PermRock Royalty Trust [PRT] Filings

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

þ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023

OR

¨ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ___________ to ___________

Commission File Number: 001-38472

PERMROCK ROYALTY TRUST

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Argent Trust Company, Trustee

3838 Oak Lawn Ave.

Suite 1720

Dallas, Texas 75219

(Address of principal executive offices)(Zip code)

(855) 588-7839

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ¨  No þ

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ¨  No þ

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes þ  No  ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ¨  No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ¨

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ¨ No þ

The aggregate market value of Trust units representing beneficial interests in PermRock Royalty Trust held by non-affiliates on June 30, 2023 (the last business day of its most recently completed second fiscal quarter), was approximately $38,121,115 based on the closing price as quoted on the New York Stock Exchange. As of April 1, 2024, 12,165,732 Trust units representing beneficial interests in PermRock Royalty Trust were outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE:  None

PERMROCK ROYALTY TRUST
FORM 10-K
For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2023

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Certain information included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (“Annual Report”) contains, and other materials filed or to be filed by the PermRock Royalty Trust (the “Trust”) with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) (as well as information included in oral statements or other written statements made or to be made by the Trust) may contain or include, forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) and Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”). Such forward-looking statements may be or may concern, among other things, Boaz Energy II, LLC’s (“Boaz Energy”) and Argent Trust Company’s (as the Trustee (as hereinafter defined) of the Trust) expectations, beliefs and plans regarding: (i) Boaz Energy’s capital expenditure budget and anticipated expenditures; (ii) Boaz Energy’s 2024 outlook, including participation in non-operated drilling and waterflood conformance and expansion work in Crane and Glasscock Counties; (iii) Boaz Energy’s plan to drill a new well in Crane County, Texas; (iv) estimated capital required for 2024 operations; (v) amount and timing of cash reserves by the Trustee; (vi) drilling activity; (vii) estimated present value of future cash flows; (viii) characteristics of the Underlying Properties, including estimates regarding oil and gas reserves; (ix) the impact of a loss of any major customers; (x) reliance on third parties for facilities and services; (xi) the ability of Boaz Energy’s insurance coverage to cover certain claims; (xii) burdens and obligations affecting the Underlying Properties and their impact on the Underlying Properties and Net Profits Interest; (xiii) the quality of Boaz Energy’s title to the Underlying Properties; (xiv) the impact of litigation on the Trust and regulatory matters; (xv) the tax treatment of the Net Profits Interest; (xvi) the treatment of the Net Profits Interest in the event of Boaz Energy’s bankruptcy; (xvii) distributions to Trust unitholders, including in the event of contingencies; and (xviii) future cash retentions from distributions. Such forward-looking statements generally are accompanied by words such as “may,” “will,” “estimate,” “expect,” “predict,” “project,” “anticipate,” “goal,” “should,” “assume,” “believe,” “plan,” “intend,” or other words that convey the uncertainty of future events or outcomes. Such statements are based on certain assumptions of the Trustee, and certain assumptions of information provided to the Trust by Boaz Energy, the owner of the Underlying Properties; are based on an assessment of, and are subject to, a variety of factors deemed relevant by the Trustee and Boaz Energy; and involve risks and uncertainties. The following important factors, in addition to those discussed elsewhere in this Annual Report, could affect the future results of the energy industry in general, and Boaz Energy and the Trust in particular, and could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected in such forward-looking statements:

However, whether actual results and developments will conform with such expectations and predictions is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including the risk factors discussed in Item 1A of Part I of this Annual Report, which could affect the future results of the energy industry in general, and the Trust and Boaz Energy in particular, and could cause those results to differ materially from those expressed in such forward-looking statements. The actual results or developments anticipated may not be realized or, even if substantially realized, they may not have the expected consequences to or effects on Boaz Energy’s business and the Trust. Such statements are not guarantees of future performance and actual results or developments may differ materially from those projected in such forward-looking statements. The Trust undertakes no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, except as required by applicable law.

Boaz Energy Information

As a holder of a Net Profits Interest, the Trust relies on Boaz Energy for information regarding Boaz Energy and its affiliates; the Underlying Properties, including the operations, acreage, well and completion count, working interests, production volumes, sales revenues, capital expenditures, operating expenses, reserves, drilling plans, drilling results and leasehold terms related to the Underlying Properties; and factors and circumstances that have or may affect the foregoing. See Part II, Item 9A Controls and Procedures.

Glossary of Terms

PART I

General

PermRock Royalty Trust (the “Trust”) is a Delaware statutory trust formed on November 22, 2017 under the Delaware Statutory Trust Act pursuant to a trust agreement dated November 22, 2017, as amended and restated on May 4, 2018, and as amended on May 6, 2022, by and among Boaz Energy II, LLC (“Boaz Energy”), as trustor, Simmons Bank, as trustee, and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as Delaware Trustee (the “Delaware Trustee”) (such amended and restated trust agreement, as amended to date, the “Trust Agreement”). The Trust’s affairs are administered by the Trustee (as hereinafter defined).

On November 4, 2021, Simmons Bank announced that it had entered into an agreement with Argent Trust Company (“Argent”) pursuant to which Simmons Bank would be resigning as trustee of the Trust and nominated Argent as successor trustee of the Trust. The effective date of Simmons Bank’s resignation and Argent’s appointment as successor trustee was December 30, 2022. In accordance with the successor trustee provisions of the Trust Agreement, Argent, as successor trustee of the Trust, is subject to all terms and conditions of the Trust Agreement. The defined term “Trustee” as used herein shall refer to Simmons Bank (which maintains its offices at 2200 West 7^th Street, Suite 210, P.O. Box 470727, Fort Worth, Texas 76147) for periods prior to December 30, 2022, and shall refer to Argent (which maintains its offices at 3838 Oak Lawn Ave, Suite 1720, Dallas, Texas 75219) for periods on and after December 30, 2022.

The Trust was created to acquire and hold the Net Profits Interest for the benefit of the Trust unitholders. The affairs of the Trust are managed by the Trustee. Boaz Energy has no ability to manage the operations of the Trust, and, to the fullest extent permitted by law, does not owe any fiduciary duties or liabilities to the Trust or the unitholders. The Delaware Trustee has only minimal rights and duties as are necessary to satisfy the requirements of the Delaware Statutory Trust Act.

The Trust’s purpose is to own the Net Profits Interest, to distribute to the Trust unitholders cash that the Trust receives in respect of the Net Profits Interest and to perform certain administrative functions in respect of the Net Profits Interest and the Trust units. Other than the foregoing activities, the Trust does not conduct any operations or activities. The Trust derives all or substantially all of its income and cash flow from the Net Profits Interest. The Trust has no employees.

The Trust makes monthly cash distributions of all of its monthly cash receipts, after deduction of fees and expenses for the administration of the Trust and any cash reserves, to holders of its Trust units as of the applicable record date, on or before the 10th business day after the record date. Distributions generally relate to sales from a one-month period.

The Conveyance

In connection with the closing of the initial public offering of Trust units and pursuant to the Conveyance of Net Profits Interest (the “Conveyance”) effective May 4, 2018, Boaz Energy conveyed the Net Profits Interest to the Trust in exchange for Trust units. The Net Profits Interest entitles the Trust to receive 80% of the net profits from the sale of oil and natural gas production from the Underlying Properties. The Net Profits Interest is passive in nature and neither the Trust nor the Trustee has any control over, or responsibility for, costs relating to the operation of the Underlying Properties.

The Underlying Properties consist of 31,354 gross (22,394 net) acres in the Permian Basin. The Permian Basin extends over 75,000 square miles in West Texas and Southeastern New Mexico. The Underlying Properties consist of the following four operating areas:

A detailed description of the Underlying Properties is included under Item 2. Properties.

Computation of Net Profit

Net profits are computed monthly, and 80% of the aggregate net profits attributable to the sale of oil and natural gas production from the Underlying Properties received during each calendar month are paid to the Trust on or before the end of the following month.

“Gross profits” generally means the aggregate amount received by Boaz Energy from sales of oil and natural gas produced from the Underlying Properties subject to certain adjustments as described in the Conveyance. “Net profits” generally means gross profits less the costs and expenses for, among other things, drilling and development activities, production, operation, maintenance and abandonment operations, taxes, charges and assessments and insurance and, where applicable, losses, liabilities and damages, in each case as incurred by Boaz Energy and attributable to the Underlying Properties (as such items are reduced by any offset amounts, as described in the Conveyance).

The Trust is not liable to the owners of the Underlying Properties or the operators for any operating, capital or other costs or liabilities attributable to the Underlying Properties. In the event that the net profits for any computation period is a negative amount, the Trust will receive no payment for that period, and any such negative amount plus accrued interest will be deducted from gross profits in the following computation period for purposes of determining the net profits for that following computation period.

Gross profits and net profits are calculated on a cash basis, except that certain costs, primarily ad valorem taxes and expenditures of a material amount, may be determined on an accrual basis.

The Trustee is not obligated to return any cash received from the Net Profits Interest. Any overpayments made to the Trust by Boaz Energy due to adjustments to prior calculations of net profits or otherwise will reduce future amounts payable to the Trust until Boaz Energy recovers the overpayments plus interest at a prime rate (as described in the Conveyance).

Boaz Energy must maintain books and records sufficient to determine the amounts payable for the Net Profits Interest to the Trust. Monthly and annually, Boaz Energy must deliver to the Trustee a statement of the computation of the net profits for each computation period. The annual computation must be audited. The Trustee has the right to inspect, review and audit the books and records maintained by Boaz Energy during normal business hours and upon reasonable notice.

Marketing and Customers

Pursuant to the terms of the Conveyance, Boaz Energy has the responsibility to market, or cause to be marketed, the oil and natural gas production attributable to the Net Profits Interest in the Underlying Properties.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, Boaz Energy and other third-party operators of the Underlying Properties sold the oil produced from the Underlying Properties to third-party purchasers. Oil production from the Underlying Properties is typically transported by pipeline or truck from the field to the closest gathering facility or refinery. Boaz Energy and other operators sell the majority of the oil production from the Underlying Properties under contracts based on geographic location using market sensitive pricing. The price received by the operators for the oil production from the Underlying Properties is usually based on a regional price applied to equal daily quantities in the month of delivery that is then reduced for differentials based upon delivery location and oil quality.

All natural gas produced from the Underlying Properties is marketed and sold to third-party purchasers. In all cases, the contract price is based on a percentage of a published regional index price, after adjustments for Btu content, transportation and related charges. Natural gas production is typically transported by pipeline to the closest gathering facility. Natural gas that is processed to remove NGLs is done under a percentage of proceeds contract and the Trust’s percentage of those proceeds are included in the Net Profits Interest.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, Boaz Energy reported that Phillips 66, Plains All American Pipeline, Energy Transfer Partners, Blackbeard Operating LLC, and Enterprise Crude Oil LLC accounted for 29.93%, 20.82%, 17.07%, 11.61%, and 10.23% respectively, of its total oil and natural gas revenues, and that no other purchaser accounted for 10% or more of the total revenue of the Underlying Properties. Boaz Energy does not believe that the loss of any of these parties as a purchaser of crude oil or natural gas production from the Underlying Properties would have a material impact on the business or operations of Boaz Energy or the Underlying Properties because of the large number of marketing firms and competitive nature of oil and gas purchasers in the Permian Basin. Oil and natural gas are currently sold to these four customers under short-term contracts at market prices.

Competition and Markets

The oil and natural gas industry is highly competitive. Boaz Energy competes with major oil and natural gas companies and independent oil and natural gas companies for oil and natural gas, equipment, personnel and markets for the sale of oil and natural gas. Many of these competitors are financially stronger than Boaz Energy, but even financially troubled competitors can affect the market because of their need to sell oil and natural gas at any price to attempt to maintain cash flow. Because Boaz Energy and the third-party operators of the Underlying Properties are subject to competitive conditions in the oil and natural gas industry, the Trust’s Net Profits Interest is indirectly subject to those same competitive conditions.

Oil and natural gas compete with other forms of energy available to customers, primarily based on price. These alternate forms of energy include electricity, coal and fuel oils. Changes in the availability or price of oil, natural gas or other forms of energy, as well as business conditions, conservation, legislation, regulations and the ability to convert to alternate fuels and other forms of energy may affect the demand for oil and natural gas.

All of the Trust’s assets are located in the United States. Boaz Energy and the third-party operators of the Underlying Properties sell the oil and natural gas produced from the Underlying Properties to third-party purchasers in the United States. Demand for natural gas generally is higher in the winter months, but otherwise seasonal factors do not directly affect the Trust.

Dissolution of the Trust

The Trust is not subject to any pre-set termination provisions based on a maximum volume of oil or natural gas to be produced or the passage of time. The Trust will dissolve upon the earliest to occur of the following:

Upon dissolution of the Trust, the Trustee is obligated to sell all of the Trust’s assets, either by private sale or public auction, and, after payment or the making of reasonable provision for payment of all liabilities of the Trust, distribute the net proceeds of the sale to the Trust unitholders.

Environmental Matters and Regulation

General. For purposes of the discussion in this section, the oil and natural gas production operations conducted on the Underlying Properties are the operations of Boaz Energy. Boaz Energy’s oil and natural gas exploration and production operations are subject to stringent and comprehensive federal, regional, state and local laws and regulations governing the discharge of materials into the environment or otherwise relating to environmental protection. These laws and regulations may impose significant obligations on Boaz Energy’s operations, including, but not limited to, requirements to:

Failure to comply with environmental laws and regulations may result in the assessment of administrative, civil and criminal sanctions, including monetary penalties, the imposition of strict, joint and several liability, investigatory and remedial obligations and the issuance of injunctions limiting or prohibiting some or all of the operations on the Underlying Properties. Moreover, these laws, rules and regulations may restrict the rate of oil, natural gas and NGL production below the rate that would otherwise be possible. The regulatory burden on the oil and natural gas industry increases the cost of doing business in the industry and consequently affects profitability. The trend in environmental regulation has been to place more restrictions and limitations on activities that may affect the environment, and thus, any changes in environmental laws and regulations or re-interpretation of enforcement policies that result in more stringent and costly construction, drilling, water management, completion, emission or discharge limits or waste handling, disposal or remediation obligations could increase the cost to Boaz Energy of developing the Underlying Properties. Moreover, accidental releases or spills may occur in the course of operations on the Underlying Properties, causing Boaz Energy to incur significant costs and liabilities as a result of such releases or spills, including any third-party claims for damage to property, natural resources or persons.

Increased costs or operating restrictions on the Underlying Properties as a result of compliance with or liability under environmental laws could result in reduced exploratory and production activities on the Underlying Properties and, as a result, distributable cash to the Trust unitholders. The following is a summary of certain existing environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, each as amended from time to time, to which operations on the Underlying Properties are subject.

Hazardous Substances and Waste Handling

The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (“CERCLA”) also known as the Superfund law, and comparable state laws impose liability without regard to fault or the legality of the original conduct on certain classes of persons who are considered to be responsible for the release of a “hazardous substance” into the environment. Under CERCLA, these “responsible persons” may include the owner or operator of the site where the release occurred, and entities that transport, dispose of or arrange for the transport or disposal of hazardous substances released at the site. These responsible persons may be subject to joint and several strict liability for the costs of cleaning up the hazardous substances that have been released into the environment, for damages to natural resources and for the costs of certain health studies. CERCLA also authorizes the EPA and, in some instances, third parties to act in response to threats to the public health or the environment and to seek to recover from the responsible classes of persons the costs they incur. It is not uncommon for neighboring landowners and other third-parties to file claims for personal injury and property damage allegedly caused by the hazardous substances released into the environment. On September 6, 2022, EPA designated two per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (“PFAS”) as hazardous substances under CERCLA. PFAS chemicals are known as “forever chemicals” because of their persistence in the environment. PFAS have been widely used in industrial and commercial applications since the 1950s, including the oil and gas industry, and their designation as a CERCLA hazardous substance increases potential risks of incurring CERCLA liabilities where they have been historically used. In April 2023, EPA issued an Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking asking the public for input regarding potential future hazardous substance designations of PFAS under CERCLA, and in June 2023, EPA released a framework for addressing new and new uses of PFAS under the Toxic Substances Control Act (“TSCA”).  U.S. EPA’s National Enforcement and Compliance Initiatives for the fiscal years 2024-2027 listed PFAS identification and characterization of the extent of PFAS contamination as one of the agency’s new initiatives.

The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (“RCRA”) and comparable state laws control the management and disposal of hazardous and non-hazardous waste. These laws and regulations govern the generation, storage, treatment, transfer and disposal of wastes generated. Drilling fluids, produced waters and most of the other wastes associated with the exploration, development and production of oil, natural gas and NGLs, if properly handled, are currently exempt from regulation as hazardous waste under RCRA and, instead, are regulated under RCRA’s less stringent non-hazardous waste provisions, state laws or other federal laws. However, it is possible that certain oil, natural gas and NGL drilling and production wastes now classified as non-hazardous could be classified as hazardous wastes in the future. For example, in December 2016, the EPA and environmental groups entered into a consent decree to address the EPA’s alleged failure to timely assess its RCRA Subtitle D criteria regulations exempting certain exploration and production related oil, natural gas and NGL wastes from regulation as hazardous wastes under RCRA. The consent decree required the EPA to propose a rulemaking no later than March 15, 2019, for revision of certain Subtitle D criteria regulations pertaining to oil, natural gas and NGL wastes or to sign a determination that revision of the regulations is not necessary (which deadline was extended to April 23, 2019, due to a lapse in appropriations). On April 23, 2019, EPA made a determination that revisions to the federal regulations for the management of exploration and production waste under Subtitle D of RCRA are not necessary and issued a report explaining the basis for its decision. In October 2023, EPA released a final rule that eliminated an exemption that allowed facilities to avoid reporting information on PFAS when those chemicals were used in small concentrations. In January 2024, the EPA announced the automatic addition of seven PFAS to the list of chemicals covered by the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI), consistent with the Fiscal Year 2020 National Defense Authorization Act, and in February 2024, EPA released two proposed regulations under RCRA, adding nine PFAS to the list of RCRA hazardous constituents. EPA stated it will continue to work to identify areas for regulatory improvements and to address emerging issues to ensure exploration and production wastes continue to be managed appropriately. Any future regulatory change due to emerging issues, a change in EPA determination, or otherwise could result in an increase in the costs to manage and dispose of wastes, which could increase the costs of Boaz Energy’s operations.

Certain of the Underlying Properties have been used for oil and natural gas exploration and production for many years. Although the operators may have utilized operating and disposal practices that were standard in the industry at the time, petroleum hydrocarbons and wastes may have been disposed of or released on or under the Underlying Properties, or on or under other offsite locations where these petroleum hydrocarbons and wastes have been taken for recycling or disposal. The Underlying Properties and the petroleum hydrocarbons and wastes disposed or released thereon may be subject to CERCLA, RCRA and analogous state laws. Under such laws, the owner or operator could be required to remove or remediate previously disposed wastes, to clean up contaminated property and to perform remedial operations such as restoration of pits and plugging of abandoned wells to prevent future contamination or to pay some or all of the costs of any such action.

Water Discharges

The Federal Water Pollution Control Act, also known as the “Clean Water Act” (“CWA”) and analogous state laws impose restrictions and strict controls with respect to the discharge of pollutants, including spills and leaks of oil, into federal and state waters. The discharge of pollutants into regulated waters is prohibited, except in accordance with the terms of a permit issued by the EPA or an analogous state agency. Obtaining permits has the potential to delay the development of oil and natural gas projects. In addition, federal and state regulatory agencies can impose administrative, civil and criminal penalties for non-compliance with discharge permits or other requirements of the CWA and analogous state laws and regulations. On August 29, 2023, the EPA published a final rule clarifying the federal jurisdictional reach over waters of the United States (“WOTUS”) and conforming the definition of WOTUS with the U.S. Supreme Court’s interpretation in its Sackett v. EPA decision. The scope of jurisdiction under the CWA includes (a) waters (i) currently used, or that were used in the past, or may be susceptible to use in interstate or foreign commerce, including all waters which are subject to the ebb and flow of the tide; (ii) the territorial seas; or (iii) interstate waters, and (b) only wetlands that have a “continuous surface connection” with those traditional waters. “Continuous surface connection” means when there is no clear demarcation between traditional “waters” and wetlands, which is a narrower construction of applicable wetlands than years prior, thereby eliminating some of the wetlands previously covered. In the wake of the Sackett decision, several states have developed their own wetlands policies or regulatory programs to address discharges to intra-state waters that may no longer be regulated as WOTUS. Spill prevention, control and countermeasure plan requirements imposed under the CWA require appropriate containment berms and similar structures to help prevent the contamination of WOTUS in the event of a hydrocarbon tank spill, rupture or leak. In addition, the CWA and analogous state laws require individual permits or coverage under general permits for discharges of storm water runoff from certain types of facilities. The Oil Pollution Act of 1990, as amended, or “OPA,” amends the CWA and establishes strict liability and natural resource damages liability for unauthorized discharges of oil into WOTUS. OPA requires owners or operators of certain onshore facilities to prepare Facility Response Plans for responding to a worst-case discharge of oil into WOTUS. EPA and various states also impose permitting requirements for the disposal of produced water by underground injection. As these requirements increase and become more strict, they could result in an increase in the costs to manage and dispose of wastes, which could increase the costs of Boaz Energy’s operations.

Air Emissions

The CAA and comparable state laws restrict the emission of air pollutants from many sources through air emissions permitting programs and also impose various monitoring, testing, and reporting requirements. These laws and regulations may require Boaz Energy to obtain pre-approval for the construction or modification of certain projects or facilities expected to produce or significantly increase air emissions, obtain and strictly comply with stringent air permit requirements or incur development expenses to install and utilize specific equipment or technologies to control emissions. For example, in June 2016 the EPA finalized rules regarding criteria for aggregating multiple small surface sites into a single source for air-quality permitting purposes applicable to the oil and gas industry. This rule could cause small facilities, on an aggregate basis, to be deemed a major source, thereby triggering more stringent air permitting processes and requirements. In addition, EPA, New Mexico, Texas and other states have begun to regulate through their New Source Performance Standards (“NSPS”) and other air emissions programs the emission of VOCs and methane from oil and gas production process equipment, storage tanks and produced water impoundments and other assets. These requirements could increase the costs of development and production on the Underlying Properties, potentially impairing the economic development of the Underlying Properties and reducing the amount of cash distributable to Trust unitholders. Obtaining permits has the potential to delay the development of oil and natural gas projects. Federal and state regulatory agencies may impose administrative, civil and criminal penalties for non-compliance with air permits or other requirements of the CAA and associated state laws and regulations. As particularly related to the CAA, the EPA’s National Enforcement and Compliance Initiatives for fiscal years 2024-2027, which were updated on August 17, 2023, continued some of its initiatives from fiscal year 2020-2023, including addressing hazardous air pollutant violations in communities already highly burdened with pollution impacts and to focus on chemical accident risk prevention under Section 112(r) of the CAA with a focus on anhydrous ammonia (mainly used as a fertilizer or a refrigerant) and hydrogen fluoride (used in petrochemical manufacturing).  Reducing emissions from significant sources of volatile organic compounds (“VOC”) and hazardous air pollutants could lead to increased scrutiny of air emissions from oil and gas operations. Air toxin reporting is currently voluntary, but if it became mandatory, then there may be increased costs to Boaz Energy’s operations. On November 21, 2023, EPA proposed to amend the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (“NESHAPs”) for oil and gas production facilities and for natural gas transmission and storage facilities to remove an affirmative defense based on emissions caused by malfunctions. If promulgated this rule could ultimately increase Boaz Energy’s costs of compliance.

Climate Change

In response to findings that emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and other greenhouse gases (“GHGs”) present an endangerment to public health and the environment, the EPA has adopted regulations under existing provisions of the CAA that, among other things, establish PSD, construction and Title V operating permit reviews for certain large stationary sources.

At the federal level, no comprehensive climate change legislation has been implemented to date. The EPA has, however, adopted rules under authority of the CAA that, among other things, establish Potential for Significant Deterioration (“PSD”) construction and Title V operating permit reviews for GHG emissions from certain large stationary sources that are also potential major sources of certain principal, or criteria, pollutant emissions. Under these regulations, facilities required to obtain PSD permits must meet “best available control technology” standards for those GHG emissions. In addition, the EPA has adopted rules requiring the monitoring and annual reporting of GHG emissions from certain petroleum and natural gas system sources in the U.S., including, among others, onshore and offshore production facilities, which include certain operations on the Underlying Properties. The EPA has expanded the GHG reporting requirements to all segments of the oil and natural gas industry, including gathering and boosting facilities as well as completions and workovers from hydraulically fractured oil wells.

Federal agencies also have begun directly regulating emissions of methane from oil and natural gas operations. For example, in June 2016, the EPA published New Source Performance Standards (“NSPS”), known as Subpart OOOOa, that requires certain new, modified or reconstructed facilities in the oil and natural gas sector to reduce these methane gas and volatile organic compound emissions. However, on August 28, 2019, the EPA published a notice of reconsideration proposing to rescind methane-specific requirements for new and modified oil and gas infrastructure, which drew legal challenges. Subsequently, on November 2, 2021, EPA released a proposed rule that would limit emissions of methane—a greenhouse gas—from facilities in the oil and gas sector. In November 2022, EPA published a supplemental proposed rule that will increase monitoring and mitigation requirements related to methane and VOC emissions from the oil and gas industry. The proposed regulations, once effective, would reach new and existing facilities in the production, gathering, processing, and transmission and storage segments. Notably, the Biden administration has made addressing climate change a priority and is expected to take steps to reduce harmful air emissions, which could result in new efforts to set methane limits and otherwise regulate GHGs. On December 2, 2023, EPA issued a final rule to reduce emissions of methane and other harmful pollutants from oil and gas operations. The rule added new NSPS standards to reduce methane and VOCs from oil and gas operations and developed a new “super emitter” program. EPA has also proposed a new rule to establish a Waste Emission Charge that applies to methane emissions from certain oil and gas operations.

Many states have adopted GHG emission reduction goals broadly and for specific industries, which provides for GHG regulation and limits on permitting that will affect the oil and gas industry, for example through moratoriums on drilling and limits on permitting.

The adoption and implementation of any international, federal or state legislation or regulations that require reporting of GHGs or otherwise restrict or place a fee or charge on emissions of GHGs could result in increased compliance costs or additional operating restrictions for Boaz Energy and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Notwithstanding potential risks related to climate change, the International Energy Agency estimates that oil and gas will continue to represent a major share of global energy use through 2040, and other private sector studies project continued growth in demand for the next two decades. However, recent activism directed at shifting funding away from companies with energy-related assets could result in limitations or restrictions on certain sources of funding for the energy sector. Moreover, activist shareholders have introduced proposals that may seek to force companies to adopt aggressive emission reduction targets or to shift away from more carbon-intensive activities. While we cannot predict the outcomes of such proposals, they could make it more difficult for Boaz Energy to engage in exploration and production activities, ultimately reducing distributable cash to Trust unitholders. Finally, many scientists have concluded that increasing concentrations of GHG in the atmosphere may produce climate changes that have significant physical effects, such as increased frequency and severity of storms, droughts, and floods and other climate events that could have an adverse effect on operations of the Underlying Properties and, as a result, the amount of cash distributable to Trust unitholders.

Hydraulic Fracturing Activities

Boaz Energy engages in hydraulic fracturing. Hydraulic fracturing is a common practice that is used to stimulate production of hydrocarbons from tight formations, including shales. The process involves the injection of water, sand and chemicals under pressure into formations to fracture the surrounding rock and stimulate production. Currently, hydraulic fracturing is generally exempt from regulation under the U.S. Safe Drinking Water Act’s Underground Injection Control program and is typically regulated by state oil and gas commissions or similar agencies.

However, several federal agencies have asserted regulatory authority over certain aspects of the process. For example, in June 2016, the EPA published an effluent limit guideline final rule prohibiting the discharge of wastewater from onshore unconventional oil and gas extraction facilities to publicly owned wastewater treatment plants. Additionally, in December 2016, the EPA released its final report on the potential impacts of hydraulic fracturing on drinking water resources. The final report concluded that “water cycle” activities associated with hydraulic fracturing may impact drinking water resources under certain limited circumstances. From time to time, legislation has been introduced, but not enacted, in Congress to provide for federal regulation of hydraulic fracturing and to require disclosure of the chemicals used in the hydraulic fracturing process. In the event that new federal restrictions relating to the hydraulic fracturing process are adopted in areas where we own mineral or royalty interests, Boaz Energy may incur additional costs or permitting requirements to comply with such federal requirements that may be significant and that could result in added delays or curtailment in Boaz Energy’s pursuit of exploration, development or production activities, which would in turn reduce the oil, natural gas and NGLs produced from the Underlying Properties.

Moreover, some states and local governments have adopted, and other governmental entities are considering adopting, regulations that could impose more stringent permitting, disclosure and well-construction requirements on hydraulic fracturing operations, including states in which the Underlying Properties are located. For example, Texas has adopted regulations that impose new or more stringent permitting, disclosure, disposal and well construction requirements on hydraulic fracturing operations. States could also elect to prohibit high volume hydraulic fracturing altogether. In addition to state laws, local land use restrictions, such as city ordinances, may restrict drilling in general and/or hydraulic fracturing in particular.

Increased regulation and attention given to the hydraulic fracturing process could lead to greater opposition to, and litigation concerning, oil, natural gas and NGL production activities using hydraulic fracturing techniques. Additional legislation or regulation could also lead to operational delays or increased operating costs for Boaz Energy in the production of oil, natural gas and NGLs, including from the developing shale plays, or could make it more difficult for Boaz Energy to perform hydraulic fracturing. The adoption of any federal, state or local laws or the implementation of regulations regarding hydraulic fracturing could potentially cause a decrease in Boaz Energy’s completion of new oil and natural gas wells on the Underlying Properties and an associated decrease in the distributable cash in the Trust.

Endangered Species Act and Migratory Birds Treaty Act

In the United States, the Endangered Species Act (the “ESA”) restricts activities that may affect endangered or threatened species or their habitats. Similar protections are offered to migratory birds under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (the “MBTA”). To the extent species that are listed under the ESA or similar state laws, or are protected under the MBTA, live in the areas where the Underlying Properties are located, Boaz Energy’s abilities to conduct or expand operations on the Underlying Properties could be limited, or Boaz Energy could be forced to incur material additional costs. Moreover, Boaz Energy’s drilling activities may be delayed, restricted or precluded in protected habitat areas or during certain seasons, such as breeding and nesting seasons.

In addition, as a result of one or more settlements approved by the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (the “FWS”), the FWS was required to make a determination on the listing of numerous other species as endangered or threatened under the ESA by the end of the FWS’ 2017 fiscal year. The agency missed the deadline, and the review is reportedly ongoing. On August 12, 2019, the FWS finalized a package of ESA regulatory revisions addressing standards for listing, delisting, and reclassification of species, consultation parameters, and protections for threatened species, changes which are expected to ease the path for development projects On June 22, 2023, the FWS proposed to revise the 2019 final rule regarding consultation, listing and reclassification of species and designations of critical habitat, and reinstatement of the “blanket” 4(d) rules that were withdrawn in 2019.

The designation of previously unidentified endangered or threatened species could cause Boaz Energy’s operations to become subject to operating restrictions or bans, and limit future development activity in affected areas. For example, the Dunes Sagebrush Lizard, whose habitat includes portions of the Permian Basin, is proposed to be listed as endangered under the ESA as of July 3, 2023. If the Dunes Sagebrush Lizard or other species are listed, the FWS and similar state agencies may designate critical or suitable habitat areas that they believe are necessary for the survival of threatened or endangered species. Such a designation could materially restrict use of or access to federal, state and private lands. To the extent species are listed under the ESA or similar state laws, or previously unprotected species are designated as threatened or endangered in areas where the Underlying Properties are located, operations on the Underlying Properties could incur increased costs arising from species protection measures and face delays or limitations with respect to production activities thereon.

Employee Health and Safety

Operations on the Underlying Properties are subject to a number of federal and state laws and regulations, including the federal Occupational Safety and Health Act, or “OSHA,” and comparable state statutes, whose purpose is to protect the health and safety of workers. In addition, the OSHA hazard communication standard, the EPA community right-to-know regulations under Title III of the federal Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization Act and comparable state statutes require that information be maintained concerning hazardous materials used or produced in operations and that this information be provided to employees, state and local government authorities and citizens.

Available Information

The Trust maintains a website at www.permrock.com. The SEC maintains an internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. The Trust’s filings under the Exchange Act are available on the website and are also available electronically from the website maintained by the SEC at www.sec.gov.

Summary of Risk Factors

The risk factors summarized and detailed below could materially harm production from the Underlying Properties, operating results and/or the Trust’s financial condition, adversely affect proceeds to the Trust and cash distributions to Trust unitholders, and/or cause the price of the Trust units to decline. These are not all the risks the Trust faces, and other factors not presently known to the Trust or that the Trust currently believes are immaterial may also affect the Trust if they occur. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, the following:

BUSINESS AND OPERATING RISKS

Oil and natural gas prices are volatile, and lower oil and natural gas prices could reduce proceeds to the Trust and cash distributions to Trust unitholders.

The Trust’s reserves and monthly cash distributions are highly dependent upon the prices realized from the sale of oil and natural gas. Oil and natural gas are commodities, and their prices can be volatile and fluctuate widely in response to market uncertainty and relatively minor changes in the supply of and demand for oil and natural gas. Factors that affect oil and natural gas prices include, among others: 

These factors make it extremely difficult to predict oil and natural gas price movements or future cash distributions to unitholders. Lower oil, natural gas and natural gas liquids prices have resulted in and may result in future periods of reduced net proceeds to which the Trust is entitled. This could materially reduce or completely eliminate the amount of cash available for distribution to Trust unitholders and may ultimately reduce the amount of oil and natural gas that is economic to produce from the Underlying Properties. Sustained lower prices of oil and natural gas could also negatively affect the price of the Trust units and the qualification of the Trust units to remain listed on the New York Stock Exchange. Because the monthly distributions correlate with the net profits generated each month after payment of costs and expenses related to the Underlying Properties (including direct operating expenses and development expenses), future monthly distributions paid to the Trust unitholders will vary significantly from month to month and may be zero in any given month.

Pandemics and other public health concerns, including a COVID-19 pandemic resurgence or emergence of new COVID-19 variants, are possible and could adversely affect global demand for oil and gas, the operators of the Underlying Properties, the Net Profits Interest and the cash available for distribution to unitholders.

In the event of a resurgence of COVID-19, the emergence of new strains or variants of COVID-19, or the occurrence of other pandemics or public health concerns, it is not possible to predict the impact such public health concern may have on global demand for oil and gas. If prices are negatively impacted in the future, it is possible Boaz Energy or any third-party operator of the Underlying Properties could shut in or curtail production from wells on the Underlying Properties or plug and abandon marginal wells that otherwise may have been allowed to continue to produce for a longer period under conditions of higher prices, without the consent of the Trust or the Trust unitholders. Substantial declines in and extended periods of decreased economic activity and depressed oil, natural gas and natural gas liquids prices have previously resulted in and may in future periods result in reductions in the amount of oil and natural gas that is economic to produce from the Underlying Properties, reduced net proceeds to which the Trust is entitled, and elimination of cash available for distribution to Trust unitholders for an unknown period of time.

To the extent COVID-19, other health concerns, or related mitigation efforts adversely affect production from the Underlying Properties or the business, results of operations and financial condition of the operators of the Underlying Properties, it may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described in this Form 10-K.

The ability or willingness of OPEC and other oil exporting nations to set and maintain production levels has a significant impact on oil and natural gas commodity prices, which could reduce the amount of cash available for distribution to Trust unitholders.

The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (“OPEC”) is an intergovernmental organization that seeks to manage the price and supply of oil on the global energy market. Actions taken by OPEC members, including those taken alongside other oil exporting nations, have a significant impact on global oil supply and pricing. The extent and duration of production cuts by OPEC members and other oil exporting nations to support crude oil prices have fluctuated and may continue to do so. There can be no assurance that OPEC members and other oil exporting nations will continue to agree to production cuts or other actions to support and stabilize oil prices, nor can there be any assurance that they will not further reduce oil prices or increase production. Uncertainty regarding future actions to be taken by OPEC members or other oil exporting countries could lead to continued volatility in the price of oil, which could adversely affect the financial condition and economic performance of the operators of the Underlying Properties and may reduce net profits income and significantly reduce or completely eliminate the amount of cash available for distribution to Trust unitholders for an unknown period of time.

Actual reserves and future production may be less than current estimates, which could reduce cash distributions by the Trust and the value of the Trust units.

The value of the Trust units and the amount of future cash distributions to the Trust unitholders will depend on, among other things, the accuracy of the reserves and future production estimated to be attributable to the Trust’s interest in the Underlying Properties. It is not possible to measure underground accumulations of oil and natural gas in an exact way, and estimating reserves is inherently uncertain. Ultimately, actual production and revenues for the Underlying Properties could vary both positively and negatively and in material amounts from the estimates contained in the reserve reports. Furthermore, direct operating expenses and development expenses relating to the Underlying Properties could be substantially higher than current estimates. Petroleum engineers are required to make subjective estimates of underground accumulations of oil and natural gas based on factors and assumptions that include:

Changes in these assumptions and amounts of actual direct operating expenses and development expenses could materially decrease reserve estimates. In addition, the quantities of recovered reserves attributable to the Underlying Properties have decreased, and may decrease in the future, as a result of future decreases in the price of oil or natural gas.

Developing oil and natural gas wells and producing oil and natural gas are costly and high-risk activities with many uncertainties that could adversely affect future production from the Underlying Properties. Any delays, reductions or cancellations in development and producing activities could decrease revenues that are available for distribution to Trust unitholders.

Recovery of proved undeveloped reserves and the development of proved developed non-producing reserves requires capital expenditures and successful drilling operations by Boaz Energy and other third-party operators of the Underlying Properties. The reserve data included in the reserve report of Boaz Energy’s independent petroleum engineer assumes a certain amount of capital expenditures will be made to develop such reserves. The Net Profits Interest bears its proportionate share of these capital expenditures. However, the development of such reserves has in the past and may in the future take longer and may require higher levels of capital expenditures than anticipated. Delays in the development of the reserves, increases in drilling and development costs (including expenses related to secondary and tertiary recovery techniques) of such reserves or decreases or continued volatility in commodity prices will reduce the future net revenues of the estimated proved undeveloped reserves and may result in some projects becoming uneconomic. In addition, delays in the development of reserves could force Boaz Energy to reclassify certain of the proved reserves as unproved reserves.

In addition, the process of developing oil and natural gas wells and producing oil and natural gas on the Underlying Properties is subject to numerous risks beyond Boaz Energy’s control, including risks that could delay Boaz Energy’s or any third-party operators’ current drilling or production schedule and the risk that drilling will not result in commercially viable oil or natural gas production. The ability of the operators to carry out operations or to finance planned development expenses could be materially and adversely affected by any factor that may curtail, delay, reduce or cancel development and production, including:

In the event that planned operations by Boaz Energy or other operators, including drilling of development wells, are delayed or cancelled, or existing wells or development wells have lower than anticipated production due to one or more of the factors above or for any other reason, estimated future distributions to Trust unitholders may be reduced. In the event an operator incurs increased costs due to one or more of the above factors or for any other reason and is not able to recover such costs from insurance, the estimated future distributions to Trust unitholders may be reduced.

The amount of cash available for distribution by the Trust depends in part on access to and operation of gathering, transportation and processing facilities on commercially reasonable terms or otherwise. Any limitation in the availability of those facilities could interfere with sales of oil and natural gas production from the Underlying Properties.

The marketing of oil and natural gas production depends in large part on the capacity and availability of gathering systems and other pipelines, trucks, storage facilities and other transportation, processing and refining facilities. If these facilities are unavailable on commercially reasonable terms or otherwise, production from the Underlying Properties could be shut in or Boaz Energy or the third-party operators could be required to delay or discontinue drilling plans and commercial production. Boaz Energy relies (and expects to rely in the future) on facilities developed and owned by third parties in order to transport, store, process and sell the oil and natural gas production from the Underlying Properties. Boaz Energy’s plan to develop and sell its oil and natural gas could be materially and adversely affected by the inability or unwillingness of third parties to provide sufficient facilities and services to Boaz Energy on commercially reasonable terms, or otherwise.

The amount of oil and natural gas that can be produced and sold from a well is subject to limitation in certain circumstances, such as pipeline interruptions due to scheduled and unscheduled maintenance, failure of tendered oil and natural gas to meet quality specifications of gathering lines or downstream transporters, excessive pressure, damage to the gathering, transportation, refining or processing facilities or lack of capacity at such facilities. Increases in activity in the Permian Basin could, in the future, contribute to bottlenecks in processing and transportation that could negatively affect the production, transportation and sale of oil and natural gas from the Underlying Properties, and these adverse effects could be disproportionately severe compared to more geographically diverse operations. If Boaz Energy or the third-party operators are forced to reduce production due to such a curtailment, the revenues of the Trust and the amount of cash distributions to the Trust unitholders would similarly be reduced due to the reduction of profits from the sale of production.

Boaz Energy or any other operator of any Underlying Property may abandon the property, thereby terminating the related Net Profits Interest payable to the Trust that is attributable to the abandoned property.

Boaz Energy or any third-party operator of the Underlying Properties could determine during periods of low commodity prices to shut in or curtail production from wells on the Underlying Properties or plug and abandon marginal wells that otherwise may have been allowed to continue to produce for a longer period under conditions of higher prices. Boaz Energy or any other operator may abandon any well or property without the consent of the Trust or the Trust unitholders if it reasonably believes that the well or property can no longer produce oil or natural gas in commercially paying quantities. This could result in termination of the Net Profits Interest relating to the abandoned well or property. The Underlying Properties are sensitive to decreasing commodity prices. The commodity price sensitivity is due to a variety of factors that vary from well to well, including the costs associated with water handling and disposal, chemicals, surface equipment maintenance, downhole casing repairs and reservoir pressure maintenance activities that are necessary to maintain production. As a result, the volatility of commodity prices may cause the expenses of certain wells to exceed the well’s revenue. If this scenario occurs, Boaz Energy or any third-party operator may decide to shut-in the well or plug and abandon the well. This could reduce future cash distributions to Trust unitholders.

The unavailability or high cost of equipment, supplies, personnel and services could increase costs of developing and operating the Underlying Properties and result in a reduction in the amount of cash available for distribution to the Trust unitholders.

The demand for qualified and experienced personnel to conduct field operations, geologists, geophysicists, engineers and other professionals in the oil and natural gas industry can fluctuate significantly, often in correlation with oil and natural gas prices, causing periodic shortages. Historically, there have been shortages of drilling and workover rigs, pipe and other equipment as demand for rigs and equipment has increased along with the number of wells being drilled. These factors also cause significant increases in costs for equipment, supplies, personnel and services. Higher oil and natural gas prices generally stimulate demand and result in increased process for drilling rigs, crews and associated supplies, equipment and services. Shortages of field personnel and equipment or price increases could hinder the ability to conduct operations. The occurrence, timing and duration of these conditions in the future is impossible to predict. Such shortages could delay development and/or operating activities or cause a significant increase in development and operating expenses associated with the Underlying Properties, which would reduce the amount of cash received by the Trust and available for distribution to the Trust unitholders.

All of the Underlying Properties are concentrated in the Permian Basin, making the Trust vulnerable to risks associated with operating in only one major geographic area.

As a result of the Trust’s geographic concentration, an adverse development in the industry in the Permian Basin could have a greater impact on revenues of the Trust and the amount of cash distributions to the Trust unitholders than if the Underlying Properties were more geographically diverse. The Underlying Properties may also be disproportionately exposed to the impact of adverse developments in exploration and production of oil and natural gas, regional supply and demand factors, governmental regulation or midstream capacity constraints. Delays or interruptions caused by such factors could have a material adverse effect on revenues of the Trust and the amount of cash distributions to the Trust unitholders.

Similarly, the concentration of the Underlying Properties within the Permian Basin exposes the Trust to risks, which could adversely affect development activities or production relating to such formations. In addition, in areas where exploration and production activities are increasing, Boaz Energy could be subject to increasing competition for drilling rigs, equipment, services, supplies and qualified personnel, which may lead to periodic shortages or delays. The curtailments arising from these and similar circumstances may last from a few days to several months, and in many cases, Boaz Energy may be provided only limited, if any, notice as to when such circumstances will arise and their duration.

A bankruptcy of Boaz Energy or any third-party operator could adversely affect the operation of the wells and the development of the proved undeveloped reserves and interrupt or decrease distributions to Trust unitholders.

The value of the Net Profits Interest and the Trust’s ultimate cash available for distribution are highly dependent on Boaz Energy’s financial condition. Neither Boaz Energy nor any other operator of the Underlying Properties has agreed with the Trust to maintain a certain net worth or to be restricted by other similar covenants. In addition, Boaz Energy is not required to retain ownership of its Trust units and may sell such units or distribute such units, or the proceeds from the sale thereof, to its owners. The ability to develop and operate the Underlying Properties depends on Boaz Energy’s future financial condition and economic performance and access to capital, which in turn will depend upon the supply of and demand for oil and natural gas, prevailing economic conditions and financial, business and other factors, many of which are beyond the control of Boaz Energy.

The bankruptcy of Boaz Energy or any third-party operator of the Underlying Properties could impede the operation of the wells and the development of the proved undeveloped reserves and decrease distributions to the Trust unitholders. For example:

Boaz Energy is not a reporting company and is not required to file periodic reports with the SEC pursuant to the Exchange Act. Therefore, Trust unitholders do not have access to financial information about Boaz Energy.

FINANCIAL RISKS

The reserves attributable to the Underlying Properties are depleting assets and production from those reserves will diminish over the long term and may eventually cease, therefore, proceeds to the Trust and cash distributions to Trust unitholders will decrease over time and may eventually cease.

The profits payable to the Trust attributable to the Net Profits Interest are derived from the sale of production of oil and natural gas from the Underlying Properties. The reserves attributable to the Underlying Properties are depleting assets, which means that the reserves and the quantity of oil and natural gas produced from the Underlying Properties will decline over time. Actual decline rates have varied and likely will continue to vary from the decline rates projected in reserve reports.

Maintenance projects on the Underlying Properties have affected and will likely continue to affect the quantity of proved reserves that can be economically produced from wells on the Underlying Properties. The timing and size of these maintenance projects will depend on, among other factors, the market prices of oil and natural gas. Boaz Energy is not under contractual obligation to develop or otherwise pay maintenance or other development expenses on the Underlying Properties in the future. Furthermore, with respect to properties for which Boaz Energy is not designated as the operator, Boaz Energy has limited control over the timing or amount of those maintenance projects and other development expenses. Boaz Energy also has the right to non-consent and not participate in maintenance projects and other development activities on properties for which it is not the operator, in which case Boaz Energy and the Trust will not receive the production resulting from such maintenance projects and other development expenses until after payout occurs pursuant to the applicable joint operating agreement. If Boaz Energy or any third-party operator does not implement maintenance projects when warranted, the future rate of production decline of proved reserves may be higher than the rate currently expected by Boaz Energy or estimated in reserve reports. Furthermore, the Trust is not permitted to acquire other oil and natural gas properties or net profits interests to replace the depleting assets and production attributable to the Net Profits Interest.

The Trustee reviews the Trust’s Net Profits Interest in oil and natural gas properties for impairment annually and whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the Net Profits Interest may not be recoverable. In the event of material revisions, the Trustee reviews the impact of these revisions on the amortization of Trust Units and impairment estimates. During 2023, a material revision was made to reserves resulting in the additional recognition of amortization of Trust Units. The Trust recognized $4,164,943 of amortization of Trust Units for the year ended December 31, 2023.  There was no impairment present for the year ended December 31, 2023, after revisions to undiscounted cash flows. In general, neither the Trustee nor Boaz Energy view temporarily low prices as an indication of impairment. The markets for crude oil and natural gas have a history of significant price volatility and though prices will occasionally drop significantly, industry prices over the long term will continue to be driven by market supply and demand. If events and circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable, the Trustee would use the estimated undiscounted future net cash flows from the Net Profits Interest to evaluate the recoverability of the Trust assets. If the undiscounted future net cash flows from the Net Profits Interest are less than the Net Profits Interest carrying value, the Trust would recognize an impairment loss for the difference between the Net Profits Interest carrying value and the estimated fair value of the Net Profits Interest. The determination as to whether the Net Profits Interest is impaired is based on the best information available to the Trustee at the time of the evaluation, including information provided by Boaz Energy such as estimates of future production and development and operating expenses.

An increase in the differential between the price realized by Boaz Energy for oil or natural gas produced from the Underlying Properties and the NYMEX or other benchmark price of oil or natural gas could reduce the profits to the Trust and, therefore, the cash distributions by the Trust and the value of Trust units.

The prices received for Boaz Energy’s oil and natural gas production have generally been lower than the relevant benchmark prices, such as NYMEX. The difference between the price received and the benchmark price is called a basis differential. The differential may vary significantly due to market conditions, the quality and location of production and other factors, including a regional oversupply of oil in the Permian Basin due to take-away constraints. Boaz Energy cannot accurately predict oil or natural gas differentials in the future. Increases in the differential between the realized price of oil and natural gas and the benchmark price for oil and natural gas could reduce the profits to the Trust, the cash distributions by the Trust and the value of the Trust units.

Higher production and development costs related to the Underlying Properties and other costs and expenses incurred by the Trust without concurrent increases in revenue, will result in decreased Trust distributions.

The Trust indirectly bears an 80% share of all costs and expenses related to the Underlying Properties, such as direct operating expenses and development expenses (including waterflood expenses), which reduces the amount of cash received by the Trust and distributed to Trust unitholders. Historical costs may not be indicative of future costs, and higher costs and expenses related to the Underlying Properties without concurrent increases in revenue will directly decrease the amount of cash received by the Trust in respect of its Net Profits Interest. In addition, cash available for distribution by the Trust will be further reduced by the Trust’s general and administrative expenses.

If direct operating expenses and development expenses on the Underlying Properties together with the other costs exceed gross profits of production from the Underlying Properties, the Trust will not receive net profits from those properties until future gross profits from production exceed the total of the excess costs, plus accrued interest at the prime rate. If the Trust does not receive net profits pursuant to the Net Profits Interest, or if such net profits are reduced, the Trust will not be able to distribute cash to the Trust unitholders, or such cash distributions will be reduced, respectively. Development activities may not generate sufficient additional revenue to repay the costs.

A significant portion of the reserves associated with and production from the Underlying Properties will be influenced by the success of secondary recovery techniques. There are uncertainties associated with such techniques and, if these recovery methods do not result in expected production levels, net profits available for distribution to Trust unitholders could be less than expected.

A significant portion of the future production from the Underlying Properties will be associated with secondary recovery projects that are in the early or intermediate stage of implementation. As a result, there can be no assurance that these operations will perform as expected or consistently with the analogous secondary recovery operations used by Boaz Energy in establishing its reserve and production estimates. As secondary recovery techniques such as waterflooding are used, the amount of oil recovered is expected to first increase as a result of such techniques and then will begin to decline over the long term. Risks associated with secondary recovery techniques include, but are not limited to, the following:

If these secondary recovery operations do not result in achieving projected production, then the reserves associated with the Underlying Properties may be less than expected.

The standardized measure of the estimated proved oil and natural gas reserves attributable to the Trust’s interest in the Underlying Properties and the associated PV-10 calculation are not necessarily the same as the current market value of those estimated reserves.

The present value of future net cash flow from the proved reserves attributable to the Trust’s interest in the Underlying Properties, or standardized measure, and the related PV-10 calculation, may not represent the current market value of the Trust’s interest in the estimated proved oil and natural gas reserves of the Underlying Properties. In accordance with SEC requirements, the Trust bases the estimated discounted future net cash flow from estimated proved reserves on the 12-month average oil index prices, calculated as the unweighted arithmetic average for the first-day-of-the-month price for each month and costs in effect as of the date of the estimate, holding the prices and costs constant throughout the life of the properties. Actual future prices and costs may differ materially from those used in the net present value estimate, and future net present value estimates using then current prices and costs may be significantly less than current estimates. In addition, the 10% discount factor the Trust uses when calculating discounted future net cash flow for reporting requirements in compliance with the Financial Accounting Standard Board Codification 932, “Extractive Activities-Oil and Gas,” may not be the most appropriate discount factor based on interest rates in effect from time to time and risks associated with the Trust or the oil and natural gas industry in general.

The Trust units may lose value as a result of title deficiencies with respect to the Underlying Properties.

Boaz Energy acquired the Underlying Properties through various acquisitions since October 2013. The existence of a material title deficiency with respect to the Underlying Properties could reduce the value of a property or render it worthless, thus adversely affecting the Net Profits Interest and the distributions to Trust unitholders. Boaz Energy does not obtain title insurance covering mineral leaseholds, and Boaz Energy’s failure to cure any title defects may cause Boaz Energy to lose its rights to production from the Underlying Properties. In the event of any such material title problem, profits available for distribution to Trust unitholders and the value of the Trust units may be reduced.

The amount of cash available for distribution by the Trust could be reduced by expenses caused by uninsured claims.

Boaz Energy maintains insurance coverage against potential losses that it believes is customary in its industry. Boaz Energy is not required to maintain any minimum levels of insurance and its ability to maintain any such coverages will depend on conditions in the insurance markets among other factors beyond Boaz Energy’s control. In addition, Boaz Energy’s general liability insurance and excess liability policies do not provide coverage with respect to legal and contractual liabilities of the Trust, and the Trust does not maintain such coverage since it is passive in nature and does not have any ability to influence Boaz Energy or control the operations or development of the Underlying Properties. Boaz Energy does not currently have any insurance policies in effect that are intended to provide coverage for losses solely related to waterflooding or other completion operations. These policies may not cover fines, penalties or costs and expenses related to government-mandated remediation of pollution. In addition, these policies do not provide coverage for all liabilities, and Boaz Energy cannot assure you that the insurance coverage will be adequate to cover claims that may arise, including due to potential effects of climate change, or that Boaz Energy will be able to maintain adequate insurance at rates it considers reasonable. The occurrence of an event not fully covered by insurance could result in a significant decrease in the amount of cash available for distribution by the Trust.

War, military invasions, terrorism and continued geopolitical hostilities could adversely affect the Trust’s distributions to its unitholders or the market price of its units.

The outbreak of war, military invasions, terrorist attacks and the threat of such violence, whether domestic or foreign, as well as military or other actions taken in response to such attacks or threats, could cause instability in the global financial, oil and natural gas markets. Such geopolitical hostilities could adversely affect the Trust’s distributions to its unitholders or the market price of its units in unpredictable ways, including through the disruption of oil and natural gas supplies and markets, increased volatility in oil and natural gas prices, or the possibility that the infrastructure on which the operators of the Underlying Properties rely could be a direct target or an indirect casualty of such violence.

Future net profits income to the Trust may be subject to risks relating to the creditworthiness of third parties.

The Trust does not lend money and has limited ability to borrow money. The Trust’s future net profits income, however, may be subject to risks relating to the creditworthiness of the operators of the Underlying Properties and purchasers of the oil and natural gas produced from the Underlying Properties. This creditworthiness may be impacted by the price of oil and natural gas.

RISKS RELATED TO THE STRUCTURE OF THE TRUST

The Trust is passive in nature and neither the Trust nor the Trust unitholders have any ability to influence Boaz Energy and other third-party operators or control the operation or development of the Underlying Properties.

The Trust units are a passive investment that entitle the Trust unitholder to only receive cash distributions from the Net Profits Interest conveyed to the Trust. Trust unitholders have no voting rights with respect to Boaz Energy and, therefore, have no managerial, contractual or other ability to influence Boaz Energy’s or other third-party operators’ activities or the operations of the Underlying Properties. Boaz Energy operated approximately 80% of the production from the Underlying Properties as of December 31, 2023, and is generally responsible for making all decisions relating to drilling activities, sale of production, compliance with regulatory requirements and other matters that affect such properties. Boaz Energy may take actions that are in its own interest that may be different from the interests of the Trust. The failure of Boaz Energy or any other third-party operator to conduct its operations, discharge its obligations and comply with regulatory requirements could have an adverse effect on the net profits payable to the Trust.

Boaz Energy may transfer all or a portion of the Underlying Properties at any time without Trust unitholder consent, subject to specified limitations.

Boaz Energy may at any time transfer all or part of the Underlying Properties, subject to and burdened by the Net Profits Interest, and may abandon its interest in any individual wells or properties if Boaz Energy, acting as a reasonable and prudent operator, believes a well or property has ceased to produce or is not capable of producing in commercially paying quantities. Trust unitholders are not entitled to vote on any transfer or abandonment of the Underlying Properties, and the Trust will not receive any profits from any such transfer, except in the limited circumstances when the Net Profits Interest is released in connection with such transfer, in which case the Trust will receive an amount equal to the fair value (net of sales costs) of the Net Profits Interest released. Following any sale or transfer of any of the Underlying Properties, if the Net Profits Interest is not released in connection with such sale or transfer, the Net Profits Interest would continue to burden the transferred property and net profits attributable to such property would continue to be calculated as part of the computation of net profits. Boaz Energy may assign to the transferee responsibility for all of Boaz Energy’s obligations relating to the Net Profits Interest on the portion of the Underlying Properties transferred. A transferee of the Underlying Properties may operate the Underlying Properties differently than Boaz Energy and may determine not to pursue development projects to the same extent as Boaz Energy or at all.

In addition, Boaz Energy may, without the consent of the Trust unitholders, require the Trust to release the Net Profits Interest associated with the sale of any interest in the Underlying Properties that accounted for no more than 1.0% of the total production from the Underlying Properties in the prior 12 months, provided that Boaz Energy may not require the release during any 365-day period of portions of the Net Profits Interest having an aggregate fair value to the Trust of greater than $500,000 (a “Qualified De Minimis Sale”). These releases will be made only in connection with a sale by Boaz Energy of the relevant Underlying Properties and the Trust will receive an amount equal to the fair value (net of sales costs) of the Net Profits Interest released.

In addition, Boaz Energy may cause the Trustee to (i) sell all or any part of the Trust estate, including all or any portion of the Net Profits Interest or (ii) release any portion of the Net Profits Interest in connection with the sale, free from and unburdened by the Net Profits Interest, by Boaz Energy and/or its affiliates of a divided or undivided portion of their interests in the Underlying Properties, if approved by Trust unitholders holding at least 75% of the outstanding Trust units, provided that, after December 31, 2023, such a sale or release shall require approval of a majority of the outstanding Trust units if Boaz Energy and its affiliates own less than 25% of the outstanding Trust units. The net proceeds of any such sale or the consideration received in respect of such release, as applicable, shall be distributed to the Trust unitholders in the manner approved by the Trust unitholders at such meeting.

Boaz Energy may also enter into farm-out, operating, participation and other similar agreements to develop the property without the consent or approval of the Trustee or any Trust unitholder.

The Trustee must, under certain circumstances, sell the Net Profits Interest and dissolve the Trust prior to the expected termination of the Trust. If this were to occur, Trust unitholders may not recover their investment.

The Trustee must sell the Net Profits Interest and dissolve the Trust if the holders of 75% of the outstanding units approve the sale of the Net Profits Interest or approve the dissolution of the Trust or if the Trust is judicially dissolved. The Trustee must also sell the Net Profits Interest and dissolve the Trust if the annual gross profits from the Underlying Properties attributable to the Net Profits Interest are less than $2.0 million for each of any two consecutive years. The Trust will receive the net proceeds of any such sale and will distribute such proceeds to its unitholders after deducting Trust expenses.

Conflicts of interest could arise between Boaz Energy and its affiliates, on the one hand, and the Trust and the Trust unitholders, on the other hand.

As working interest owners in, and the operator of substantially all of the production from the Underlying Properties, Boaz Energy and its related parties could have interests that conflict with the interests of the Trust and the Trust unitholders. For example:

The Trust is administered by a Trustee who cannot be replaced except by a majority vote of the Trust unitholders at a special meeting, which may make it difficult for Trust unitholders to remove or replace the Trustee.

The affairs of the Trust are managed by the Trustee. The voting rights of Trust unitholders are more limited than those of stockholders of most public corporations. For example, there is no requirement for annual meetings of Trust unitholders or for an annual or other periodic re-election of the Trustee, and the Trust does not intend to hold annual meetings of Trust unitholders. The Trust Agreement provides that the Trustee may only be removed and replaced by the holders of a majority of the Trust units present in person or by proxy at a meeting of such holders where a quorum is present, including Trust units held by Boaz Energy, called by either the Trustee or the holders of not less than 10% of the outstanding Trust units. As a result, it will be difficult for public Trust unitholders to remove or replace the Trustee without the cooperation of Boaz Energy so long as it holds a significant percentage of total Trust units. On the other hand, the Trustee is entitled to resign, in which case it a successor trustee would need to be appointed either at a special meeting of the unitholders or by action of a court.

Boaz Energy’s ability to perform its obligations to the Trust could be limited by restrictions under its debt agreements.

Boaz Energy has various contractual obligations to the Trust under the Trust Agreement and Conveyance. Restrictions under Boaz Energy’s debt agreements, including certain covenants, financial ratios and tests, could impair its ability to fulfill its obligations to the Trust. The requirement that Boaz Energy comply with these restrictive covenants and financial ratios and tests may materially adversely affect its ability to react to changes in market conditions, take advantage of business opportunities it believes to be desirable, obtain future financing, fund needed capital expenditures or withstand a continuing or future downturn in its business which may, in turn, impair Boaz Energy’s operations and its ability to perform its obligations to the Trust under the Trust Agreement and Conveyance. If Boaz Energy is unable to perform its obligations to the Trust under the Trust Agreement or Conveyance, it could have a material adverse effect on the Trust.

Trust unitholders have limited ability to enforce provisions of the Conveyance creating the Net Profits Interest, and Boaz Energy’s liability to the Trust is limited.

The Trustee has the power and authority to cause the Trust to sue Boaz Energy or any other future owner of the Underlying Properties to enforce the terms of the Conveyance creating the Net Profits Interest. If the Trustee does not take appropriate action to cause the Trust to enforce provisions of the Conveyance, Trust unitholders’ recourse would likely be limited to bringing a lawsuit against the Trustee to compel the Trustee to take specified actions or, subject to any restrictions in the governing instrument to the Trust, to bring a derivative action seeking authority to bring an action in the name of the Trust to enforce provisions of the Conveyance. As a result, Trust unitholders will not be able to sue Boaz Energy or any future owner of the Underlying Properties to enforce these rights. However, such limitations do not apply to or otherwise limit any claims that the Trust unitholders may have under the federal securities laws. Furthermore, the Conveyance provides that, except as set forth in the Conveyance, Boaz Energy is not liable to the Trust for the manner in which it performs its duties in operating the Underlying Properties as long as it acts without gross negligence or willful misconduct. Further, the Trust Agreement will provide that, to the fullest extent permitted by law, Boaz Energy and its affiliates shall not be subject to fiduciary duties or be liable for conflicts of interest principles.

RISKS RELATED TO OWNERSHIP OF THE TRUST UNITS

If the Trust cannot meet the New York Stock Exchange continued listing requirements, the NYSE may delist the Trust units.

Under the continued listing requirements of the NYSE, a company will be considered to be out of compliance with the exchange’s minimum price requirement if the company’s average closing price over a consecutive 30 trading day period (“Average Closing Price”) is less than $1.00 (the “Minimum Price Requirement”). Under NYSE rules, a company that is out of compliance with the Minimum Price Requirement has a cure period of six months to regain compliance if it notifies the NYSE within 10 business days of receiving a deficiency notice of its intention to cure the deficiency. A company may regain compliance if on the last trading day of any calendar month during the cure period the company has a closing share price of at least $1.00 and an average closing share price of at least $1.00 over the 30-trading-day period ending on the last trading day of that month. If at the expiration of the cure period, both a $1.00 closing share price on the last trading day of the cure period and a $1.00 average closing share price over the 30-trading-day period ending on the last trading day of the cure period are not attained, the NYSE will commence suspension and delisting procedures. If delisted by the NYSE, a company’s shares may be transferred to the over-the-counter (“OTC”) market, a significantly more limited market than the NYSE, which could affect the market price, trading volume, liquidity and resale price of such shares. Securities that trade on the OTC markets also typically experience more volatility compared to securities that trade on a national securities exchange. During the cure period, the company’s shares would continue to trade on the NYSE, subject to compliance with other continued listing requirements.

Boaz Energy may sell Trust units in the public or private markets, and such sales could have an adverse impact on the trading price of the Trust units.

Boaz Energy held an aggregate of 4,884,861 Trust units as of March 25, 2024. Boaz Energy may sell Trust units in the public or private markets, and any such sales could have an adverse impact on the price of the Trust units or on any trading market that may develop. On May 4, 2018, the Trust entered into a registration rights agreement for the benefit of Boaz Energy and certain of its affiliates and transferees, pursuant to which the Trust agreed to register the offering of the Trust units held by Boaz Energy and certain of its affiliates and permitted transferees upon request by Boaz Energy. The Trust filed a Registration Statement on Form S-3 on April 28, 2022 (the “Registration Statement”) seeking the registration of 5,801,675 Trust units held by Boaz Energy. The SEC confirmed the effectiveness of the Registration Statement on May 9, 2022. The Trust has not and will not receive any of the proceeds received from the sale of the Trust units. The selling unitholder will bear all costs and expenses incidental to the preparation and filing of the Registration Statement, excluding certain internal expenses of the Trust, which will be borne by the Trust, and any underwriting discounts and commissions, which will be borne by the selling unitholder as the seller of the Trust units. As of March 25, 2024, Boaz Energy owned 4,884,861 Trust units of the 12,165,732 units issued and outstanding.

The trading price for the Trust units may not reflect the value of the Net Profits Interest held by the Trust.

The trading price for publicly traded securities similar to the Trust units tends to be tied to recent and expected levels of cash distributions as well as oil and natural gas prices. The amounts available for distribution by the Trust vary in response to numerous factors outside the control of the Trust, including prevailing prices for sales of oil and natural gas production from the Underlying Properties and the timing and amount of direct operating expenses and development expenses. Consequently, the market price for the Trust units may not necessarily be indicative of the value that the Trust would realize if it sold the Net Profits Interest to a third-party buyer. In addition, such market price may not necessarily reflect the fact that, since the assets of the Trust are depleting assets, a portion of each cash distribution paid with respect to the Trust units should be considered by investors as a return of capital, with the remainder being considered as a return on investment. As a result, distributions made to a Trust unitholder over the life of these depleting assets may not equal or exceed the purchase price paid by the Trust unitholder.

Courts outside of Delaware may not recognize the limited liability of the Trust unitholders provided under Delaware law.

Under the Delaware Statutory Trust Act, Trust unitholders are entitled to the same limitation of personal liability extended to stockholders of corporations for profit under the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware. No assurance can be given, however, that the courts in jurisdictions outside of Delaware will give effect to such limitation.

LEGAL, ENVIRONMENTAL AND REGULATORY RISKS

The operations of the Underlying Properties are subject to complex federal, state, local and other laws and regulations, including environmental laws and regulations, that could adversely affect the cost, manner or feasibility of conducting operations on them or result in significant costs and liabilities, which could reduce the amount of cash available for distribution to Trust unitholders.

The oil and natural gas exploration and production operations on the Underlying Properties are subject to stringent and comprehensive federal, state and local laws and regulations, including laws governing the discharge of materials into the environment or otherwise relating to environmental protection. These laws and regulations, some of which are discussed under “Environmental Matters and Regulation,” may impose numerous obligations that apply to the operations on the Underlying Properties, including the requirement to obtain a permit before conducting drilling, secondary recovery, waste disposal or other regulated activities; the restriction of types, quantities and concentrations of materials that can be released into the environment; restrictions on water withdrawal and use; and the limitation or prohibition of drilling activities on certain lands lying within wilderness, wetlands and other protected areas. Compliance with such laws and regulations may generate significant costs, such as development expenses to install pollution or safety-related controls at the operated facilities and impose substantial liabilities for pollution resulting from operations. Failure to comply with these and other laws and regulations may result in litigation, the assessment of administrative, civil or criminal penalties; the imposition of investigatory or remedial obligations; and the issuance of injunctions limiting or preventing some or all of the operations on the Underlying Properties. Furthermore, the inability to comply with environmental laws and regulations in a cost-effective manner, such as removal and disposal of produced water and other generated oil and natural gas wastes, could impair the production of oil and natural gas from the Underlying Properties in a commercial manner, which could further result in a reduction of distributable cash to the Trust unitholders.

There is inherent risk of incurring significant environmental costs and liabilities in the course of operations on the Underlying Properties as a result of the handling of petroleum hydrocarbons and wastes, air emissions and wastewater discharges related to operations, and historical industry operations and waste disposal practices, which in turn could decrease the profitability of the Underlying Properties and result in a reduction of distributable cash to the Trust unitholders. As discussed under “Environmental Matters and Regulation,” Boaz Energy can also be subject to remediation costs related to contamination, which have the potential to adversely affect production on the Underlying Properties and could consequently result in a reduction of distributable cash to the Trust unitholders. Private parties, including the owners of properties upon which wells are drilled and facilities where petroleum hydrocarbons or wastes are taken for reclamation or disposal, may also have the right to pursue legal actions to enforce compliance as well as to seek damages for non-compliance with environmental laws and regulations or for personal injury or property damage. In addition, the risk of accidental spills or releases could expose the Underlying Properties to significant liabilities that could have a material adverse effect on their financial condition and results of operations, which in turn could reduce the amount of cash available for distribution to Trust unitholders. Changes in environmental laws and regulations occur frequently, and any changes that result in more stringent or costly operational control requirements or waste handling, storage, transport, disposal or cleanup requirements could require operations on the Underlying Properties to incur significant expenditures to attain and maintain compliance and may otherwise have a material adverse effect on their results of operations, competitive position or financial condition, which could subsequently adversely affect the distribution of cash to the Trust unitholders.

The Trust indirectly bears 80% of all costs and expenses paid by Boaz Energy, including those related to environmental compliance and liabilities associated with the Underlying Properties, including costs and liabilities resulting from conditions that existed prior to Boaz Energy’s acquisition of the Underlying Properties unless such costs and expenses result from the operator’s negligence or misconduct. In addition, as a result of the increased cost of compliance, Boaz Energy may decide to discontinue drilling.

Federal and state legislative and regulatory initiatives relating to hydraulic fracturing could result in Boaz Energy incurring increased costs, additional operating restrictions or delays and fewer potential drilling locations.

As discussed under “Environmental Matters and Regulation – Hydraulic Fracturing Activities,” in recent years there has been increased public concern regarding an alleged potential for hydraulic fracturing to adversely affect drinking water supplies and to induce seismic events. As a result, from time to time, legislation has been introduced, but not enacted, in Congress to provide for federal regulation of hydraulic fracturing and to require disclosure of the chemicals used in the hydraulic fracturing process. In the event that new federal restrictions relating to the hydraulic fracturing process are adopted in areas where the Underlying Properties are located, Boaz Energy and outside operators may incur additional costs or permitting requirements to comply with such federal requirements that may be significant and that could result in added delays or curtailment in the pursuit of exploration, development or production activities, which would in turn reduce the oil, natural gas and NGLs produced from the Underlying Properties.

In addition, some states such as Texas, where the Underlying Properties are located, have adopted regulations that impose new or more stringent permitting, disclosure, disposal and well construction requirements on hydraulic fracturing operations. States could also elect to prohibit high volume hydraulic fracturing altogether. In addition to state laws, local land use restrictions, such as city ordinances, may restrict drilling in general and/or hydraulic fracturing in particular.

Increased regulation and attention given to the hydraulic fracturing process could lead to greater opposition to, and litigation concerning, oil, natural gas and NGL production activities using hydraulic fracturing techniques. Additional legislation or regulation could also lead to operational delays or increased operating costs for our operators in the production of oil, natural gas and NGLs, including from the developing shale plays, or could make it more difficult for Boaz Energy and outside operators to perform hydraulic fracturing. The adoption of any federal, state or local laws or the implementation of regulations regarding hydraulic fracturing could potentially cause a decrease in Boaz Energy’s completion of new oil and natural gas wells on the Underlying Properties and an associated decrease in the cash distributable to Trust unitholders.

The adoption and implementation of international, federal or state climate change legislation or regulations could result in increased operating costs for Boaz Energy and reduced demand for the oil, natural gas and NGLs that Boaz Energy produces.

The adoption and implementation of any international, federal or state legislation or regulations that require reporting of GHGs or otherwise restrict emissions of GHGs, as described under “Environmental Matters and Regulation – Climate Change,” could result in increased compliance costs or additional operating restrictions and could have a material adverse effect on Boaz Energy’s business, financial condition and results of operations. Recent activism directed at shifting funding away from companies with energy-related assets could result in limitations or restrictions on certain sources of funding for operators to engage in exploration and production activities, ultimately reducing income generated from the Underlying Properties and, as a result, the cash distributable to Trust unitholders. Moreover, such new legislation or regulatory programs could also increase the cost to consumers, and thereby reduce demand for oil and natural gas, which could reduce the demand for the oil or natural gas produced and lower the value of the reserves.

The potential physical effects of climate change could disrupt production on the Underlying Properties and cause Boaz Energy and other third-party operators to incur significant costs, thereby reducing cash distributable to Trust unitholders.

Some scientists have concluded that increasing concentrations of GHGs in the atmosphere may produce climate changes that have significant physical effects, such as increased frequency and severity of storms, droughts, and floods and other climate events. Extreme weather conditions can interfere with production on the Underlying Properties and increase Boaz Energy’s operating expenses. Such damage or increased expenses from extreme weather may not be fully insured. If any such effects were to occur, they could have an adverse effect on Boaz Energy’s results of operations and, as a result, the cash distributable to Trust unitholders.

Additional restrictions on drilling activities intended to protect certain species of wildlife may adversely affect Boaz Energy’s and other third-party operators’ ability to conduct drilling activities.

In the United States, the ESA restricts activities that may affect endangered or threatened species or their habitats. Similar protections are offered to migratory birds under the MBTA. To the extent species that are listed under the ESA or similar state laws, or are protected under the MBTA, live in the areas where the Underlying Properties are located, Boaz Energy’s abilities to conduct or expand operations on the Underlying Properties could be limited, or Boaz Energy could be forced to incur material additional costs. Moreover, Boaz Energy’s drilling activities may be delayed, restricted or precluded in protected habitat areas or during certain seasons, such as breeding and nesting seasons.

In addition, the designation of previously unidentified endangered or threatened species could cause Boaz Energy’s operations to become subject to operating restrictions or bans, and limit future development activity in affected areas. For example, there have been renewed calls to review protections currently in place for the Dunes Sagebrush Lizard, whose habitat includes portions of the Permian Basin, and to reconsider listing the species under the ESA. If the Dunes Sagebrush Lizard or other species are listed, the FWS and similar state agencies may designate critical or suitable habitat areas that they believe are necessary for the survival of threatened or endangered species. Such a designation could materially restrict use of or access to federal, state and private lands. To the extent species are listed under the ESA or similar state laws, or previously unprotected species are designated as threatened or endangered in areas where the Underlying Properties are located, operations on the Underlying Properties could incur increased costs arising from species protection measures and face delays or limitations with respect to production activities thereon.

CYBERSECURITY RISKS

The business of Boaz Energy could be negatively affected by various security threats, including cybersecurity threats, and other disruptions.

Boaz Energy faces various security threats, including cybersecurity threats to gain unauthorized access to sensitive information or to render data or systems unusable; threats to the security of the facilities and infrastructure of Boaz Energy and of third parties on which Boaz Energy relies such as processing plants and pipelines. These threats pose a risk to the security of Boaz Energy’s systems and networks, the confidentiality, availability and integrity of its data and the physical security of its employees and assets. Boaz Energy relies on information technology (“IT”) systems and networks in connection with its business activities, including certain of its exploration, development and production activities. Boaz Energy relies on digital technology, including information systems and related infrastructure, as well as cloud applications and services, to, among other things, estimate quantities of oil, natural gas and NGL reserves, analyze seismic and drilling information, process and record financial and operating data and communicate with employees and third parties. As dependence on digital technologies has increased in the oil and gas industry, cyber incidents, including deliberate attacks and attempts to gain unauthorized access to computer systems and networks, have increased in frequency and sophistication. Boaz Energy has experienced cyber-attacks in the past and may not be successful in preventing future security breaches or cyber-attacks or mitigating their effect. Any security breach or cyber-attack could have a material adverse effect on Boaz Energy’s reputation and competitive position and could lead to losses of sensitive information, critical infrastructure or capabilities essential to Boaz Energy’s operation of the Underlying Properties, its calculation of gross and net profits and its remittance of payments in respect of the Net Profits Interest to the Trust. Cyber-attacks or security breaches also could result in litigation or regulatory action. In addition, Boaz Energy’s implementation of various procedures and controls to monitor and mitigate security threats, including cybersecurity threats, and to increase security for its information, facilities and infrastructure may result in increased capital and operating costs.

In addition to the risks presented to Boaz Energy’s systems and networks, cyber-attacks affecting oil and natural gas distribution systems maintained by third parties, or the networks and infrastructure on which they rely, could delay or prevent delivery to markets. A cyber-attack of this nature would be outside the Boaz Energy’s ability to control but could have a material adverse effect on Boaz Energy’s business, financial condition and results of operations, and could have a material adverse effect on the Trust.

The Trustee may be subject to attempted cybersecurity disruptions from a variety of sources.

The Trustee maintains robust cybersecurity protocols including, but not limited to technological capabilities that prevent and detect disruptions; computer workstations and programs protected with passwords and passphrases, as well as employee training throughout the year on cybersecurity followed up by testing of that knowledge. Other, non-technical protocols include securing of documents and work areas that could contain personal, non-public information and independent verification of information changes by outside vendors. If the measures taken to protect against cybersecurity disruptions prove to be insufficient or if proprietary data is otherwise not protected, the Trustee could be adversely affected. The Trust is also exposed to potential harm from cybersecurity events that may affect the operations of third parties, including suppliers, service providers (including providers of cloud-hosting services for our data or applications), and customers. Cybersecurity disruptions could cause physical harm to people or the environment, damage or destroy assets; compromise business systems; result in proprietary information being altered, lost, or stolen; result in employee, customer, or third-party information being compromised; or otherwise disrupt business operations. The Trust could incur significant costs to remedy the effects of a major cybersecurity disruption in addition to costs in connection with resulting regulatory actions, litigations, or reputational harm.

TAX RISKS RELATED TO THE TRUST UNITS

The Trust has not requested a ruling from the IRS regarding the tax treatment of the Trust. If the IRS were to determine (and be sustained in that determination) that the Trust is not a “grantor trust” for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the Trust could be subject to more complex and costly tax reporting requirements that could reduce the amount of cash available for distribution to Trust unitholders.

If the Trust were not treated as a grantor trust for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the Trust should be treated as a partnership for such purposes. Although the Trust would not become subject to U.S. federal income taxation at the entity level as a result of treatment as a partnership, and items of income, gain, loss and deduction would flow through to the Trust unitholders, the Trust’s tax reporting requirements would be more complex and costly to implement and maintain, and its distributions to Trust unitholders could be reduced as a result.

If the Trust were treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes as a partnership, it would likely be subject to new audit rules that alter the procedures for auditing large partnerships and assessing and collecting income taxes due (including applicable penalties and interest) as a result of an audit. These rules effectively would impose an entity level tax on the Trust, and Trust unitholders might have to bear the expense of the adjustment even if they were not Trust unitholders during the audited taxable year.

Neither Boaz Energy nor the Trustee has requested a ruling from the IRS regarding the tax status of the Trust, and neither Boaz Energy nor the Trust can assure you that such a ruling would be granted if requested or that the IRS will not challenge these positions on audit.

Trust unitholders should be aware of any possible state tax implications of owning Trust units.

Trust unitholders are required to pay U.S. federal income taxes on their share of the Trust’s income, even if they do not receive any cash distributions from the Trust.

Trust unitholders are treated as if they own the Trust’s assets and receive the Trust’s income and are directly taxable thereon as though the Trust were not in existence. Because the Trust generates taxable income that can be different in amount than the cash the Trust distributes, Trust unitholders are required to pay any U.S. federal income taxes and, in some cases, state and local income taxes, on their share of the Trust’s taxable income even if they receive no cash distributions from the Trust. Trust unitholders may not receive cash distributions from the Trust equal to their share of the Trust’s taxable income or even equal to the actual tax liability that results from that income.

A portion of any gain recognized on the disposition of the Trust units could be taxed as ordinary income.

A Trust unitholder who sells his Trust units will recognize a gain or loss equal to the difference between the amount realized and the Trust unitholder’s adjusted tax basis in those Trust units. A substantial portion of any gain recognized may be taxed as ordinary income due to potential recapture items, including depletion recapture.

The Trust generally allocates its items of income, gain, loss and deduction between transferors and transferees of the Trust units based upon the monthly record date. The IRS may challenge this treatment.

The Trust generally allocates its items of income, gain, loss and deduction between transferors and transferees of the Trust units each month based upon the ownership of the Trust units on the monthly record date, instead of the date a particular Trust unit is transferred. The IRS could disagree with this allocation method and could assert that income and deductions of the Trust should be determined and allocated on a daily or prorated basis, which could require adjustments to the tax returns of the affected Trust unitholders and result in an increase in the administrative expense of the Trust in subsequent periods.

None.

The Trust does not have a board of directors, so the Trustee is responsible for oversight of the Trust’s risks from cybersecurity threats. The Trustee has dedicated personnel that are responsible for assessing and managing the Trust’s cyber risk management program, informing senior management of the Trustee regarding the prevention, detection, mitigation, and remediation of cybersecurity incidents and supervising such efforts. The Trustee’s information technology team has decades of experience selecting, deploying, and operating cybersecurity technologies, initiatives, and processes, and relies on threat intelligence as well as other information obtained from governmental, public or private sources, including external consultants engaged by the Trustee to monitor the prevention, detection, mitigation, and remediation of cybersecurity incidents. External partners are a key part of the Trustee’s cybersecurity protocols and policies. The Trustee works with leading firms in the cybersecurity industry, leveraging their technology and expertise to monitor and maintain the performance and effectiveness of products and services that are used by the Trustee.

The Trustee maintains a cyber risk management program designed to identify, assess, manage, mitigate, and respond to cybersecurity threats, which processes are integrated into the Trustee’s overall risk management process. The Trustee maintains robust cybersecurity protocols including, but not limited to technological capabilities that prevent and detect disruptions; computer workstations and programs protected with passwords and passphrases, as well as employee training throughout the year on financial regulations and cybersecurity followed up by testing of that knowledge. The protocols are based on recognized best practices and standards for cybersecurity and information technology. The Trustee has an annual assessment, performed by a third-party vendor, of the Trustee’s cyber risk management program.

Other non-technical protocols include securing of documents and work areas that could contain personal, nonpublic information and independent verification of information changes by outside vendors.

The Trust faces risks from cybersecurity threats that could have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows or reputation. The Trustee has experienced, and will continue to experience, cyber incidents in the normal course of its business. However, prior cybersecurity incidents have not had a material adverse effect on the Trust’s business, financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows. See “Risk Factors – Cybersecurity Risks.”

Description of the Underlying Properties

The Underlying Properties consist of 31,354 gross (22,394 net) acres in the Permian Basin. The Permian Basin extends over 75,000 square miles in West Texas and Southeastern New Mexico, consists of multiple, stacked hydrocarbon-bearing formations and has produced over 30 billion Bbls of oil and more than 75 Tcf of natural gas since its discovery in 1921. The basin is further characterized by a favorable operating environment, high oil and liquids-rich natural gas content, significant in-place midstream infrastructure, a well-developed network of oilfield service providers and long-lived reserves with generally consistent geologic attributes and reservoir quality.

The Underlying Properties consist of long-life reserves in mature, conventional oil fields with established decline curves. As of December 31, 2023, the Underlying Properties had proved reserves of 4.5 MMBoe and 96% of the volumes and 95% of PV-10 value were attributable to proved developed reserves. Approximately 93% of the 4.5 MMBoe of proved reserves, based on PV-10 value, were operated by Boaz Energy. For more information regarding changes in proved reserves, see Note 11 to the financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report.

Major Producing Areas

The Underlying Properties consist of the following four operating areas:

The Permian Clearfork area consists of 2,434 net acres on the Central Basin Platform of the Permian Basin in Hockley and Terry Counties, Texas. A majority of the production in the Permian Clearfork area comes from wells in the Kingdom Clearfork field, which primarily produce from the Clearfork formation. Boaz Energy's waterflooding operations were first implemented in the Kingdom Clearfork field in March 2015. As of December 31, 2023, Cawley, Gillespie & Associates, Inc. (“Cawley Gillespie”) estimates the Underlying Properties in the Permian Clearfork to have 1.4 MMBoe of total proved reserves, 92% of which are proved developed reserves.

The Permian Abo area consists of 1,667 net acres on the Central Basin Platform of the Permian Basin in Terry and Cochran Counties, Texas. A majority of the production in the Permian Abo area comes from wells in the Kingdom Abo field, which primarily produce from the Abo formation. In 2011, a waterflood pilot program was implemented in the North West Terry Abo unit (“NWTA”) located in the Kingdom Abo field that converted one producing well to an injection well. Boaz Energy fully converted the field to water injection upon purchasing the NWTA in June 2016, and in January 2017 installed a new injection pump that added an additional injection capacity of 2,500 barrels of water per day. In August 2017, NWTA 313 demonstrated initial waterflood response. As of December 31, 2023, Cawley Gillespie estimates the Underlying Properties in the Permian Abo to have 0.7 MMBoe of total proved reserves, 100% of which are proved developed reserves.

The Permian Shelf area consists of 14,390 net acres on the Eastern Shelf of the Permian Basin in Glasscock, Schleicher, Stonewall and Coke Counties, Texas. A significant portion of the production in the Permian Shelf area comes from wells in the Fort McKavitt and Flowers fields, which primarily produce from the Canyon formation. As of December 31, 2023, Cawley Gillespie estimates the Underlying Properties in the Permian Shelf to have 1.2 MMBoe of total proved reserves, 100% of which are proved developed reserves.

The Permian Platform area consists of 3,903 net acres on the Central Basin Platform of the Permian Basin in Ward, Crane, Terry and Ector Counties, Texas. The properties primarily produce from the Clearfork, San Andres, and Devonian formations. As of December 31, 2023, Cawley Gillespie estimates the Underlying Properties in the Permian Platform to have 1.3 MMBoe of total proved reserves, 95% of which are proved developed.

Oil and Natural Gas Data

Proved Reserves

Cawley Gillespie, independent petroleum and geological engineers, estimated crude oil and natural gas (including natural gas liquids) proved reserves of the Underlying Properties’ full economic life and for the Trust life as of December 31, 2023. Numerous uncertainties are inherent in estimating reserve volumes and values, and the estimates are subject to change as additional information becomes available. The reserves actually recovered and the timing of production of the reserves may vary significantly from the estimates. In addition, the reserves and net revenues attributable to the Net Profits Interest include only 80% of the reserves attributable to the Underlying Properties that are expected to be produced within the term of the Net Profits Interest. The technical person primarily responsible for overseeing the review of the third-party reserve reports is Marshall Eves, Boaz Energy's Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Eves received a Bachelor of Science in Petroleum Engineering and Bachelor of Science in Geophysics from Texas Tech University in 2004. Prior to joining Boaz Energy, Mr. Eves served as Executive Vice President of Stanolind Oil and Gas LP from January 2009 to October 2013. Mr. Eves has over 19 years of experience working in various capacities in the energy industry, including acquisition analysis, reserve estimation, reservoir engineering and operations engineering.

The independent petroleum engineer’s report as to the proved oil and natural gas reserves as of December 31, 2023, was prepared by Cawley Gillespie. Cawley Gillespie, whose firm registration number is F-693, was founded in 1961 and is a leader in the evaluation of oil and gas properties. The technical person at Cawley Gillespie primarily responsible for overseeing the reserve estimates with respect to the Underlying Properties and the Net Profits Interest attributable to the Trust is Mr. Zane Meekins. Mr. Meekins has been a practicing consulting petroleum engineer at Cawley Gillespie since 1989. Mr. Meekins is a Registered Professional Engineer in the State of Texas (License No. 71055) and has over 36 years of practical experience in petroleum engineering, with over 34 years of experience in the estimation and evaluation of reserves. He graduated from Texas A&M University in 1987 with a Bachelor of Science degree in Petroleum Engineering. Mr. Meekins meets or exceeds the education, training, and experience requirements set forth in the Standards Pertaining to the Estimating and Auditing of Oil and Gas Reserves Information promulgated by the Society of Petroleum Engineers; he is proficient in judiciously applying industry standard practices to engineering and geoscience evaluations as well as applying SEC and other industry reserve definitions and guidelines.

Proved reserves are reserves which, by analysis of geoscience and engineering data, can be estimated with reasonable certainty to be economically producible from a given date forward from known reservoirs under existing economic conditions, operating methods and government regulations prior to the time at which contracts providing the right to operate expires, unless evidence indicates that renewal is reasonably certain, regardless of whether deterministic or probabilistic methods are used for estimation. If deterministic methods are used, the term "reasonable certainty" implies a high degree of confidence that the quantities of oil or natural gas actually recovered will equal or exceed the estimate. If probabilistic methods are used, there should at least be a 90% probability that the quantities actually recovered will equal or exceed the estimate.

The technical and economic data used in the estimation of the proved reserves include, but are not limited to, production performance decline curve analyses, well logs, geologic maps, well-test data, production data (including flow rates), well data, historical price and cost information, and property ownership interests. Cawley Gillespie uses this technical data, together with a combination of standard engineering and geoscience methods, including the production performance, volumetric and analogy methods. After estimating the reserves of each proved developed property, it was determined that a reasonable level of certainty exists with respect to the reserves which can be expected from any individual undeveloped well in the field. The consistency of reserves attributable to the proved developed wells, which cover a wide area, further supports proved undeveloped classification.

The proved undeveloped locations in the Underlying Properties are predominantly direct offsets of other producing wells. Data from both Boaz Energy and offset operators with which Boaz Energy has exchanged technical data demonstrate a consistency in these conventional plays over an area significantly larger than the Underlying Properties. In addition, information from other analogous fields in similar geographical locations have also been used to analyze secondary reserves on the underlying properties.

Boaz Energy's internal petroleum engineer works closely with its independent reserve engineers to ensure the integrity, accuracy and timeliness of data furnished to the independent reserve engineers in their reserve estimating process. Periodically, the Boaz Energy petroleum engineer meets with the independent reserve engineers to review properties and discuss methods and assumptions used by Boaz Energy and the independent reserve engineers to prepare reserve estimates.

Reserve engineering is and must be recognized as a subjective process of estimating volumes of economically recoverable oil and natural gas that cannot be measured in an exact manner. The accuracy of any reserve estimate is a function of the quality of available data and of engineering and geological interpretation. As a result, the estimates of different engineers often vary. In addition, the results of drilling, testing and production may justify revisions of such estimates. Accordingly, reserve estimates often differ from the quantities of economically recoverable oil and natural gas and of future net revenues which are based on a number of variables and assumptions, all of which may vary from actual results, including geologic interpretation, prices and future production rates and costs. Please read "Risk Factors" appearing elsewhere in this annual report on Form 10-K.

The following table summarizes estimated proved reserve quantities and PV-10 attributable to the Trust as of December 31, 2023:

_____________

Reserve quantities and revenues for the Net Profits Interest were estimated from projections of reserves and revenues attributable to the Underlying Properties. Since the Trust has a defined Net Profits Interest, the Trust does not own a specific percentage of the oil and natural gas reserve quantities. Accordingly, reserves allocated to the Trust pertaining to its 80% Net Profits Interest in the Underlying Properties have effectively been reduced to reflect recovery of the Trust’s 80% portion of applicable production and development costs. Because Trust reserve quantities are determined using an allocation formula, any changes in actual or assumed prices or costs will result in revisions to the estimated reserve quantities allocated to the Net Profits Interest.

Estimates of proved reserves were prepared in accordance with guidelines prescribed by the SEC and the Financial Accounting Standards Board, which require that reserve estimates be prepared under existing economic and operating conditions based upon the annual average Henry Hub spot market gas price and the average annual WTI Cushing spot market price for oil.  These prices are determined as an unweighted arithmetic average of the first-day-of-the-month commodity price for the twelve months prior to the effective date of the evaluation. All prices are then further adjusted for quality, transportation fees and regional price differentials.

Information concerning changes in net proved reserves attributable to the Trust, and the calculation of the standardized measure of the related discounted future net revenues is contained in the notes to the financial statements of the Trust included in this Form 10-K. Boaz Energy has not filed reserve estimates covering the Underlying Properties with any other federal authority or agency.

Proved Undeveloped Reserves (PUDs)

The following table summarizes the changes in estimated proved undeveloped reserves of the Trust for the year ended December 31, 2023:

Developed and Undeveloped Acreage

The following table sets forth information as of December 31, 2023, relating to the leasehold acreage associated with the Underlying Properties. Developed acreage consists of acreage spaced or assigned to productive wells and does not include undrilled acreage held by production under the terms of the lease. Undeveloped acreage is defined as acreage on which wells have not been drilled or completed to a point that would permit the production of commercial quantities of oil or natural gas, regardless of whether such acreage contains proved reserves.

Producing Wells Count

The table below summarizes the producing wells on the Underlying Properties as of December 31, 2023. Although many of these wells produce both oil and natural gas, a well is categorized as an oil well or a natural gas well based upon the ratio of oil to natural gas production. All wells in the table below are oil wells except for 5.0 gross (3.0 net) natural gas wells.

Drilling Results

The following is a summary of the number of development and exploratory wells drilled and completed on the Underlying Properties during the years indicated.

During 2023, there were 4 gross (0.3 net) producing wells and 0 injection wells drilled, and 0 producing wells converted into injection wells on the Underlying Properties. During 2022, there were 6 gross (1.4 net) producing wells and 0 injection wells drilled, and 0 producing wells converted into injection wells on the Underlying Properties. During 2021, there were 7 gross (1.5 net) producing wells and 0 injection wells drilled, and 0 producing wells converted into injection wells on the Underlying Properties.

On June 14, 2016, and December 14, 2017, Boaz Energy acquired certain oil and gas leasehold acreages located in the State of Texas and various other related rights, permits, contracts, equipment and other assets, known, respectively, as the Memorial Acquisition and the Crane Acquisition. Revenues and direct operating expenses of the assets acquired in the Memorial Acquisition that are subject to the Net Profits Interest are referred to as the "Memorial Underlying Properties". All of the assets acquired in the Crane County Acquisition are subject to the Net Profits Interest and are referred to as the “Crane County Underlying Properties”.

Oil and Natural Gas Production

The following table presents the oil and natural gas sales volumes, average sales prices and average costs per Boe for the Underlying Properties on a historical basis for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021. All production derived from the Underlying Properties is from the Permian Basin.

Production costs for oil and natural gas attributable to the Underlying Properties for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, were as follows:

Abandonment and Sale of Underlying Properties

Boaz Energy or any transferee has the right to abandon its interest in any well or property if Boaz Energy or such transferee, acting as a reasonable and prudent operator, believes a well or property ceases to produce or is not capable of producing in commercially paying quantities. Upon termination of the lease, the portion of the Net Profits Interest relating to the abandoned property will be extinguished.

Boaz Energy generally may sell all or a portion of its interests in the Underlying Properties, subject to and burdened by the Net Profits Interest, without the consent of the Trust unitholders. In addition, Boaz Energy may, under certain circumstances cause the Trust to release or sell portions of the Net Profits Interest.

Title to Properties

The Underlying Properties are or may be subject to one or more of the burdens and obligations described below. To the extent that these burdens and obligations affect Boaz Energy’s rights to production or the value of production from the Underlying Properties, they have been taken into account in calculating the Trust’s interests and in estimating the size and the value of the reserves attributable to the Underlying Properties.

Boaz Energy’s interests in the oil and natural gas properties comprising the Underlying Properties are typically subject, in one degree or another, to one or more of the following:

Boaz Energy believes that the burdens and obligations affecting the Underlying Properties are conventional in the industry for similar properties. Boaz Energy also believes that the existing burdens and obligations do not, in the aggregate, materially interfere with the use of the Underlying Properties and will not materially adversely affect the Net Profits Interest or its value.

In order to give third parties notice of the Net Profits Interest, Boaz Energy recorded the Conveyance in Texas in the real property records in the Texas counties in which the Underlying Properties are located, or in such other public records of Texas as required under applicable law to place third parties on notice of the Conveyance.

Under Texas law, the Conveyance constitutes the conveyance of a presently vested, non-possessory interest in real property. Therefore, Boaz Energy and the Trust believe that, in a bankruptcy of Boaz Energy, the Net Profits Interest will remain outside of any Boaz Energy bankruptcy estate and will be a continuing obligation of any successor to Boaz Energy as the operator of the Underlying Properties under Texas law and, as such, outside of Boaz Energy’s bankruptcy estate.

Boaz Energy believes that its title to the Underlying Properties is, and the Trust’s title to the Net Profits Interest will be, good and defensible in accordance with standards generally accepted in the oil and gas industry, subject to such exceptions as are not so material to detract substantially from the use or value of such properties or royalty interests. Under the terms of the Conveyance, Boaz Energy has provided a special warranty of title with respect to the Net Profits Interest, subject to the burdens and obligations described in this section.

On October 1, 2018, a lawsuit styled Thaleia L. Marston, Trustee of the Marston Trust v. Blackbeard Operating, LLC, et.al, No. 18-10-24761 – CVW in the 143rd District Court in Ward County, Texas (the “2018 Litigation”) was filed, naming, among others, Boaz Energy and the Trust as defendants. The plaintiff is a lessor under two leases operated by Blackbeard Operating LLC. The Underlying Properties include the interests of Boaz Energy in some of the minerals covered by those leases. The litigation sought surface use damages and alleged violations of the terms of the leases, among other things. The court had set a two-day bench trial to commence May 18, 2022, but on May 10, 2022, the court granted motions for summary judgment effectively disposing of the plaintiff’s claims. At a status conference conducted on May 12, 2022, the plaintiff confirmed the court’s rulings disposed of all the plaintiff’s claims. The court held a hearing regarding attorneys’ fees in June 2022. On May 12, 2023, the court entered its final judgment, incorporating its prior order granting the defendants’ motion for summary judgment and granting defendants’ motion for attorneys’ fees, but the plaintiff then filed a notice of appeal to the Eighth Court of Appeals in El Paso County, Texas The plaintiff-appellants filed their opening brief on December 11, 2023; and the defendant-appellees filed an answer brief on February 22, 2024.

Not applicable.

PART II

The Trust units are listed on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the symbol “PRT.” On March 25, 2024, there were 12,165,732 Trust units outstanding held by 11 unitholders of record, including 7,233,171 Trust units held by beneficial owners whose shares are held in street name by brokers and nominees.

Distributions

The Trust currently makes, and expects to continue to make, monthly cash distributions of substantially all of its cash receipts, after deducting amounts for the Trust’s administrative expenses and any cash reserves withheld by the Trustee, to holders of its Trust units as of the applicable record date on or before the 10^th business day after the record date.

Equity Compensation Plans

The Trust has no directors, executive officers or employees. Accordingly, the Trust does not maintain any equity compensation plans and there are no Units reserved for issuance under any such plans.

Unregistered Sales of Securities

None.

Purchases of Securities

None.

Overview

PermRock Royalty Trust, a Delaware statutory trust formed in November 2017 by Boaz Energy, completed its initial public offering in May 2018. The Trust’s only asset and source of income is the Net Profits Interest, which entitles the Trust to receive 80% of the net profits from oil and natural gas production from the Underlying Properties. The Net Profits Interest is passive in nature and neither the Trust nor the Trustee has any management control over or responsibility for costs relating to the operation of the Underlying Properties.

The Trust is required to make monthly cash distributions of substantially all of its monthly cash receipts, after deduction of fees and expenses for the administration of the Trust and any cash reserves, to holders of its Trust units as of the applicable record date on or before the 10th business day after the record date. The Net Profits Interest is entitled to a share of the profits attributable to production. Boaz Energy typically receives payment for oil production 30 to 60 days after it is produced and for natural gas production 60 to 90 days after it is produced. The Trust is not subject to pre-set termination provisions based on a maximum volume of oil or natural gas to be produced or the passage of time. The amount of Trust revenues and cash distributions to Trust unitholders depends on, among other things:

Oil prices increased in 2021 and the first part of 2022 following an extended period of depressed pricing primarily due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It is unclear whether prices will level out or decline further in 2023. Low oil and gas prices on production from the Underlying Properties could cause (i) a reduction in the amount of net proceeds to which the Trust is entitled, which could materially reduce or completely eliminate the amount of cash available for distribution to Trust unitholders and (ii) a reduction in the amount of oil and natural gas that are economic to produce from the Underlying Properties.

2023 Recap and 2024 Outlook

In 2023, Boaz Energy participated in non-operated drilling and recompletion projects, waterflood conformance and reactivations in Terry, Coke, and Crane Counties. Boaz Energy completed reentry projects in the Permian Abo and Permian Shelf areas, maintained waterflood operations where prudent, and did necessary repairs to bring wells back to production. 

In 2024, Boaz Energy plans to drill new producing wells in the Permian Shelf area and stimulate existing wells to improve production and waterflood operations. In addition, Boaz Energy plans to continue reactivating inactive wells by either returning them to production or recompleting them to new formations to maximize oil and gas production in this high commodity price environment.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Distributable Income

 Based on 12,165,732 Trust units outstanding at each date listed below, the per unit distributions during the year ended December 31, 2023, were as follows:

Years Ended December 31, 2023, and 2022

The decrease in net profits income was primarily due to decreased oil and natural gas sales volumes and prices. See “Computation of Income from the Net Profits Interest Received by the Trust” below.

Interest Income. Interest income increased for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the prior year, primarily due to higher interest rates.

General and Administrative Expenditures. General and administrative expenditures increased for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the prior year, primarily because of differences in the timing and payment of some expenses.

Cash Reserves. Pursuant to the Trust Agreement, the Trustee was authorized to begin retaining cash reserves for administrative expenses beginning in May 2019. In April 2020, the cash reserves retained reached $1,000,000 and no further cash reserves have been retained by the Trustee since April 2020. As of December 31, 2023, the Trustee continued to hold the previously retained $1,000,000 in cash reserves.

Years Ended December 31, 2022, and 2021

 The increase in net profits income was primarily due to increased oil and natural gas prices. See “Computation of Income from the Net Profits Interest Received by the Trust” below.

Interest Income. Interest income increased for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to the prior year, primarily due to higher interest rates.

General and Administrative Expenditures. General and administrative expenditures increased for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to the prior year, primarily because of differences in the timing and payment of some expenses.

Cash Reserves. Pursuant to the Trust Agreement, the Trustee was authorized to begin retaining cash reserves for administrative expenses beginning in May 2019. In April 2020, the cash reserves retained reached $1,000,000 and no further cash reserves have been retained by the Trustee since April 2020. As of December 31, 2022, the Trustee continued to hold the previously retained $1,000,000 in cash reserves.

Computation of Income from the Net Profits Interest Received by the Trust

The table below outlines the computation of income from the Net Profits Interest received by the Trust for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021:

 _______________

Years Ended December 31, 2023, and 2022

Important factors used in calculating the Trust’s net profits income include the volumes of oil and gas produced from the Underlying Properties and the realized prices received for the sale of those minerals, including natural gas liquids, as well as direct operating and development expenses.

Sales Volumes

Oil. Oil sales volumes decreased for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the prior year. This was primarily due to decreased demand and the natural decline in production.

Natural Gas. Natural gas sales volumes decreased for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the prior year. This was primarily due to decreased demand and the natural decline in production. 

Sales Prices

Oil. The average realized oil price per Bbl decreased for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the prior year. The average realized oil price per Bbl for the year ended December 31, 2023, is primarily related to production from November 2022 through October 2023, when the average NYMEX price was $78.57 per Bbl.

Natural Gas. The average realized natural gas price per Mcf decreased for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the prior year. The average realized natural gas price per Mcf for the year ended December 31, 2023, is primarily related to production from November 2022 through October 2023, when the average NYMEX price was $3.01 per Mcf.

Costs

Direct Operating Expenses. Direct operating expenses decreased for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the prior year primarily due to a decrease in capital projects to return wells to production.

Lease Operating Expenses. Lease operating expenses increased for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the prior year primarily due to additional Permian ABO wells.

Severance and Ad Valorem Taxes. Severance and ad valorem taxes decreased for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the prior year primarily due to lower sales valuation due to decreased industry prices for oil and natural gas.

Development Expenses Related to the Underlying Properties. Development expenses related to the Underlying Properties decreased for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the prior year primarily due to fewer drilling and recompletion projects.

Other Expenses. Other expenses increased for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the prior year primarily due to an increase in overhead expenses.

Capital Reserve and Operator Advance. Boaz Energy is entitled under the Conveyance to reserve up to $3 million from the net profits for certain taxes and development expenses. As of December 31, 2023, the balance of funds held back to cover certain future capital expenses was $650,157 net to the Trust.

Years Ended December 31, 2022, and 2021

Important factors used in calculating the Trust’s net profits income include the volumes of oil and gas produced from the Underlying Properties and the realized prices received for the sale of those minerals, including natural gas liquids, as well as direct operating and development expenses.

Sales Volumes

Oil. Oil sales volumes decreased for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to the prior year. This was primarily due to decreased demand and the natural decline in production.

Natural Gas. Natural gas sales volumes decreased for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to the prior year. This was primarily due to decreased demand and the natural decline in production. 

Sales Prices

Oil. The average realized oil price per Bbl increased for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to the prior year. The average realized oil price per Bbl for the year ended December 31, 2022, is primarily related to production from November 2021 through October 2022, when the average NYMEX price was $93.39 per Bbl.

Natural Gas. The average realized natural gas price per Mcf increased for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to the prior year. The average realized natural gas price per Mcf for the year ended December 31, 2022, is primarily related to production from November 2021 through October 2022, when the average NYMEX price was $6.03 per Mcf.

Costs

Direct Operating Expenses. Direct operating expenses increased for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to the prior year primarily due to an increase in workovers to bring wells back into operations.

Lease Operating Expenses. Lease operating expenses increased for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to the prior year primarily due to increases in industry pricing for materials and services.

Severance and Ad Valorem Taxes. Severance and ad valorem taxes increased for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to the prior year primarily due to higher sales valuation due to increased industry prices for oil and natural gas.

Development Expenses Related to the Underlying Properties. Development expenses related to the Underlying Properties increased for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to the prior year primarily due to the potential for capital projects to have a greater economic benefit given higher oil and gas prices.

Other Expenses. Other expenses decreased for the year ended December 31, 2022, as a result of a decrease in professional fees.

Capital Reserve and Operator Advance. Boaz Energy is entitled under the Conveyance to reserve up to $3 million from the net profits for certain taxes and development expenses. As of December 31, 2022, the balance of funds held back to cover certain future capital expenses was $1,478,157 net to the Trust.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

The Trust’s principal sources of liquidity and capital are cash flow generated from the Net Profits Interest and borrowings, if any, to fund administrative expenses. The Trust’s primary uses of cash are distributions to Trust unitholders, payment of Trust administrative expenses, including, if applicable, any reserves established by the Trustee for future liabilities.

Administrative expenses include the Trustee and Delaware Trustee fees, accounting, engineering, legal, tax advisory and other professional fees, and tax reporting and distribution expenses. The Trust is also responsible for paying other expenses incurred as a result of being a publicly traded entity, including costs associated with annual, quarterly and current reports to the SEC, New York Stock Exchange listing fees, independent auditor fees and registrar and transfer agent fees. If the Trustee determines that cash on hand and cash to be received in respect of the Net Profits Interest are, or will be, insufficient to cover the Trust’s liabilities and expenses, the Trustee may cause the Trust to borrow funds to pay liabilities of the Trust. If the Trustee causes the Trust to borrow funds, the Trust unitholders will not receive distributions until the borrowed funds or the amount drawn, as applicable, are repaid.

Pursuant to the Trust Agreement, the Trustee was authorized beginning May 2019 to retain cash from the distributions it receives (i) in an amount not to exceed $1.0 million at any one time to be used by the Trust in the event that its cash on hand (including available cash reserves) is not sufficient to pay ordinary course administrative expenses as they become due and (ii) in such amounts as the Trustee in its discretion deems appropriate to pay for future liabilities of the Trust. Boaz Energy provided the Trust with a $1.0 million Letter of Credit that could be drawn by the Trust to pay its administrative expenses. The Trustee is permitted to retain cash from distributions in such amount as the Trustee determines but not less than $25,000 per month or more than $100,000 per month until the reserve described in clause (i) equals or exceeds $1.0 million, at which time, the Trustee is required to release the Letter of Credit. The Letter of Credit expired May 2, 2020, as the Trustee had retained a total of $1,000,000 in cash reserves. As of December 31, 2023, the Trustee continued to hold the previously retained $1,000,000 in cash reserves.

On May 4, 2018, the Trust entered into a registration rights agreement for the benefit of Boaz Energy and certain of its affiliates and transferees, pursuant to which the Trust agreed to register the offering of the Trust units held by Boaz Energy and certain of its affiliates and permitted transferees upon request by Boaz Energy. As of March 31, 2022, Boaz Energy owned 5,878,332 Trust units of the 12,165,732 Trust units issued and outstanding. The Trust filed a Registration Statement on Form S-3 on April 28, 2022 (the “Registration Statement”) seeking the registration of 5,801,675 Trust units held by Boaz Energy. The SEC confirmed the effectiveness of the Registration Statement on May 9, 2022. The Trust has not and will not receive any of the proceeds received from the sale of the Trust units. The selling unitholder will bear all costs and expenses incidental to the preparation and filing of the Registration Statement, excluding certain internal expenses of the Trust, which will be borne by the Trust, and any underwriting discounts and commissions, which will be borne by the selling unitholder as the seller of the Trust units. As of March 25, 2024, Boaz Energy owned 4,884,861 Trust units of the 12,165,732 units issued and outstanding.

Boaz Energy Capital Expenditure Budget

Boaz Energy’s estimated capital budget for 2024 for the Underlying Properties is $4.5 million, of which approximately $0.9 million has been expended as of March 13, 2024.  Based on current oil and gas prices, Boaz anticipates continuing to participate in Crane and Glasscock Counties non-operated drilling and waterflood conformance and expansion work in Crane & Terry Counties, as well as drilling 1 new operated wells in Crane County sometime in 2024.  The majority of capital spent in 2024 to date was spent on non-operated projects in the Permian Shelf Area.  The $4.5 million estimate is subject to change based on, among other things, changes in the price of oil and natural gas, Boaz Energy’s actual capital requirements, the pace of regulatory approvals and the mix of projects.

Boaz Energy’s capital expenditure by the end of 2023 was $4.4 million.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As of December 31, 2023, the Trust had no off-balance sheet arrangements.

New Accounting Pronouncements

As the Trust’s financial statements are prepared on the modified cash basis, most accounting pronouncements are not applicable to the Trust’s financial statements. No new accounting pronouncements have been adopted or issued that would impact the financial statements of the Trust.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The Trust uses the modified cash basis of accounting to report Trust receipts of the Net Profits Interest and payments of expenses incurred. The Net Profits Interest represents the right to receive revenues (oil and natural gas sales), less direct operating expenses (lease operating expenses and severance and ad valorem taxes) and development expenses of the Underlying Properties, multiplied by 80%. Cash distributions of the Trust are made based on the amount of cash received by the Trust pursuant to terms of the Conveyance creating the Net Profits Interest.

The financial statements of the Trust, as prepared on a modified cash basis, reflect the Trust’s assets, liabilities, Trust corpus, earnings and distributions as follows:

The financial statements of the Trust are prepared on a modified cash basis of accounting, which is considered to be the most meaningful basis of preparation for a royalty trust because monthly distributions to the Trust unitholders are based on net cash receipts. Although this basis of accounting is permitted for royalty trusts by the SEC, the financial statements of the Trust differ from financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP because net profits income is not accrued in the month of production, expenses are not recognized when incurred and cash reserves may be established for certain contingencies, and overpayments received do not need to be paid back and are instead taken from future payments that would not be recorded in GAAP financial statements. This comprehensive basis of accounting other than GAAP corresponds to the accounting permitted for royalty trusts by the SEC as specified by Staff Accounting Bulletin Topic 12:E, Financial Statements of Royalty Trusts.

The preparation of financial statements requires the Trust to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Estimated future cash flows used to determine amortization and potential impairment of the investment in the Net Profits Interest are subject to change.

Oil and Natural Gas Reserves. The proved oil and natural gas reserves for the Underlying Properties are estimated by independent petroleum engineers. Reserve engineering is a subjective process that is dependent upon the quality of available data and the interpretation thereof. Estimates by different engineers often vary, sometimes significantly. In addition, physical factors such as the results of drilling, testing and production subsequent to the date of an estimate, as well as economic factors such as changes in product prices, may justify revision of such estimates. Because proved reserves are required to be estimated using prices at the date of the evaluation, estimated reserve quantities can be significantly impacted by changes in product prices. Accordingly, oil and natural gas quantities ultimately recovered and the timing of production may be substantially different from original estimates.

The Financial Accounting Standards Board requires supplemental disclosures for oil and gas producers based on a standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows relating to proved oil and natural gas reserve quantities. Under this disclosure, future cash inflows are computed by applying the average prices during the 12-month period prior to fiscal year-end, determined as an unweighted arithmetic average of the first-day-of-the-month benchmark price for each month within such period, unless prices are defined by contractual arrangements, excluding escalations based upon future conditions. Future price changes are only considered to the extent provided by contractual arrangements in existence at year-end. The standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows is achieved by using a discount rate of 10% a year to reflect the timing of future cash flows relating to proved oil and natural gas reserves. Changes in any of these assumptions, including consideration of other factors, could have a significant impact on the standardized measure. The standardized measure does not necessarily result in an estimate of the current fair market value of proved reserves.

Amortization of Net Profits Interest. The Trust calculates amortization of the Net Profits Interest in oil and natural gas properties on a unit-of-production basis based on the Underlying Properties’ production and reserves. The reserves upon which the amortization rate is based are quantity estimates which are subject to numerous uncertainties inherent in the estimation of proved reserves. The volumes considered to be commercially recoverable fluctuate with changes in prices and operating costs. These estimates are expected to change as additional information becomes available in the future. Downward revisions in proved reserves may result in an increased rate of amortization. Amortization is recorded on sales volumes paid by the Trust during the relevant period and is charged directly to the Trust corpus balance. As a result, amortization does not affect the cash earnings of the Trust.

Impairment of Net Profits Interest. The Trustee reviews the Trust’s Net Profits Interest in oil and natural gas properties for impairment annually and whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the Net Profits Interest may not be recoverable. In the event of material revisions, the Trustee reviews the impact of these revisions on the amortization of Trust Units and impairment estimates. During 2023, a material revision was made to reserves resulting in the additional recognition of amortization of Trust Units. The Trust recognized $4,164,943 of amortization of Trust Units for the year ended December 31, 2023.  There was no impairment present for the year ended December 31, 2023, after revisions to undiscounted cash flows. There was also no impairment as of December 31, 2022. In general, neither the Trustee nor Boaz Energy view temporarily low prices as an indication of impairment. The markets for crude oil and natural gas have a history of significant price volatility and though prices will occasionally drop significantly, industry prices over the long term will continue to be driven by market supply and demand. If events and circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable, the Trustee would use the estimated undiscounted future net cash flows from the Net Profits Interest to evaluate the recoverability of the Trust assets. If the undiscounted future net cash flows from the Net Profits Interest are less than the Net Profits Interest carrying value, the Trust would recognize an impairment loss for the difference between the Net Profits Interest carrying value and the estimated fair value of the Net Profits Interest. The determination as to whether the Net Profits Interest is impaired is based on the best information available to the Trustee at the time of the evaluation, including information provided by Boaz Energy such as estimates of future production and development and operating expenses.

Refer to Note 2 to the financial statements included in Item 8 of this report for the Trust’s significant accounting policies.

Not applicable.

Financial Statements. The following documents are filed as part of the Trust’s financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023:

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Unit Holders of

PermRock Royalty Trust and

Argent Trust Company, Trustee

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying statements of assets, liabilities, and trust corpus of PermRock Royalty Trust (the Trust) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the related statements of distributable income and changes in trust corpus for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the assets, liabilities, and trust corpus of the Trust as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the distributable income and changes in trust corpus for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with the modified cash basis of accounting, which is a comprehensive basis of accounting other accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

As described in Note 2 to the financial statements, these financial statements were prepared on the modified cash basis of accounting, which is a comprehensive basis of accounting other than accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Trustee. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Trust in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Trust is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the entity’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

Critical audit matters are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. We determined that there are no critical audit matters.

WEAVER AND TIDWELL, L.L.P.

We have served as the Trust’s auditor since 2018.

Austin, Texas
April 1, 2024

Weaver and Tidwell, L.L.P.
1601 South MoPac Expressway, Suite D250 | Austin, Texas 78746

Main: 512.609.1900

CPAs AND ADVISORS | WEAVER.COM

Statement of Assets, Liabilities, and Trust Corpus

These Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with the accompanying Notes to Financial Statements included herein.

Statements of Distributable Income

These Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with the accompanying Notes to Financial Statements included herein.

Statements of Changes in Trust Corpus

These Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with the accompanying Notes to Financial Statements included herein.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1.       Organization of Trust

PermRock Royalty Trust (the “Trust”) is a Delaware statutory trust formed on November 22, 2017 under the Delaware Statutory Trust Act pursuant to a trust agreement dated November 22, 2017, as amended and restated on May 4, 2018, by and among Boaz Energy II, LLC (“Boaz Energy”), as trustor, Simmons Bank, as Trustee (as hereinafter defined), and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as Delaware Trustee (the “Delaware Trustee”) (such amended and restated trust agreement, as amended to date, the “Trust Agreement”).

In accordance with the successor trustee provisions of the Trust Agreement, Argent Trust Company, as successor trustee of the Trust, is subject to all terms and conditions of the Trust Agreement. The defined term “Trustee” as used herein shall refer to Simmons Bank (which maintains its offices at 2200 West 7th Street, Suite 210, P.O. Box 470727, Fort Worth, Texas 76147) for periods prior to December 30, 2022, and shall refer to Argent Trust Company (which maintains its offices at 3838 Oak Lawn Ave, Suite 1720, Dallas, Texas 75219) for periods on and after December 30, 2022.

The Trust was created to acquire and hold the Net Profits Interest for the benefit of the Trust unitholders. In connection with the closing of the initial public offering of Trust units, on May 4, 2018, Boaz Energy conveyed the Net Profits Interest to the Trust in exchange for Trust units pursuant to a conveyance agreement between Boaz Energy, the Trustee and the Delaware Trustee (the “Conveyance”). The Net Profits Interest represents an interest in the Underlying Properties.

The Net Profits Interest entitles the Trust to receive 80% of the net profits from the sale of oil and natural gas production from the Underlying Properties. The Net Profits Interest is passive in nature and neither the Trust nor the Trustee has any control over, or responsibility for, costs relating to the operation of the Underlying Properties. The Trust has and will continue to make monthly cash distributions of all of its monthly cash receipts, after deduction of fees and expenses for the administration of the Trust and any cash reserves, to holders of its Trust units as of the applicable record date on or before the 10th business day after the record date. Distributions generally relate to sales from a one-month period.

The Trustee may deposit funds awaiting distribution in an account with an FDIC-insured or national bank, including the Trustee, if the interest paid to the Trust at least equals amounts paid by the Trustee on similar deposits, and make other short-term investments with the funds distributed to the Trust.

In May 2018, Boaz Energy completed an initial public offering of 6,250,000 of the 12,165,732 total Trust units outstanding, retaining ownership of 5,915,732 Trust units. As of March 25, 2024, Boaz Energy owned 4,884,861 Trust units of the 12,165,732 Trust units issued and outstanding.

2.       Trust Significant Accounting Policies

a.       Basis of Accounting

The Trust uses the modified cash basis of accounting to report Trust receipts of the Net Profits Interest and payments of expenses incurred. The Net Profits Interest represents the right to receive revenues (primarily oil and natural gas sales), less direct operating expenses, lease operating expenses, severance and ad valorem taxes and development expenses of the Underlying Properties, multiplied by 80%. Cash distributions of the Trust are made based on the amount of cash received by the Trust pursuant to terms of the Conveyance creating the Net Profits Interest. Certain reclassifications of prior year’s data have been made to conform to the current year presentation. These reclassifications had no impact on the Trust’s previously reported Distributable Income or Trust Corpus.

The financial statements of the Trust, as prepared on a modified cash basis, reflect the Trust’s assets, liabilities, Trust corpus, earnings and distributions as follows:

b.       Financial Statements.

The financial statements of the Trust are prepared on a modified cash basis of accounting, which is considered to be the most meaningful basis of preparation for a royalty trust because monthly distributions to the Trust unitholders are based on net cash receipts. Although this basis of accounting is permitted for royalty trusts by the SEC, the financial statements of the Trust differ from financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP because net profits income is not accrued in the month of production, expenses are not recognized when incurred and cash reserves may be established for certain contingencies that would not be recorded in GAAP financial statements. This comprehensive basis of accounting other than GAAP corresponds to the accounting permitted for royalty trusts by the SEC as specified by Staff Accounting Bulletin Topic 12:E, Financial Statements of Royalty Trusts.

c.       Use of Estimates.

The preparation of financial statements requires the Trust to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Estimated future cash flows used to determine amortization and potential impairment of the investment in the Net Profits Interest are subject to change.

d.       Risks and Uncertainties.

The Trust’s revenue and distributions are substantially dependent upon the prevailing and future prices for oil and natural gas, each of which depends on numerous factors beyond the Trust’s control such as economic conditions, the global political environment, regulatory developments and competition from other energy sources. Oil and natural gas prices historically have been volatile and may be subject to significant fluctuations in the future.

e.       Contingencies.

Contingencies related to the Underlying Properties that are unfavorably resolved would generally be expected to result in reductions to cash receipts to the Trust in respect of the Net Profits Interest with corresponding reductions to cash distributions to Trust unitholders. Please see the discussion of litigation in Note 10.

3.       Income Taxes

Tax counsel advised the Trust at the time of formation that for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the Trust is treated as a grantor trust and is not subject to federal income tax at the trust level. Trust unitholders are treated for such purposes as owning a direct interest in the assets of the Trust, and each Trust unitholder is taxed directly on its pro rata share of the income and any gain, if sold, attributable to the assets of the Trust and is entitled to claim its pro rata share of deductions and expenses attributable to the assets of the Trust. Each Trust unitholder should consult his or her own tax advisor regarding income tax requirements, if any, applicable to such unitholder’s ownership of Trust units.

4.       Cash Reserves

Pursuant to the Trust Agreement, beginning in May 2019, the Trustee was authorized to begin retaining cash from the distributions the Trust receives (i) in an amount not to exceed $1.0 million at any one time to be used by the Trust in the event that its cash on hand (including available cash reserves) is not sufficient to pay ordinary course administrative expenses as they become due and (ii) in such amounts as the Trustee in its discretion deems appropriate to pay for future liabilities of the Trust. Boaz Energy provided the Trust with a $1.0 million letter of credit (the “Letter of Credit”) that could be drawn by the Trust to pay administrative expenses of the Trust. The Trustee is permitted to retain cash from distributions in such amount as the Trustee determines but not less than $25,000 per month or more than $100,000 per month until the reserve described in clause (i) equals or exceeds $1.0 million, at which time, the Trustee is required to release the Letter of Credit. The Letter of Credit expired May 2, 2020, as the Trustee had retained a total of $1,000,000 in cash reserves. As of December 31, 2023, the Trustee continued to hold the previously retained $1,000,000 in cash reserves.

Boaz Energy is entitled under the Conveyance to reserve up to $3 million from the net profits for certain taxes and development expenses. As of December 31, 2023, the balance of funds held back to cover certain future capital expenses was $650,157 net to the Trust.

5.       Distributions to Unitholders

The Trust makes monthly cash distributions of all of its monthly cash receipts, after deduction of fees and expenses for the administration of the Trust and any cash reserves, to holders of its Trust units as of the applicable record date on or before the 10th business day after the record date.

Based on 12,165,732 Trust units outstanding at each date listed below, the monthly per unit distributions during the year ended December 31, 2023, were as follows:

6.       Related Party Transactions

Trustee Administrative Fee. Under the terms of the Trust Agreement, the Trust pays an annual administrative fee to the Trustee and Delaware Trustee. The Delaware Trustee’s annual fee is $4,000. In 2023, the Trustee received $202,342 for the period from January through December 2023. For 2024, the Trustee’s annual administrative fee will be approximately $205,031. The Trustee’s annual administrative fee increased at a rate of 3% per year for the first three years of the Trust’s existence, increased at a rate of 2% in 2022 and 2023. The Trustee’s annual administrative fee will increase at a rate of 1% in 2024, will continue to increase at a rate of 1% each year until the 20th anniversary of the Trust’s formation, and then will remain flat thereafter. These costs of the Trust, which are included in administration expenses, are deducted by the Trust before distributions are made to Trust unitholders.

Agreements with Boaz Energy. On May 4, 2018, the Trust entered into a registration rights agreement for the benefit of Boaz Energy and certain of its affiliates and transferees, pursuant to which the Trust agreed to register the offering of the Trust units held by Boaz Energy and certain of its affiliates and permitted transferees upon request by Boaz Energy. The Trust filed a Registration Statement on Form S-3 on April 28, 2022 (the “Registration Statement”) seeking the registration of 5,801,675 Trust units held by Boaz Energy. The SEC confirmed the effectiveness of the Registration Statement on May 9, 2022. As of March 25, 2024, Boaz Energy owned 4,884,861 Trust units of the 12,165,732 units issued and outstanding.

7.        Certain Contracts

The Trust is not a party to any purchase, gathering, or processing contracts. Boaz Energy and other outside operators are parties to oil and natural gas sales contracts. For the year ended December 31, 2023, Boaz Energy reported that Phillips 66, Plains All American Pipeline, Energy Transfer Partners, Blackbeard Operating LLC, and Enterprise Crude Oil LLC accounted for 29.93%, 20.82%, 17.07%, 11.61%, and 10.23% respectively, of its total oil and natural gas revenues, and that no other purchaser accounted for 10% or more of the total revenue of the Underlying Properties. Boaz Energy does not believe that the loss of any of these parties as a purchaser of crude oil or natural gas production from the Underlying Properties would have a material impact on the business or operations of Boaz Energy or the Underlying Properties because of the large number of marketing firms and competitive nature of oil and gas purchasers in the Permian Basin. Oil and natural gas are currently sold to these four customers under short-term contracts at market prices.

8.       Significant Customers

Information as to significant purchasers of oil and gas production attributable to the Trust’s economic interests is included in Note 7, above.

9.       Development Costs

Boaz Energy’s original 2023 capital expenditure estimate was $4.5 million. That budget was revised slightly by the end of 2023 to $4.4 million. Boaz Energy’s capital projects in 2023 included participation in non-operated drilling and recompletion projects, as well as waterflood conformance and reactivations in Terry, Coke, Crane and Glasscock Counties. The cost of these capital projects were included in Boaz Energy’s 2023 capital expenditure budget.

Boaz Energy’s estimated capital budget for 2024 for the Underlying Properties is $4.5 million, of which approximately $0.9 million has been expended as of March 13, 2024.  Based on current oil and gas prices, Boaz anticipates continuing to participate in Crane and Glasscock Counties non-operated drilling and waterflood conformance and expansion work in Crane & Terry Counties, as well as drilling 1 new operated wells in Crane County sometime in 2024.  The majority of capital spent in 2024 to date was spent on non-operated projects in the Permian Shelf Area.  The $4.5 million estimate is subject to change based on, among other things, changes in the price of oil and natural gas, Boaz Energy’s actual capital requirements, the pace of regulatory approvals and the mix of projects.

10.       Settlements and Litigation

On October 1, 2018, a lawsuit styled Thaleia L. Marston, Trustee of the Marston Trust v. Blackbeard Operating, LLC, et.al, No. 18-10-24761 – CVW in the 143rd District Court in Ward County, Texas (the “2018 Litigation”) was filed, naming, among others, Boaz Energy and the Trust as defendants. The plaintiff is a lessor under two leases operated by Blackbeard Operating LLC. The Underlying Properties include the interests of Boaz Energy in some of the minerals covered by those leases. The litigation sought surface use damages and alleged violations of the terms of the leases, among other things. The court had set a two-day bench trial to commence May 18, 2022, but on May 10, 2022, the court granted motions for summary judgment effectively disposing of the plaintiff’s claims. At a status conference conducted on May 12, 2022, the plaintiff confirmed the court’s rulings disposed of all the plaintiff’s claims. The court held a hearing regarding attorneys’ fees in June 2022. On May 12, 2023, the court entered its final judgment, incorporating its prior order granting the defendants’ motion for summary judgment and granting defendants’ motion for attorneys’ fees, but the plaintiff then filed a notice of appeal to the Eighth Court of Appeals in El Paso County, Texas. The plaintiff-appellants filed their opening brief on December 11, 2023; and the defendant-appellees filed an answer brief on February 22, 2024.

11.       Supplemental Oil and Gas Reserve Information (Unaudited)

Proved Oil and Natural Gas Reserves

Proved oil and gas reserves have been estimated by independent petroleum engineers. Proved reserves are those quantities of oil and natural gas, which, by analysis of geoscience and engineering data can be estimated with reasonable certainty to be economically producible from a given date forward, from known reservoirs and under existing economic conditions, operating methods, and government regulation before the time at which contracts providing the right to operate expire, unless evidence indicates that renewal is reasonably certain. Proved developed reserves are the quantities expected to be recovered through existing wells with existing equipment and operating methods in which the cost of the required equipment is relatively minor compared with the cost of a new well. Due to the inherent uncertainties and the limited nature of reservoir data, such estimates are subject to change as additional information becomes available. The reserves actually recovered and the timing of production of these reserves may be substantially different from the original estimate. Revisions result primarily from new information obtained from development drilling and production history and from changes in economic factors.

The following table presents a reconciliation of proved reserve quantities attributable to the Trust as of the dates indicated below:

Extensions and discoveries. During the year ended December 31, 2023, 4 gross wells (0.3 net) were drilled in the Permian Platform area.  Extensions and discoveries included 165 MBoe of proved developed and undeveloped reserves that were a result of drilling and waterflood activity. 

During the year ended December 31, 2022, 6 gross wells (0.5 net) were drilled in the Permian Platform area.  Extensions and discoveries included 2.4 MBoe of proved developed and undeveloped reserves that were a result of 2022 drilling activity. 

During the year ended December 31, 2021, 5 gross wells (0.42 net) were drilled in the Permian Platform area and 1 gross well (0.13 net) was drilled in the Permian Shelf area.  Extensions and discoveries included 29 MBoe of proved developed and undeveloped reserves that were a result of 2021 drilling activity in the Permian Platform and Permian Shelf areas by working interest partners. 

Revisions of previous estimates. During the year ended December 31, 2023, revisions of previous estimates decreased proved reserves by 39%, primarily due to the removal of certain proved undeveloped reserves due to the SEC five-year booking rule, and also due to negative price revisions related to lower oil and natural gas prices. The annual average WTI Cushing and Henry Hub spot oil and natural gas price of $78.22 per Bbl and $2.64 per MMbtu used to determine reserves as of December 31, 2023, was 17% and 59% lower than the $93.67 per Bbl and $6.36 per MMbtu used to determine reserves as of December 31, 2022, respectively.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, revisions of previous estimates increased oil reserves by 6%, primarily due to an increase in the average oil price used to estimate future net reserves. The annual average WTI Cushing spot oil price of $93.67 per Bbl used to determine reserves as of December 31, 2022, was 29% higher than the $66.56 per Bbl used to determine reserves as of December 31, 2021.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, revisions of previous estimates increased oil reserves by 25%, primarily due to an increase in the average oil price used to estimate future net reserves. The annual average WTI Cushing spot oil price of $66.56 per Bbl used to determine reserves as of December 31, 2021, was 67% higher than the $39.57 per Bbl used to determine reserves as of December 31, 2020.

Production.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, production decreased oil reserves by 382 MBoe.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, production decreased oil reserves by 179 MBoe.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, production decreased oil reserves by 172 MBoe.

Standardized Measure of Discounted Future Net Cash Flows

The following is a summary of a standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows related to the Trust’s Net Profits Interest in total proved natural gas and oil reserve quantities. Information presented is based upon valuation of proved reserves by using discounted cash flows based upon average oil and gas prices during the 12-month period prior to the fiscal year-end, determined as an unweighted arithmetic average of the first-day-of-the-month price for each month within such period, unless prices are defined by contractual arrangements, excluding escalations based upon future conditions and severance and ad valorem taxes, if any, and economic conditions, discounted at the required rate of 10%. As the Trust is not subject to taxation at the Trust level, no provision for income taxes has been made in the following disclosure. Trust prices may differ from posted NYMEX prices due to differences in product quality and property location. The impact of changes in current prices on reserves could vary significantly from year to year. Accordingly, the information presented below should not be viewed as an estimate of the fair market value of the Trust’s oil and natural gas reserves or the costs that would be incurred to acquire equivalent reserves. A market value determination would require the analysis of additional parameters.

The standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows relating to proved oil and gas reserves attributable to the Trust was as follows as of the dates indicated (in thousands):

Estimates of proved oil and natural gas reserves are by their nature imprecise. Estimates of future net revenue attributable to proved reserves are sensitive to the unpredictable prices of oil and natural gas and other variables. Accordingly, under the allocation method used to derive the Trust’s quantity of proved reserves, changes in prices will result in changes in quantities of proved oil and natural gas reserves and estimated future net revenues.

The changes in standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows relating to proved oil and natural gas reserves attributable to the Trust for the periods indicated (in thousands):

For 2023, $2.637 per MMBtu of natural gas and $78.22 per Bbl of oil were used in determining future net revenue. These prices were based on a 12-month unweighted average of the first-day-of-the-month pricing of Henry Hub natural gas and WTI oil.

For 2022, $6.358 per MMBtu of natural gas and $93.67 per Bbl of oil were used in determining future net revenue. These prices were based on a 12-month unweighted average of the first-day-of-the-month pricing of Henry Hub natural gas and WTI oil.

For 2021, $3.598 per MMBtu of natural gas and $66.56 per Bbl of oil were used in determining future net revenue. These prices were based on a 12-month unweighted average of the first-day-of-the-month pricing of Henry Hub natural gas and WTI oil.

12.       Quarterly Schedule of Distributable Income (Unaudited)

The following is a summary of the unaudited quarterly schedule of distributable income for the year ended December 31, 2023:

13.       Subsequent Events

Distributions

On January 19, 2024, the Trust declared a cash distribution of $0.034555 per Trust unit to unitholders of record as of January 31, 2024. The distribution was paid on February 14, 2024.

On February 16, 2024, the Trust declared a cash distribution of $0.034740 per Trust unit to unitholders of record as of February 29, 2024. The distribution was paid on March 14, 2024.

On March 18, 2024, the Trust declared a cash distribution of $0.022971 per Trust unit to unitholders of record as of March 28, 2024. The distribution will be paid on or about April 12, 2024.

None.

Disclosure Controls and Procedures. The Trustee conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the Trust’s disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(a) and 15d-15(a) as of the end of the period covered by this annual report. Based on this evaluation, the Trustee has concluded that the disclosure controls and procedures of the Trust are effective as of December 31, 2023, that the information required to be disclosed by the Trust in its reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC, and such information is accumulated and communicated, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In its evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures, the Trustee has relied, to the extent considered reasonable, on information provided by Boaz Energy.

Due to the nature of the Trust as a passive entity and in light of the contractual arrangements pursuant to which the Trust was created, including the provisions of the Trust Agreement and the Conveyance of Net Profits Interest, the Trustee’s disclosure controls and procedures related to the Trust necessarily rely on (A) information provided by Boaz Energy, including information relating to results of operations, the costs and revenues attributable to the Trust’s interests under the Conveyance and other operating and historical data, plans for future operating and capital expenditures, reserve information, information relating to projected production, and other information relating to the status and results of operations of the Underlying Properties, and (B) conclusions and reports regarding reserves by the Trust’s independent reserve engineers.

Trustee’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. The information required to be furnished pursuant to this item is set forth below.

The Trustee is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) promulgated under the Exchange Act. The Trustee conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the Trust’s internal control over financial reporting based on the criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on the Trustee’s evaluation under the framework in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013), the Trustee concluded that the Trust’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2023.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting. There were no changes in the Trust’s internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2023, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Trust’s internal control over financial reporting. The Trustee notes for purposes of clarification that it has no authority over, has not evaluated and makes no statement concerning, the internal control over financial reporting of Boaz Energy.

Not applicable.

PART III

The Trust has no directors or executive officers. The Trustee is a corporate trustee that may only be removed and replaced by the holders of a majority of the Trust units present in person or by proxy at a meeting of such holders where a quorum is present, including Trust units held by Boaz Energy, called by either the Trustee or the holders of not less than 10% of the then outstanding Trust units.

Audit Committee and Nominating Committee

Because the Trust does not have a board of directors, it does not have an audit committee, an audit committee financial expert or a nominating committee.

Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance

Section 16(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, requires the Trust’s directors, officers or beneficial owners of more than ten percent of a registered class of the Trust’s equity securities to file reports of ownership and changes in ownership with the SEC and to furnish the Trust with copies of all such reports.

The Trust has no directors or officers and based solely on its review of the reports received by it, the Trust believes that during 2023, no person who was a beneficial owner of more than ten percent the Trust’s Units failed to file on a timely basis any report required by Section 16(a).

Code of Ethics

Because the Trust has no employees, it does not have its own code of ethics. Employees of the Trustee, Argent Trust Company, must comply Argent Trust Company’s standards of conduct, a copy of which will be provided to unitholders without charge, upon request made to Argent Trust Company, Trustee, 3838 Oak Lawn Ave, Suite 1720, Dallas, Texas 75219, Attention: Jana Egeler.

The Trust does not have any executive officers, directors or employees. The Trust does not have a board of directors, and it does not have a compensation committee. Pursuant to the Trust Agreement, the Trust pays an annual administrative fee to the Trustee of $180,000 per year subject to escalation, as described in Note 6. Administrative fees paid to the Trustee in 2023 were $202,342.

(a)       Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans.

None.

(b)       Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners.

The following table sets forth certain information regarding the beneficial ownership of the Trust units as of March 25, 2024, by each person who, to the Trustee’s knowledge, beneficially owns more than 5% of the outstanding Trust units.

 Pursuant to the Schedule 13D (Amendment No. 8) dated December 1, 2023, as filed with the SEC on December 6, 2023, Boaz Energy reported that it was the sole record and beneficial owner of 4,913,761 Trust units, representing 40.4% of the outstanding Trust units, and had sole voting and dispositive power over those Trust units. Each of Marshall Eves and Karan Eves reported that each of them directly own 4,400 Trust units and that, by virtue of them being married to each other, each of them may be deemed to indirectly beneficially own the Trust units directly held by the other. In addition, each of Marshall Eves and Karan Eves reported that each of them own 38.9% of the limited liability company interests in Boaz Energy. Marshall Eves is the President and Chief Executive Officer of Boaz Energy, and Karan Eves is the Chief Operating Officer of Boaz Energy. Each of Marshall Eves and Karan Eves may be deemed to indirectly beneficially own the Trust units held by Boaz Energy, representing 40.2% of the outstanding trust Units as of March 25, 2024, and may also be deemed to share voting and dispositive power over those Trust units.

(c)       Security Ownership of Trustee.

As of March 25, 2024, Argent Trust Company has no beneficial ownership of or power to vote any of the outstanding Trust units.

(d)       Changes in Control.

Boaz Energy informed the Trustee that the Trust units owned by Boaz Energy have been pledged as security for a loan agreement. In the event that Boaz Energy defaults on the loan, it is the Trustee’s understanding that the lender could become the owner of those Trust units, which could constitute a change of control of the Trust. Boaz Energy has informed the Trustee that the lender is First Capital Bank.

Trustee Administrative Fee. In 2023, the Trust paid the Trustee $202,342 in administrative fees. In 2024, the Trustee fee will be approximately $205,031. Under the terms of the Trust Agreement, the Trust pays an annual administrative fee of $180,000 to the Trustee, subject to annual escalation as described in Note 6, as well as an annual fee of $4,000 paid to the Delaware Trustee.

Registration Rights Agreement. The Trust and Boaz Energy are parties to a Registration Rights Agreement whereby Boaz Energy, its affiliates and certain permitted transferees holding registrable Trust units are entitled, upon receipt by the Trustee of written notice from holders of a majority of the then outstanding registrable Trust units, to demand that the Trust effect the registration of the registrable Trust units. The holders of the registrable Trust units are entitled to demand a maximum of five such registrations. In connection with the preparation and filing of any registration statement, Boaz Energy will bear all costs and expenses incidental to any registration statement, excluding certain internal expenses of the Trust, which will be borne by the Trust. Any underwriting discounts and commissions will be borne by the seller of the Trust units. The foregoing description of the Registration Rights Agreement is qualified in its entirety by the terms of the Registration Rights Agreement, a copy of which is incorporated by reference as an exhibit to this Form 10-K.

Director Independence

The Trust does not have a board of directors. Further, the Trust relies on an exemption from the director independence requirements of the New York Stock Exchange set forth in Rule 10A-3(c)(7) under the Exchange Act, applicable to listed issuers organized as trusts that do not have a board of directors.

The Trust does not have an audit committee. Any pre-approval and approval of all services performed by the principal auditor or any other professional service firms and related fees are granted by the Trustee.

The following table presents fees for professional audit services rendered by Weaver and Tidwell, L.L.P. for the audit of the Trust’s financial statements for 2023, 2022, and 2021 and fees billed for other services rendered by Weaver and Tidwell, L.L.P.

_______________

As referenced in Item 10 above, the Trust has no audit committee, and as a result, has no audit committee pre-approval policy with respect to fees paid to Weaver and Tidwell, L.L.P.

PART IV

The following documents are filed as a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K:

(1)       Financial Statements

Included in Part II. Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K:

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Statements of Assets, Liabilities and Trust Corpus

Statements of Distributable Income

Statements of Changes in Trust Corpus

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(2)       Financial Statement Schedules

Financial statement schedules are omitted because of the absence of conditions under which they are required or because the required information is given in the financial statements or notes thereto.

(3)       Exhibits

The exhibits below are filed or furnished herewith or incorporated herein by reference.

_______________

Not Applicable

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

PERMROCK ROYALTY TRUST

By: Argent Trust Company, as Trustee

The registrant, PermRock Royalty Trust, has no principal executive officer, principal financial officer, board of directors or persons performing similar functions. Accordingly, no additional signatures are available, and none have been provided. In signing the report above, the Trustee does not imply that it has performed any such function or that any such function exists pursuant to the terms of the Trust Agreement under which it serves.