defaults or decreased business with, or the loss of, any one of these customers, or pricing pressure, or customer consolidation could significantly reduce our revenues or margins and negatively impact results of operations.

Historically, we have had a small number of large customers that contribute significant revenues. In the year ended December 31, 2023, one customer accounted for 35% of our total revenues. We have in the past and could in the future lose a customer due to its decision not to develop or produce its own future process node or not to engage us on future process nodes. We could also lose customers as a result of industry factors, including but not limited to reduced manufacturing volume or consolidation. Consolidation among our customers could also lead to increased customer bargaining power, or reduced customer spending on software and services. Further, new business may be delayed or prevented if a key customer uses its leverage to push for terms that are worse for us and we delay entering into the contract to negotiate for better terms or decide not to enter into the contract at all, in which case revenue in any particular quarter or year may fail to meet expectations and our reliance on our remaining customers could increase.

Further, if any of our key customers default, declare bankruptcy or otherwise delay or fail to pay amounts owed, or we otherwise have a dispute with any of these customers, our results of operations would be negatively affected in the short term and possibly the long term. For example, in 2023, 2022 and 2021, we incurred expenses in the amount of $2.6 million, $1.9 million and $2.0 million, respectively, related to the arbitration with SMIC New Technology Research & Development (Shanghai) Corporation due to SMIC’s failure to pay fees due to us under a series of contracts. In 2024, we may continue to incur substantial additional expenses related to an arbitration hearing to resolve this matter. The loss of revenue from any of our key customers would cause significant fluctuations in results of operations because our expenses are fixed in the short term and it takes us a long time to replace customers or reassign resources.

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If we do not continuously meet our development milestones of key research and development projects or successfully commercialize our DFI system, our future market opportunity and revenues will suffer, and our costs may not be recouped.

We have invested significantly in the design and development of our eProbe tool and related IP. Key customers failing to purchase, renew, or expand the number or use of such systems on our expected timeline or at all will cause our results to miss expectations. Also, if the results of our DFI system, including new applications, are not as we expect, we may not be able to successfully commercialize this system or such applications on schedule, or at all, and we may miss the market opportunity and not recoup our investment. Further, our eProbe tool could cause unexpected damage to wafers or delay processing wafers, which we could be liable for, or which could make customers unwilling to use the tool. If we are not able to create significant interest and show reliable and useful results without significant damage to wafers, our investment may not be recouped and our future results may suffer.

We are required to comply with governmental export and import requirements that could subject us to liability and restrict our ability to sell our products and services, which could impair our ability to compete in international markets.

We are required to comply with export controls and economic sanctions laws and regulations that restrict selling, shipping, or transmitting our products and services and transferring our technology outside the United States. These requirements also restrict domestic release of software and technology to foreign nationals. In addition, we are subject to customs and other import requirements that regulate imports that are important for our business. If we fail to comply with the U.S. Export Administration Regulations (“EAR”) or other U.S. or non-U.S. export or economic sanctions laws and regulations (collectively, “Export Regulations”), we could be subject to substantial civil and criminal penalties, including fines for the Company and the possible loss of the ability to engage in exporting and other international transactions. Due to the nature of our business and technology, Export Regulations may also subject us to governmental inquiries regarding transactions between us and certain foreign entities.

Export Regulations are fluid, complex, and uncertain, and there are ongoing efforts throughout the industry in coordination with regulators to revise, clarify, and interpret Export Regulations. The U.S. Congress and regulators continue to consider significant changes in laws and regulations. For example, the U.S. government is reportedly considering whether and/or how to impose restrictions directly on cloud-hosted services and further restrictions directly on U.S. person activity. We cannot predict the impact that additional legal changes may have on our business in the future. For example, in October 2022 the U.S. Bureau of Industry and Security (“BIS”) promulgated broad, novel Export Regulations relating to China that temporarily caused us to pause some deliveries while we interpreted the application of the new regulations on our business, given current and evolving operations. Also, BIS has placed certain entities on its entity list (the “Entity List”), which restricts supply of items to or in connection with the named entities. Further, in some circumstances Export Regulations require a license to export an item if the recipient will use the item to design or produce an item for a Huawei-affiliated company or certain other organizations on the Entity List. These regulations can also require licenses for exports that involve Chinese military or intelligence-related end users or end uses.

Future changes in Export Regulations, including changes in the enforcement and scope of such regulations, may create delays in the introduction of our products or services in international markets or could prevent our customers with international operations from deploying our products or services globally. In some cases, such changes could prevent the export of our products or services to certain countries, governments, entities or individuals altogether. Any such delays or restrictions could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. For further discussion, see Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”  

Decreases in wafer volumes at our customers’ manufacturing sites or the volume of ICs that some of our customers are able to sell to their customers would cause our Integrated Yield Ramp revenue to suffer.

Our Integrated Yield Ramp revenue includes amounts largely determined by variable wafer volumes at manufacturing sites covered by our contracts and, in some cases, determined by the volume of an IC product that our customer is able to sell to its customers. Both of these factors are outside of our control. We have seen a significant reduction in our Integrated Yield Ramp revenue in recent years and expect this trend to continue. Further, some of our manufacturing customers’ business is largely dependent on customers that use our manufacturing customer as a second or third source. If those

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customers consolidate and/or otherwise move the orders to manufacturing facilities not covered by our contracts, or suspend their manufacturing at covered facilities for any reason, including consolidation, our Integrated Yield Ramp revenue will continue to decrease, which could negatively affect our financial results. Further, reduced demand for semiconductor products or protectionist policies like those stemming from the complex relationships among China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and the United States has from time to time decreased and may continue to decrease the volume of wafers and, in some cases, products our customers are able to make or sell, which would also decrease our Integrated Yield Ramp revenue. Also, our customers may unilaterally decide to implement changes to their manufacturing processes during the period that volume is covered by royalty contracts, which could negatively affect yield results and, thus, our Integrated Yield Ramp revenue.

Since we currently work on a small number of large projects at specified manufacturing sites and, in some cases, on specific IC products, our results of operations have been and may continue to be adversely affected by negative changes at those sites or in those products, including slowdowns in manufacturing due to external factors, such as U.S. trade restrictions, rising inflation and global interest rates, or continued or worsening supply chain disruptions. Also, if wafer orders from sites covered by our contracts are not secured by our customers, if an end product does not achieve commercial viability, if a process line or, in some cases, a specific product, does not achieve significant increases in yield or sustain significant volume manufacturing during the time we receive royalties, revenues associated with such volumes or products would be negatively impacted. This could significantly reduce our Integrated Yield Ramp revenue and our results of operations could fail to meet expectations. In addition, if we work with two directly competitive manufacturing facilities or products, volume in one may offset volume, and thus any of our related revenue, in the other facility or product.

We acquired an early-stage battery-solutions provider and have been investing in research and development for new products and services beyond our traditional semiconductor focus, and it could take a long time to reach market acceptance and recoup our costs, if at all.

In July 2023, we acquired Lantern Machinery Analytics, Inc., an early-stage company providing products and services for battery manufacturers, which is beyond our traditional semiconductor focus. We have also invested in research and development to expand the application of our existing products and services to battery manufacturers. If we do not create products and services battery manufacturers desire, we may not be able to successfully commercialize our solutions for battery manufacturing on schedule, or at all. In this case, we may miss the market opportunity, which would mean lower sales than we expect, the loss of our investments in battery manufacturing solutions, which would mean lower earnings.

Our success depends upon our ability to effectively plan and manage our resources and restructure our business through rapidly fluctuating economic and market conditions, which actions may have an adverse effect on our financial and operating results.

Our ability to successfully offer our products and services in a rapidly evolving market requires an effective planning, forecasting, and management process to enable us to appropriately scale and adjust our business and business models in response to fluctuating market opportunities and conditions, which has in the past and could in the future continue to require us to increase headcount, acquire new companies or engage in restructurings from time to time. For example, while we have increased investment in our business by increasing headcount, acquiring companies, and increasing our investment in research and development, sales and marketing, and other parts of our business from time to time, at other times we have undertaken restructuring initiatives to reduce expenses and align our operations with our evolving business needs. Some of our expenses related to such efforts are fixed costs that cannot be rapidly or easily adjusted in response to fluctuations in our business or headcount. Rapid changes in the size, alignment or organization of our workforce, including sales account coverage, could adversely affect our ability to develop and deliver products and services as planned or impair our ability to realize our current or future business and financial objectives. Our ability to capitalize on the market opportunity and achieve cost savings and other benefits from restructuring initiatives within the expected time frame requires significant management input and leadership and is subject to many estimates and assumptions, which are subject to significant economic, competitive and other uncertainties, some of which are beyond our control. If these estimates and assumptions are incorrect, and we are unsuccessful at implementing changes, or if other unforeseen events occur, our business and results of operations could be adversely affected.

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Our business may be negatively impacted by social, political, geopolitical, economic instability, unrest, war, terrorism, or other circumstances that could interrupt our business operations, which could cause us to lose sales or delay or be unable to fulfill contractual commitments, which may have an adverse effect on our financial and operating results.

Our business operations may be negatively impacted by social, political, economic instability, unrest, war, terrorism, or other circumstances in a region in which we operate. Such events may result in restrictions, curfews, or other actions and give rise to significant changes in regional and global economic conditions and cycles, which may adversely affect our financial and operating results. Further geopolitical uncertainties, including relations between the United States and each of China and Russia, between Israel and Palestine, social activism, economic instability, war, terrorism, or other circumstances that interrupt our ability to conduct business could cause damage to, disrupt, or cancel sales of our products and services on a global or regional basis, which could have a material adverse effect on our business or vendors with which we do business. Due to the significance of our China market for our profit and growth, we are exposed to risks in China, including the risks mentioned elsewhere and the following: the effects of current U.S.-China relations, including rounds of tariff increases and retaliations and increasing restrictive regulations, potential boycotts and increasing anti-Americanism; escalating U.S.-China tension and increasing political sensitivities in China; the effects of China government funding in the development of domestic solutions and customer preference for domestic suppliers creating additional competition in China; and unexpected governmental regulations and restrictions in China as a result of renewed efforts to contain the COVID-19 pandemic, which could negatively impact our local operations. Such events could also make it difficult or impossible for us to deliver products and services to our customers. In addition, territorial invasions can lead to cybersecurity attacks on technology companies, such as ours, located far outside of the conflict zone. We do not have a business continuity plan developed to account for all continuity risks (please see Item 1C. Cybersecurity for more information about our cybersecurity risk management program). In the event of prolonged business interruptions or negative broad economic and security conditions due to political, geopolitical events, we could incur significant losses, require substantial recovery time, and experience significant expenditures in order to resume our business operations. In addition, our insurance policies typically contain a war exclusion of some description and we do not know how our insurers are likely to respond in the event of a loss alleged to have been caused by geopolitical uncertainties.

Global economic conditions or semiconductor market conditions could materially adversely impact demand for our products and services, decrease our sales, or delay our sales cycle.

Our customers are global semiconductor companies, which means that our operations and performance depend significantly on worldwide economic conditions as well as semiconductor market specific changes. Uncertainty about global economic conditions including war, terrorism, geopolitical uncertainties and other business interruptions could result in damage to, disruption, postponement or cancellation of sales of our products or services on a global or regional basis. Furthermore, tighter credit, higher interest rates, inflationary concerns, large-scale unemployment, negative financial news and/or declines in income or asset values and other macroeconomic factors could have a material adverse effect on demand for our products and services and, accordingly, on our business, results of operations or financial condition and/or vendors with which we do business. For example, the timing of the build-out of the semiconductor market in China depends significantly on governmental funding on both local and national levels and a delay in this funding could negatively affect our revenues. Further, any economic and political uncertainty caused by the United States tariffs imposed on goods from China or enhanced U.S. export regulations relating to China, among other potential countries, and any corresponding tariffs from China or such other countries in response, may negatively impact demand and/or increase the cost for our products. Further, the semiconductor industry historically has been volatile with up cycles and down cycles, due to sudden changes in customers’ manufacturing capacity requirements and spending, which depend in part on capacity utilization, demand for customers’ IC products by consumers, inventory levels relative to demand, and access to affordable capital. As a result of the various factors that affect this volatility, the timing and length of any cycles can be difficult to predict and could be longer than anticipated. Any of these events could negatively affect our revenues and make it challenging or impossible for us to deliver products and services to our customers forecast our operating results, make business decisions, and identify the risks that may affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Customers with liquidity issues may also lead to additional credit losses.

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We face challenges in providing a comprehensive solution outside of the semiconductor industry due to limitations on the business areas in which we can use current third-party licensed technology, which may make it prohibitively expensive to sell our solution for applications outside of our traditional industry.

Since our software requires certain third-party programs to run as intended and some of our contracts with licensors limit the industry in which we can resell such third-party programs, we face challenges to provide a comprehensive solution to battery manufacturers. If we or our customers are unable to procure required third-party programs that can be used in connection with our products for battery manufacturing, or the cost to do so is higher than expected, we may miss the market opportunity, which would mean lower sales than expected, or our costs may be higher, which would mean lower earnings than expected.  

Risks Related to Our Technology

If we fail to protect our IP rights, customers or potential competitors may be able to use our technologies to develop their own solutions, which could weaken our competitive position, reduce our revenues, or increase our costs.

Our success depends largely on the protection of our proprietary technology. Our contractual, patent, copyright, trademark, and trade secret protection may not be effective against any particular threat or in any particular location. Our pending patent applications may not result in issued patents, and even if issued, they may not be sufficiently broad to protect our proprietary technologies. Some foreign countries do not currently provide effective legal protection for IP and our ability to prevent the unauthorized use of our products in those countries is therefore limited. Our trade secrets may also be stolen, otherwise become known, or be independently developed by competitors. Litigation may be necessary from time to time to enforce our IP rights. As a result of any such litigation, we could lose our proprietary rights and incur substantial unexpected operating costs. Litigation could also divert our resources, including our managerial and engineering resources. If we are unable to exclude others from using our proprietary technologies and methods without compensation to us, through litigation or otherwise, it could impede our ability to grow our business and our revenues may suffer.

We are exposed to risks related to information technology infrastructure, information management and protection, cybersecurity threats, and cyber incidents.

We are heavily reliant on our technology and infrastructure, as well as the public cloud to an increasing degree, to provide our products and services to our customers. Additionally, we must frequently expand our internal information system to meet increasing demand in storage, computing and communication, which may result in increased costs. Our internal information system is expensive to expand and must be highly secure due to the sensitive nature of our customers’ information that we transmit. Building and managing the support necessary for our growth places significant demands on our management and resources. These demands may divert these resources from the continued growth of our business and implementation of our business strategy. Bad actors may make increased use of widely available access to generative AI technology, such as ChatGPT, for more sophisticated and frequent cyber-attacks or fraudulent impersonations against us. These attacks could come from either Advanced Persistent Threat actors or other individual organized or unorganized malicious actors.  The expense to purchase, update, and configure security information systems to detect and/or neutralize increasingly complex and sophisticated attacks may increase our costs and, failure to acquire the right expertise or systems may leave us vulnerable to attacks, which could expose our confidential or competitive information or that of our customers, which could expose us to liability and have a negative impact on our reputation and business opportunity.

We rely on third-party service providers to enable key services to our customers, including for cloud services, enterprise software, customer support portal software, and co-location computing facilities. We have experienced in the past, and may experience in the future, interruptions in our information systems on which our global operations depend or unplanned downtime of the infrastructure that delivers our SaaS. Such an unplanned interruption, even if temporary, could stop SaaS customers from accessing their hosted data or on-premise customers from downloading licensed software or critical security patches, or from accessing our support portal, which could mean that we may not meet our contractual commitments for such services to customers, which could reduce our revenue, incur liability, or result in damage to our reputation and negatively impact future sales. Further, the information technology and infrastructure that stores and processes our and our customers’ data is susceptible to continually evolving cybersecurity threats that become more

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complex over time, especially with the rapid evolution of AI technologies, and may not be recognized until launched against a target, all of which could result in unauthorized access to, or acquisition of, our data, and interruption or disruption of our business. We and our third-party service providers, with whom we may share data, may be unable to anticipate these techniques or may not implement adequate preventative measures to prevent either unauthorized access to our systems or services that could compromise customer data or other confidential information or result in a disruption of our services. In particular, like our peers, we are often the target of cyber-attacks by third parties seeking unauthorized access to confidential or sensitive data, including customer confidential information, or to disrupt our ability to provide services from a broad range of threat actors, including foreign governments, criminals, competitors, computer hackers, cyber terrorists and politically motivated groups or individuals. To date, we have not incurred any material costs from these attacks.  The security measures we have integrated into our internal systems, SaaS, and software products, which are designed to detect unauthorized intrusions or activity and prevent or minimize security breaches, vary in maturity across our business and may not function as expected or may not be sufficient to protect against certain attacks. Additionally, we may not have sufficient audit logs to fully understand the nature of a cyber-attack.  In some cases, we do not have contracts to provide legal protection or recourse for breaches of our security protections, which may increase our exposure to expenses related to such attacks and negatively impact our results.

Ransomware attacks are becoming increasingly prevalent and severe, and can lead to significant interruptions in our operations, loss of data and income, reputational loss, diversion of funds, and may result in fines, litigation and unwanted media attention. Extortion payments may alleviate the negative impact of a ransomware attack, but we may be unwilling or unable to make such payments due to, for example, applicable laws or regulations prohibiting payments. Territorial invasions like Russia’s invasion of Ukraine or other geopolitical events can lead to cybersecurity attacks on technology companies, such as ours, located far outside of the conflict zone. In the event of prolonged business interruptions due to a security breach or disruption, we could incur significant losses, require substantial recovery time and experience significant expenditures in order to resume our business operations.

Our information systems are susceptible to computer viruses, cyber-related security breaches, and similar disruptions from unauthorized intrusions, tampering, misuse, criminal acts including phishing, or other events or developments that we may be unable to anticipate or fail to mitigate. Our security measures may also be circumvented or bypassed due to employee errors or malfeasance. Third parties may attempt to fraudulently induce employees or customers to disclose information in order to gain access to our data or our customers’ data, including account credentials, customer personnel information, or other information. If we fail to have adequate controls or safeguards, the security of our internal networks, electronic systems, or physical facilities could be compromised, which could result in significant legal and financial exposure, a loss of confidence in the security of our SaaS and other software products, interruptions, or malfunctions in our operations, account lock outs, and, ultimately, harm to our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We face information technology security and fraud risks due to continued support of our employee’s remote or hybrid work environment, which may create additional information security vulnerabilities and/or magnify the impact of any disruption in our information technology systems. Our increased reliance on work-from-anywhere technologies and even our employees’ expanded reliance on company-approved bring-your-own-mobile-devices may increase the risk of cybersecurity or data breaches from possible circumvention of security and monitoring systems, denial-of-service attacks or other cyber-attacks, hacking, “phishing” attacks, computer viruses, ransomware, malware, employee or insider error, malfeasance, social engineering, deep-fake impersonations, physical breaches, or other actions.

Our insurance policies may not cover losses incurred in the event our systems or data are comprised, and they are subject to retention amounts that could be substantial. Moreover, we cannot be certain that such insurance policies will continue to be available to us on economically reasonable terms, or at all, or that any insurer will not deny coverage as to any future claim.

Many of our customers and our technical partners require us to complete annual vendor security assessments which may include a requirement to complete information security self-assessments, third-party assessments, or obtain independent certifications from standards organizations. Any exception of controls found during such assessments or certification, especially if published in a report such as for SOC 2 Type 2, may need to be disclosed to a large number of customers and potential customers. Such publication of controls weaknesses could cause customers to re-evaluate their purchasing or renewal decisions, which could cause us to lose sales and, as a result, have lower earnings than expected.

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Part of our business includes the acquisition of other companies which involves the integration of various business processes, technologies, and data systems. While such acquisitions offer strategic opportunities for growth and diversification, they also expose us to cybersecurity risks that may arise during the integration process and thereafter. Challenges in integrating information technology systems and networks may create vulnerabilities and expose the organization to unauthorized access and data breaches. The transfer and consolidation of sensitive information during acquisitions heighten data security and privacy concerns, potentially leading to regulatory compliance issues and reputational damage. Third-party relationships established by the acquired company introduce additional cybersecurity risks if not properly assessed and mitigated. Moreover, cultural differences, compliance obligations, and resource constraints further complicate the effective management of cybersecurity risks associated with acquisitions, potentially impacting the organization's financial performance and reputation.

If we experience a security event, we may have to conduct an investigation and notify individuals, customers, partners, service providers and state, federal and local governmental authorities and regulators in the U.S. and elsewhere around the globe.  Accordingly, security events could lead to significant costs and fees for legal advice, investigation support, remediation, and result in legal risk exposure, damage and harm to our reputation, and impact on our ability to keep and attract customers.

We and our customers are subject to laws and regulations concerning data privacy, data security, consumer protection, and advertising and these laws and regulations are continually evolving, which exposes us to potential material risks.

We collect, use, store or disclose (collectively, “process”) personal information, including from employees and customers, in connection with the operation of our business. The personal information we process is subject to an increasing number of federal, state, local and foreign laws regarding privacy and data security, as well as contractual commitments. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with such obligations may result in governmental enforcement actions, fines, litigation, or public statements against us by consumer advocacy groups or others and could cause our customers to lose trust in us, which could have an adverse effect on our reputation and business.

In the United States, we are subject to numerous federal, state and local data privacy and security laws and regulations governing the processing of information about individuals, including federal laws (e.g., FTC Act) and state privacy laws (e.g., the California Privacy rights Act and the Virginia Consumer Data Protection Act), marketing and communications laws, laws regarding credit reports, data breach notification laws, and consumer protection laws, many of which carry significant potential for active enforcement and penalties.

Abroad, our customers may be subject to the EU GDPR and UK GDPR or similar local or regional frameworks that impose a strict data protection compliance regime. Our customers may impose these obligations on us by contract, which could require us to expend resources to comply with those requirements.

More generally, given the rapidly changing data privacy and data security laws, regulations, policies and legal obligations discussed above, and because any current compliance is subject to change based on this shifting and inconsistent landscape, we could incur costs of complying with these laws and regulations, which in some cases can be enforced by our customers, other private parties in addition to government entities, are high and likely to increase in the future, particularly as the degree of regulation increases, our business grows and our geographic scope and member base expands. The impact of these laws and regulations may disproportionately affect our business in comparison to our peers in the technology sector that have greater resources.

Our technologies could infringe the IP rights of others, causing costly litigation and the loss of significant rights.

Significant litigation regarding IP rights exists in the semiconductor industry. It is possible that a third party may claim that our technologies infringe their IP rights or misappropriate their trade secrets, which has happened in the past. Any claim, even if without merit, could be time consuming to defend, result in costly litigation, require us to enter into royalty or licensing agreements, which may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all, subject us to damages or injunctions restricting our sale of products, invalidate a patent or family of patents, require us to refund license fees to our customers or to forgo future payments or require us to redesign certain of our products, any one of which could adversely affect our sales opportunities, expenses, and revenues.

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Competition in the market for data analytics and related systems and services may intensify in the future, which could impede our ability to grow or execute our strategy.

Our industry is marked by rapid technological developments and innovations (such as the use of AI and ML) and evolving industry standards. If we are unable to innovate quickly enough to keep pace with our competitors in incorporating such technological developments in our product offerings, our business could be harmed. See the discussion in “Competition” in Part 1, Item 1. “Business” section for more information about our current competitors. There may be other competitors of which we are not aware, and we may compete with the products or offerings of our existing competitor companies or additional companies if we expand our offerings through acquisitions or development. The demand for solutions that address the need for better integration between the silicon design and manufacturing processes may encourage new direct competitors to enter our market. Increased competition could lead to increased pricing pressure, negatively impacting our revenues, or a decreased ability to grow or execute our strategy. Also, our current and potential customers may choose to develop their own solutions internally, particularly if we are slow in deploying our solutions or improving them to meet market needs. These and other competitors may be able to operate with a lower cost structure than our engineering organization, which would give any such competitor’s products a competitive advantage over our solutions.

Generative AI and the user other advanced AI technologies for software development may subject us to claims of misappropriation of others’ IP, bugs/errors, and ambiguous ownership of created content.

Uncertainty around new and emerging AI applications such as generative AI content creation may require additional investment to protect our proprietary datasets, ML models, and systems to test for accuracy, bias and other variables, which may be costly and could impact our profit margin if we decide to expand generative AI into our product offerings. Developing, testing, and deploying secure and reliable AI systems and tested software made using such AI systems may also increase the cost profile of our offerings. We would be liable for any inaccuracies or errors in software that we release that causes downtime or other damage to our customers’ facilities or production lines, which could greatly increase our expenses and decrease our earnings.

Risks Related to Our Operations

Measurement of our variable consideration sometimes require data collection and customers’ use of estimates and are contingent upon customers’ consent and may be later offset if actual data differ from customers’ estimates, which can result in uncertainty and cause quarterly results to fluctuate.

We can only recognize volume- or average selling price- (“ASP”) based royalties once we have reached agreement with our customers on their level of yield performance improvements or ASP and quarterly agreements are sometimes based on estimates of volume results or ASP for each quarter. Measuring the amount of yield improvement is inherently complicated and dependent on our customers’ internal processes and on certain non-public information that may not be directly available to us. Thus, there may be uncertainty as to some components of measurement or calculation. Also, some variable consideration can be highly susceptible to delays in our customers’ measurement of key factors such as reporting volumes results and level of yield or ASP. Therefore, we may have to estimate revenue related to contingent variable fees or usage- or sales-based royalties prior to the receipt of performance reports, such as royalty acknowledgements, or other related information from customers. These estimates are subject to judgment to evaluate whether it is probable that a significant revenue reversal will not occur in future periods, which could result in our recognition of less Integrated Yield Ramp revenue than expected that may later be offset when actual results become available if such results differ from estimates.

We have customers with past due balances and our failure to collect a significant portion of such balances could adversely affect our cash, require us to write-off receivables, or increase our expense or allowance for credit losses.

If our customers fail to pay receivable balances when due, our cash will decrease and we may have to incur additional expenses in an attempt to collect such receivables, to write-off a portion or all of such receivables, or to increase our expense or allowance for credit losses. Our accounts receivable balance, net of allowance for credit losses, was $44.9 million and $42.2 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Unbilled accounts receivable, included in

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accounts receivable, totaled $16.4 million and $13.5 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Unbilled accounts receivable that are not expected to be billed and collected during the succeeding twelve-month period are recorded in other non-current assets and totaled $1.1 million and $0.8 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Two customers accounted for 50% of our gross accounts receivable as of December 31, 2023, and three customers accounted for 53% of our gross accounts receivable as of December 31, 2022. The total allowance for credit losses was $0.9 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. We generally do not require collateral or other security to support accounts receivable. Despite the financial ability of these customers to pay for on-going services by PDF under valid contracts, customers may delay payments. Our allowances for potential credit losses, if any, could be insufficient, and we may need to adjust our allowance for credit losses from current estimates or write-off receivables depending on such claims in the future. If we are forced to pursue legal remedies to collect receivables, our expenses could rise significantly and our business relationship and future business with these customers could suffer.

We face operational and financial risks associated with international operations that could negatively impact our revenues.

In recent years, we have derived nearly half of our revenues from sales outside of the United States, and we expect our international business to continue to grow. We have in the past expanded and reorganized, at different times, our operations, including international operations, and may in the future continue such expansions or reorganizations by establishing or restructuring international subsidiaries, offices, or contractor relationships in locations, if and when, deemed appropriate by our management. Thus, the success of our business is subject to risks inherent in doing business internationally, including in particular:

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Further, our employees and contractors include professionals located in various international locations, including Shanghai, China and Ramallah, Palestine, and Israel, and Taiwan who provide software-related development, quality assurance, maintenance, and other technical support services for certain of our software products. Conflicts in these regions or impacting these regions, or policy changes, including policies covering export controls, that affect these or other international operations could disrupt or limit the work our employees and contractors perform and may negatively affect the range of services we are able to provide or our cost for such services.

In addition, our global operations are subject to numerous U.S. and foreign laws and regulations, including those related to anti-corruption, tax, corporate governance, imports and exports, financial and other disclosures, privacy, and labor relations. These laws and regulations are complex and may have differing or conflicting legal standards, making compliance difficult and costly. In addition, there is uncertainty regarding how proposed, contemplated, or future changes to these complex laws and regulations could affect our business. We may incur substantial expense in complying with new obligations to be imposed by these laws and regulations, and we may be required to make significant changes in our business operations, all of which may adversely affect our revenues and our business overall. Given the high level of complexity of these laws, there is a risk that some provisions may be inadvertently or intentionally breached, for example through fraudulent or negligent behavior of individual employees, our failure to comply with certain formal documentation requirements or otherwise. If we violate these laws and regulations, we could be subject to fines, penalties, or criminal sanctions, and may be prohibited from conducting business in one or more countries. Additionally, we may be held liable for actions taken by our local dealers and partners. A significant violation could significantly negatively impact our sales opportunities, operations, and financial results. Some companies in China have indicated to us that they have decided to use only local vendors as a precaution. If more companies respond to changing regulations by using local vendors, then our operations and ability to deliver products and services to customers in China and elsewhere could be significantly negatively impacted. In such case, our expected international business may be slower than expected or not materialize at all, in which case, our sales opportunities, operations, and financial results would suffer.

Further, the U.S. government has imposed broad sanctions on Russia, Belarus and certain companies and high-wealth individuals relating to the invasion of Ukraine, and has additionally maintained a bipartisan consensus favoring increased confrontation of China on trade practices and economic matters, national security, and human rights. The current U.S. Administration views technology as a domain of strategic competition in which the U.S. and its allies must stay ahead of China and has identified semiconductor, AI, 5G technologies, and the protection of U.S. supply chains as priority efforts. As a result of these government actions and policies, unless and until related restrictions are lifted, we are generally not able to supply many products, services and technologies to affected entities and countries. Our standard operations include development, distribution processes, software download sites, and professional service centers and processes located in various geographies around the world. Some customers have expressed concerns that continued action by the U.S. government could potentially interrupt their ability to make use of our products or services. The continuing tension between the U.S. government and each of the Chinese and Russian governments in trade and security matters or the perception of that tension could lead to further disruptions or reductions in international trade, deter or prevent customer purchasing activity, and may negatively impact our financial results.

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Our business is subject to evolving corporate governance and public disclosure regulations and expectations, including with respect to ESG matters that could expose us to numerous risks.

We are subject to changing rules and regulations promulgated by a number of governmental and self-regulatory organizations, including the SEC, the Nasdaq Stock Market, and the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”). These rules and regulations continue to evolve in scope and complexity and many new requirements have been created in response to laws enacted by U.S. Congress, making compliance difficult and uncertain, including a new rule effective in late 2023 that requires us to report to the SEC all material cyber security incidents through the filing of a Form 8-K. In addition, increasingly regulators, customers, investors, employees, and other stakeholders are focusing on ESG matters and related disclosures. These changing rules, regulations and stakeholder expectations have resulted in, and are likely to continue to result in, increased general and administrative expenses and increased management time and attention spent complying with or meeting such regulations and expectations. For example, developing and acting on ESG initiatives, and collecting, measuring, and reporting ESG information and metrics can be costly, difficult and time consuming and is subject to evolving reporting standards, including the SEC’s proposed climate-related reporting requirements. We may also communicate certain initiatives and goals regarding environmental matters, diversity, responsible sourcing, social investments, and other ESG matters in our SEC filings or in other public disclosures. These initiatives and goals could be difficult and expensive to implement, the technologies needed to implement them may not be cost effective and may not advance at a sufficient pace, and we could be criticized for the accuracy, adequacy, or completeness of the disclosure of our ESG initiatives. Further, statements about our ESG initiatives and goals, and progress against those goals, may be based on standards for measuring progress that are still developing, internal controls and processes that continue to evolve, and assumptions that are subject to change. In addition, we could be criticized for the scope or nature of such initiatives or goals, or for any revisions to these goals. If our ESG-related data, processes and reporting are incomplete or inaccurate, or if we fail to achieve progress with respect to our ESG goals on a timely basis, or at all, our reputation, business, financial performance and growth could be adversely affected.

Provision of certain of our data services relies on installing, configuring, and operating proprietary configuration of hardware and software systems located in third-party facilities and errors affecting such facilities’ operations could lead to liability for us, and any objection from such third-party facility or delay in providing us physical or logical access to our systems may adversely impact our ability to timely perform our contract obligations or lead to confidentiality, integrity, availability, security, or privacy controls exceptions.

In connection with our data services offerings, we rely on installing, configuring, and operating proprietary configurations of hardware and software systems in facilities owned and operated by third parties around the world. If the third-party facility owner/operator does not allow us to install, access and maintain, or otherwise operate as intended these systems, we may not timely fulfill our contractual obligations to, or expectations of, our customers. Also, any intentional or unintentional disruption of the operation of these proprietary systems may lead to customer dissatisfaction, which could cause us to lose future bookings and reduce revenue and negatively impact our earnings. Additionally, any potential or actual malicious cybersecurity incident or accidental misconfiguration resulting in a data security incident involving these proprietary systems may require complex diagnosis and mitigation because they are located at third-party facilities and this may lead to delays, errors, lack of system availability, loss or our customers’ data integrity, or further unauthorized disclosure of customer confidential or privacy data. Further, if our system causes downtime or other disruption or loss to such third-party facility, we could be liable for damages associated with such event, which could increase our expenses and distract management, and cause other third-party facilities to not want to work with us.

Installing and maintaining such proprietary systems around the world requires that we manage the complexity of global operations of individual installations at a large number of different third parties in various countries. The cost and complexity of obtaining support, installing updated security patches, and addressing any other critical vulnerabilities in each individual physical system may lead to exceptions in controls of confidentiality, availability, integrity, security, and privacy, which could negatively impact the availability of our data services to customers, damage our reputation, or lead to lower bookings or sales.

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Tax Risks

U.S. federal tax reform and changes in foreign tax laws could change our tax burden and adversely affect our business and financial condition.

We conduct our business globally and, as a result, are subject to taxation in the United States and foreign countries. Our future tax rates could be affected by numerous factors, including changes in tax laws or the interpretation of such tax laws, insufficient taxable income to realize deferred tax assets, and changes in accounting policies. Our filings are subject to reviews or audit by the Internal Revenue Service and state, local and foreign taxing authorities. We cannot be sure that any final determination in an audit would not be materially different than the treatment reflected in our historical income tax provisions and accruals. If additional taxes are assessed as a result of an audit, there could be a significant negative effect on our income tax provision and our operating results in the period or periods for which that determination is made. Any changes in our geographical earnings mix in various tax jurisdictions, including those resulting from transfer pricing adjustments, could materially increase our effective tax rate.

On August 9, 2022, the CHIPS and Science Act of 2022 (the “CHIPS Act”) was enacted in the United States to provide certain financial incentives to the semiconductor industry, primarily for manufacturing activities within the United States. On January 19, 2024 the House Ways and Means Committee passed with bipartisan support a proposed “tax bill” which would retroactively restore the three expired business tax provisions from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act through the end of 2025, including the requirement to capitalize and amortize Section 174 research and experimentation (“R&E”) expenditures. The provision would delay the date when taxpayers must begin capitalizing and amortizing their “domestic” R&E expenditures until taxable years beginning after December 31, 2025, while leaving the requirement to capitalize foreign research unchanged. This change would be retroactive for taxpayers who have already filed tax returns for taxable year 2022. The tax bill is pending vote in the House and Senate. We are continuing to monitor the CHIPS Act and the proposed tax bill and related regulatory developments to evaluate their potential impact on our business and operating results. For further discussion of the CHIPS Act, see Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”.

Future events may impact our deferred tax asset position, including the utilization of net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards.

Realization of our deferred tax assets is dependent primarily upon future taxable income in the applicable jurisdiction. We previously recorded a full valuation allowance against all of our U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets due to the uncertainty surrounding the future realization of these deferred tax assets. Therefore, no benefit has been recognized for the net operating loss carryforwards, tax credit carryforwards, and other deferred tax assets. The net operating loss and tax credits could expire unused and be unavailable to reduce future income tax liabilities. We intend to continue maintaining a full valuation allowance on these deferred tax assets until there is sufficient evidence to support the reversal of all or some portion of these allowances. We evaluate our deferred tax assets for realizability each reporting period. The impact of releasing some or all of such valuation allowance in a future period could be a material benefit in the period in which such release occurs.

Risks Related to Our Strategic Transactions

We may devote significant time and resources to developing strategic relationships but we may not realize the benefits of such efforts, which could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

We have in the past devoted, and plan in the future to devote, time and resources to identifying, developing, and promoting strategic relationships with other suppliers to provide combined, integrated, or interoperable solutions to the semiconductor, electronics, and automotive industries. For example, from July 2020 through August 2023, we announced strategic relationships or collaborations with Advantest Corporation, Siemens, Kulicke & Soffa Industries, Inc., SAP SE, proteanTecs Ltd, and Voltaiq, Inc. The full extent of the future impact of these strategic relationships on our financial condition and results of operations is currently unknown and the failure to reap the anticipated benefits of these companies’ financial resources, technology, customer relationships, and global footprint and/or to successfully develop combined,

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integrated, or interoperable solutions with such companies could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Our acquisitions create special risks and challenges that could adversely affect our financial results.

Our success depends on our ability to continually enhance and broaden our product offerings in response to changing technologies, customer demands, and competitive pressures. To this end, we have, from time to time, engaged in the process of identifying, analyzing, and negotiating possible acquisition transactions, and, from time to time, acquiring one or more businesses, and we expect to continue to do so in the future. We may choose to acquire new and complementary businesses, products, technologies and/or services instead of developing them ourselves. For example, we acquired Cimetrix in December 2020 for a gross purchase price of approximately $37.5 million ($31.6 million net of cash acquired) for all of its outstanding equity. We may, however, face competition for acquisition targets from larger and more established companies with greater financial resources, making it more difficult for us to complete acquisitions. We may not be successful in consummating future acquisitions on favorable terms and we may not realize the benefits that we anticipate from one or more acquisitions that we consummate. Integrating any business, product, technology, or service into our current operations could be expensive and time-consuming and/or disrupt our ongoing business. Further, there are numerous risks associated with acquisitions and potential acquisitions, including, but not limited to, problems combining the purchased operations, technologies or products, unanticipated costs, liabilities, litigation, and diversion of management’s attention from our core businesses, adverse effects on existing business relationships with suppliers and customers, risks associated with entering markets in which we have no or limited prior experience, and where competitors in such markets have stronger market positions, initial dependence on unfamiliar supply chains or relatively small supply partners, failure of our due diligence processes to identify significant problems, liabilities or other challenges of an acquired company or technology, and the potential loss of key employees, customers, distributors, vendors, and other business partners of the companies we acquire.

We may not be able to successfully integrate businesses, products, technologies, or personnel that we might acquire and the transaction may not advance our business strategy. The integration of businesses that we may acquire is likely to be a complex, time-consuming, and expensive process and we may not realize the anticipated revenues or other benefits associated with our acquisitions. If we fail to successfully manage, operate, or integrate any acquired business or if we are unable to efficiently operate as a combined organization, including through the use of common information and communication systems, operating procedures, financial controls, and human resources practices, we could be required to write-down investments and our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be adversely affected. We may also be unable to protect or enforce the IP rights of any target business that we acquire, or such target businesses may become subject to claims of IP infringement. Further, if we become subject to liabilities as a result of an acquisition, the liabilities we incur may be substantial and the amounts of such liabilities may not be covered by and/or may exceed any liability protections.

In connection with certain acquisitions, we have in the past and may in the future issue common stock, or assume equity awards, that dilute the ownership of our current stockholders, use a substantial portion of our cash resources, assume liabilities (both known and unknown), record goodwill and amortizable intangible assets that will be subject to impairment testing on a regular basis and potential periodic impairment charges, incur amortization expenses related to certain intangible assets, and incur large and immediate write-offs and restructuring and other related expenses, all of which could harm our financial condition and results of operations.

General Risk Factors

If we are not able to retain, attract, motivate, and strategically locate talented employees, including some key executives, our business may suffer.

Our success and competitiveness depend on our ability to retain, attract, motivate, and strategically locate in our offices around the globe, talented employees, including some of our key executives. Achieving this objective may be difficult due to many factors, including fluctuations in global economic and industry conditions, changes in our management or leadership, the hiring practices at our competitors or customers, cost reduction activities, and the effectiveness of our recruiting and compensation programs, including equity-based programs. Further, we have had, and

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expect to continue to have, difficulty in obtaining visas permitting entry for some of our employees that are foreign nationals into the United States, and delays in obtaining visas permitting entry into other key countries, for several of our key personnel, which disrupts our ability to strategically locate our personnel. In the past the United States has and, in the future, the United States may again increase the level of scrutiny in granting H-1(b), L-1, and other business visas. Compliance with United States immigration and labor laws could require us to incur additional unexpected labor costs and expenses or could restrain our ability to retain skilled professionals. If we lose the services of certain of our key executives or a significant number of our engineers, it could disrupt our ability to implement our business strategy. If we do not successfully attract, retain, and motivate key employees, including key executives, we may be unable to realize our business objectives and our operating results may suffer.

Our earnings per share and other operating results may vary quarter to quarter, which could result in not meeting investors’ expectations and stock price volatility.

Our stock price has fluctuated widely during the last few years. A factor in the volatility may be that our historical quarterly operating results have fluctuated. Our future quarterly operating results will likely fluctuate from time to time and may not meet the expectations of securities analysts and investors in some future period, which could cause our stock price to decrease. A significant reduction in our stock price negatively impacts our ability to raise equity capital in the public markets and increases the cost to us, as measured by dilution to our existing shareholders, of equity financing. In addition, the reduced stock price also increases the cost to us, in terms of dilution, of using our equity for employee compensation or for acquisitions of other businesses. A greatly reduced stock price could also have other negative results, including the potential loss of confidence by employees, the loss of institutional investor interest, a hostile take-over bid, and fewer business development opportunities. Also, significant volatility in our stock price could be followed by a securities class action lawsuit, which could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our management’s attention and resources.

Our business could be negatively affected as a result of actions of activist shareholders, and such activism could impact the trading value of our securities.

In recent years, shareholder activists have become involved in numerous public companies, including our company. Shareholder activists frequently propose to involve themselves in the governance, strategic direction, and operations of a company. Such proposals may disrupt our business, increase our expenses, and divert the attention of our Board of Directors and our management and employees, and any perceived uncertainties as to our future direction resulting from such a situation could result in the loss of potential business opportunities, interfere with our ability to execute our strategic plan be exploited by our competitors, cause concern to our current or potential customers, and make it more difficult to attract and retain qualified personnel and business partners, all of which could adversely affect our business. A proxy contest for the election of directors at our annual meeting could also require us to incur significant legal fees and proxy solicitation expenses. In addition, actions of activist shareholders may cause significant fluctuations in our stock price based on temporary or speculative market perceptions or other factors that do not necessarily reflect the underlying fundamentals and prospects of our business.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 1C. Cybersecurity

Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy

We recognize the importance of assessing, identifying, and managing material risks associated with cybersecurity threats, as such term is defined in Item 106(a) of Regulation S-K. These risks include, among other things, operational risks, intellectual property theft, fraud, extortion, harm to employees or customers, violation of privacy or security laws and other litigation and legal risk, and reputational risks. We have implemented several cybersecurity processes, technologies, and controls to aid in our efforts to assess, identify, and manage such material risks.

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Our process for identifying and assessing material risks from cybersecurity threats operates alongside our broader overall risk assessment process, covering all company risks. As part of this process appropriate disclosure personnel will collaborate with subject matter specialists, at least annually and more frequently as necessary due to business changes or external changes, to gather insights for identifying and assessing material cybersecurity threat risks, their severity, and potential mitigations.

We also have a cybersecurity specific risk assessment process, which helps identify our cybersecurity threat risks. As part of this process, and our processes to provide for the availability of critical data and systems, maintain regulatory compliance, identify and manage our risks from cybersecurity threats, and to protect against, detect, and respond to cybersecurity incidents, as such term is defined in Item 106(a) of Regulation S-K, we undertake the below listed activities, among others:

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We subscribe to several external independent monitoring services to score and assess our externally facing network and information services and we engage a third-party security firm at least annually to conduct external and web penetration testing exercises on our corporate network and our commercial SaaS service platform.

Our processes also address cybersecurity threat risks associated with our use of third-party service providers, including those in our supply chain or who have access to our customer and employee data or to our systems. Third-party risks are included within our broader overall risk assessment and management process, as well as our cybersecurity-specific risk identification program, both of which are discussed above. In addition, cybersecurity considerations affect the selection and oversight of our third-party service providers during vendor onboarding and during periodic reviews. We perform diligence on third parties that have access to our systems, data or facilities that house such systems or data, and regularly monitor cybersecurity threat risks identified through such diligence. Additionally, we generally require those third parties that could introduce significant cybersecurity risk to us to agree by contract to manage their cybersecurity risks in specified ways, and to agree to be subject to cybersecurity audits or independent information security assessments or certifications. Additionally, we have processes designed to monitor public and federal government database and other sources for evidence of known and/or exploited vulnerabilities in third-party services including those provided as SaaS and we take action to remediate or establish compensating controls if those systems are determined to be critical to our cybersecurity. We also maintain disaster recovery plans in place for all mission critical parts of the business, although we do not have a business continuity plan developed to account for all continuity risks.

We describe whether and how risks from identified cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any previous cybersecurity incidents, have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition, under the headings “We are exposed to risks related to information technology infrastructure, information management and protection, cybersecurity threats, and cyber incidents.” and “Our business is subject to evolving corporate governance and public disclosure regulations and expectations, including with respect to environmental, social and governance matters that could expose us to numerous risks.” included as part of our risk factor disclosures at Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

For more than 5 years, we have not experienced any material cybersecurity incidents and the expenses we have incurred from cybersecurity incidents were immaterial. This includes penalties and settlements, of which there were none.

Cybersecurity Governance

Information technology and data security, particularly cybersecurity, is a top area of focus for our Board of Directors, who views our focus in these areas as essential for the success of our company and the broader technology industry in which we operate.

As described in the Audit Committee Charter of the Board of Directors, the Audit Committee is tasked with oversight of certain risk issues, including cybersecurity. The Audit Committee is comprised entirely of independent directors, two of whom have significant work experience related to information security issues or oversight. Management reports high severity security incidents to the Audit Committee after they are discovered. Additionally, management provides a summary four times per year of all security incidents to the Audit Committee. The full Board of Directors is also provided an annual assessment of our security program, our internal response preparedness, and assessments led by outside assessors and auditors.

Our Audit Committee is regularly involved in reviewing cybersecurity risk management. At least quarterly, the Vice President of Operations presents and reviews key security metrics with the Audit Committee including a review of cyber-security events, cybersecurity initiatives and new or developing cybersecurity risks relevant to the business. The Audit Committee, which comprises at least two individuals with experience in cybersecurity and related matters, meets with these members of senior management to review our information technology and data security policies and practices, and to assess current and projected threats, cybersecurity incidents, and related risks. Our Vice President of Operations reports directly to our executive management team and advises the company on cybersecurity risks and assesses the effectiveness of information technology and data security processes and business policies impacting our overall cybersecurity risk.

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Our cybersecurity risk management and strategy processes, which are discussed in greater detail above, are led by our Vice President of Operations and a cross section of subject matter experts from Information Technology, Exensio Cloud Operations and Corporate Legal and team. Such individuals have collectively over 30 years of prior work experience in various roles involving managing information security, data privacy risks and regulatory frameworks, developing cybersecurity strategy, implementing effective information and cybersecurity programs and experience in security controls testing and the planning and executing of independent cybersecurity assessments.

Our Incident Response Policy is reviewed annually and documents the controls and procedures for timely and accurate reporting of material cybersecurity incidents to the relevant parties, including the Audit Committee when applicable. Our Incident Response Team leads the response to any reported cybersecurity event and comprises experts from Engineering, Information Technology, Legal, Cloud Operations, and Data Security.

The Vice President of Operations and Executive Vice President of Products and Solutions are informed about and monitor the prevention, mitigation, detection, and remediation of cybersecurity incidents through their management of, and participation in, the cybersecurity risk management and strategy processes described above including the incident response.

Item 2. Properties

Our principal executive offices are located in Santa Clara, California, where we lease approximately 20,800 square feet of office space under a lease agreement that expires in August 2028. We also lease additional facilities and offices in Milpitas, California; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Richardson, Texas; Salt Lake City, Utah; Deer Park, Illinois; Shanghai, China; Canada; France; Germany; Italy; Japan; South Korea; and Taiwan for local sales, product development and technical support.

We believe our existing and planned facilities and offices are adequate to meet our current needs and are being utilized consistently with our past practice. We consistently look for opportunities to minimize costs related to office space through improved efficiencies and intend to make changes to leased facilities in the future as appropriate to reflect changes in worldwide operations and headcount.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

From time to time, the Company is subject to various claims and legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business. The Company accrues for losses related to litigation when a potential loss is probable and the loss can be reasonably estimated in accordance with FASB requirements. As of December 31, 2023, the Company was not party to any material legal proceedings for which a loss was probable or an amount was accrued.

On May 6, 2020, the Company initiated an arbitration proceeding with the Hong Kong International Arbitration Center against SMIC New Technology Research & Development (Shanghai) Corporation (“SMIC”) due to SMIC’s failure to pay fees due to the Company under a series of contracts. The Company seeks to recover the unpaid fees, a declaration requiring SMIC to pay fees under the contracts in the future (or a lump sum payment to end the contract), and costs associated with bringing the arbitration proceeding. SMIC denies liability and an arbitration hearing was held in February 2023. Final written submissions were submitted by the parties at the end of August 2023. A decision is currently expected in 2024.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

​

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PART II

Item 5. Market For Registrant’s Common Equity, and Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Our common stock trades on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol “PDFS.” As of February 23, 2024, we had approximately 24 stockholders of record. The number of stockholders of record does not include individuals whose stock is in nominee or “street name” accounts through brokers.

Dividend Policy

No cash dividends were declared or paid in 2023, 2022 and 2021. We currently intend to retain all available funds to finance future growth, product development, and stock repurchases and, therefore, do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable future.

Stock Performance Graph

The performance graph shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, or otherwise subject to the liabilities under that Section and shall not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing of PDF Solutions under the Securities Act, or the Exchange Act.

The following graph and tables compare the cumulative total stockholder return data for our stock since December 31, 2018, to the cumulative return over such period of (i) The Nasdaq Composite Index and (ii) The S&P 600 Information Technology (Sector) (TR) Index. The graph assumes that $100 was invested on December 31, 2018. The graph and tables further assume that such amount was initially invested in the Common Stock of the Company at a per share price of $8.43 (closing price on December 31, 2018) and that any dividends were reinvested. This performance graph and the corresponding tables are not “soliciting material,” are not deemed filed with the SEC and are not to be incorporated by reference in any filing by us under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act whether made before or after the date hereof and irrespective of any general incorporation language in any such filing. The stock price performance on the following graph and tables is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance.

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Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities

None.

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

On April 11, 2022, the Board of Directors adopted a new stock repurchase program (the “2022 Program”) to repurchase up to $35.0 million of the Company’s common stock both on the open market and in privately negotiated transactions, from time to time, over the next two years. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company repurchased 21,340 shares under the 2022 Program at an average price of $34.81 per share for an aggregate total price of $0.7 million. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company repurchased 714,600 shares under the 2022 Program at an average price of $23.36 per share for an aggregate total price of $16.7 million. In total, the Company has repurchased 735,940 shares under the 2022 Program at an average price of $23.69 per share for an aggregate total price of $17.4 million.

There were no purchases made by or on behalf of the Company or any “affiliated purchaser” (as the term is defined in Rule 10b-18(a)(3) under the Exchange Act) of the Company’s common stock during the fourth quarter ended December 31, 2023.

​

Item 6. Reserved

Item 7.  Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Overview

We offer products and services designed to empower organizations across the semiconductor and electronics ecosystems to connect, collect, manage, and analyze data about design, equipment, manufacturing, and test to improve the yield and quality of their products. We derive revenues from two sources: Analytics and Integrated Yield Ramp. Our offerings combine proprietary software, professional services using proven methodologies and third-party cloud-hosting platforms for SaaS, electrical measurement hardware tools, and physical IP for IC designs. We primarily monetize our offerings through license fees and contract fees for professional services and SaaS. In some cases, especially on our historical Integrated Yield Ramp engagements, we also receive a value-based variable fee or royalty, which we call Gainshare. Our products, services, and solutions have been sold to IDMs, fabless semiconductor companies, foundries, OSATs, capital equipment manufacturers and system houses.

Industry Trends

Certain trends may affect our Analytics revenue specifically. In particular, the confluence of Industry 4.0 (i.e. the fourth industrial revolution, or the automation and data exchange in manufacturing technologies and processes) and cloud computing (i.e. the on-demand availability of computing resources and data storage without direct active management by the user) is driving increased innovation in semiconductor and electronics manufacturing and analytics, as well as in the organization of information technology (“IT”) networks and computing at semiconductor and electronics companies across the ecosystem. First, the ubiquity of wireless connectivity and sensor technology enables any manufacturing company to augment its factories and visualize its entire production line. In parallel, the cost per terabyte of data storage has generally decreases over time. The combination of these two trends means that more data is collected and stored than ever before. Further, semiconductor companies are striving to analyze these very large data sets in real-time to make rapid decisions that measurably improve manufacturing efficiency and quality. In parallel, the traditional practice of on-site data storage, even for highly sensitive data, is changing. The ability to cost-effectively and securely store, analyze, and retrieve massive quantities of data from the cloud versus on-premise enables data to be utilized across a much broader population of users, frequently resulting in greater demands on analytics programs. The combination of these latter two trends means that cloud-based, analytic programs that effectively manage identity management, physical security, and data protection are increasingly in demand for insights and efficiencies across the organizations of these companies. We believe that all these trends will continue for the next few years, and the challenges involved in adopting Industry 4.0 and secure cloud computing will create opportunities for our combination of advanced analytics capabilities, proven and established supporting infrastructure, and professional services to configure our products to meet customers’ specialized needs.

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Other trends may continue to affect our Characterization services business and Integrated Yield Ramp revenue specifically. For example, semiconductor manufacturers have recently been experiencing lower wafer shipments, which has negatively impacted our Integrated Yield Ramp gainshare revenue. The logic foundry market at the leading-edge nodes, such as 7nm, 5nm, and smaller, underwent significant change over the past few years. The leading foundry continues to dominate market share. This trend will likely continue to impact our Characterization services business on these nodes. We expect most logic foundries to invest in derivatives of older process nodes, such as 28nm and 14nm, to extract additional value as many of their customers will not move to advanced nodes due to either technological barriers or restrictive economics. Foundries that participate at leading edge nodes are expected to continue to invest in new technologies such as memory, packaging, and multi-patterned and extreme ultraviolet lithography, as well as new innovations in process control and variability management. We expect China’s investment in semiconductors to continue. Compliance with changing U.S. export restrictions limit our possible business with Chinese semiconductor manufacturers on advanced nodes. As a result of these market developments, we have chosen to focus our resources and investments in products, services, and solutions for analytics.

There are other global or business trends that may affect our business opportunities generally as follows:

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Financial Highlights

The following are our financial highlights for the year ended December 31, 2023:

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Critical Accounting Estimates

The preparation of financial statements and related disclosures in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires us to make judgments, assumptions, and estimates that affect the amounts reported in the Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying notes. Notes 1 and 2 of Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements describe the significant accounting policies and methods used in the preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements. We consider the accounting policies described below to be our critical accounting policies. These critical accounting policies are impacted significantly by judgments, assumptions, and estimates used in the preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements and actual results could differ materially from the amounts reported based on these policies.

Revenue Recognition

We derive revenue from two sources: Analytics and Integrated Yield Ramp.

Analytics Revenue

Analytics revenue is derived from the following primary offerings: licenses and services for standalone Software (which consists primarily of Exensio and Cimetrix products), SaaS (which consists primarily of Exensio products), and DFI and CV systems (including Characterization services) that do not include performance incentives based on customers’ yield achievement.

Revenue from standalone software is recognized depending on whether the license is perpetual or time-based. Perpetual (one-time charge) license software is recognized at the time of the inception of the arrangement when control transfers to the customers, if the software license is distinct from the services offered by us. Revenue from post-contract support is recognized over the contract term on a straight-line basis, because we are providing (i) support and (ii) unspecified software updates on a when-and-if available basis over the contract term. Revenue from time-based-licensed software is allocated to each performance obligation and is recognized either at a point in time or over time as follows. The license component is recognized at the time when control transfers to customers, with the post-contract support component recognized ratably over the committed term of the contract. For contracts with any combination of licenses, support, and other services, distinct performance obligations are accounted for separately. For contracts with multiple performance obligations, we allocate the transaction price of the contract to each performance obligation on a relative basis using the standalone selling price (“SSP”) attributed to each performance obligation.

Revenue from SaaS arrangements, which allow for the use of a cloud-based software product or service over a contractually determined period of time without taking possession of software, is accounted for as subscriptions and is recognized as revenue ratably, on a straight-line basis, over the subscription period beginning on the date the service is first made available to customers.

Revenue from DFI systems and CV systems (including Characterization services) that do not include performance incentives based on customers’ yield achievement is recognized primarily as services are performed. Where there are distinct performance obligations, we allocate revenue to all deliverables based on their SSPs. For these contracts with multiple performance obligations, we allocate the transaction price of the contract to each performance obligation on a relative basis using SSP attributed to each performance obligation. Where there are not discrete performance obligations, historically, revenue is primarily recognized as services are performed using a percentage of completion method based on costs or labor-hours inputs, whichever is the most appropriate measure of the progress towards completion of the contract. The estimation of percentage of completion method is complex and subject to many variables that require significant judgment.

The Company also leases some of its DFI system and CV system assets to some customers. The Company determines the existence of a lease when the customer controls the use of these identified assets for a period of time defined in the lease agreement and classifies such leases as operating leases or sales-type leases. A lease is classified as a sales-type lease if it meets certain criteria under Topic 842, Leases; otherwise, it is classified as an operating lease. Operating lease revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Sales-type lease revenue and corresponding lease receivables are

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recognized at lease commencement based on the present value of the future lease payments, and related interest income on lease receivable is recognized over the lease term and are recorded under Analytics Revenue in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). Payments under sales-type leases are discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease. When the Company’s leases are embedded in contracts with customers that include non-lease performance obligations, the Company allocates consideration in the contract between lease and non-lease components based on their relative SSPs. Assets subject to operating leases remain in Property and equipment, net and continue to be depreciated. Assets subject to sales-type leases are derecognized from Property and equipment at lease commencement and a net investment in the lease asset is recognized in Prepaid expenses and other current assets and Other non-current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Integrated Yield Ramp Revenue

Integrated Yield Ramp revenue is derived from our yield ramp engagements that include Gainshare or other performance incentives based on customers’ yield achievement.

Revenue under these project–based contracts, which are delivered over a specific period of time typically for a fixed fee component paid on a set schedule, is recognized as services are performed using a percentage of completion method based on costs or labor-inputs, whichever is the most appropriate measure of the progress towards completion of the contract. Where there are distinct performance obligations, we allocate revenue to all deliverables based on their SSPs and allocate the transaction price of the contract to each performance obligation on a relative basis using SSP. Similar to the services provided in connection with DFI systems and CV systems that are contributing to Analytics revenue, due to the nature of the work performed in these arrangements, the estimation of percentage of completion method is complex and subject to many variables that require significant judgment.

The Gainshare royalty contained in yield ramp contracts is a variable fee related to continued usage of our IP after the fixed-fee service period ends, based on the customers’ yield achievement. Revenue derived from Gainshare is contingent upon our customers reaching certain defined production yield levels. Gainshare royalty periods are generally subsequent to the delivery of all contractual services and performance obligations. We record Gainshare as a usage-based royalty derived from customers’ usage of IP and record it in the same period in which the usage occurs.

Income Taxes

We are required to assess whether it is “more likely than not” that we will realize our deferred tax assets. If we believe that they are not likely to be fully realizable before the expiration dates applicable to such assets, then to the extent we believe that recovery is not likely, we must establish a valuation allowance. Based on all available evidence, both positive and negative, we determined a full valuation allowance was still appropriate for our U.S. federal and state net deferred tax assets (“DTAs”), primarily driven by a cumulative loss incurred over the 12-quarter period ended December 31, 2023, and the likelihood that we may not utilize tax attributes before they expire. The valuation allowance was approximately $64.2 million and $59.2 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We will continue to evaluate the need for a valuation allowance and may change our conclusion in a future period based on changes in facts (e.g., 12-quarter cumulative profit, significant new revenue, etc.). If we conclude that we are more likely than not to utilize some or all of our U.S. DTAs, we will release some or all of our valuation allowance and our tax provision will decrease in the period in which we make such determination.

We evaluate our DTAs for realizability considering both positive and negative evidence, including our historical financial performance, projections of future taxable income, future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, tax planning strategies and any carryback availability. In evaluating the need for a valuation allowance, we estimate future taxable income based on management approved business plans. This process involves significant management judgment about assumptions that are subject to change from period to period based on changes in tax laws or variances between future projected operating performance and actual results. Changes in the net DTAs, less offsetting valuation allowance, in a period are recorded through the income tax provision and could have a material impact on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

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Our income tax calculations are based on the application of applicable U.S. federal, state, and/or foreign tax law. Our tax filings, however, are subject to audit by the respective tax authorities. Accordingly, we recognize tax liabilities based upon our estimate of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes will be due when such estimates are more-likely-than-not to be sustained. An uncertain income tax position will not be recognized if it has less than a 50% likelihood of being sustained. To the extent the final tax liabilities are different than the amounts originally accrued, the increases or decreases are recorded as income tax expense or benefit in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). As of December 31, 2023, no deferred taxes have been provided on undistributed earnings from our international subsidiaries. We intend to reinvest the earnings of our non-U.S. subsidiaries in those operations indefinitely. As such, we have not provided for any foreign withholding taxes on the earnings of foreign subsidiaries as of December 31, 2023. The earnings of our foreign subsidiaries are taxable in the U.S. in the year earned under the Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income rules implemented under 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act.

The CHIPS Act was signed into U.S. law on August 9, 2022. The CHIPS Act is intended to increase domestic competitiveness in semiconductor manufacturing capacity, increase research and development in computing, AI, clean energy, and nanotechnology through federal government programs and incentives over the next ten years. The CHIPS Act includes an advanced manufacturing tax credit equal to 25% of qualified investments in property purchased for an advanced manufacturing facility. We have begun to see some benefit from the CHIPS Act to our business, but the extent of future benefit is still unknown.

Stock-Based Compensation

We account for stock-based compensation using the fair value method, which requires us to measure stock-based compensation based on the grant-date fair value of the awards and recognize the compensation expense over the requisite service period. As stock-based compensation expense recognized is based on awards ultimately expected to vest, it has been reduced for estimated forfeitures. Forfeitures are estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates.

The fair value of our restricted stock units is equal to the market value of our common stock on the date of the grant. These awards are subject to time-based vesting which generally occurs over a period of four years.

The fair value of our stock options and purchase rights granted under employee stock purchase plans is estimated using the Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model, which incorporates various assumptions including volatility, expected life and interest rates. The expected volatility is based on the historical volatility of our common stock over the most recent period commensurate with the estimated expected life of our stock options and purchase rights granted under employee stock purchase plans. The expected life is based on historical experience and on the terms and conditions of the options granted and purchase rights granted under employee stock purchase plans. The interest rate assumption is based upon observed Treasury yield curve rates appropriate for the expected life of our stock options and purchase rights granted under employee stock purchase plans.

Business Combinations

We allocate the fair value of purchase consideration to the tangible assets acquired, liabilities assumed and intangible assets acquired based on their estimated fair values at the date of the business combination. The excess of the fair value of purchase consideration over the fair values of these identifiable assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill. Such valuations require us to make significant estimates and assumptions, especially with respect to intangible assets. Significant estimates in valuing certain intangible assets include, but are not limited to, estimated replacement costs and future expected cash flows from acquired customers, acquired technology, acquired patents, and trade names from a market participant perspective, useful lives and discount rates. The estimates of fair value are based upon assumptions believed to be reasonable, but which are inherently uncertain and unpredictable and, as a result, actual results may differ from estimates. Allocation of purchase consideration to identifiable assets and liabilities affects our amortization expense, as acquired finite-lived intangible assets are amortized over their useful life, whereas any indefinite lived intangible assets, including in-process research and development and goodwill, are not amortized. During the measurement period, which is not to exceed one year from the acquisition date, we record adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed,

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with the corresponding offset to goodwill. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to earnings in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Valuation of Long-lived Assets including Goodwill and Intangible Assets

We record goodwill when the purchase consideration of an acquisition exceeds the fair value of the net tangible and identified intangible assets as of the date of acquisition. We have one operating segment and one operating unit. We perform an annual impairment assessment of goodwill during the fourth quarter of each calendar year or more frequently, if required to determine if any events or circumstances exist, such as an adverse change in business climate or a decline in the overall industry demand, that would indicate that it would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount, including goodwill. If events or circumstances do not indicate that the fair value of a reporting unit is below its carrying amount, then goodwill is not considered to be impaired and no further testing is required. If the carrying amount exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss would be recognized equal to the amount of excess, limited to the amount of total goodwill. There was no impairment of goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.

Our long-lived assets, excluding goodwill, consist of property, equipment, and intangible assets. We periodically review our long-lived assets for impairment. For assets to be held and used, we initiate our review whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of a long-lived asset group may not be recoverable. Recoverability of an asset group is measured by comparison of its carrying amount to the expected future undiscounted cash flows that the asset group is expected to generate. If it is determined that an asset group is not recoverable, an impairment loss is recorded in the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset group exceeds its fair value. There was no impairment of intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. In fiscal 2021, we wrote down the value of property and equipment aggregating $3.2 million pertaining to our first-generation of e-beam tools for DFI™ systems where carrying values may not be fully recoverable due to lack of market demand and future needs of our customers for these tools.

Leases

We have operating leases for our administrative and sales offices, research and development laboratory and clean room. We recognize our long-term operating lease rights and commitments as operating lease right-of-use assets, operating lease liabilities and operating lease liabilities, non-current, respectively, on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

We determine if an arrangement is, or contains, a lease at inception. Operating lease right-of-use assets, and operating lease liabilities are initially recorded based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. Lease terms include the minimum unconditional term of the lease, and may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain at the commencement date that such options will be exercised. The decision to include these options involves consideration of our overall future business plans and other relevant business economic factors that may affect our business. Since the determination of the lease term requires an application of judgment, lease terms that differ in reality from our initial judgment may potentially have a material impact on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. In addition, our leases do not provide an implicit rate. In determining the present value of our expected lease payments, the discount rate is calculated using our incremental borrowing rate determined based on the information available, which requires additional judgment.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements and Accounting Changes

See our Note 1, “Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” of “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” included under Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K for a description of recent accounting pronouncements and accounting changes, including the dates of adoption and estimated effects, if any, on our consolidated financial statements.

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Results of Operations

Discussion of Financial Data for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

Revenues, Costs of Revenues, and Gross Margin

​

Analytics Revenue

Analytics revenue was $152.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of $21.6 million, or 17%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in Analytics revenue was driven by increases in revenue from DFI and CV systems, including sales-type leases of DFI assets, and an increase in revenue from Exensio software licenses, partially offset by a decrease in revenues from Cimetrix software licenses due to a decrease in orders for runtime licenses.

Integrated Yield Ramp Revenue

Integrated Yield Ramp revenue was $13.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $4.3 million, or 24%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to a decrease in hours worked on fixed fee engagements and a decrease in Gainshare from decreased customer wafer shipments at non-leading-edge nodes.

Our Integrated Yield Ramp revenue may continue to fluctuate from period to period primarily due to the contribution of Gainshare royalty, which is dependent on many factors that are outside our control, including among others, continued production of ICs by our customers at facilities at which we generate Gainshare, sustained yield improvements by our customers, and whether we enter into new contracts containing Gainshare.

Our revenues may also fluctuate in the future due to other factors, including the semiconductor industry’s continued acceptance of our products, services and solutions, the timing of purchases by existing and new customers, cancellations by existing customers, our ability to attract new customers and penetrate new markets, supply chain challenges and further penetration of our current customer base. Fluctuations in future results may also occur if any of our significant customers renegotiate pre-existing contractual commitments, including due to adverse changes in their own business.

Costs of Revenues

Costs of revenues consist primarily of costs incurred to provide and support our services, costs recognized in connection with licensing our software, IT and facilities-related costs and amortization of acquired technology. Service costs include material costs, hardware costs (including cost of leased assets under sales-type leases), personnel-related costs (including compensation, employee benefits, bonus and stock-based compensation expense), subcontractor costs,

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overhead costs, travel expenses, and allocated facilities-related costs. Software license costs consist of costs associated with third-party cloud-delivery related expenses and licensing third-party software used by us in providing services to our customers in solution engagements or sold in conjunction with our software products.

The increase in costs of revenues of $3.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, was primarily due to (i) a $3.5 million increase in hardware costs, (ii) a $0.4 million increase in travel expenses, (iii) a $0.2 million increase in subcontractor fees, and (iv) a $0.2 million increase in software licenses and maintenance costs. These increases were partially offset by a $0.4 million decrease in personnel-related costs due to lower compensation expenses, partially offset by an increase in stock-based compensation expense.

Gross Margin

Gross margin for the year ended December 31, 2023, was 69% compared to 68% for the year ended December 31, 2022, or an increase of 1 percentage point. The higher gross margin during the year ended December 31, 2023, was primarily due to higher total revenue when compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.

Operating Expenses:

Research and Development

Research and development expenses consist primarily of personnel-related costs (including compensation, employee benefits, bonus and stock-based compensation expense), outside development services, travel expenses, third-party cloud-services related costs, IT and facilities cost allocations to support product development activities.

Research and development expenses decreased $5.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to (i) a $5.8 million decrease in personnel-related costs mostly resulting from a lower stock-based and other compensation expenses, partially offset by worldwide salary increases and increases in headcount, and (ii) a $0.5 million decrease in facilities and IT-related costs including depreciation expense. These were partially offset by (a) a $0.3 million increase in third-party cloud-services related costs, (b) a $0.3 million increase in travel expenses, and (c) a $0.2 million increase in subcontractor expenses primarily related to Cimetrix and Exensio software.

We anticipate our expenses in research and development will fluctuate in absolute dollars from period to period as a result of the size and the timing of product development projects.

Selling, General, and Administrative

Selling, general, and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel-related costs (including compensation, employee benefits, bonus, commission and stock-based compensation expense for sales, marketing, and general and

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administrative personnel), legal, tax and accounting services, marketing communications and trade conference-related expenses, third-party cloud-services related costs, travel, IT, and facilities cost allocations.

Selling, general, and administrative expenses increased $16.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to (i) a $14.5 million increase in personnel-related costs mainly resulting from increases in stock-based and other compensation expense, commission, employee benefit costs, headcount and worldwide salary increases, (ii) a $0.8 million increase in travel expenses, (iii) a $0.7 million increase in legal fees related to the arbitration proceeding over a disputed customer contract, (iv) a $0.4 million increase in third-party cloud-services related costs, (v) a $0.3 million increase in property tax expense, (vi) a $0.3 million increase in general legal expenses, (vii) a $0.3 million increase in trade conference-related expenses, and (viii) a $0.2 million increase in business acquisition costs. These increases were partially offset by a $0.4 million decrease in subcontractor expenses.

We anticipate our selling, general and administrative expenses will fluctuate in absolute dollars from period to period as a result of cost control initiatives and to support increased selling efforts in the future.

Amortization of acquired intangible assets

Amortization of acquired intangible assets primarily consists of amortization of intangibles acquired as a result of certain business combinations and was consistent for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.

Write-down in value of property and equipment

In fiscal 2021, we wrote down the value of property and equipment aggregating $3.2 million pertaining to our first-generation of e-beam tools for DFI™ systems where carrying values may not be fully recoverable due to lack of market demand and future needs of our customers for these tools.

Interest and Other Expense (Income), Net

Interest and other expense (income), net primarily consists of interest income and foreign currency transaction exchange gains and losses.

Interest and other expense (income), net increased $2.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to an increase in interest income of $4.0 million from cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments resulting from higher interest rates, partially offset by net unfavorable fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates.

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Income Tax Expense

Income tax expense decreased $2.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to decreases in state tax expense, foreign withholding taxes and changes in the geographic mix of worldwide income, which is subject to taxation at different statutory tax rates.

Any significant change in our future effective tax rates could adversely impact our consolidated financial position, results of operations, and cash flows. Our future tax rates may be adversely affected by a number of factors including increase in expenses not deductible for tax purposes, new or changing tax legislation in the United States and in foreign countries where we are subject to tax jurisdictions, the geographic composition of our pre-tax income, the amount of our pre-tax income as business activities fluctuate, our ability to use tax attributes such as research and development tax credits and net operation losses, the tax effects of employee stock activity, audit examinations with adverse outcomes, changes in general accepted accounting principles and the effectiveness of our tax planning strategies.

Discussion of Financial Data for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

For a discussion of our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, please see our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the SEC on March 1, 2023.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of December 31, 2023, our working capital, defined as total current assets less total current liabilities, was $147.0 million, compared to $135.2 million as of December 31, 2022. Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments, on a consolidated basis, were $135.5 million as of December 31, 2023, compared to $139.2 million as of December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2023, and 2022, cash and cash equivalents held by our foreign subsidiaries were $10.0 million and $8.8 million, respectively. We believe that our existing cash resources and anticipated funds from operations will satisfy our cash requirements to fund our operating activities, capital expenditures, and other obligations, for at least the next twelve months.

Repurchase of Company’s Common Stock

On June 4, 2020, the Company’s Board of Directors adopted a stock repurchase program (the “2020 Program”) to repurchase up to $25.0 million of the Company’s common stock both on the open market and in privately negotiated transactions, including through Rule 10b5-1 plans, over the next two years. During the year ended December 31, 2022, 218,858 shares were repurchased by the Company under the 2020 Program at an average price of $26.40 per share for an aggregate total price of $5.8 million. During the year ended December 31, 2021, 251,212 shares were repurchased by the Company under the 2020 Program at an average price of $18.01 per share for an aggregate total price of $4.5 million. In total, 470,070 shares were repurchased under the 2020 Program at an average price of $21.91 per share, for an aggregate total price of $10.3 million.

On April 11, 2022, the Board of Directors terminated the 2020 Program, and adopted a new program (the “2022 Program”) to repurchase up to $35.0 million of the Company’s common stock both on the open market and in privately negotiated transactions, including through Rule 10b5-1 plans, from time to time, over the next two years. During the year ended December 31, 2023, 21,340 shares were repurchased by the Company under the 2022 Program at an average price of $34.81 per share for an aggregate total price of $0.7 million. During the year ended December 31, 2022, 714,600 shares were repurchased by the Company under the 2022 Program at an average price of $23.36 per share for an aggregate total price of $16.7 million. In total, the Company has repurchased 735,940 shares under the 2022 Program at an average price of $23.69 per share for an aggregate total price of $17.4 million.

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Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Data

Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities

Cash flows provided by operating activities during the year ended December 31, 2023, consisted of net income, adjusted for certain non-cash items which primarily consisted of depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation expense, amortization of acquired intangible expense, amortization of costs capitalized to obtain revenue contracts, net accretion of discounts on short-term investments and net change in operating assets and liabilities.

Net cash flows provided by operating activities was $14.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to net cash flows provided by operating activities of $32.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The $17.7 million decrease in cash flows provided by operating activities between the years was driven primarily by payments made to vendors and employees, including under the Company’s bonus plan, partially offset by an increase in net income compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. Net income was $3.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to a net loss of $3.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.

The major contributors to the net change in operating assets and liabilities for the year ended December 31, 2023, were as follows:

Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities was $29.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to net cash provided by investing activities of $84.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.

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For the year ended December 31, 2023, cash used in investing activities primarily related to purchases of short-term investments of $59.6 million, purchases of and prepayments for property and equipment of $11.3 million primarily related to our DFI and CV systems, payment for a business acquisition, net of cash acquired, of $1.8 million, partially offset by proceeds from maturities and sales of short-term investments of $43.8 million.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, cash provided by investing activities primarily related to proceeds from maturities and sales of short-term investments of $151.5 million, partially offset by purchases of short-term investments of $58.3 million, and purchases of and prepayments for property and equipment of $8.4 million primarily related to our DFI systems and CV systems.

Net Cash Used in Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities was $5.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to net cash used in financing activities of $24.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, net cash used in financing activities primarily consisted of $9.5 million in cash payments for taxes related to net share settlement of equity awards and $0.7 million for the repurchase of shares of our common stock and, partially offset by $4.3 million of proceeds from our employee stock purchase plan and exercise of stock options.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, net cash used in financing activities primarily consisted of $22.5 million for the repurchase of shares of our common stock and $6.5 million in cash payments for taxes related to net share settlement of equity awards, partially offset by $4.7 million of proceeds from our employee stock purchase plans and exercise of stock options.

Related Party Transactions

Refer to Note 13, “Strategic Partnership Agreement with Advantest and Related Party Transactions” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report) for a discussion on related party transactions between the Company and Advantest.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements, investments in special purpose entities or undisclosed borrowings or debt.

Contractual Obligations

The following table summarizes our known contractual obligations as of December 31, 2023 (in thousands):