10-K 1 rkt-20231231.htm 10-K rkt-20231231
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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
(Mark One)
☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023
or
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from _______________ to _______________

Commission file number: 001-39432

Rocket Companies, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware84-4946470
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
1050 Woodward Avenue, Detroit, MI
48226
(Address of principal executive offices)(Zip Code)

(313) 373-7990
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each classTrading Symbol(s)Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A common stock, par value $0.00001 per shareRKTNew York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer☒Accelerated filer☐
Non-accelerated filer☐Smaller reporting company☐
Emerging growth company☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of June 30, 2023 the aggregate market value of the registrant's voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant was $1,137,880,370. Computed by the closing price of common equity as of the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second quarter.

As of February 20, 2024, 136,759,932 shares of the registrant's Class A common stock, $0.00001 par value, and 1,848,879,483 shares of the registrant's Class D common stock, $0.00001 par value, were outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement for use in connection with its 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which is to be filed no later than 120 days after December 31, 2023, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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Rocket Companies, Inc.
Form 10-K
For the period ended December 31, 2023

Table of Contents
10

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Part I

Item 1. Business

Overview

We are a Detroit‑based fintech company including mortgage, real estate and personal finance business. We are committed to delivering industry-best client experiences through our AI-fueled homeownership strategy. Our full suite of products empowers our clients across financial wellness, personal loans, home search, mortgage finance, title and closing. We believe our widely recognized “Rocket” brand is synonymous with simple, fast, and trusted digital experiences.

Since our inception in 1985, we have consistently demonstrated our ability to launch new consumer experiences, scale and automate operations, and extend our proprietary technologies to partners. Our flagship business, Rocket Mortgage, is an industry leader, having provided over $1.7 trillion in home loans since inception.

Dan Gilbert, our founder and Chairman, purposefully created a strong cultural foundation of core principles, or “ISMs”, as an operating system to guide decision‑making by all our team members. At the heart of the ISMs is a simple, yet powerful, concept: “Love our team members. Love our clients.”

We believe artificial intelligence ("AI") is evolving rapidly and approaching a critical inflection point, where knowledge engineering, machine learning, automation, and personalization will be at the center of how clients buy, sell and finance homes. Rocket is uniquely positioned for the next wave of transformation with generative AI given our vast data assets and technology foundation.

In June 2023, we published our second ESG (environmental, social, governance) report which outlines our ESG impact on all our stakeholders. We take pride in investing in our communities and team members through our For-More-Than-Profit approach.

Rocket Portfolio of Companies

Rocket Companies is a series of connected mortgage, real estate and financial services businesses centered on enabling AI-fueled homeownership.

•Rocket Mortgage. The nation’s largest retail mortgage lender, providing what we believe is the simplest and most convenient way to get a mortgage. Our digital process utilizes automated data retrieval and advanced underwriting technology to deliver fast, tailored solutions to our clients. Our clients leverage the Rocket Mortgage app and website to apply for mortgages, interact with our team members, upload documents, e-sign documents, receive statements, and complete monthly payments.

Rocket Mortgage is both a mortgage originator and a mortgage servicer. Since 2010, Rocket Mortgage has won 21 J.D. Power Awards in total across mortgage origination and mortgage servicing. Our net promoter score was 74 for full year 2023, placing us among companies recognized for best-in-class service.

Our mortgage origination business includes our Direct-To-Consumer (DTC) segment and our Partner Network segment. In the DTC channel, our clients have the ability to interact with Rocket Mortgage online and/or with our mortgage bankers. Our DTC channel markets to potential clients through various brand campaigns and performance marketing channels. Within the Partner Network segment we operate across two channels, Wholesale and Premier Enterprise Partner. In our Wholesale channel, we have partnerships with mortgage brokers through Rocket Pro TPO (third party origination) and offer Rocket Mortgage marketing and technology resources to help our broker partners thrive. In our Premier Enterprise Partner channel, we partner with financial institutions and well-known consumer-focused companies to offer their clients mortgage solutions with our trusted, well-recognized brand.

On December 31 2023, the net client retention rate of our servicing portfolio was 97% on an annual basis. There is a strong correlation between this metric and client lifetime value, and we believe these levels are far superior to others in the mortgage industry and rival subscription-based models across industries such as
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cable and wireless service companies. Servicing the loans that we originate provides us with an opportunity to build long‑term relationships and continually deliver a seamless experience to our clients. We employ our same client‑centric philosophy and technology cultivated through our origination business towards the servicing of loans to deliver a digital client experience in servicing, specifically designed around the needs and expectations of our clients. Through Rocket Mortgage, clients can view their loan information and activity, obtain insight into their home value and equity, and obtain personalized videos that simplify complex topics such as escrow changes utilizing the clients’ actual loan information and figures. This differentiated servicing experience focuses on client service with positive, regular touchpoints and a better understanding of our clients’ future needs.

•Rocket Homes. Our proprietary home search platform and real estate agent referral network, Rocket Homes provides technology-enabled services to support the home buying and selling experience. The company allows consumers to search for homes, connect with a real estate professional and obtain mortgage approval – through sister company Rocket Mortgage – creating a seamless, fully integrated home buying and selling experience. Rocket Homes also empowers clients to buy or sell properties directly through a streamlined process to create high-impact listings and offers one-on-one support from home selling specialists.

•Rocket Money. Our personal finance app that helps clients manage their financial lives. Rocket Money offers clients a suite of financial wellness services including subscription cancellation, budget management and credit score improvement that save them time and money.

•Rocket Loans. Our personal loan business that offers a simple, fast and intuitive user experience by leveraging a single, automated technology platform, with particular focus on high quality, prime borrowers. Rocket Loans offers personal loans and financing for solar panel purchases.

•Amrock. Our leading provider of title insurance services, property valuation and settlement services, leveraging proprietary technology that integrates seamlessly into the Rocket platform and processes. This provides a digital, seamless experience for our clients with speed and efficiency from their first interaction with Rocket Mortgage through closing.

•Lendesk. Our Canadian software company specializing in a point-of-sale system for mortgage professionals and a loan origination system for private lenders.

•Rocket Mortgage Canada. Our Windsor, Canada based digital mortgage broker that serves the needs of consumers across Canada by leveraging technology to simplify the mortgage experience.

•Core Digital Media. Our online marketing platform, a customer acquisition leader in the mortgage and personal financial product sectors. Core Digital Media enables growth for our broader platform by offering marketing insights and lead generation technology.

Rocket Data and Technology

We aim to continuously improve on delivering speed, certainty and value to our clients through scalable, technology-driven solutions. We believe artificial intelligence will be at the center of how clients buy, sell and finance homes. We have strategically invested in technology for nearly four decades and developed our technology in modules to facilitate agile enhancements. This enables us to effectively scale during market expansion, efficiently onboard partners, and grow into new client segments and channels, with less time and investment than our competitors. This process partitioning has allowed us to identify many areas that could be automated. Our system has been designed to integrate across business functions, continuously monitoring in‑progress transactions and leveraging our proprietary, data‑driven, decision engine to recommend the most efficient task for each team member.

We have data and scale that uniquely positions Rocket to lead the next wave of industry transformation with generative AI. We have 10 petabytes of data in our environments, and thousands of attributes to establish accurate client profiles. We generate over 50 million call logs annually, which help us develop technology and processes to continuously improve upon our client experience. In a single year, we used AI to generate approximately 3.7 billion customer interactions and
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assessments. We believe AI will transform our business, and in turn, the client experience and the industry, from lead generation and allocation to underwriting, closing, and servicing.

Marketing

We believe our national Rocket brand is a competitive advantage that is difficult to replicate. In our industry, we believe we are the only company of scale with significant digital‑first brand recognition. Our in‑house marketing agency has a long history of creating bold and visible events and campaigns and reaching potential clients through highly targeted marketing strategies. Our scale and data analytics provide distinct advantages in the efficiency of our marketing initiatives. We utilize data gathered from inquiries, applications and ongoing client relationships to optimize digital performance marketing, deliver a unified experience across the Rocket platform and maximize the lifetime value of our clients.

Competition

We compete against a variety of companies offering financial solutions, including large financial institutions, independent mortgage banks, and fintech companies. Competition across our businesses supporting complex personal transactions such as mortgages is intense and can take many forms, including:

•Marketing, client acquisition and distribution channels

•Speed and certainty of obtaining loans

•Client service levels

•Client retention levels

•Reputation and brand recognition

•Variety of loan programs and services being made available

•Interest rates and fees charged for loans, loan terms and amounts

•Access to capital and liquidity

Business Model

We operate a scalable business model underpinned by constant innovation and our competitive strengths, which include our digital-first brand, technology, data insights, client-first culture and partnerships.

We originate mortgage loans that are sold either to government backed entities or to investors in the secondary mortgage market. Since our counterparties are primarily the government-sponsored enterprise (“GSEs”) as well as other diversified sets of investors, we do not need to hold significant capital to grow our origination business.

Mortgage Origination Fees and Profitability

Our mortgage origination business primarily generates revenue and cash flow from the gain on sale of loans, net. The gain on sale of loans, net includes all components related to the origination and sale of mortgage loans, including:

•Net gain on sale of loans, which represents the premium received in excess of the loan principal amount and certain fees charged by investors upon sale of loans into the secondary market;

•Loan origination fees (credits), points and certain costs;

•Provision for or benefit from investor reserves;

•The change in fair value of interest rate lock commitments (“IRLCs”) and loans held for sale;

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•The gain or loss on forward commitments hedging loans held for sale and IRLCs; and

•The fair value of originated mortgage servicing rights (“MSRs”).

Mortgage Servicing Fees

We also generate significant income from servicing our clients’ loans. For every mortgage that we service, we receive contractual recurring cash flows for the life of the loan. Cash flows are directly correlated to the balances of outstanding mortgages and can fluctuate based on the volume of loans added or that are paid off in any given period. Additionally, we earn ancillary revenue such as late fees and modification incentives on the loans we service. Subservicing revenue is primarily based on contractual per loan fees.

Title, Services and Other Fee Income

Other income includes revenues from services provided to clients or partners across our platform. Amrock generates revenue as a leading provider of title insurance services, property valuations and settlement services. This business complements our mortgage origination platform with digital appraisal and closing services integrated throughout our Rocket Mortgage technology and processes. Rocket Money earns monthly subscription revenue from premium members, as well as other service-based fees from users. Rocket Homes earns fees from real estate agent referrals, while at the same time matching Rocket Mortgage clients with highly rated agents and improving the certainty of closing. Rocket Loans allows clients to apply for personal loans online and receive same day funding through a proprietary technology stack. Rocket Loans generates fees in a similar fashion to our mortgage business, receiving an origination fee, an investor fee from the end buyer, and an ongoing servicing fee for the work the company performs. Core Digital Media receives fees from the generation and sale of client leads in the mortgage and other industries in additional to promoting growth for our broader ecosystem by offering unique insight into the lead generation market.

Government Regulations

We operate in heavily regulated industries that are highly focused on consumer protection. This extensive regulatory framework we are subject to includes U.S. federal, state and local laws. Governmental authorities and various U.S. federal and state agencies have broad oversight, supervision, and enforcement authority over our business. Because we are not a depository institution, we must comply with state licensing requirements to conduct our business. We incur significant ongoing costs to comply with licensing and other legal requirements under the Secure and Fair Enforcement for Mortgage Licensing Act of 2008 (“the SAFE Act”) and the Dodd‑Frank Act, among others. To conduct our residential mortgage origination operations in the United States, we are licensed in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. As required by state law, we have additional licenses to enable us to act as a mortgage loan servicer in all 50 states and the District of Columbia and other applicable state licenses to enable us to act as a mortgage broker, real estate brokerage, conduct lead generation activities, and operate our personal loan platform that facilitates loans. The licensing process includes the submission of an application to the relevant state agency, a character and fitness review of key individuals and an administrative review of our business operations. We are also supervised by regulatory agencies under U.S. state laws. In addition, the GSEs and the Federal Housing Finance Agency (“FHFA”), Ginnie Mae, Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”), U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (“HUD”), Federal Housing Administration (“FHA”), various investors, non‑agency securitization trustees and others subject us to periodic reviews and audits. This broad and extensive supervisory and enforcement oversight will continue to occur in the future. As a highly regulated business, the regulatory and legal requirements we face can change and may even become more restrictive. In turn, this could make our compliance responsibilities more complex. We are also subject to judicial and administrative decisions that impose requirements and restrictions on our business. Numerous U.S. federal and state regulatory consumer protection laws impact our business.

We are also subject to a variety of regulatory and contractual obligations imposed by credit owners, insurers and guarantors of the loans we originate or facilitate and/or service. This includes, but is not limited to, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Ginnie Mae, FHFA, the Department of Veterans Affairs (“VA”), and the FHA/HUD. The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”), established under the Dodd-Frank Act, directly and significantly influences the regulation of residential mortgage loan originations and servicing. The CFPB has rulemaking authority with respect to many of the federal consumer protection laws applicable to mortgage lenders and servicers, including Truth in Lending Act (“TILA”), Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (“RESPA”), Equal Credit Opportunity Act (“ECOA”), Fair Credit Reporting Act (“FCRA”), and the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act. The CFPB has been active in supervision and enforcement, and continues to amend rules and regulations within its purview. Furthermore, our expansion of operations into Canada has made us subject to Canadian laws,
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regulations and rules which have additional and distinct oversight, supervision, and enforcement requirements. We must also adhere to applicable laws and regulations promulgated by the various provinces and territories of Canada where we conduct business. We continue to work diligently to assess and understand the implications of the regulatory environment in which we operate and the regulatory changes that we are facing. We devote substantial resources to regulatory compliance, including operational and system costs, while at the same time striving to meet the needs and expectations of our clients.

Intellectual Property

We use a combination of proprietary and third‑party intellectual property, all of which we believe maintain and enhance our competitive position and protect our products. Such intellectual property includes owned or licensed patents, patent applications, trademarks, and trademark applications. We enter into confidentiality, intellectual property invention assignment and/or non‑competition and non‑solicitation agreements or restrictions with our employees, independent contractors and business partners, and we strictly control access to and distribution of our intellectual property.

We have registered or are in the process of registering several trademarks related to our name, “Rocket”, the names of our affiliated companies, and our “Rocket O” logo. We believe our name and logo are important brand identifiers for our shareholders and clients.

Cyclicality and Seasonality

The demand for financial transactions is affected by consumer demand for home loans and the market for buying, selling, financing and/or refinancing residential real estate, which in turn, is affected by the national economy, regional trends, property valuations, interest rates, and socio‑economic trends and by state and federal regulations and programs which may encourage/accelerate or discourage/slow‑down certain real estate trends.

Human Capital

Rocket Companies invests for the long term and places tremendous value in supporting our team members, clients and hometowns. Our ISMs are our DNA, compass and foundation. Our team members put the ISMs into action every day. The result is an empowered and passionate team aligned in a common mission.

As of December 31, 2023, we had approximately 14,700 team members all of whom are based in the United States and Canada.

As part of our talent strategy, we provide tools and resources to our team members that enable them to reach their full potential, build their own career paths, enhance their well-being and support their financial goals. Our team members have access to training and mentorship opportunities, specialized leadership programs and a variety of educational programs. These programs include ROCK Academy, our tuition assistance program, as well as our internal mobility program, THRIVE. We offer competitive, best in class benefit and wellness offerings that start on day one for all team members. Some of these offerings include a 100% company paid benefit plan, comprehensive mental health support services, and an onsite health care clinic dedicated to improving team members’ health.

In 2022, the Company introduced LinkedIn Learning, an award-wining industry leader in online training with over 8,000 available courses covering a wide range of technical, business, software and creative topics. The Rock Academy provides team members the opportunity to access over 500 online academic programs and certificates from accredited colleges and universities that fit the schedule of working adults with 100% tuition assistance for select programs and up to $5,250 for others. The program provides equitable access to post-secondary education for all eligible team members. Women comprise 65% of enrolled team members in the program and 44% of the team members enrolled are racially/ethnically diverse. As a result, 87% of team members indicated they have access to the learning and development needed to do their job well.

The Company strongly encourages collaboration, connection, and inclusion through participation in our Team Member Resource Networks (“TMRN”). Our TMRNs are a community of team members cultivating a culture of belonging, engagement, and business impact in support of Rocket’s mission, strategic objectives, and goals. Total membership in 2023 exceeded 4,500 team members across our 11 networks. Team Members participated in impactful learning through TMRN programming including technology and coding workshops and finance and home ownership planning featuring our Chief Financial Officer. To understand and improve team member retention and engagement, the Company surveys team members with the assistance of third-party consultants. In 2023, 86% of our team members completed these engagement surveys.
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Based on these results, we are building a culture of inclusion where 87% of our team members feel they can be their authentic self at work and 81% feel a sense of belonging at the Company.

We also actively provide and promote opportunities for our team members to share their voice and engage with our community. Based on engagement survey results, approximately 90% of our team members support the various ways the Company contributes to the community. In 2022, 65% of our team members participated in community volunteering or giving events. Also in 2023, Rocket Companies achieved the milestone of one million hours of volunteering in our communities. We are committed to fostering a diverse and inclusive workplace and we proactively recruit for and hire diverse talent across a wide range of candidates to achieve the highest performing teams. Our Diversity, Equity and Inclusion team is committed to fostering an inclusive environment built on open doors, open minds and an open culture rooted in trust. As a reflection of our commitment to prioritize our team members, Rocket Companies ranked #11 on Fortune Magazine’s list of 100 Best Companies to Work For in 2023 and has ranked in the top-30 companies on the list for 20 consecutive years. Rocket Companies also ranked #2 on People Magazine’s 100 Companies That Care and #2 on Fortune’s list of the Best Workplaces in Financial Services & Insurance in 2023.

During 2023, the Company offered a voluntary career transition program to certain eligible team members. The career transition program included a compensation package, healthcare coverage, career transition services, and accelerated vesting of certain equity awards, if applicable.

Available Information

Our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act are made available free of charge on or through our website at rocketcompanies.com as soon as reasonably practicable after such reports are filed with, or furnished to, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). The information on our website is not, and shall not be deemed to be, part of this report or incorporated into any other filings we make with the SEC. The reports and the other documents we file with the SEC are available on the SEC’s website at sec.gov.

From time to time, we may use our website as a channel of distribution of material information. Financial and other material information regarding the Company is routinely posted on and accessible at rocketcompanies.com. Our ESG report, can be accessed at ir.rocketcompanies.com. The information in our ESG report is not, and shall not be deemed to be, part of this report or incorporated into any other filings we make to the SEC.

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Item 1A. Risk Factors

Risk Factors Summary

Our business is subject to a number of risks, including risks that may prevent us from achieving our business objectives or may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and prospects. Risks that we deem material are described under “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of this report. These risks include, but are not limited to, the following:

•The success and growth of our business, results of operations, and financial condition will depend upon our ability to adapt to and implement technological changes to meet our business needs and the changing demands of the market and our clients.

•Cyberattacks, security breaches, or a failure to comply with information security laws or regulations could result in serious harm to our reputation and adversely affect our business.

•We are, and intend to continue, developing new products and services, and our failure to accurately predict their demand or growth could have an adverse effect on our business.

•We are required to make servicing advances that can be subject to delays in recovery or may not be recoverable in certain circumstances.

•We may be required to repurchase or substitute mortgage loans or mortgage servicing rights (“MSRs”) that we have sold, or indemnify purchasers of our mortgage loans or MSRs.

•We rely upon the accuracy and completeness of information about borrowers and any misrepresented information or fraud could result in significant financial losses and harm to our reputation.

•Loss of our key leadership could result in a material adverse effect on our business.

•Failure of vendors to perform to contractual agreements embedded in our products and services and our failure to effectively oversee vendor operations could adversely affect our business.

•Rocket Loans, as a rapidly growing business, faces a range of interconnected risks and challenges that could have a material adverse effect on its operations.

•Our Rocket Homes business is subject to challenges not faced by traditional real estate brokerages.

•We may be unable to make acquisitions and investments, successfully integrate acquired companies into our business, or our acquisitions and investments may not meet our expectations, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

•Negative public opinion could damage our brand and reputation, which could adversely affect our business and earnings.

•Our risk management efforts may not be effective at mitigating potential losses resulting in increased costs or business disruption.

•We face intense competition that could adversely affect us.

•Our business is significantly impacted by interest rates. Changes in prevailing interest rates or U.S. monetary policies that affect interest rates have and may continue to have a detrimental effect on our business.

•A disruption in the secondary home loan market, including the mortgage-backed security (“MBS”) market, could have a detrimental effect on our business.

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•We are subject to various legal actions that if decided adversely, or if viewed unfavorably by the public, could be detrimental to our business.

•If we cannot maintain our corporate culture, we could lose the innovation, collaboration and focus on the mission that contribute to our business.

•Our certificate of incorporation contains a provision renouncing our interest and expectancy in certain corporate opportunities.

•We are controlled by RHI, an entity controlled by Dan Gilbert, whose interests may conflict with our interests and the interests of other stockholders. Further, because we are a “controlled company” within the meaning of the New York Stock Exchange rules, we qualify for and intend to rely on exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements.

Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial also may impair our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Risk Factors

In addition to risks and uncertainties in the ordinary course of business that are common to all businesses, important factors that are specific to our industry and the Company could have a material and adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. You should carefully consider the risks described below and in our subsequent periodic filings with the SEC. The following risk factors should be read in conjunction with “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and the consolidated financial statements and related notes in this Annual Report.

Risks Relating to Technology and Cybersecurity

The success and growth of our business, results of operations, and financial condition will depend upon our ability to adapt to and implement technological changes to meet our business needs and the changing demands of the market and our clients.

The markets for our services are characterized by constant technological changes, with frequent introductions of new technology-driven products and services. We rely on our proprietary technology to make our technology available to clients, evaluate loan applicants and service loans. In addition, we may increasingly rely on technological innovations, including artificial intelligence (“AI”) and other technology or third-party software as we introduce new products, expand our current products into new markets and continue to streamline various loan-related and lending processes. If we are unable to keep pace with technological change affecting the markets for our services or if we are unable to successfully innovate, integrate and adopt new technologies to continue to deliver a superior client experience, the demand for our products and services may decrease, we may be unable to attract clients and our growth and results of operations may be harmed.

The origination and servicing processes are increasingly dependent on technology, and our business relies on our continued ability to process loan applications over the internet, accept electronic signatures, provide instant process status updates, process payments, provide electronic statements, and other client and loan applicant-expected conveniences. Maintaining and improving this technology will require significant capital expenditures and skilled personnel.

To the extent we are dependent on any particular technology or technological solution (whether developed internally or by a third-party vendor), we may be harmed if such technology or technological solution becomes non-compliant with existing industry standards, fails to meet or exceed the capabilities of our competitors’ equivalent technologies or technological solutions, becomes increasingly expensive to service, retain and update, becomes subject to third-party claims of intellectual property infringement, misappropriation or other violation, or malfunctions or functions in a way we did not anticipate that results in loan defects potentially requiring repurchase and/or indemnification.




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Cyberattacks, security breaches or a failure to comply with information security laws or regulations could result in serious harm to our reputation and adversely affect our business.

We are dependent on internal and external information technology networks and systems to securely collect, process, transmit and store electronic information. In the ordinary course of our business, we receive, process, retain and transmit proprietary information and sensitive or confidential data, including public and non-public personal information of our clients, loan applicants, and team members (collectively defined as “Rocket Information”). Despite devoting significant time and resources to ensure the integrity of our information technology systems, we may not be able to anticipate, detect or implement effective preventive measures against all cyberattacks, security breaches or unauthorized access of our information technology systems that support our business. The technology and other controls and processes designed to secure Rocket Information and to prevent, detect and remedy any unauthorized access to that information were designed to obtain reasonable, but not absolute, assurance that such information is secure and that any unauthorized access is identified and addressed appropriately. Such controls have not always detected, and may in the future fail to prevent or detect, unauthorized access to Rocket Information.

Cybersecurity risks for lenders have significantly increased both in severity and volume in recent years and the techniques used to obtain unauthorized, improper, or illegal access to systems, third-party vendors, our clients’, loan applicants’ and team members’ data or to disable, degrade, or sabotage service are constantly evolving, and have become increasingly complex and sophisticated and therefore more challenging to prevent and/or detect. Security attacks can originate from a wide variety of sources, including third parties such as computer hackers, hacktivists, nation state-backed hackers or persons involved with organized crime or associated with external service providers. Those parties may also attempt to fraudulently induce clients, loan applicants, team members’ or other users of our systems to disclose sensitive information to gain access to our systems or data. Any successful cyber-attack or unauthorized use of Rocket Information could result in harm to our business or operations including increased costs to remedy and/or litigation, disputes, damages or other liabilities from impacted parties.

Additionally, cyberattacks on local and state government databases and offices, including the rising trend of ransomware attacks, expose us to the risk of losing access to critical data and the ability to provide services to our clients, including but not limited, to issuing title insurance policies and closing on properties located in the affected counties or states.

As a provider of financial products we are bound by numerous privacy and cybersecurity-related laws and requirements. These laws continue to be refined in response to increasing cybersecurity-related risks and new requirements. For example, the Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”) has promulgated a revised Safeguards Rule, the New York Department of Financial Services recently promulgated updated cybersecurity regulations, and the SEC recently adopted disclosure requirements designed to enhance and standardize public company disclosures regarding cybersecurity risk management and incident reporting. If we are unable to properly safeguard data or meet new or evolving applicable regulatory requirements, we could be subjected to substantial legal fees, additional disclosure requirements, judgments, fines and negative impacts on our brand.

Cyberattacks and/or breaches could result in violations of applicable privacy and other laws. If this information is inappropriately accessed and used by a third party or a team member for illegal purposes, the affected individuals may attempt to hold us responsible for any losses they may have incurred as a result of misappropriation. In such an instance, we may also be subject to regulatory action, investigation or liable to a governmental authority for fines or penalties associated with a lapse in the integrity and security of Rocket Information. We may be required to expend significant capital and other resources to protect against and remedy any potential or existing security breaches and their consequences. In addition, our remediation efforts may not be successful, and we may not have adequate insurance to cover these losses. While the Company has experienced non-material cyber incidents involving third party vendors, the Company’s continued use of third parties in its business yields the potential for cybersecurity incidents that may harm business operations.

Security breaches could also significantly damage our reputation with existing and prospective clients and third parties with whom we do business. Any publicized security problems affecting our businesses and/or those of such third parties may negatively impact the market perception of our products and discourage clients from doing business with us.




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Technology disruptions or failures, including a failure in our operational or security systems or infrastructure, or those of third parties with whom we do business, could disrupt our business, cause legal or reputational harm, and adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition.

Many of our services are dependent on the secure, efficient, and uninterrupted operation of our technology infrastructure, including computer systems, related software applications and data centers, as well as those of certain third parties and affiliates. Our websites and computer/telecommunication networks must accommodate a high volume of traffic and deliver frequently updated, accurate and timely information. We have experienced, and may in the future experience, service disruptions and failures caused by system or software failure, fire, power loss, telecommunications failures, human error or misconduct, external attacks (e.g., computer hackers, hacktivists, nation state-backed hackers), denial of service or information, malicious or destructive code (e.g., ransomware, computer viruses and disabling devices), as well as natural disasters, health pandemics, strikes, and other similar events, and our contingency planning may not be sufficient for all situations. The implementation of technology changes and upgrades to maintain current and integrate new technology systems may also cause service interruptions. Any such disruptions could materially interrupt or delay our ability to provide services to our clients and loan applicants and could also impair the ability of third parties to provide critical services to us.

If our operations are disrupted or otherwise negatively affected by a technology disruption or failure, this could result in material adverse impacts on our business. Our business interruption insurance may not be sufficient to compensate us for all losses that may result from interruptions in our service as a result of systems disruptions, failures, and similar events.

We are reliant on internet search engines and app marketplaces to connect with consumers, and limitations on our ability to obtain new clients through those channels could adversely affect our business.

We rely on our ability to attract online consumers to our websites and mobile applications to then convert them into loan applicants and clients in a cost-effective manner. We depend, in part, on search engines and other online sources for our website traffic. We are included in search engine result pages as a result of both paid search listings, where we purchase specific search terms that will result in the inclusion of our listing, and unpaid or algorithmic searches, which depend upon the searchable content on our sites. We devote significant time and resources to digital marketing initiatives, such as search engine optimization, to improve our search result rankings and increase visits to our websites and apps. These marketing efforts may prove unsuccessful due to a variety of factors, including increased costs to use online advertising platforms, ineffective campaigns, and increased competition. Certain factors not within our control, such as a change to the search engine ranking algorithm or an increased prominence of generative AI on the search engine result page, could negatively impact the prominence of our website.

Our internet marketing efforts depend on data signals from user activity on websites and services that we do not control, and changes to the regulatory environment around consumer and data privacy (including the California Consumer Privacy Act and its implementing regulations), third-party mobile operating systems and browsers have impacted, and will continue to impact, the availability of such signals, which may adversely affect our digital marketing efforts. In particular, mobile operating system and browser providers have announced product changes as well as future plans to limit the ability of application developers to use these signals to target and measure advertising on their platforms. These developments have previously limited and are expected to further limit our ability to target our marketing efforts, and any additional loss of such signals in the future may adversely affect our targeting capabilities and our marketing efforts.

We also rely on app marketplaces to connect users with our apps. These marketplaces may change in a way that negatively affects the prominence of or ease with which users can access our apps. If one or more of the search engines, app marketplaces or other online sources were to change in a way that adversely impacted our ability to connect with consumers, our business could suffer.

Some aspects of our Rocket technology platform include open-source software, and any failure to comply with the terms of one or more of these open-source licenses could adversely affect our business.

Certain aspects of our Rocket technology platform incorporate software covered by open-source licenses, and we may continue to use such software in the future. The terms of various open-source licenses have not been interpreted by U.S. courts, and there is a risk that such licenses could be construed in a manner that limits our use of the software, inhibits certain aspects of the platform or otherwise adversely affects our business operations. We may also face claims from others claiming ownership of, or seeking to enforce the terms of, an open-source license, including by demanding release of the open-source software, derivative works or our proprietary source code that was developed using such software. These claims could also
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result in litigation, require us to purchase a costly license or require us to devote additional research and development resources to change our software, any of which could adversely affect our business.

Some open-source licenses subject licensees to certain conditions, including requiring licensees to make available source code for modifications or derivative works created based upon the type of open-source software used for no or reduced cost, or to license the products that use open source software under terms that allow reverse engineering, reverse assembly or disassembly. If portions of our proprietary software are determined to be subject to an open source license, or if the license terms for the open source software that we incorporate change, we could be required to publicly release the affected portions of our source code, re-engineer all or a portion of our platform or otherwise change our business activities, each of which could reduce or eliminate the value of our platform and products and services. In addition to risks related to license requirements, the use of open-source software can lead to greater risks than the use of third-party commercial software because open-source licensors generally make their open source software available “as-is” and do not provide indemnities, warranties or controls on the origin of the software.

Issues related to the development, proliferation and use of AI could give rise to legal and/or regulatory action, damage our reputation or otherwise materially harm our business.

We currently incorporate AI technology in certain of our products and services and in our business operations, and we believe the proliferation of AI will have a significant impact on customer preference and market dynamics in our industry. Our research and development of such technology remains ongoing, and our ability to develop effective and ethical AI technology will be critical to our financial performance and long-term success. We may be unable to develop and implement AI, both for internal operations and external support, that keeps pace with the rapid proliferation of AI systems by competitors in our industry, which may negatively impact our business and financial performance.

AI presents risks, challenges, and unintended consequences that could affect our and our customers’ adoption and use of this technology. AI algorithms and machine learning methodologies may be flawed. For example, the use of AI algorithms may raise ethical concerns and legal issues due to perceived or actual unintentional bias in the processing of loan applications. Additionally, AI technologies are complex and rapidly evolving, and we face significant competition in the market and from other companies regarding such technologies. Further, while we aim to develop and use AI responsibly and attempt to identify and mitigate ethical and legal issues presented by its use, we may be unsuccessful in identifying or resolving issues before they arise. AI-related issues, including potential government regulation of AI, deficiencies and/or failures could give rise to legal and/or regulatory action, damage our reputation or otherwise adversely affect our business.

Risks Related to Our Business and Operations

We are, and intend to continue, developing new products and services, and our failure to accurately predict their demand or growth could have an adverse effect on our business.

We are, and intend in the future to continue, investing significant resources in developing new tools, features, services, products and other offerings, including offerings of mortgage, other lending and financial products. Risks from our innovative initiatives include those associated with potential defects in the design and development of the technologies used to automate processes, misapplication of technologies, the reliance on data that may prove inadequate, and failure to meet client expectations, among others. As a result of these risks, we could experience increased claims, reputational damage, or other adverse effects, which could be material. Additionally, we can provide no assurance that we will be able to develop, commercially market and achieve acceptance of our new products and services. In addition, our investment of resources to develop new products and services may either be insufficient or result in expenses that are excessive in light of revenue actually originated from these new products and services.

The profile of potential clients using our new products and services may not be as attractive as the profile of the clients that we currently serve, which may lead to higher levels of delinquencies or defaults than we have historically experienced. Failure to accurately predict demand or growth with respect to our new products and services could have an adverse impact on our business, and there is always risk that these new products and services will be unprofitable, will increase our costs or will decrease our operating margins or take longer than anticipated to achieve target margins. Further, our development efforts with respect to these initiatives could distract management from current operations and could divert capital and other resources from our existing business. If we do not realize the expected benefits of our investments and development of new products and services, our business may be harmed.

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We may not be able to continue to grow our loan origination business or effectively manage significant increases in our loan production volume, both of which could negatively affect our reputation and business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our mortgage loan origination business consists of providing purchase money loans to homebuyers, refinancing existing loans, and originating second lien home equity loans. The origination of purchase mortgage loans is greatly influenced by traditional business clients in the home-buying process such as realtors and builders. As a result, our ability to secure relationships with such traditional business clients will influence our ability to grow our loan origination business. Historically, our originations have skewed more towards refinancing, especially relative to the overall origination market, and our market share has been, and may in the future be, adversely affected by conditions in the overall origination market, including elevated interest rates and purchase originations accounting for a majority of the mortgage market. These conditions have adversely affected our business in the past, and if these conditions continue or worsen or if we are unable to increase our share of purchase originations, our market share and results of operations could be further adversely affected. Our loan origination business also operates through third-party mortgage brokers who operate more locally and routinely work with realtors and builders, but who are not contractually obligated to do business with us. Further, our competitors also have relationships with these brokers and actively compete with us in our efforts to expand our broker networks. We may not be successful in maintaining our existing relationships or expanding our broker networks. Our production and consumer direct lending operations are subject to overall market factors that can impact our ability to grow our loan production volume. For example, increased competition from new and existing market participants, reductions in the overall level of refinancing activity, slow growth in the level of new home purchase activity, lack of affordable housing, or inadequate inventory of homes for sale can impact our ability to continue to grow our loan production volumes, and as such we have been and may in the future be forced to modify our cost structure or accept lower margins in our respective businesses in order to continue to compete and keep our volume of activity consistent with past or projected levels. If we are unable to continue to grow our loan origination business, this could adversely affect our business.

On the other hand, we may experience significant growth in our mortgage loan volume and mortgage servicing rights (MSRs). But if we do not effectively manage our growth through the deployment of resources including processes, technology and talent, the quality of our services could suffer, which could negatively affect our brand and operating results.

We are required to make servicing advances that can be subject to delays in recovery or may not be recoverable in certain circumstances.

During any period in which one of our clients is not making payments on a loan we service we are required under most of our servicing agreements to advance our own funds to meet contractual principal and interest remittance requirements, pay property taxes and insurance premiums, legal expenses and other protective advances (“payment advances”). If home values rise, we may be required to advance greater amounts of property taxes and insurance premiums. We also advance funds to maintain, repair and market real estate properties. In certain situations, we may elect to make certain payment advances knowing that we may not be reimbursed. In addition, in the event a loan serviced by us becomes delinquent, or to the extent a mortgagor under such loan is allowed to enter into a forbearance by applicable law, regulation, or investor/insurer guidelines, the repayment to us of any payment advance related to such events may be delayed until the loan is repaid or refinanced or liquidation occurs. A delay in our ability to collect a payment advance may adversely affect our liquidity, and our inability to be reimbursed for a payment advance could be detrimental to our business. Defaults might increase due to a deterioration in the macro economy and as the loans in our servicing portfolio get older, which may increase our costs of servicing and could be detrimental to our business. Further, forbearance legislation or regulation, such as part of a natural disaster response (e.g., the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act), could increase the number of loans on which we must make such payment advances.

With delinquent VA guaranteed loans, the VA guarantee may not make us whole on losses or payment advances we may have made on the loan. If the VA determines the amount of the guarantee payment will be less than the cost of acquiring the property, it may elect to pay the VA guarantee and leave the property securing the loan with us (a “VA no-bid”). If we cannot sell the property for a sufficient amount to cover amounts outstanding on the loan we will suffer a loss which may, on an aggregate basis and if the percentage of VA no-bids increases, have a detrimental impact on our business and financial condition.

In addition, for certain loans sold to Ginnie Mae, we, as the servicer, have the unilateral right to repurchase any individual loan in a Ginnie Mae securitization pool if that loan meets defined criteria, including being delinquent greater than 90 days. Upon electing to exercise this unilateral right to repurchase the delinquent loan, we effectively regain control over the loan,
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meaning that we must recognize the loan on our balance sheet and recognize a corresponding financial liability. Any significant increase in required servicing advances or delinquent loan repurchases could have a significant adverse impact on our cash flows, even if they are reimbursable, and could also have a detrimental effect on our business and financial condition.

Our counterparties may terminate our servicing rights and subservicing contracts under which we conduct servicing activities.

The majority of the mortgage loans we service are serviced on behalf of Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac (collectively defined as “GSEs”) and Ginnie Mae (together with GSEs, the “Agencies”). These entities establish the base service fee to compensate us for servicing loans as well as the assessment of fines and penalties that may be imposed upon us for failing to meet their respective servicing standards.

As is standard in the industry, under the terms of our master servicing agreements with the Agencies, they have the right to terminate us as servicer of the loans we service on their behalf at any time and also have the right to cause us to sell the MSRs to a third party. In addition, failure to comply with servicing standards could result in termination of our agreements with the Agencies with little or no notice and without any compensation. If any of Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac or Ginnie Mae were to terminate us as a servicer, or increase our costs related to such servicing by way of additional fees, fines or penalties, such changes could have a material adverse effect on the revenue we derive from servicing activity, as well as the value of the related MSRs. These agreements, and other servicing agreements under which we service mortgage loans for non-GSE loan purchasers, also require that we service in accordance with GSE servicing guidelines, contain financial covenants and permit termination if we are terminated as an approved servicer by a GSE. Under our subservicing contracts, the primary servicers for which we conduct subservicing activities have the right to terminate our subservicing rights with or without cause, with little notice and little to no compensation. If we were to have our servicing or subservicing rights terminated on a material portion of our servicing portfolio, this could adversely affect our financial results.

A failure to maintain the ratings assigned to us by a rating agency could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our mortgage origination and servicing platforms, as well as Rocket Mortgage’s outstanding unsecured senior notes and outstanding securitization transactions that are composed of our mortgage loan products, are routinely rated by national rating agencies for various purposes. These ratings are subject to change without notice. Any downgrade of our ratings could restrict our access to sources of capital on terms satisfactory to us or at all, increase the cost of any debt or equity financing, and be detrimental to our business.

Our origination and servicing businesses and operating results may be adversely impacted due to a decline in market share for our origination business, a decline in repeat clients and an inability to recapture loans from borrowers who refinance.

If our loan origination business loses market share, loan originations otherwise decrease or the loans in our servicing portfolio are repaid or refinanced at a faster pace than expected, we may not be able to maintain or grow the size of our servicing portfolio, as our servicing portfolio is subject to “run-off” (i.e., mortgage loans serviced by us may be repaid at maturity, prepaid prior to maturity, refinanced with a mortgage not serviced by us, liquidated through foreclosure, deed-in-lieu of foreclosure, or other liquidation process, or repaid through standard amortization of principal). As a result, our ability to maintain the size of our servicing portfolio depends on our ability to originate loans with respect to which we retain the servicing rights.

Additionally, in order for us to maintain or improve our operating results, it is important that we continue to extend loans to returning clients who have successfully repaid their previous loans at a pace substantially consistent with the market. Our repeat loan rates may decline or fluctuate as a result of our expansion into new products and markets, because our clients are able to obtain alternative sources of funding, or because new clients we acquire in the future may not be as loyal as our current client base. Furthermore, clients who refinance have no obligation to refinance their loans with us and may choose to refinance with a different originator. If borrowers refinance with a different originator, this decreases the profitability of our MSRs because the original loan will be repaid, and we will not have an opportunity to earn further servicing fees after the original loan is repaid. If we are not successful in recapturing our existing loans that are refinanced, our MSRs may become increasingly subject to run-off, and in order to maintain our servicing portfolios at consistent levels we may need to purchase
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additional MSRs on the open market to add to our servicing portfolio, which could increase our costs and risks and decrease the profitability of our servicing business.

We depend on our ability to sell loans in the secondary market to a limited number of investors and to the GSEs, and to securitize our loans into mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”) through the GSEs and Ginnie Mae. If our ability to sell or securitize mortgage loans is impaired, we may not be able to originate mortgage loans.

Substantially all of our loan originations are sold into the secondary market. We securitize loans into MBSs through Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and Ginnie Mae. Loans originated outside of Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and the guidelines of the Federal Housing Administration (“FHA”), United States Department of Agriculture (“USDA”), or VA (for loans securitized with Ginnie Mae) are sold to private investors and mortgage conduits, including our loan securitization company, Woodward Capital Management LLC, which primarily securitizes such non-GSE loan products. For further discussion, see “- Risks Relating to the Financial and Macroeconomic Environment - Our business is highly dependent on Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and certain U.S. government agencies, and any changes in these entities or their current roles could be detrimental to our business.”

The gain recognized from sales in the secondary market represents a significant portion of our revenue and net earnings. A decrease in the prices paid to us upon sale of our loans could be detrimental to our business, as we are dependent on the cash generated from such sales to fund our future loan closings and repay borrowings under our loan funding facilities. If it is not possible or economical for us to complete the sale or securitization of certain of our loans held for sale, we may lack liquidity to continue to fund additional loan originations and our revenue and margins on new loan originations could be materially and negatively impacted.

Further, there may be delays in our ability to sell future mortgage loans which we originate, or there may be a market shift that causes buyers of our non-GSE products—including jumbo mortgage loans, closed-end home equity loans and other non- qualified mortgage products—to reduce their demand for such products. These market shifts can be caused by factors outside of our control including, but not limited to macroeconomic changes, market shifts and changes in investor liquidity, availability, or appetite for such non-GSE products. Delays in the sale of mortgage loans, increased borrowing costs or increased hedge risk also increase our exposure to market risks, which could adversely affect our profitability on sales of loans. Any such delays or failure to sell loans could have a materially adverse effect on our business.

We may be required to repurchase or substitute mortgage loans or MSRs that we have sold, or indemnify purchasers of our mortgage loans or MSRs.

We make representations and warranties to purchasers when we sell them a mortgage loan or an MSR, including in connection with our MBS securitizations. If a mortgage loan or MSR does not comply with the representations and warranties that we made with respect to it at the time of its sale, we could be required to repurchase the loan or MSR, replace it with a substitute loan or MSR and/or indemnify secondary market purchasers for applicable losses. If this occurs, we may have to bear any associated losses directly, as repurchased loans typically can only be resold at a steep discount to their repurchase price, if at all. We also may be subject to claims by purchasers for repayment of a portion of the premium we received from such purchaser on the sale of certain loans or MSRs if such loans or MSRs are repaid in their entirety within a specified time period after the sale of the loan. As of December 31, 2023, we had accrued $92.4 million in connection with our reserve for repurchase and indemnification obligations. Actual repurchase and indemnification obligations could materially exceed the reserves we have recorded in our financial statements. Any significant repurchases, substitutions, indemnifications or premium recapture could be detrimental to our business.

Additionally, we may not be able to recover amounts from some third parties from whom we may seek indemnification or against whom we may assert a loan repurchase demand in connection with a breach of a representation or warranty due to financial difficulties or otherwise. As a result, we are exposed to counterparty risk in the event of non-performance by counterparties to our various contracts, including, without limitation, as a result of the rejection of an agreement or transaction in bankruptcy proceedings, which could result in substantial losses for which we may not have insurance coverage.




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Our underwriting may not accurately predict the likelihood of default for all loans, which can result in substantial losses that could adversely affect our financial condition.

We originate mortgage loans according to GSE and regulatory guidelines, as applicable to the related mortgage loan product, using automated underwriting engines from Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac that predict a borrower’s ability and willingness to pay. Despite these standards, our underwriting guidelines may not always correlate with, or accurately predict, the underlying mortgage defaults. A client’s ability to repay their loan may be adversely impacted by numerous factors, including a change in the borrower’s employment, financial condition or other negative local or macroeconomic conditions, including but not limited to, increased property tax rates and increased costs for homeowners’ insurance. Deterioration in a client’s financial condition and prospects may be accompanied by deterioration in the value of the collateral for the loan.

Self-employed clients may be more likely to default on their loans than salaried or commissioned clients and generally have less predictable income. In addition, many self-employed clients are small business owners who may be personally liable for their business debt. Deterioration in self-employed clients’ businesses or economic changes may result in increased defaults on the loans we originate or service.

Some of the loans we originate or acquire have been, and in the future could be, made to clients who do not live in the mortgaged property. These loans secured by rental or investment properties tend to default more than loans secured by properties regularly occupied or used by the client. In a default, clients not occupying the mortgaged property may be more likely to abandon the property, increasing our financial exposure.

The above referenced loans may be more expensive to service because they require more frequent interaction with clients and greater monitoring and oversight. Additionally, these higher-risk loans may be subject to increased scrutiny by state and federal regulators and lead to higher compliance and regulatory costs, which could result in a further increase in servicing costs. We may not be able to pass along any of the additional expenses we incur in servicing these higher-risk loans to our servicing clients or the related investors. The greater cost of servicing higher-risk loans could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We rely upon the accuracy and completeness of information about borrowers and any misrepresented information or fraud could result in significant financial losses and harm to our reputation.

We use automated underwriting engines from Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to assist us in determining if a loan applicant is creditworthy, as well as other proprietary and third-party tools and safeguards to detect and prevent fraud. We are unable, however, to prevent every instance of fraud that may be engaged in by our clients or team members, and any seller, real estate broker, notary, settlement agent, appraiser, title agent, or third-party originator that misrepresents facts about a loan, including the information contained in the loan application, property valuation, title information and employment and income documentation submitted with the loan application. If any of this information was intentionally or negligently misrepresented and such misrepresentation was not detected prior to the acquisition or closing of the loan, the value of the loan could be significantly lower than expected, resulting in a loan being approved in circumstances where it would not have been had we been provided with accurate data. A loan subject to a material misrepresentation is typically unsalable or subject to repurchase if it is sold before detection of the misrepresentation. In addition, the persons and entities making a misrepresentation are often difficult to locate and it is often difficult to collect from them any monetary losses we have suffered. The technology and other controls and processes we have created to help us identify misrepresented information in our loan origination operations were designed to obtain reasonable, not absolute, assurance that such information is identified and addressed appropriately. Accordingly, such controls may fail to detect all misrepresented information in our loan origination operations.

High profile fraudulent activity also could negatively impact our brand and reputation, which could impact our business. In addition, certain fraudulent activity could lead to regulatory intervention and/or increased oversight, which could increase our costs and negatively impact our business.

Failure of vendors to perform to contractual agreements embedded in our products and services and our failure to effectively oversee vendor operations could adversely affect our business.

We contract with vendors and service providers, including affiliates and other third parties, who perform services for us or to whom select functions are delegated. The vendors and service providers with whom we contract provide, among other things, software, hardware and services on which our products depend. Any disruption in service or the loss of the right to use any of
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the software or services provided to us by third parties could result in decreased functionality of our products or services until an equivalent service/technology is either developed by us or, if available from another provider, is identified, obtained, and integrated, which could adversely affect our business. In addition, any errors, or defects in or failures of the software or services we rely on, whether maintained by us or by third parties, could result in errors or defects in our products or cause our products to fail, which could adversely affect our business and be costly to correct. Many of our third-party providers attempt to impose limitations on their liability for such errors, defects or failures, and if enforceable, we may have additional liability that could harm our reputation and increase our operating costs.

In addition, our vendors and service providers may fail to comply with applicable laws, regulations, and rules. Maintaining effective third-party risk management and vendor oversight programs may not adequately mitigate risks of noncompliance with applicable laws and may negatively impact our business. Despite our reasonable efforts to monitor our vendors and service providers with which we transact business, there is no guarantee that they will comply with their contractual obligations. Failure to ensure compliance of our vendors could result in fines, penalties or other liability for errors and omissions by these vendors and service providers.

Further, our vendors and service providers often have access to sensitive and confidential information, including customer data, intellectual property and proprietary business information. While we implement rigorous vendor selection and due diligence processes and ensure our vendor agreements include adequate data privacy and data security contractual requirements, certain third-party vendors have experienced data breaches and may in the future experience data breaches, which could result in unauthorized access to our sensitive information, leading to negative financial, reputational and operational consequences.

Our arrangements with vendors and service providers may also disrupt or degrade our operations if they fail to satisfy their obligations to us or if they were to stop providing services to us either on a temporary or permanent basis. We have in the past, and may in the future, experience temporary disruptions of services from certain vendors. We may be unable to replace these vendors and service providers in a timely and efficient manner, on similar terms, or at all.

Rocket Loans, as a rapidly growing business, faces a range of interconnected risks and challenges that could have a material adverse effect on its operations.

Rocket Loans faces risks related to regulatory compliance, competitive environments, an inability to grow its client base, failures in technology development, and increasing lending product offerings. Failure to address these challenges effectively could impact Rocket Loans’ ability to achieve scalable and profitable growth. For example, Rocket Loans relies heavily on a third-party relationship with Cross River Bank for loan origination and if this relationship were to cease it could impact Rocket Loans’ ability to originate loans. Rocket Loans also relies on third-party sources, such as credit bureaus, for critical borrower information, and its personal lending underwriting quality could suffer if these sources were to become unavailable or more expensive or prove to be inaccurate. In addition, the credit decisioning and scoring models used by Rocket Loans, which are based on algorithms evaluating various factors, pose risks related to prediction effectiveness, algorithm errors, and potential regulatory concerns regarding potential discrimination or non-compliance through the use of these models. Any material failure or inaccuracy in these models could negatively impact Rocket Loans’ business and result in regulatory scrutiny and reputational harm. Further, the personal and solar loans offered by Rocket Loans involve risks of default, influenced by client payment obligations and the unsecured nature of personal loans, which could result in a lack of availability and interest of third parties to provide such loan funding. Any of the foregoing could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and result of operations.

Our Rocket Homes business model is subject to challenges not faced by traditional real estate brokerages.

One of our subsidiaries, Rocket Homes, competes with traditional real estate brokerages while also facing expanded risks not faced by traditional brokerages. Rocket Homes’ core business is the referral of homebuyers, who have been prequalified for a mortgage by Rocket Mortgage or another lender, to a network of third-party real estate agents that assist those homebuyers in the purchase of their new home. In addition, a new component of our Rocket Homes business is listing and selling homes directly for a fee that is typically less than what a traditional brokerage would charge. In both our core referral business and in our efforts to list and sell homes from our centralized location, Rocket Homes and our agents are required to be licensed and comply with the requirements governing the licensing and conduct of real estate brokerage and brokerage-related businesses in the markets where we operate. Rocket Homes also operates a website for searching property listings and connecting with our partner agents. The listing data is provided via license from approximately 200 Multiple Listing Service (“MLS”), and we must also comply with the contractual obligations and restrictions from each MLS in order to access and use its listings data.
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Because of this multifaceted business model, we face additional challenges that include: improper actions by our partner agents beyond our control that subject us to reputational, business or legal harms; failure to comply with the requirements governing the licensing and conduct of real estate brokerage and brokerage-related businesses, which could result in penalties or the suspension of operations; increases in competition in the residential brokerage industry that reduce profitability; continuing low home inventory levels that reduce demand; or a restriction or termination of our access to and use of listings data.

While Rocket Homes has not been named in class actions that challenge the real estate industry’s rules and practices for seller payment of buyer broker commissions, real estate industry participants, including Rocket Homes, who are members of the National Association of Realtors (“NAR”) and have followed NAR's rules and guidelines when listing and selling homes using MLS are at risk of being named in current and future actions. In addition to litigation risk, developments or outcomes in such litigation or other legal proceedings involving the operation of the real estate industry could result in a significant change to the broker commission structure, the effect of which could result in reductions to the share of commission income received by Rocket Homes in both our core referral business and in our efforts to list and sell homes from our centralized location.

Our subsidiary, Core Digital Media, may experience a rise in costs related to its digital media operations and may be unable to profitably generate client leads, negatively affecting our business.

Our subsidiary, Core Digital Media, functions as an online marketing and client lead acquisition platform, heavily relying on digital media for its marketing efforts. It serves as a significant source of quality client leads for Rocket Mortgage and some of our other subsidiaries. If Core Digital Media were unable to supply cost-efficient leads or sufficient quality or quantities of leads to Rocket Mortgage, the profitability of our loan production may be negatively impacted. This challenge may result from factors such as increased external media pricing, decreased advertising performance, or regulatory constraints. Additionally, the regulatory landscape, exemplified by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau’s (“CFPB”) advisory opinion in February 2023 and the FCC’s new rules in December 2023, adds additional complexity to how Core Digital Media operates in compliance with the new rules and could negatively affect our business.

We may be unable to make acquisitions and investments, successfully integrate acquired companies into our business, or our acquisitions and investments may not meet our expectations, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We have acquired and may continue to attempt to acquire or invest in new or complementary businesses, technologies, services, or products. Acquisitions and investments pose various risks to our business including: unanticipated costs or liabilities associated with the acquired entities, such as claims related to their products, technologies, or offerings; failure of acquired business or assets to perform as expected, leading to an inability to generate sufficient revenue to offset the associated costs; unforeseen complexities in accounting, internal controls, or regulatory requirements associated with the acquired business or assets; delays in the integration of newly acquired businesses and assets could lead to inefficiencies; harm to existing business relationships with partners due to the acquisition; and an inability to maintain quality, security, and internal control standards within acquired entities, consistent with industry practices and internal requirements.

Further, we have relied, and will rely in the future, on third-party service providers to facilitate due diligence on acquisition and investment targets. If we are unable to identify issues through the due diligence process, we may face obstacles in achieving anticipated synergies or integrating acquisitions into its corporate culture and operations, which could result in an inability to realize the expected benefit of such acquisitions or investments. The capital expense of acquisitions or investments, diversion of management, team members, or other resources needed elsewhere in the business could negatively impact our business. We also may be unable to retain key team members or customers/vendors of acquired entities, which could undermine the acquisition value proposition. Furthermore, disputes and negative outcomes may arise from earn-outs, escrows, and other arrangements related to acquisitions. Disputes with shareholders of a company in which we have invested may also occur, particularly concerning governance or operations. Any of these risks have the potential to adversely affect the company's business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Negative public opinion could damage our brand and reputation, which could adversely affect our business and earnings.

We are highly dependent on the perception and recognition of the Rocket brand in order to attract new clients. Negative public opinion can result from our actual or alleged conduct in any number of activities, including loan origination, loan servicing, debt collection practices, negative events (e.g., data breaches, executive misconduct, violations of law, etc.)
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corporate governance and other activities, such as the lawsuits against us. Negative public opinion could also result from actions taken by government regulators and community organizations in response to our activities, from consumer complaints, including in the CFPB complaints database, and from media coverage - whether accurate or not. Our ability to attract and retain clients is highly dependent upon the external perceptions of our level of service, trustworthiness, business practices, financial condition and other subjective qualities. Negative perceptions or publicity regarding these matters—even if related to seemingly isolated incidents, or even if related to practices not specific to the origination or servicing of loans, such as debt collection—could erode trust and confidence and damage our reputation among existing and potential clients. In turn, this could decrease the demand for our products, increase regulatory scrutiny and detrimentally affect our business. In addition, consumer advocacy groups and some media reports have recently advocated for governmental actions placing additional requirements on non-bank consumer loans which could result in more restrictive laws and regulations and/or changes in consumer perceptions and preferences. Such changes in consumer perceptions and preferences could, in turn, result in significant decreases in demand for our consumer loan products.

Further, any environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) issues may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and damage our reputation. Clients, investors and other stakeholders are increasingly focused on ESG practices, including our efforts with respect to talent, cybersecurity, data privacy and protection and climate change. If we do not adapt to and comply with new laws and regulations or changes to legal or regulatory requirements concerning ESG matters, or fail to meet rapidly evolving investor, industry or stakeholder expectations and standards, or if we are perceived to have not responded appropriately to growing concerns with respect to ESG issues, our reputation may be harmed, clients may choose to refrain from using our products and services, and our business or financial condition may be adversely affected.

Geopolitical instability caused by acts of violence or war may affect the lending industry and capital markets generally and our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Geopolitical instability caused by terrorist attacks, the anticipation of any such attacks, the consequences of any military or other response by the United States and its allies, and other armed conflicts globally, including the wars in Ukraine and the Middle East, and geopolitical events stemming from such conflicts, have in the past caused, and in the future may cause, consumer confidence and spending to decrease, and have resulted, and may in the future result, in increased volatility and disruption in the United States and worldwide financial markets and economy.

If such events lead to a prolonged economic slowdown, recession or declining real estate values, they could impair the performance of our investments and harm our financial condition and results of operations, increase our funding costs, limit our access to the capital markets or result in a decision by lenders not to extend credit to us. In addition, the activation of additional U.S. military reservists or members of the National Guard may significantly increase the proportion of mortgage loans whose interest rates are reduced by application of the Service Members Civil Relief Act or similar state or local laws. As a result, any such attacks or armed conflicts may adversely impact our performance.

Our business is subject to the risks of earthquakes, fires, floods and other natural catastrophic events and to interruption by man-made issues such as strikes.

Our systems and operations are vulnerable to damage or interruption from earthquakes, fires, floods, power losses, telecommunications failures, strikes, health pandemics and similar events. Further, we recognize the inherent risks related to weather and the climate wherever our business is conducted. Our primary locations may be vulnerable to extreme weather conditions which may disrupt our business and may cause us to experience additional costs to maintain or resume operations and higher attrition. For example, a significant natural disaster in Detroit, such as an earthquake, fire or flood, could have a material adverse impact on our business, operating results and financial condition, and our insurance coverage may be insufficient to compensate us for losses that may occur. Disease outbreaks have occurred in the past (including severe acute respiratory syndrome, or SARS, avian flu, H1N1/09 flu and COVID-19) and any prolonged occurrence of infectious disease or other adverse public health developments could have a material adverse effect on the macro economy and/or our business operations. In addition, strikes and other geopolitical unrest could cause disruptions in our business and lead to interruptions, delays or loss of critical data. These types of catastrophic events could also affect our loan servicing costs, increase our recoverable and our non-recoverable servicing advances, increase servicing defaults due to impacted clients and negatively affect the value of our MSRs. We may not have sufficient protection or recovery plans in certain circumstances, such as natural disasters affecting the Detroit, Phoenix, Cleveland or Charlotte areas, and our business interruption insurance may be insufficient to compensate us for losses that may occur.

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Our risk management efforts may not be effective at mitigating potential losses resulting in increased costs or business disruption.

We could incur substantial losses and our business operations could be disrupted if we are unable to effectively identify, manage, monitor, and mitigate financial risks, such as credit risk, interest rate risk, prepayment risk, liquidity risk, and other market-related risks, as well as operational and legal risks related to our business, assets, and liabilities. We also are subject to various laws, regulations and rules that are not industry specific, including employment laws related to team member hiring and termination practices, health and safety laws, environmental laws and other federal, state and local laws, regulations and rules in the jurisdictions in which we operate. Our risk management policies, procedures, and techniques may not be sufficient to identify all of the risks to which we are exposed, mitigate the risks we have identified, or identify additional risks to which we may become subject in the future. Expansion of our business activities may also result in our being exposed to risks to which we have not previously been exposed or may increase our exposure to certain types of risks, and we may not effectively identify, manage, monitor, and mitigate these risks as our business activities change or increase.

We face intense competition that could adversely affect us.

Competition in the mortgage and other consumer lending space is intense. In addition, the mortgage and other consumer lending business has experienced substantial consolidation. Some of our competitors may have more name recognition and greater financial and other resources than we have (including access to capital). Other of our competitors, such as correspondent lenders who originate mortgage loans using their own funds, may have more operational flexibility in approving loans. Additionally, we operate at a competitive disadvantage to U.S. federal banks and thrifts and their subsidiaries because they enjoy federal preemption and, as a result, conduct their business under relatively uniform U.S. federal rules and standards and are generally not subject to the laws of the states in which they do business (including state “predatory lending” laws). Unlike our federally chartered competitors, we are generally subject to all state and local laws applicable to lenders in each jurisdiction in which we originate and service loans. To compete effectively, we must have a very high level of operational, technological, legal, compliance, and managerial expertise, as well as access to capital at a competitive cost.

Competition in our industry can take many forms, including the variety of loan programs being made available, interest rates and fees charged for a loan, convenience in obtaining a loan, client service levels, the amount and term of a loan, and marketing and distribution channels. In addition, our competitors seek to compete aggressively on the basis of pricing factors. To the extent that we match competitors’ lower pricing, we may experience lower gain on sale margins. Fluctuations in interest rates and general economic conditions may also affect our competitive position. During periods of rising rates, competitors that have locked in low borrowing costs may have a competitive advantage.

Furthermore, the cyclical decline in the industry’s overall level of originations and decreased demand for loans due to the higher interest rate environment, have led, and may in the future lead, to increased competition for the remaining loans. Any increase in these competitive pressures could be detrimental to our business.

Risks Relating to the Financial and Macroeconomic Environment

Our business is significantly impacted by interest rates. Changes in prevailing interest rates or U.S. monetary policies that affect interest rates have and may continue to have a detrimental effect on our business.

Our financial performance is directly affected by changes in prevailing interest rates. Our financial performance has decreased, and may further decrease, or be subject to substantial volatility because of changes in prevailing interest rates. As a result, we are particularly affected by the policies of the U.S. Federal Reserve that influence interest rates and impact the size of the loan origination market. In both 2022 and 2023, the U.S. Federal Reserve implemented multiple significant interest rate hikes in the federal funds rate to address inflation, making it more costly to raise capital and originate mortgages. Rising interest rates and increased inflation have lowered the demand, and may further lower the demand, for new mortgage originations and refinancings. Further, rising interest rates and increased inflation have increased competition for borrowers, which could adversely pressure our margins and have an adverse impact on our origination volumes, especially our refinancing volume.

As a result of the interest rate hikes in the federal funds rate implemented by the Federal Reserve in both 2022 and 2023, refinancing has consisted of a smaller portion of the market as fewer consumers are interested in refinancing their mortgages. Higher interest rates have also reduced demand for purchase mortgages as home ownership has become more expensive. The
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refinance market has become subject to more significant fluctuations than the purchase market as a result of interest rate changes. The increased interest rate environment has adversely affected, and may continue to adversely affect, our revenues or require us to increase marketing expenditures to increase or maintain our volume of mortgages and/or cut costs to maintain margins.

Changes in interest rates are also a key driver of the performance of our servicing business, particularly because our portfolio is composed primarily of MSRs related to high-quality loans, the values of which are highly sensitive to changes in interest rates. Historically, including following the recent increases in interest rates during both 2022 and 2023, the value of MSRs has increased when interest rates rise as higher interest rates lead to decreased prepayment rates, and has decreased when interest rates decline as lower interest rates lead to increased prepayment rates. The recent increases in interest rates during both 2022 and 2023 and further increases in rates may result in reduced recapture margins where we offer subservicing or engage in joint marketing services with third parties. Additionally, it may become more difficult to expand our MSR portfolio due to lower origination and refinance volume and MSRs becoming more expensive to acquire from third parties.

Borrowings under our financing facilities are at variable rates of interest, which also expose us to interest rate risk. As interest rates increase, our debt service obligations on certain of our variable-rate indebtedness will also increase. In the future, we may enter into interest rate swaps, which involve the exchange of floating for fixed-rate interest payments, to reduce interest rate volatility. However, we may not maintain interest rate swaps with respect to all of our variable-rate indebtedness, and any such swaps may not fully mitigate our interest rate risk, may prove disadvantageous, or may create additional risks.

Our Rocket Mortgage business relies on our loan funding facilities to fund mortgage loans and otherwise operate our business. If one or more of such facilities are terminated, we may be unable to find replacement financing at commercially favorable terms, or at all, which could be detrimental to our business.

We fund a significant portion of the mortgage loans we close through borrowings under our loan funding facilities. Our borrowings are in turn generally repaid with the proceeds we receive from mortgage loan sales. We are currently, and may in the future continue to be, dependent upon lenders to provide the primary funding facilities for our loans. As of December 31, 2023, we had nine loan funding facilities which provide us with an aggregate maximum principal amount of $15.8 billion in loan origination availability, seven of which allow drawings to fund loans at closing, and are with large global financial institutions. Included in those nine loan funding facilities are two loan funding facilities with GSEs. Additionally, we are parties to agency MSR backed master repurchase agreement facilities, which provide us access to $2.0 billion of liquidity.

As of December 31, 2023, we also had available to us $1.5 billion of financing through a master repurchase agreement facility specialized for the early buy out of certain mortgage loans in agency mortgage pools, and up to $1.3 billion available through a syndicated unsecured revolving credit facility.

Of the seven existing global bank loan funding facilities, one is a 364-day facility, with an aggregate of $1.0 billion scheduled to expire in 2024 and another has a 12-month initial term with an aggregate of $1.5 billion. The other five of our existing global bank loan funding facilities provide financing for up to two years, with maturities staggered in 2024 and 2025. Approximately $7.2 billion of our current loan funding capacity is uncommitted and can be terminated by the applicable lender at any time. Moreover, one of our loan funding facilities requires that we have additional borrowing capacity so that such facility does not represent more than a specified percentage of our total borrowing capacity. If we were unable to maintain the required ratio with availability under other facilities, our funding availability under such facilities could also be terminated.

In the event that any of our loan funding facilities are terminated or are not renewed, or if the principal amount that may be drawn under our funding agreements that provide for immediate funding at closing were to significantly decrease, we may be unable to find replacement financing on commercially favorable terms, or at all, which could be detrimental to our business. Further, if we are unable to refinance or obtain additional funds for borrowing, our ability to maintain or grow our business could be limited. In addition, a significant adverse development (such as a bank run, insolvency, bankruptcy or default) with one or more national or regional banks, financial institutions or other participants in the financial or capital markets may cause the customers of such institutions to lose their savings, absent action by the US government, which may increase mortgage loan default rates, and may spread to other institutions, including our lenders, and have significant adverse effects on such institutions or the markets generally, which could in turn limit our ability to obtain additional funds for borrowing on terms acceptable to us or at all and limit our ability to maintain or grow our business. Such significant adverse development, particularly in the current volatile interest rate environment, could result in changes in legislation or regulatory requirements that could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.
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Our ability to refinance existing debt and borrow additional funds is affected by a variety of factors.

Our loan funding facilities, our early buy-out facilities, MSR facilities and unsecured lines of credit contain covenants, including requirements to maintain a certain minimum tangible net worth, minimum liquidity, maximum total debt or liabilities to net worth ratio, pre-tax net income requirements, litigation judgment thresholds, and other customary debt covenants. A breach of the covenants can result in an event of default under these facilities and allow the lenders to pursue certain remedies. In addition, certain of these facilities include cross default or cross acceleration provisions that could result in most, if not all, facilities terminating if an event of default or acceleration of maturity occurs under any facility. If we are unable to meet or maintain the necessary covenant requirements or satisfy, or obtain waivers for, the continuing covenants, we may lose the ability to borrow under all of our financing facilities, which could be detrimental to our business. Additional risks related to our loan funding facilities include:

•limitations imposed on us under the indentures governing our 2.875% Senior Notes due 2026, 3.625% Senior Notes due 2029, 3.875% Senior Notes due 2031, and our 4.000% Senior Notes due 2033 and other existing and future financing facilities that contain restrictive covenants and borrowing conditions that may limit our ability to raise additional debt;

•a decline in liquidity in the credit markets;

•prevailing interest rates;

•the financial strength of the lenders from whom we borrow;

•the decision of lenders from whom we borrow to reduce their exposure to mortgage loans and MSRs due to a change in such lenders’ strategic plan, future lines of business, regulatory restrictions or otherwise;

•the amount of eligible collateral pledged on advance facilities, which may be less than the borrowing capacity of the facility;

•the larger portion of our loan funding facilities that is uncommitted, versus committed;

•more stringent financial covenants in such refinanced facilities, which we may not be able to achieve; and

•accounting changes that impact calculations of covenants in our debt agreements.

If the refinancing or borrowing guidelines become more stringent and such changes result in increased costs to comply or decreased mortgage origination volume, such changes could negatively impact our business.

Our loan origination and servicing revenues are highly dependent on macroeconomic and U.S. residential real estate market conditions.

Our success depends largely on the health of the U.S. residential real estate industry, which is seasonal, cyclical and affected by changes in general economic conditions beyond our control. Economic factors such as increased interest rates, slow economic growth or recessionary conditions, supply chain disruptions, the pace of home price appreciation or the lack of it, changes in household debt levels, inflation and increased unemployment or stagnant or declining wages affect our clients’ income and thus their ability and willingness to make loan payments. National or global events including, but not limited to, supply chain disruptions, geopolitical conflicts, such as the wars in Ukraine and the Middle East, and the COVID-19 pandemic, affect all such macroeconomic conditions. Weak or a significant deterioration in economic conditions reduce the amount of disposable income consumers have, which in turn reduces consumer spending and the willingness of qualified potential clients to take out loans. As a result, such economic factors affect loan origination volume.

Additional macroeconomic factors including, but not limited to, rising government debt levels, the withdrawal or augmentation of government interventions into the financial markets, changing U.S. consumer spending patterns, changing expectations for inflation and deflation, and weak credit markets may create low consumer confidence in the U.S. economy or the U.S. residential real estate industry. Excessive home building or high foreclosure rates resulting in an oversupply of housing in a particular area may also increase the amount of losses incurred on defaulted mortgage loans. Furthermore,
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several state and local governments in the United States are experiencing, and may continue to experience, budgetary strain. One or more states or significant local governments could default on their debt or seek relief from their debt under the U.S. bankruptcy code or by agreement with their creditors. Any or all of the circumstances described above may lead to further volatility in or disruption of the credit markets at any time and adversely affect our financial condition.

Any uncertainty or deterioration in market conditions that leads to a decrease in loan originations will result in lower revenue on loans sold into the secondary market. Lower loan origination volumes generally place downward pressure on margins, thus compounding the effect of the deteriorating market conditions. Such events could be detrimental to our business. Moreover, any deterioration in market conditions that leads to an increase in loan delinquencies will result in lower revenue for loans we service for the GSEs, Ginnie Mae, and other investors because we collect servicing fees from them only for performing loans. While increased delinquencies generate higher ancillary revenues, including late fees, these fees are likely unrecoverable when the related loan is liquidated.

Increased delinquencies may also increase the cost of servicing the loans for all market participants. The decreased cash flow from lower servicing fees could decrease the estimated value of our MSRs, resulting in recognition of losses when we write down those values. In addition, an increase in delinquencies lowers the interest income we receive on cash held in collection and other accounts and increases our obligation to advance certain principal, interest, tax and insurance obligations owed by the delinquent mortgage loan borrower. An increase in delinquencies could therefore be detrimental to our business. Additionally, origination of loans can be seasonal. Historically, our loan origination has increased activity in the second and third quarters and reduced activity in the first and fourth quarters as home buyers tend to purchase their homes during the spring and summer in order to move to a new home before the start of the school year. As a result, our loan origination revenues vary from quarter to quarter.

Additionally, financial markets experienced significant volatility as a result of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. A resurgence of COVID-19 or a future outbreak of another highly infectious or contagious disease may lead to volatility in or disruption of the credit markets and an overall material adverse decrease on our mortgage origination activities.

If the value of the collateral underlying certain of our loan funding facilities decreases, we could be required to satisfy a margin call, and an unanticipated margin call could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity.

Certain of our loan funding, early buy-out facilities, and MSR-backed facilities are subject to margin calls based on the lender’s opinion of the value of the loan collateral securing such financing, and certain of our hedges related to newly originated mortgages are also subject to margin calls. A margin call would require us to repay a portion of the outstanding borrowings. A large, unanticipated margin call could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity.

A disruption in the secondary home loan market, including the MBS market, could have a detrimental effect on our business.

Demand in the secondary market and our ability to complete the sale or securitization of our mortgage loans depends on a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control, including general economic conditions, general conditions in the banking system, the willingness of lenders to provide funding for home loans, the willingness of investors to purchase home loans and MBS, and changes in regulatory requirements. Any significant disruption or period of illiquidity in the general MBS market could directly affect our liquidity because no existing alternative secondary market would likely be able to accommodate on a timely basis the volume of loans that we typically sell in any given period. Accordingly, if the MBS market experiences a period of illiquidity, we might be prevented from selling the loans that we produce into the secondary market in a timely manner or at favorable prices, which could be detrimental to our business.

Our business is highly dependent on Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and certain U.S. government agencies, and any changes in these entities or their current roles could be detrimental to our business.

We originate loans eligible for sale to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, and government-insured or guaranteed loans, such as FHA and VA loans eligible for Ginnie Mae securities issuance.

In 2008, the Federal Housing Finance Agency (“FHFA”) placed Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac into conservatorship and, as their conservator, FHFA controls and directs their operations. Uncertainty remains regarding the future of the GSEs, including with respect to the duration of conservatorship, the extent of their roles in the market and what forms they will have, and whether they will be government agencies, government- sponsored agencies or private for-profit entities.
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In September 2021, FHFA and the U.S. Department of Treasury suspended certain provisions added to the Preferred Stock Purchase Agreements (“PSPAs”) with Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac (“Enterprises”). Among other limitations, the suspended provisions previously limited the acquisition of loans with higher risk characteristics, second homes and investment properties, and limited the Enterprises’ cash windows. It remains to be seen how FHFA and Treasury potentially further amend the PSPAs. Changes to the PSPAs may have significant implications on the Enterprises market footprint, lender access to the secondary market, and Enterprise capital and conservatorship milestones.

In November 2021, under new leadership, FHFA issued its 2022 Conservatorship Scorecard for the GSEs and Common Securitization Solutions (“CSS”), reflecting a shift in the regulators' priorities. The Conservatorship Scorecard de-emphasizes exiting the GSEs from conservatorship, de-emphasizes CSS’ potential shift to a market utility, and reiterates the importance of credit risk transfer. The ongoing recapitalization of the GSEs, higher affordable housing goals, increases to the GSE conforming loan limit, continued review of and volatility in GSE pricing, and potential revisitation of the PSPAs will materially impact the GSE’s guarantee obligations and market footprint. In addition, legislative proposals to reform the U.S. housing finance market may materially impact the role of the GSEs in purchasing and guaranteeing mortgage loans. Any such proposals, if enacted, may have broad adverse implications for the MBS market and our business. It is possible that the adoption of any such proposals might lead to higher fees being charged by the GSEs and/or lower prices on our sales of mortgage loans to them.

The extent and timing of any regulatory reform regarding the GSEs and the U.S. housing finance market, as well as any effect on our business operations and financial results, are uncertain. It is not yet possible to determine whether such proposals will be enacted and, if so, when, what form any final legislation or policies might take or how proposals, legislation or policies may impact the MBS market and our business. Our inability to make the necessary adjustments to respond to these changing market conditions or loss of our approved seller/servicer status with the GSEs could have a material adverse effect on our mortgage origination operations and our mortgage servicing operations. If those agencies cease to exist, wind down, or otherwise significantly change their business operations or if we lost approvals with those agencies or our relationships with those agencies is otherwise adversely affected, we would seek alternative secondary market participants to acquire our mortgage loans at a volume sufficient to sustain our business. If such participants are not available on reasonably comparable economic terms, the above changes could have a material adverse effect on our ability to profitably sell loans we originate that are securitized through Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac or Ginnie Mae.

When servicing or originating GSE and U.S. government agency loans, we are required to follow specific guidelines and eligibility standards that impact the way we service and originate such loans, including guidelines and standards with respect to: credit standards for mortgage loans; our staffing levels and other servicing practices; the origination, servicing, and ancillary fees that we may charge; our modification standards and procedures; the amount of reimbursable and non-reimbursable advances that we may make; and the types of loan products that are eligible for sale or securitization.

These guidelines outline directives from FHFA to GSEs, and directives published by other government agencies. Under these directives, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac may offer financial rewards to well-performing servicers. Conversely, compensatory penalties may be imposed on servicers for failing to meet specified timelines related to delinquent loans and foreclosure proceedings, as well as other violations of servicing obligations. The GSEs also have the authority to levy additional fees on acquired loans. Further, negotiations related to the guidelines with these agencies are generally not possible, and the terms are subject to change without our prior consent. Any significant alterations to these guidelines, particularly those that reduce our fees or necessitate increased resources for mortgage services, could negatively impact our revenues and costs.

In addition, changes in the nature or extent of the guarantees provided by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Ginnie Mae, the USDA or the VA, or the insurance provided by the FHA, or coverage provided by private mortgage insurers, could also have broad adverse market implications. Any future increases in guarantee fees or changes to their structure or increases in the premiums we are required to pay to the FHA or private mortgage insurers for insurance or to the VA or the USDA for guarantees could increase mortgage origination costs and insurance premiums for our clients. These industry changes could negatively affect demand for our mortgage services and consequently our origination volume, which could be detrimental to our business. We cannot predict whether the impact of any proposals to move Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac out of conservatorship would require them to increase their fees.



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Challenges to the MERS® System could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

MERSCORP, Inc. is a privately held company that maintains an electronic registry, referred to as the MERS® System, which tracks servicing rights and ownership of home loans in the United States. Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems, Inc. (“MERS”), a wholly owned subsidiary of MERSCORP, Inc., can serve as a nominee for the owner of a home loan and in that role initiate foreclosures or become the mortgagee of record for the loan in local land records. We have used in the past and may continue to use MERS as a nominee. The MERS® System is widely used by participants in the mortgage finance industry.

Several legal challenges in the courts and by governmental authorities have been made disputing MERS’s legal standing to initiate foreclosures or act as nominee for lenders in mortgages and deeds of trust recorded in local land records. These challenges have focused public attention on MERS and on how home loans are recorded in local land records. Although most legal decisions have accepted MERS as mortgagee, these challenges could result in delays and additional costs in commencing, prosecuting and completing foreclosure proceedings, conducting foreclosure sales of mortgaged properties and submitting proofs of claim in client bankruptcy cases.

Our hedging strategies may not be successful in mitigating our risks associated with changes in interest rates.

Our profitability is directly affected by changes in interest rates. The market value of closed loans held for sale and interest rate locks generally change along with interest rates. The value of such assets moves opposite of interest rate changes. For example, as interest rates rise, the value of existing mortgage assets falls.

We employ various economic hedging strategies to mitigate the interest rate and the anticipated loan financing probability or “pull-through risk” inherent in such mortgage assets. Our use of these hedge instruments may expose us to counterparty risk as they are not traded on regulated exchanges or guaranteed by an exchange or its clearinghouse and, consequently, there may not be the same level of protections with respect to margin requirements and positions and other requirements designed to protect both us and our counterparties. Furthermore, the enforceability of agreements underlying hedging transactions may depend on compliance with applicable statutory, commodity and other regulatory requirements and, depending on the domicile of the counterparty, applicable international requirements. Consequently, if a counterparty fails to perform under a derivative agreement, we could incur a significant loss.

Our hedge instruments are accounted for as free-standing derivatives and are included on our consolidated balance sheet at fair market value. Our operating results could be negatively affected because the losses on the hedge instruments we enter into may not be offset by a change in the fair value of the related hedged transaction.

Our hedging strategies also require us to provide cash margin to our hedging counterparties from time to time. The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. requires us to provide daily cash margin to (or receive daily cash margin from, depending on the daily value of related MBS) our hedging counterparties from time to time. The collection of daily margin between us and our hedging counterparties could, under certain MBS market conditions, adversely affect our short- term liquidity and cash on hand. Additionally, our hedge instruments may expose us to counterparty risk—the possibility that a loss may occur from the failure of another party to perform in accordance with the terms of the contract, which loss exceeds the value of existing collateral, if any.

Our hedging activities in the future may include entering into interest rate swaps, interest rate swaptions, caps and floors, purchasing or selling U.S. Treasury securities, mortgage options, and/or other tools and strategies. These hedging decisions will be determined in light of the facts and circumstances existing at the time and may differ from our current hedging strategies. These hedging strategies may be less effective than our current hedging strategies in mitigating the risks described above, which could be detrimental to our business and financial condition.

We rely on internal models to manage risk and to make business decisions. Our business could be adversely affected if those models fail to produce reliable and/or valid results.

We make significant use of business and financial models in connection with our proprietary technology to measure and monitor our risk exposures and to manage our business. For example, we use models to measure and monitor our exposures to interest rate, credit and other market risks. The information provided by these models is used in making business decisions
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relating to strategies, initiatives, transactions, pricing and products. If these models are ineffective at predicting future losses or are otherwise inadequate, we may incur unexpected losses or otherwise be adversely affected.

We build these models using historical data and our assumptions about factors such as future mortgage loan demand, default rates, home price trends and other factors that may overstate or understate future experience. Our assumptions may be inaccurate and our models may not be as predictive as expected for many reasons, including the fact that they often involve matters that are inherently beyond our control and difficult to predict, such as macroeconomic conditions, and that they often involve complex interactions between a number of variables and factors.

Our models could produce unreliable results for a variety of reasons, including but not limited to, the limitations of historical data to predict results due to unprecedented events or circumstances, invalid or incorrect assumptions underlying the models, the need for manual adjustments in response to rapid changes in economic conditions, incorrect coding of the models, incorrect data being used by the models or inappropriate application of a model to products or events outside of the model’s intended use. In particular, models are less dependable when the economic environment is outside of historical experience, as was the case during the 2008 financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic.

As a result of the time and resources, including technical and staffing resources, that are required to perform these processes effectively, it may not be possible to replace existing models quickly enough to ensure that they will always properly account for the impacts of recent information and actions.

A substantial portion of our assets, including our MSRs, are measured at fair value. Fair value determinations require many assumptions and complex analyses, and we cannot control many of the underlying factors. If our estimates prove to be incorrect, we may be required to write down the value of such assets, which could adversely affect our earnings, financial condition and liquidity.

We measure the fair value of our mortgage loans held for sale, derivatives, interest rate lock commitments (“IRLCs”) and MSRs on a recurring basis and we measure the fair value of other assets, such as mortgage loans held for investment, certain impaired loans and other real estate owned, on a non-recurring basis.

Fair value determinations require many assumptions and complex analyses, especially to the extent there are not active markets for identical assets. For example, we generally estimate the fair value of loans held for sale based on quoted market prices for securities backed by similar types of loans. If quoted market prices are not available, fair value is estimated based on other relevant factors, including dealer price quotations and prices available for similar instruments, to approximate the amounts that would be received from a third party. In addition, the fair value of IRLCs are measured based upon the difference between the current fair value of similar loans (as determined generally for mortgages held for sale) and the price at which we have committed to originate the loans, subject to the anticipated loan financing probability, or pull-through factor (which is both significant and highly subjective).

The value of our MSRs is based on the cash flows projected to result from the servicing of the related mortgage loans and continually fluctuates due to a number of factors. These factors include changes in interest rates; historically, the value of MSRs has increased when interest rates rise as higher interest rates lead to decreased prepayment rates, and has decreased when interest rates decline as lower interest rates lead to increased prepayment rates and refinancings. Other market conditions also affect the number of loans that are refinanced, and thus no longer result in cash flows, and the number of loans that become delinquent.

We use internal financial models that utilize market participant data to value our MSRs for purposes of financial reporting and for purposes of determining the price that we pay to acquire loans for which we will retain MSRs. These models are complex and use asset-specific collateral data and market inputs for interest and discount rates. In addition, the modeling requirements of MSRs are complex because of the high number of variables that drive cash flows associated with MSRs, and because of the complexity involved with anticipating such variables over the life of the MSR. Even if the general accuracy of our valuation models is validated, valuations are highly dependent upon the reasonableness of our assumptions and the results of the models.

Additionally, MSRs do not trade in an active market with readily observable prices and, therefore, their fair value is determined using a valuation model that calculates the present value of estimated net future cash flows, using estimates of prepayment speeds, discount rate, cost to service, float earnings, contractual servicing fee income and ancillary income, and late fees.
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If our estimates of fair value prove to be incorrect, we may be required to write down the value of such assets, which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, accounting rules for valuing certain assets and liabilities are highly complex and involve significant judgment and assumptions, which could lead to a delay in preparation of financial information and the delivery of this information to our stockholders and also increase the risk of errors and restatements, as well as the cost of compliance.

Risks Relating to Regulatory Compliance and Litigation

We operate in heavily regulated industries, and our activities expose us to risks of non-compliance with an increasing and inconsistent body of complex laws and regulations at the U.S. federal, state and local levels, as well as in Canada.

Due to the heavily regulated nature of the financial services industry, we are required to comply with a wide array of U.S. federal, state and local laws and regulations and Canadian federal and provincial laws that regulate, among other things, the manner in which we conduct our loan origination and servicing businesses and the fees that we may charge, and the collection, use, retention, protection, disclosure, transfer and other processing of consumer personal information. Governmental authorities and U.S. federal and state agencies have broad oversight and supervisory authority over our business. Because we originate mortgage loans, installment loans and provide servicing activities nationwide and have operations in Canada, we must be licensed in all relevant jurisdictions that require licensure and comply with each such jurisdiction’s respective laws and regulations, as well as with judicial and administrative decisions applicable to us. Such licensing requirements also may require the submission of information regarding any person who has 10% or more of the combined voting power of our outstanding common stock. As a result of the voting provisions of our certificate of incorporation, a person could have 10% or more of the combined voting power of our common stock even though such person holds less than 10% of our outstanding common stock if certain conditions are met. In addition, we are currently subject to a variety of, and may in the future become subject to additional Canadian federal and provincial laws, and U.S. federal, state, and local laws that are continually evolving and developing. These laws include but are not limited to, laws on advertising and sales, as well as privacy laws, including the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (“TCPA”), the Telemarketing Sales Rule, the CAN-SPAM Act, the Canadian Anti-Spam Law, the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act, the Gramm- Leach-Bliley Act (“GLBA“), the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”), the California Privacy Rights Act (“CPRA”), the Virginia Consumer Data Protection Act and the Colorado Privacy Act. We expect more states to enact legislation similar to the CCPA and CPRA, which provide consumers with various privacy rights such as the right to request deletion of their data, the right to receive data on record for them and the right to know what categories of data, generally, are maintained about them, and increases the privacy and security obligations of entities handling certain personal information of such consumers. These laws and any regulations implementing such laws directly impact our business and require ongoing compliance, monitoring and internal and external audits as they continue to evolve and may result in ever-increasing public scrutiny and escalating levels of enforcement and sanctions. Subsequent changes to data protection and privacy laws could also impact how we collect and process personal information, and therefore limit the effectiveness of our products and services as well as our ability to operate or expand our business, including limiting strategic partnerships that may involve the sharing of personal information. Certain federal regulators are also actively promulgating new and revised regulations that impact our business, including the Department of Veterans Affairs Interest Rate Reduction Refinance Loan rulemaking, the CFPB’s Dodd-Frank Section 1033 rulemaking, the CFPB’s nonbank consumer financial services provider enforcement order public registry rulemaking, the CFPB’s supervised nonbank form contract registry rulemaking, New York’s Cybersecurity Requirements for Financial Services, FTC’s Safeguards Rule, and the interagency automated valuations rulemaking. Additionally, the interpretation of data protection and privacy laws is rapidly evolving, making implementation and enforcement, and thus compliance requirements, ambiguous, uncertain, and potentially inconsistent. Although we make reasonable efforts to comply with all applicable data protection laws and regulations, our interpretations and such measures may have been or may prove to be insufficient or incorrect.

We must also comply with a number of federal, state and local consumer protection laws including, among others, TILA, the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (“RESPA”), the Fair Credit Reporting Act, Equal Credit Opportunity Act (“ECOA”), FHA, the TCPA, the GLBA, the Electronic Fund Transfer Act, the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act, Military Lending Act, the Homeowners Protection Act, the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, the SAFE Act, the Federal Trade Commission Act, the Dodd Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (“Dodd-Frank Act”), U.S. federal and state laws prohibiting unfair, deceptive, or abusive acts or practices, and state foreclosure laws. These statutes apply to loan origination, marketing, use of credit reports, safeguarding of non-public, personally identifiable information about our clients, foreclosure and claims handling, investment of and interest payments on escrow balances and escrow payment features, and mandate certain disclosures and notices to clients.
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In particular, various federal, state and local laws have been enacted that are designed to discourage predatory lending and servicing practices. The Home Ownership and Equity Protection Act of 1994 (“HOEPA”) prohibits inclusion of certain provisions in residential loans that have mortgage rates or origination costs in excess of prescribed levels and requires that borrowers be given certain disclosures prior to origination. Some states have enacted, or may enact, similar laws or regulations, which in some cases impose restrictions and requirements greater than those in HOEPA. In addition, under the anti-predatory lending laws of some states, the origination of certain residential loans, including loans that are not classified as “high cost” loans under applicable law, must satisfy a net tangible benefits test with respect to the related borrower. This test may be highly subjective and open to interpretation. As a result, a court may determine that a residential loan, for example, does not meet the test even if the related originator reasonably believed that the test was satisfied. Our failure to comply with these laws, or the failure of residential loan originators or servicers to comply with these laws, to the extent any of their residential loans are or become part of our mortgage-related assets, could subject us, as a servicer or, in the case of acquired loans, as an assignee or purchaser, to monetary penalties and could result in the borrowers rescinding the affected loans. Lawsuits have been brought in various states making claims against originators, servicers, assignees and purchasers of high-cost loans for violations of state law. Named defendants in these cases have included numerous participants within the secondary mortgage market. If our loans are found to have been originated in violation of predatory or abusive lending laws, we could be subject to lawsuits or governmental actions, or we could be fined or incur losses. The Conference of State Bank Supervisors in July 2021 issued model state regulatory prudential standards for nonbank mortgage servicers, which have been adopted by a number of individual states and impact our regulatory obligations, and could adversely affect our business with additional compliance costs and capital requirements.

In July 2020, it was announced that the Financial Stability Oversight Council will begin an activities-based review of the secondary mortgage market. The FHFA has expressed support for this review. In September 2020, the Council released a statement containing key findings from its review, which focused on the FHFA’s June 2020 proposed capital regulation for the GSEs. The Council’s statement encouraged the FHFA and other regulatory agencies to coordinate on capital requirements for market participants, encouraged the FHFA to tailor the GSEs’ capital buffers and encouraged the FHFA to implement regulatory capital definitions for the GSEs similar to those in the U.S. banking framework. In November 2023, FHFA adopted a final rule to amend several provisions in the Enterprise Regulatory Capital Framework for the Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae) and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac, and with Fannie Mae, each an Enterprise). The final rule includes modifications related to guarantees on commingled securities, multifamily mortgage exposures secured by government-subsidized properties, and derivatives and cleared transactions, among other items. Any further changes to the GSEs’ capital requirements could affect secondary mortgage market activities in a manner that could have an adverse effect on our business.

Both the scope of the laws and regulations and the intensity of the supervision to which our businesses are subject have increased over time, in response to the 2008 financial crisis, the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as other factors such as technological and market changes. Regulatory enforcement and fines have also increased across the banking and financial services sector. We expect that our business will remain subject to extensive and changing regulation and supervision. These regulatory changes could result in an increase in our regulatory compliance burden and associated costs and place restrictions on our origination and servicing operations. Our failure to comply with applicable U.S. federal, state and local consumer protection, Canadian federal and provincial laws, and data privacy laws could adversely impact our business including loss of our licenses and approvals to engage in our servicing and lending businesses, damage to our reputation in the industry, governmental investigations and enforcement actions, administrative fines and penalties and litigation, diminished ability to sell loans that we originate or purchase and inability to raise capital.

As these U.S. federal, state and local laws, and Canadian federal and provincial laws evolve, it may be more difficult for us to identify these developments comprehensively, to interpret changes accurately and to train our team members effectively with respect to these laws and regulations. In addition, these laws may conflict with each other, and if we comply with the laws of one jurisdiction, we may find that we are violating laws of another jurisdiction. These difficulties potentially increase our exposure to the risks of non-compliance with these laws and regulations, which could be detrimental to our business. In addition, our failure to comply with these laws, regulations and rules may result in reduced payments by clients, modification of the original terms of loans, permanent forgiveness of debt, delays in the foreclosure process, increased servicing advances, litigation including class actions, enforcement actions, and repurchase and indemnification obligations. A failure to adequately supervise service providers and vendors, including outside foreclosure counsel, may also have these negative results.

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The laws and regulations applicable to us are subject to administrative or judicial interpretation, but some of these laws and regulations have been enacted only recently and may not yet have been interpreted or may be interpreted infrequently. Ambiguities in applicable laws and regulations may leave uncertainty with respect to permitted or restricted conduct and may make compliance with laws, and risk assessment decisions with respect to compliance with laws difficult and uncertain. In addition, ambiguities make it difficult, in certain circumstances, to determine if, and how, compliance violations may be cured. The adoption by industry participants of different interpretations of these statutes and regulations has added uncertainty and complexity to compliance. We may fail to comply with applicable statutes and regulations even if acting in good faith due to a lack of clarity regarding the interpretation of such statutes and regulations, which may lead to regulatory investigations, governmental enforcement actions or private causes of action with respect to our compliance.

To resolve issues raised in examinations or other governmental actions, we may be required to take various corrective actions, including changing certain business practices, making refunds or taking other actions that could be financially or competitively detrimental to us. We expect to continue to incur costs to comply with governmental regulations. In addition, certain legislative and executive actions and judicial decisions can give rise to the initiation of lawsuits against us for activities we conducted in the past. Furthermore, provisions in our mortgage loan and other loan product documentation, including but not limited to the mortgage and promissory notes we use in loan originations, could be construed as unenforceable by a court. We have been, and expect to continue to be, subject to regulatory enforcement actions and private causes of action from time to time with respect to our compliance with applicable laws and regulations.

As a licensed real estate brokerage, our Rocket Homes business is currently subject to a variety of, and may in the future become subject to, additional, federal, state, and local laws that are continually changing, including laws related to: the real estate, brokerage, title, and mortgage industries; mobile- and internet-based businesses; and data security, advertising, privacy and consumer protection laws. For instance, we are subject to federal laws such as the FHA and RESPA. These laws can be costly to comply with, require significant management attention, and could subject us to claims, government enforcement actions, civil and criminal liability, or other remedies, including revocation of licenses and suspension of business operations.

In some cases, it is unclear as to how such laws and regulations affect Rocket Homes based on our business model that is unlike traditional brokerages, and the fact that those laws and regulations were created for traditional real estate brokerages. If we are unable to comply with and become liable for violations of these laws or regulations, or if unfavorable regulations or interpretations of existing regulations by courts or regulatory bodies are implemented, we could be directly harmed and forced to implement new measures to reduce our liability exposure. It could cause our operations in affected markets to become overly expensive, time consuming, or even impossible.

Regulatory changes and the final outcomes of industry-specific litigation may require us to expend significant time, capital, managerial, and other resources to modify or discontinue certain operations, limiting our ability to execute our business strategies, deepen our presence in our existing markets, or expand into new markets. In addition, any negative exposure or liability could harm our brand and reputation. Any costs incurred as a result of this potential liability could harm our business.

Rocket Loans, as a technology platform focused on financial services solutions, relies on an issuing bank to originate the majority of its loans. Based on this relationship, Rocket Loans relies on the issuing bank to comply with federal, state, and other laws. In addition, Rocket Loans is required to secure various licenses as a servicer, lender, and a broker, among other licenses, and subjects it to various federal, state, and local laws that are continually changing, including laws related to data security, privacy and consumer protection laws, fair debt collection laws, and fair lending, among others. These laws can be costly to comply with, require significant management attention, and could subject us to claims, government enforcement actions, civil and criminal liability, or other remedies, including revocation of licenses and suspension of business operations.

As a licensed title and settlement service provider, and an appraisal management company, Amrock is currently subject to a variety of, and may in the future become subject to, additional, federal, state, and local laws and regulations that are continually changing, including laws and regulations related to: the real estate, title, mortgage, and valuation industries; mobile- and internet-based businesses; and data security, advertising, privacy and consumer protection laws. For instance, Amrock is subject to federal laws such as GLBA and RESPA and state insurance laws. These laws can be costly to comply with, require significant management attention, and could subject us to claims, government enforcement actions, civil and criminal liability, or other remedies, including revocation of licenses and suspension of business operations.

Amrock Title Insurance Company (“ATIC”), a title insurance underwriter, is heavily regulated by its domiciled state of Texas and by the department of insurance in each state where it holds a certificate of authority to transact title insurance. It is subject to state title insurance statutes and insurance codes as well as federal law. Title insurance rates are regulated
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differently in various states, with most states requiring ATIC to file and receive approval of rates before such rates become effective to be utilized by title agents. Other states set promulgated rates controlling the title insurance rates that can be charged. These regulations could hinder the underwriter’s and the agent’s ability to promptly adapt to changing market dynamics through price adjustments, which could adversely affect operations, particularly in a rapidly declining market. ATIC is also subject to regulations and reporting requirements imposed by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners. The laws and regulations governing insurance companies continue to evolve and vary by state, adding uncertainty and complexity to compliance. Financial conditions and claim management practices are subject to regulator examinations and high scrutiny. Departures from compliance, sound underwriting practices or adequate reserves for unknown claims could result in fines, enforcement actions or loss of authority to insure.

More restrictive laws and regulations may be adopted in the future, and governmental bodies or courts may interpret existing laws or regulations in a more restrictive manner, which could render our current business practices non-compliant or which could make compliance more difficult or expensive. Any of these, or other, changes in laws or regulations could have a detrimental effect on our business or require extensive change to our compliance management system.

Regulatory agencies and consumer advocacy groups are becoming more aggressive in asserting claims that the practices of lenders and loan servicers result in a disparate impact on protected classes.

Antidiscrimination statutes, such as the FHA and the ECOA, prohibit creditors from discriminating against loan applicants and borrowers based on certain characteristics, such as race, ethnicity, sex, religion and national origin. States have analogous anti-discrimination laws that extend protections beyond the protected classes under federal law, extending protections, for example to gender identity. Various federal regulatory agencies and departments, including the U.S. Department of Justice (“DOJ”) and CFPB, take the position that these laws apply not only to intentional discrimination, but also to neutral practices that have a disparate impact on a group that shares a characteristic that a creditor may not consider in making credit decisions (i.e., creditor or servicing practices that have a disproportionate negative affect on a protected class of individuals).

These regulatory agencies, as well as consumer advocacy groups and plaintiffs’ attorneys, are focusing greater attention on “disparate impact” claims. In 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court confirmed that the “disparate impact” theory applies to cases brought under the FHA, while emphasizing that a causal relationship must be shown between a specific policy of the defendant and a discriminatory result that is not justified by a legitimate, nondiscriminatory business objective of the defendant. In 2020, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (“HUD”) issued a final rule amending HUD’s interpretation of the FHA’s disparate impact standard to better align with the 2015 U.S. Supreme Court case; however, HUD more recently in March 2023 finalized a rule rescinding HUD’s 2020 final rule and restoring HUD’s 2013 disparate impact standard. Although it is still unclear whether the theory applies under the ECOA, regulatory agencies and private plaintiffs can be expected to continue to apply it to both the FHA and the ECOA in the context of home loan lending and servicing. To the extent that the “disparate impact” theory continues to apply, we may be faced with significant administrative burdens in attempting to comply and potential liability for failures to comply.

Furthermore, many industry observers believe that the “ability to repay” rule issued by the CFPB, discussed above, will have the unintended consequence of having a disparate impact on protected classes. Specifically, it is possible that lenders that make only Qualified Mortgages may be exposed to discrimination claims under a disparate impact theory.

Beyond exposure to potential fair lending or servicing claims under disparate impact theory, lenders face increasing regulatory, enforcement and litigation risk under the FHA and ECOA from claims of “redlining” and “reverse redlining”. Redlining is the practice of denying a creditworthy applicant a loan for housing in a certain neighborhood even though the applicant may be otherwise qualified. Reverse redlining is targeting an applicant in a certain neighborhood for higher cost products or services. In late 2021, the DOJ launched a “combating redlining initiative” and partnership with other federal and state agencies, including the CFPB, to police these practices, making clear they are a high priority across the financial services regulatory ecosystem.

In June 2021 the U.S. Federal Government also formed an interagency task force to address concerns around improper bias in home appraisals. The CFPB, HUD and FHFA all have been clear that policing such bias and working to develop new guidance for industry as to how it can reduce human discretion in the home appraisal and valuation process are key agency priorities. Such efforts could result in a change in our appraisal practices or expose us to liability under the FHA or ECOA.

In addition to reputational harm, violations of the ECOA and the FHA can result in actual damages, punitive damages, injunctive or equitable relief, attorneys’ fees and civil money penalties.
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Relatedly, state legislatures and state financial regulatory agencies are becoming increasingly interested in implementing state level versions of the federal Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 (“CRA”). The federal CRA was enacted as part of several landmark pieces of legislation to address systemic inequities in access to credit, expand financial inclusion, and reverse the impact of decades of redlining in low and moderate-income (“LMI”) communities and minority communities. The federal CRA currently only applies to federally insured depository banks and institutions, and evaluates their lending, services and investments in LMI and minority communities. However, certain state CRAs expanded the scope of application to include non-depository mortgage lenders, such as Rocket Mortgage. Currently, there are three states that have CRA legislation: Massachusetts, as well as Illinois (where extensive rulemaking is being finalized to implement the legislative requirements), and New York, both of which were passed in 2021, with other states expected to introduce similar CRA legislation in future legislative sessions. The lack of consistency and clarity on the scope of how the state level CRAs will be applied and how entities will be examined presents unknown compliance risks that may adversely impact our operations, and could inadvertently provide additional evidentiary support for potential disparate impact claims.

Government regulation of the internet, online marketing, data privacy, and other aspects of our business is evolving, and we may experience unfavorable changes in or failure to comply with existing or future regulations and laws.

We are subject to a number of regulations and laws that apply generally to businesses, as well as regulations and laws specifically governing the internet and marketing over the internet These laws and regulations, which continue to evolve, cover privacy and data protection, data security, pricing, content, copyrights, distribution, mobile and other communications, advertising practices, electronic contracts, consumer protections, the provision of online payment services, unencumbered internet access to our services, the design and operation of websites and the characteristics and quality of offerings online. . The expansion of future laws and interpretations of current statutes and regulations may impede the collection or use of certain data, which may in turn prevent or restrict growth and availability of certain internet and online based products and services, and creates additional compliance risk for our business. We cannot guarantee that we have been or will be fully compliant in every jurisdiction, as it is not entirely clear how new or existing laws and regulations will be interpreted or enforced with respect to the internet and e-commerce. Moreover, increasing regulation and enforcement efforts by federal and state agencies and the prospects for private litigation claims related to our data collection, privacy policies or other e-commerce practices become more likely. In addition, the adoption of any laws or regulations, or the imposition of other legal requirements, that adversely affect our digital marketing efforts could decrease our ability to offer, or client demand for, our offerings, resulting in lower revenue. Future regulations, or changes in laws and regulations or their existing interpretations or applications, could also require us to change our business practices, raise compliance costs or other costs of doing business and materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.

Our mortgage business is exposed to heightened regulatory scrutiny by various governmental agencies, but particularly from the CFPB, impacting both loan origination and servicing. The agencies’ continued monitoring, rule issuance. published guidance, and enforcement actions increase our regulatory compliance burden and associated costs.

The CFPB, which oversees federal and state non-depository lending and servicing institutions, has intensified its examination and enforcement activities and with rulemaking and enforcement authority over federal consumer protection laws applicable to mortgage lenders and servicers, including TILA, RESPA, and the Fair Debt Collections Practices Act, the CFPB poses a substantial regulatory risk to our operations. Furthermore, the CFPB’s focus on mortgage servicing practices, exemplified by iteratively adopted rules over several years, including more recent amendments related to loss mitigation and foreclosures during the COVID-19 pandemic, necessitated modifications and enhancements to our mortgage servicing processes and systems. The end of reliance on the “QM Patch,” and the introduction of the General QM requirements, coupled with the CFPB’s increased scrutiny of fee-based business models, fair lending and servicing, and potential misuse of consumer data, present ongoing potential operational complexity to meet regulatory requirements.

The potential consequences of non-compliance with CFPB regulations include enforcement actions, administrative fines, penalties, and other regulatory measures. Routine examinations by the CFPB have increased administrative and compliance costs, influencing the availability and cost of residential mortgage credit. Additionally, the CFPB’s broad enforcement powers, including rescission or reformation of contracts, restitution, disgorgement, civil money penalties, and other remedies, pose a significant supervisory enforcement risk.

We are also supervised by regulatory agencies under state and Canadian law. State attorneys general, state regulators, and state and local consumer protection offices have authority to investigate consumer complaints and to commence investigations and other formal and informal proceedings regarding our operations and activities. In addition, the GSEs and
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the FHFA, Ginnie Mae, the FTC, the HUD, various investors, non-agency securitization trustees, warehouse line providers, and others subject us to periodic reviews. A determination of our failure to comply with applicable law or other relevant requirements could lead to enforcement action, administrative fines and penalties, or other administrative action.

Any failure to comply with federal consumer protection laws, whether actual or alleged, could result in enforcement actions, potential litigation liabilities, downgrades by one or more rating agencies, a transfer of servicing responsibilities, increased delinquencies, or other adverse events. The financial resources required to remediate non-compliance or implement changes to business practices may be substantial, impacting our overall business operations and potentially leading to modifications of our servicing standards.

If we are unable to comply with TILA-RESPA Integrated Disclosure (“TRID”) rules, our business and operations could be materially and adversely affected and our plans to expand our lending business could be adversely impacted.

The CFPB implemented loan disclosure requirements, effective in October 2015, to combine and amend certain TILA and RESPA mortgage disclosures. The TRID rules significantly changed consumer-facing disclosure rules and added certain waiting periods to allow consumers time to shop for and consider the loan terms after receiving the required disclosures. If we fail to comply with the TRID rules, we may be unable to sell loans that we originate or purchase, or we may be required to sell such loans at a discount compared to other loans. We could also be subject to repurchase or indemnification claims from purchasers of such loans, including the GSEs.

As regulatory guidance and enforcement and the views of the GSEs and other market participants evolve, we may need to modify further our loan origination processes and systems in order to adjust to evolution in the regulatory landscape and successfully operate our lending business. In such circumstances, if we are unable to make the necessary adjustments, our business and operations could be adversely affected, and we may not be able to execute on our plans to grow our lending business.

If we do not obtain and maintain the appropriate state licenses, we will not be allowed to do business in some states, which would adversely affect our operations.

Our operations are subject to regulation, supervision and licensing under various federal, state and local statutes, ordinances and regulations. In most states in which we operate, a regulatory agency regulates and enforces laws relating to loan servicing companies and loan origination companies such as us. These rules and regulations generally provide for licensing as a loan servicing company, loan origination company, loan marketing company, loan brokering company, debt collection agency or third-party default specialist, as applicable, requirements as to the form and content of contracts and other documentation, licensing of employees and employee hiring background checks, restrictions on collection practices, disclosure and record- keeping requirements and enforcement of borrowers’ rights. In most states, we are subject to periodic examination by state regulatory authorities. Some states in which we operate require special licensing or provide extensive regulation of our business.

Additionally, due to the geographic scope of our operations and the nature of the services we provide, certain of our subsidiaries may be required to obtain and maintain certain licenses in all states where they operate, including:

•Rocket Homes is required to obtain and maintain real estate brokerage licenses.

•Amrock is required to obtain and maintain various licenses as a title agent, settlement service provider, and appraisal management company. In addition, individual service providers must also maintain licenses to provide escrow, notary, and appraisal services. Many state licenses are renewed at a regular frequency, typically annually, in order to keep the license in good standing.

•Rocket Loans may be required to obtain and maintain new licenses in certain states where such activity previously did not require licensing due to evolving standards in the financial services industry and legislative activity.

If we enter new markets, we may be required to comply with new laws, regulations and licensing requirements. As part of licensing requirements, we are typically required to designate individual licensees of record. We cannot ensure that we are in full compliance, and will always remain in full compliance with all licensing laws and regulations, and we may be subject to fines or penalties, including license revocation, for any non-compliance. If in the future a state agency were to determine that we are required to obtain additional licenses in that state in order to transact business, or if we lose an existing license or are
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otherwise found to be in violation of a law or regulation, our business operations in that state may be suspended until we obtain the license or otherwise remedy the compliance issue.

We may not be able to maintain all requisite licenses and permits, and the failure to satisfy those and other regulatory requirements could restrict our ability to broker, originate, purchase, sell or service loans. In addition, our failure to satisfy any such requirements relating to servicing of loans could result in a default under our servicing agreements and have a material adverse effect on our operations. The adoption of additional, or the revision of existing, rules and regulations could have a detrimental effect on our business.

We are subject to guidelines, laws and regulations regarding our use of telemarketing; a failure to comply with such laws and guidelines, including the TCPA, could increase our operating costs and adversely impact our business.

We engage in outbound telephone and text communications with consumers, and accordingly must comply with a number of laws and regulations that govern said communications, including the TCPA and Telemarketing Sales Rules. The U.S. Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”) and the FTC have responsibility for regulating various aspects of these laws. Among other requirements, the TCPA requires us to obtain prior express written consent for certain communications and to adhere to “do-not-call” registry requirements which, in part, mandate that we maintain and regularly update lists of consumers who have chosen not to be called and restrict calls to consumers who are on the national do-not-call list. Additionally, the FCC adopted new rules under the TCPA in December 2023 that in part will require comparison shopping websites and lead generators we work with to obtain a consumer’s prior express written consent one caller at a time, rather than having a single consent apply to multiple callers at once. Many states have similar consumer protection laws regulating telemarketing. These laws may limit our ability to communicate with consumers and reduce the effectiveness of our marketing programs. The TCPA does not distinguish between voice and data, and, as such, SMS/MMS messages are also “calls” for the purpose of TCPA obligations and restrictions.

For violations of the TCPA, the law provides for a private right of action under which a plaintiff may recover monetary damages of $500 for each call or text made in violation of the prohibitions on calls made using an “artificial or pre-recorded voice” or an automatic telephone dialing system. A court may treble the amount of damages upon a finding of a “willful or knowing” violation. There is no statutory cap on maximum aggregate exposure (although some courts have applied in TCPA class actions constitutional limits on excessive penalties). An action may be brought by the FCC, a state attorney general, an individual, or a class of individuals. Like other companies that rely on telephone and text communications, we are regularly subject to putative, class action suits alleging violations of the TCPA. If in the future we are found to have violated the TCPA, the amount of damages and potential liability could be extensive and adversely impact our business. Accordingly, were such a class certified or if we are unable to successfully defend such a suit, as we have in the past, then TCPA damages could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

We are also subject to the Messaging Principles and Best Practices created by CTIA, a trade association representing the wireless communications industry in the United States. A failure to comply with CTIA guidelines could result in us being temporarily unable to make communications over carrier networks, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Changes in tax laws may adversely affect us, and the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) or a court may disagree with our tax positions, which may result in adverse effects on our financial condition or the value of our common stock.

The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “TCJA”), enacted on December 22, 2017, significantly affected U.S. tax law, including by changing how the U.S. imposes tax on certain types of income of corporations and by reducing the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate to 21%. It also imposed new limitations on a number of tax benefits, including deductions for business interest, use of net operating loss carry forwards, taxation of foreign income, and the foreign tax credit, among others. The CARES Act, enacted on March 27, 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, further amended the U.S. federal tax code, including in respect of certain changes that were made by the TCJA, generally on a temporary basis.

On August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 was enacted, which, among other things, imposed a 15% minimum tax on book income of certain large corporations, a 1% excise tax on net stock repurchases made after December 31, 2022 and several tax incentives to promote clean energy. Further proposed tax changes that may be enacted in the future could impact our current or future tax structure and effective tax rates. The federal government has previously proposed other legislation that would further broaden the tax base and limit tax deductions in certain situations. Proposed and future provisions could have a material adverse impact on our tax rate, cash flow, and financial results. There can be no assurance
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that future tax law changes will not increase the rate of the corporate income tax significantly, impose new limitations on deductions, credits or other tax benefits, or make other changes that may adversely affect our business, cash flows or financial performance. In the absence of additional clarification and guidance from the IRS on certain tax matters, the Company will take positions with respect to a number of unsettled issues. There is no assurance that the IRS or a court will agree with the positions taken by us, in which case tax penalties and interest may be imposed that could adversely affect our business, cash flows or financial performance. In the future, additional guidance may be issued by the IRS, the Department of the Treasury, or other governing body that may significantly differ from our interpretation of the law, which may result in a material adverse effect on our business or financial condition.

Our reported financial results may be materially and adversely affected by future changes in accounting principles generally accepted in the United States.

U.S. GAAP is subject to standard setting or interpretation by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, the SEC and various bodies formed to promulgate and interpret appropriate accounting principles. A change in these principles or interpretations could have a significant effect on our reported financial results and could materially and adversely affect the transactions completed before the announcement of a change. A change in these principles or interpretations could also require us to alter our accounting systems in a manner that could increase our operating costs and impact the content of our financial statements.

We are subject to various legal actions that if decided adversely, or if viewed unfavorably by the public, could be detrimental to our business.

We face multifaceted legal and regulatory risks that pose a significant threat to our business. Operating in an industry highly sensitive to consumer protection, we are subject to various legal actions, including those alleging improper lending, servicing, or marketing practices, as well as violations of consumer protection, securities, and other laws. We are routinely involved in legal proceedings that may allege issues such as abusive loan terms, disclosure violations, quiet title actions, improper foreclosure practices, and breach of contract. The resolution of these actions may not always be favorable, leading to financial consequences and diverting management attention from ordinary business operations. The legal landscape is complex, with numerous local, state, and federal laws and regulations continually evolving. Non-compliance with these regulations can result in costly remediation and substantial fines. Furthermore, even in cases of favorable resolutions, we may still incur significant legal expenses.

In addition to legal and regulatory challenges, our business faces employment-related risks that could result in significant out-of-pocket losses, fines, and negative publicity. Team members and former team members may bring lawsuits, including by way of example lawsuits alleging discrimination, wage and hour issues, sexual harassment or a variety of other employment related issues. The increasing prevalence of discrimination and harassment claims, amplified by social media, heightens the potential for reputational harm. Incidents involving employment or harassment-related claims could lead to the termination of key personnel and adversely impact our brand image.

The combined effect of legal, regulatory, and employment risks poses a comprehensive threat to our business, impacting financial stability, operational efficiency, and overall reputation. It necessitates ongoing diligence in navigating the evolving legal landscape and implementing effective risk mitigation strategies.

We are subject to securities litigation, which may be expensive and may divert management’s attention.

Our share price has been, and may in the future be, volatile, and in the past companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have been subject to securities class action litigation. We have become the target of this type of litigation, first in June 2021, a class action lawsuit alleging violations of the federal securities laws was filed against us and certain of our directors and officers. Following the June 2021 class action, several similar lawsuits have been filed. Lawsuits such as these may result in other, derivative lawsuits being filed, may be expensive to defend, and may divert our management’s attention from the conduct of our business, which could have an adverse effect on our business.

The conduct of the brokers through whom we originate loans could subject us to fines or other penalties.

For certain mortgage transactions, Rocket Mortgage operates as the wholesale lender and works with a third-party mortgage broker to facilitate the loan application. The brokers through whom we originate loans have parallel and separate legal obligations to which they are subject. While these laws may not explicitly hold the lenders responsible for the legal violations
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of such brokers, U.S. federal and state agencies increasingly have sought to impose such liability. The DOJ, through its use of a disparate impact theory under the FHA, is attempting to hold home loan lenders responsible for the pricing practices of brokers, alleging that the lender is directly responsible for the total fees and charges paid by the borrower even if the lender neither dictated what the broker could charge nor kept the money for its own account. In addition, under the TRID rules, we may be responsible for improper disclosures made to clients by brokers. We may be subject to claims for fines or other penalties based upon the conduct of the independent home loan brokers with which we do business.

Risks Relating to Privacy and Intellectual Property

The collection, processing, storage, use and disclosure of personal data could give rise to liabilities as a result of governmental regulation, conflicting legal requirements or differing views of personal privacy rights.

In the processing of consumer transactions, our businesses receive, transmit and store a large volume of personally identifiable information and personally identifiable financial information (collectively referred to as “Nonpublic Personal Information” or “NPI”) and other user data. The collection, sharing, use, disclosure and protection of this information are governed by the privacy and data security policies maintained by us and our businesses. Moreover, there are federal, state and international laws regarding privacy and the storing, sharing, use, disclosure and protection of NPI and user data. Specifically, NPI is increasingly subject to legislation and regulations in numerous jurisdictions around the world, the intent of which is to protect the privacy and security of such information that is collected, processed, or transmitted related to consumers within their jurisdiction. In the United States, regulations and interpretations concerning NPI and data security promulgated by state and federal regulators, including, but not limited to, the CFPB, FTC, NYDFS and CPPA (California’s regulatory body authorized to enforce CPRA), could conflict or give rise to differing views of privacy and security rights around NPI. We could be materially and adversely affected if legislation or regulations are expanded to require changes in business practices or privacy policies, or if governing jurisdictions interpret or implement their legislation or regulations in ways that negatively affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our failure, and/or the failure by the various third-party vendors and service providers with whom we do business, to comply with applicable federal, state or similar international laws and regulations could damage our reputation or the reputation of these businesses, discourage potential users from our products and services and/or result in fines and/or proceedings by governmental agencies and/or consumers, one or all of which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We could be adversely affected if we inadequately obtain, maintain, protect and enforce our intellectual property and proprietary rights and may encounter disputes from time to time relating to our use of the intellectual property of third parties.

Trademarks and other intellectual property and proprietary rights are important to our success and our competitive position. We rely on a combination of trademarks, service marks, copyrights, patents, trade secrets and domain names, as well as confidentiality procedures and contractual provisions to protect our intellectual property and proprietary rights. Despite these measures, third parties may attempt to disclose, obtain, copy or use intellectual property rights owned or licensed by us and these measures may not prevent misappropriation, infringement, reverse engineering or other violation of intellectual property or proprietary rights owned or licensed by us, particularly in foreign countries where laws or enforcement practices may not protect our proprietary rights as fully as in the United States. Furthermore, confidentiality procedures and contractual provisions can be difficult to enforce and, even if successfully enforced, may not be entirely effective. In addition, we cannot guarantee that we have entered into confidentiality agreements with all team members, partners, independent contractors or consultants that have or may have had access to our trade secrets and other proprietary information. Any issued or registered intellectual property rights owned by or licensed to us may be challenged, invalidated, held unenforceable or circumvented in litigation or other proceedings, including re-examination, inter partes review, post-grant review, interference and derivation proceedings and equivalent proceedings in foreign jurisdictions (e.g., opposition proceedings), and such intellectual property rights may be lost or no longer provide us meaningful competitive advantages. Third parties may also independently develop products, services and technology similar to or duplicative of our products and services.

In order to protect our intellectual property rights, we may be required to spend significant resources. Litigation brought to protect and enforce our intellectual property rights could be costly, time consuming and could result in the diversion of time and attention of our management team and could result in the impairment or loss of portions of our intellectual property. Furthermore, attempts to enforce our intellectual property rights against third parties could also provoke these third parties to assert their own intellectual property or other rights against us, or result in a holding that invalidates or narrows the scope of
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our rights, in whole or in part. Third-party misuse of our intellectual property in attempts to defraud our clients and others are often difficult to identify and costly to enforce against. Our failure to adequately address these third parties could result in material harm to our reputation. Our failure to secure, maintain, protect and enforce our intellectual property rights could adversely affect our brands and adversely impact our business.

Our success and ability to compete also depends in part on our ability to operate without infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating the intellectual property or proprietary rights of third parties. We have encountered, and may in the future encounter, disputes from time to time concerning intellectual property rights of others, including our competitors, and we may not prevail in these disputes. Third parties may raise claims against us alleging an infringement, misappropriation or other violation of their intellectual property rights, including trademarks, copyrights, patents, trade secrets or other intellectual property or proprietary rights. Some third-party intellectual property rights may be extremely broad, and it may not be possible for us to conduct our operations in such a way as to avoid all alleged infringements, misappropriations or other violations of such intellectual property rights. In addition, former employers of our current, former or future team members may assert claims that such team members have improperly disclosed to us the confidential or proprietary information of these former employers. The resolution of any such disputes or litigations is difficult to predict. Future litigation may also involve non-practicing entities or other intellectual property owners who have no relevant product offerings or revenue and against whom our ownership of intellectual property may therefore provide little or no deterrence or protection. An assertion of an intellectual property infringement, misappropriation or other claim against us may result in adverse judgments, settlement on unfavorable terms or cause us to spend significant amounts to defend the claim, even if we ultimately prevail and we may have to pay significant money damages, lose significant revenues, be prohibited from using the relevant systems, processes, technologies or other intellectual property (temporarily or permanently), cease offering certain products or services, or incur significant license, royalty or technology development expenses. Defending against such claims could be costly, time consuming and could result in the diversion of time and attention of our management team. In addition, although in some cases a third party may have agreed to indemnify us for such infringement, misappropriation or other violation, such indemnifying party may refuse or be unable to uphold its contractual obligations.

Risks Relating to our Human Capital

We may not be able to hire, train and retain qualified personnel to support our growth, and difficulties with hiring, team member training and other labor issues could adversely affect our ability to implement our business objectives and disrupt our operations.

Our operations depend on the work of our approximately 14,700 team members. Our future success will depend on our ability to continue to hire, integrate, develop and retain highly qualified personnel for all areas of our organization. Any talent acquisition and retention challenges could reduce our operating efficiency, increase our costs of operations and harm our overall financial condition. We could face these challenges if competition for qualified personnel intensifies or the pool of qualified candidates becomes more limited. Additionally, we invest heavily in training our team members, which increases their value to competitors who may seek to recruit them. The inability to attract or retain qualified personnel could have a detrimental impact on cost and performance for our business.

If we cannot maintain our corporate culture, we could lose the innovation, collaboration and focus on the mission that contribute to our business.

We believe that a critical component of our success is our corporate culture and our deep commitment to our mission. We believe this mission-based culture fosters innovation, encourages teamwork and cultivates creativity. Our mission defines our business philosophy as well as the emphasis that we place on our clients, our people and our culture and is consistently reinforced to and by our team members. As we continue to innovate and change in response to market and environmental changes, we may find it difficult to maintain these valuable aspects of our corporate culture and our long-term mission. Any failure to preserve our culture could negatively impact our future success, including our ability to attract and retain team members, encourage innovation and teamwork, and effectively focus on and pursue our mission and corporate objectives.

Loss of our key leadership could result in a material adverse effect on our business.

Our future success depends on the continued services of our senior leadership, including our Chief Executive Officer, our President and Chief Operating Officer, our Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer and our General Counsel and Secretary. The experience of our senior leadership is a valuable asset to us and could be difficult to replace. We do not maintain “key person” life insurance for any of our personnel. During 2023, we underwent a series of leadership transitions. These
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leadership transitions, as well as other future senior management changes, could disrupt and have a detrimental effect on our business.

Risks Relating to our Corporate Structure

We are a holding company and our principal asset is our equity interests in RKT Holdings, LLC (“Holdings”), and accordingly we are dependent upon distributions from Holdings to pay taxes and other expenses.

We are a holding company and our principal asset is our ownership of Holdings. We have no independent means of generating revenue. As the sole managing member of Holdings, we intend to cause Holdings to make distributions to us, RHI and Dan Gilbert, the three equity holders of Holdings, in amounts sufficient to cover the taxes on their allocable share of the taxable income of Holdings, all applicable taxes payable by us, any payments we are obligated to make under the Tax Receivable Agreement and other costs or expenses. However, certain laws and regulations may result in restrictions on Holdings’ ability to make distributions to us or the ability of Holdings’ subsidiaries to make distributions to it.

To the extent that we need funds, and Holdings or its subsidiaries are restricted from making such distributions, we may not be able to obtain such funds on terms acceptable to us or at all and as a result could suffer an adverse effect on our liquidity and financial condition.

In certain circumstances, Holdings is required to make distributions to us, RHI and Dan Gilbert, and the distributions that Holdings is required to make may be substantial and in excess of our tax liabilities and obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement. To the extent we do not distribute or otherwise utilize such excess cash, RHI and Dan Gilbert would benefit from any value attributable to such cash balances as a result of their ownership of Class B common stock (or Class A common stock, as applicable) following an exchange of their Holdings Units and corresponding shares of Class D common stock (or Class C common stock, as applicable).

Holdings is treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes and, as such, is not subject to any entity-level U.S. federal income tax. Instead, taxable income is allocated to us, RHI and Dan Gilbert, as holders of Holdings Units. Accordingly, we incur income taxes on our allocable share of any net taxable income of Holdings. Under the operating agreement of Holdings (the “Holdings Operating Agreement”), Holdings is generally required from time to time to make pro rata distributions in cash to its equity holders, RHI, Dan Gilbert and us, in amounts sufficient to cover the taxes on their allocable share of the taxable income of Holdings. As a result of (i) potential non pro rata allocations of net taxable income allocable to us, RHI and Dan Gilbert, (ii) the lower tax rate applicable to corporations as compared to individuals, (iii) the favorable tax benefits that we anticipate receiving from the exchange of Holdings Units and corresponding shares of Class D common stock or Class C common stock and future purchases of Holdings Units (along with corresponding shares of Class D common stock or Class C common stock) from RHI and Dan Gilbert and (iv) the favorable tax benefits that we anticipate receiving from payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement, these tax distributions have been, and we expect that they will continue to be in amounts that exceed our tax liabilities and obligations to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement. Our board of directors will determine the appropriate uses for any excess cash so accumulated, which in the past has included and may include in the future, stock buybacks, the payment obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement, the payment of other expenses, the declaration of a stock dividend on our Class A common stock, along with the purchase of a corresponding number of common units in Holdings, and the purchase of additional common units in Holdings, along with a recapitalization of all of the outstanding common units in Holdings. To the extent we do not take such actions and instead, for example, hold such cash balances or lend them to Holdings, RHI and Dan Gilbert would benefit from any value attributable to such cash balances as a result of their ownership of Class B common stock (or Class A common stock, as applicable) following an exchange of their Holdings Units and corresponding shares of Class D common stock (or Class C common stock, as applicable). No adjustments to the present exchange ratio of one-to-one for Holdings Units and corresponding shares of Class D common stock or Class C common stock will be made as a result of (i) any cash distribution by Holdings or (ii) any cash that we retain and do not distribute to our stockholders.

Our certificate of incorporation contains a provision renouncing our interest and expectancy in certain corporate opportunities.

Our certificate of incorporation provides that no RHI Affiliated Entity nor any officer, director, member, partner or employee of any RHI Affiliated Entity (each, an “RHI Party”) has any duty to refrain from engaging in the same or similar business activities or lines of business, doing business with any of our clients or suppliers or employing or otherwise engaging or soliciting for employment any of our directors, officers or employees. Our certificate of incorporation provides that, to the
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fullest extent permitted by applicable law, we renounce our right to certain business opportunities, and that each RHI Party has no duty to communicate or offer such business opportunity to us and is not liable to us or any of our stockholders for breach of any fiduciary or other duty under statutory or common law, as a director, officer or controlling stockholder, or otherwise, by reason of the fact that any such individual pursues or acquires such business opportunity, directs such business opportunity to another person or fails to present such business opportunity, or information regarding such business opportunity, to us. The Exchange Agreement provides that these provisions of our certificate of incorporation may not be amended without RHI’s consent for so long as RHI holds any Holdings Units. These provisions of our certificate of incorporation create the possibility that a corporate opportunity of ours may be used for the benefit of the RHI Affiliated Entities.

We are required to pay RHI and Dan Gilbert for certain tax benefits we may claim, and the amounts we may pay could be significant.

We are parties to a Tax Receivable Agreement with RHI and Dan Gilbert that provides for the payment by us to RHI and Dan Gilbert (or their transferees of Holdings Units or other assignees) of 90% of the amount of cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state and local income tax or franchise tax that we actually realize (computed using simplifying assumptions to address the impact of state and local taxes) as a result of: (i) certain increases in our allocable share of the tax basis in Holdings’ assets resulting from (a) the purchases of Holdings Units (along with the corresponding shares of our Class D common stock or Class C common stock) from RHI and Dan Gilbert (or their transferees of Holdings Units or other assignees) using the net proceeds from our initial public offering or in any future offering, (b) exchanges by RHI and Dan Gilbert (or their transferees of Holdings Units or other assignees) of Holdings Units (along with the corresponding shares of our Class D common stock or Class C common stock) for cash or shares of our Class B common stock or Class A common stock, as applicable, or (c) payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement; (ii) tax benefits related to imputed interest deemed arising as a result of payments made under the Tax Receivable Agreement; and (iii) disproportionate allocations (if any) of tax benefits to Holdings as a result of section 704(c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended that relate to the reorganization transactions. The Tax Receivable Agreement makes certain simplifying assumptions regarding the determination of the cash savings that we realize or are deemed to realize from the covered tax attributes, which may result in payments pursuant to the Tax Receivable Agreement in excess of those that would result if such assumptions were not made.

The actual tax benefit, as well as the amount and timing of any payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement, will vary depending upon a number of factors, including, among others, the timing of exchanges by or purchases from RHI and Dan Gilbert, the price of our Class A common stock at the time of the exchanges or purchases, the extent to which such exchanges are taxable, the amount and timing of the taxable income we generate in the future and the tax rate then applicable, and the portion of our payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement constituting imputed interest. Future payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement could be substantial. Of the $584.7 million Tax receivable agreement liability recorded, we estimate that, as a result of the amount of the increases in the tax basis in Holdings’ assets from the purchase of Holdings Units (along with the corresponding shares of our Class D common stock) in connection with the initial public offering, the over-allotment option (Greenshoe), and the March 2021 paired interest exchange, assuming no material changes in the relevant tax law and that we will have sufficient taxable income to utilize all of the tax attributes covered by the Tax Receivable Agreement when they are first available to be utilized under applicable law, future payments to RHI and Dan Gilbert under the Tax Receivable Agreement would aggregate to approximately $301.3 million over the next 20 years and for yearly payments over that time to range between zero to $25.0 million per year. Future payments under the Tax Receivable Agreements in respect of subsequent purchases or exchanges of Holdings Units (along with the corresponding shares of Class D common stock or Class C common stock) would be in addition to these amounts. The payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement are not conditioned upon RHI’s or Dan Gilbert’s continued ownership of us.

There is a possibility that under certain circumstances not all of the 90% of the applicable cash savings will be paid to the selling or exchanging holder of Holdings Units at the time described above. If we determine that such circumstances apply and all or a portion of such applicable tax savings is in doubt, we will pay to the holders of such Holdings Units the amount attributable to the portion of the applicable tax savings that we determine is not in doubt and pay the remainder at such time as we reasonably determine the actual tax savings or that the amount is no longer in doubt.

In addition, RHI and Dan Gilbert (or their transferees or other assignees) will not reimburse us for any payments previously made if any covered tax benefits are subsequently disallowed, except that any excess payments made to RHI or Dan Gilbert (or such holder’s transferees or assignees) will be netted against future payments that would otherwise be made under the Tax Receivable Agreement with RHI and Dan Gilbert, if any, after our determination of such excess. We could make payments to
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RHI and Dan Gilbert under the Tax Receivable Agreement that are greater than our actual cash tax savings and may not be able to recoup those payments, which could negatively impact our liquidity.

In addition, the Tax Receivable Agreement provides that in the case of a change in control of the Company or a material breach of our obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement, we are required to make a payment to RHI and Dan Gilbert in an amount equal to the present value of future payments (calculated using a discount rate equal to the lesser of 6.50% or a rate based on the benchmark rate used to determine pricing or interest rates in a majority of our then-outstanding repurchase or warehouse agreements or other financing arrangements providing for the financing of mortgage loans plus 100 basis points, which may differ from our, or a potential acquirer’s, then-current cost of capital) under the Tax Receivable Agreement, which payment would be based on certain assumptions, including those relating to our future taxable income. In these situations, our obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement could have a substantial negative impact on our, or a potential acquirer’s, liquidity and could have the effect of delaying, deferring, modifying or preventing certain mergers, asset sales, other forms of business combinations or other changes of control. These provisions of the Tax Receivable Agreement may result in situations where RHI and Dan Gilbert have interests that differ from or are in addition to those of our other stockholders. In addition, we could be required to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement that are substantial, significantly in advance of any potential actual realization of such further tax benefits, and in excess of our, or a potential acquirer’s, actual cash savings in income tax.

Finally, because we are a holding company with no operations of our own, our ability to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement is dependent on the ability of our subsidiaries to make distributions to us. Our debt agreements may restrict the ability of our subsidiaries to make distributions to us, which could affect our ability to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement. To the extent that we are unable to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement as a result of restrictions in our debt agreements, such payments will be deferred and will accrue interest until paid, which could negatively impact our results of operations and could also affect our liquidity in periods in which such payments are made.

Our organizational documents may impede or discourage a takeover, which could deprive our investors of the opportunity to receive a premium for their shares.

Provisions of our certificate of incorporation and our bylaws may make it more difficult for, or prevent a third party from, acquiring control of us without the approval of our board of directors. These provisions include:

•having a dual class common stock structure, which provides RHI with the ability to control the outcome of matters requiring stockholder approval, even if it beneficially owns significantly less than a majority of the shares of our outstanding common stock;

•having a classified board of directors;

•providing that, when the RHI Affiliated Entities and permitted transferees (collectively, the “RHI Parties”) beneficially own less than a majority of the combined voting power of the common stock, a director may only be removed with cause by the affirmative vote of 75% of the combined voting power of our common stock;

•providing that, when the RHI Parties beneficially own less than a majority of the combined voting power of our common stock, vacancies on our board of directors, whether resulting from an increase in the number of directors or the death, removal or resignation of a director, will be filled only by our board of directors and not by stockholders;

•providing that, when the RHI Parties beneficially own less than a majority of the combined voting power of our common stock, certain amendments to our certificate of incorporation or amendments to our bylaws will require the approval of 75% of the combined voting power of our common stock;

•prohibiting stockholders from calling a special meeting of stockholders;

•authorizing stockholders to act by written consent only until the RHI Parties cease to beneficially own a majority of the combined voting power of our common stock;

•establishing advance notice requirements for nominations for election to our board of directors or for proposing matters that can be acted on by stockholders at stockholder meetings;

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•authorizing “blank check” preferred stock, the terms and issuance of which can be determined by our board of directors without any need for action by stockholders; and

•providing that the decision to transfer our corporate headquarters outside of Detroit, Michigan will require the approval of 75% of the combined voting power of our common stock.

Additionally, Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”) prohibits a publicly held Delaware corporation from engaging in a business combination with an interested stockholder, unless the business combination is approved in a prescribed manner. An interested stockholder includes a person, individually or together with any other interested stockholder, who within the last three years has owned 15% of our voting stock. We opted out of Section 203 of the DGCL, but our certificate of incorporation includes a provision that restricts us from engaging in any business combination with an interested stockholder for three years following the date that person becomes an interested stockholder. Such restrictions, however, do not apply to any business combination between RHI, any direct or indirect equity holder of RHI or any person that acquires (other than in connection with a registered public offering) our voting stock from RHI or any of its affiliates or successors or any “group,” or any member of any such group, to which such persons are a party under Rule 13d-5 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) and who is designated in writing by RHI as an “RHI Transferee,” on the one hand, and us, on the other.

Until the RHI Parties cease to beneficially own at least 50% of the voting power of our common stock, RHI will be able to control all matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election of directors, amendment of our certificate of incorporation and certain corporate transactions. Together, these provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws could make the removal of management more difficult and may discourage transactions that otherwise could involve payment of a premium over prevailing market prices for our Class A common stock. Furthermore, the existence of the foregoing provisions, as well as the significant Class A common stock beneficially owned by RHI, could limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our Class A common stock. They could also deter potential acquirers of us, thereby reducing the likelihood that you could receive a premium for your Class A common stock in an acquisition.

The provision of our certificate of incorporation requiring exclusive forum in certain courts in the State of Michigan or the State of Delaware or the federal district courts of the United States for certain types of lawsuits may have the effect of discouraging lawsuits against our directors and officers.

Our certificate of incorporation requires, to the fullest extent permitted by law, that (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers or stockholders to us or our stockholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim against us arising pursuant to any provision of the DGCL or our certificate of incorporation or our bylaws or (iv) any action asserting a claim against us governed by the internal affairs doctrine has to be brought only in the Third Judicial Circuit, Wayne County, Michigan (or, if the Third Judicial Circuit, Wayne County, Michigan lacks jurisdiction over such action or proceeding, then another state court of the State of Michigan or, if no state court of the State of Michigan has jurisdiction, the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan) or the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or if the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware lacks jurisdiction, any other state court of the State of Delaware, or if no state court of the State of Delaware has jurisdiction, the federal district court for the District of Delaware), unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum. The foregoing provision does not apply to claims arising under the Securities Act, the Exchange Act or other federal securities laws for which there is exclusive federal or concurrent federal and state jurisdiction. Additionally, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States of America shall be the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. Although we believe these exclusive forum provisions benefit us by providing increased consistency in the application of Delaware or Michigan law and federal securities laws in the types of lawsuits to which each applies, the exclusive forum provisions may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or any of our directors, officers or stockholders, which may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims. Our stockholders will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder as a result of our exclusive forum provisions. Further, in the event a court finds either exclusive forum provision contained in our certificate of incorporation to be unenforceable or inapplicable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could harm our business, operating results and financial condition.

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We are controlled by RHI, an entity controlled by Dan Gilbert, whose interests may conflict with our interests and the interests of other stockholders. Further, because we are a “controlled company” within the meaning of the New York Stock Exchange rules, we qualify for and intend to rely on exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements.

RHI, an entity controlled by Dan Gilbert, our founder and Chairman, holds 93.2% of our issued and outstanding Class D common stock and controls 79% of the combined voting power of our common stock. As a result, RHI is able to control any action requiring the general approval of our stockholders, so long as it owns at least 10% of our issued and outstanding common stock, including the election of our board of directors, the adoption of amendments to our certificate of incorporation and bylaws and the approval of any merger or sale of substantially all of our assets. So long as RHI continues to directly or indirectly own a significant amount of our equity, even if such amount is less than a majority of the combined voting power of our common stock, RHI will continue to be able to substantially influence the outcome of votes on all matters requiring approval by the stockholders, including our ability to enter into certain corporate transactions. The interests of RHI could conflict with or differ from our interests or the interests of our other stockholders. For example, the concentration of ownership held by RHI could delay, defer or prevent a change of control of our Company or impede a merger, takeover or other business combination that may otherwise be favorable for us.

In addition, as long as RHI continues to control a majority of the voting power of our outstanding voting stock, we will be a controlled company within the meaning of the Exchange rules. Under the Exchange rules, a company of which more than 50% of the voting power is held by another person or group of persons acting together is a controlled company and may elect not to comply with certain corporate governance requirements, including the requirements that:

•a majority of the board of directors consist of independent directors;

•the nominating and corporate governance committee be composed entirely of independent directors; and

•the compensation committee be composed entirely of independent directors.

These requirements will not apply to us as long as we remain a controlled company. Accordingly, you may not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of companies that are subject to all of the corporate governance requirements of the Exchange.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Class A Common Stock

A material weakness in our control environment could have a material adverse effect on us including an inability to accurately or timely report our financial results and our stock price could be adversely affected.

Our ability to comply with the annual internal control reporting requirements will depend on the effectiveness of our financial reporting and data systems and controls across the Company. These systems and controls involve significant expenditures and become increasingly complex as our business grows. To effectively manage this complexity, we need to continue to improve our operational, financial and management controls and our reporting systems and procedures. Effective internal controls are necessary for us to provide reasonable assurance with respect to our financial reports and operating results, adequately mitigate the risk of fraud and protect our reputation. Internal controls over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements because of its inherent limitations, including the possibility of human error, the circumvention or overriding of controls, or fraud. Therefore, even effective internal controls can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to the preparation and fair presentation of financial statements. In addition, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting to future periods are subject to the risk that the control may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Any weaknesses or deficiencies or any failure to implement required new or improved controls, or difficulties encountered in the implementation or operation of these controls, could harm our operating results and cause us to fail to meet our financial reporting obligations or result in material misstatements in our financial statements, which could adversely affect our business and reduce our stock price.

A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the Company's annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. A material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting could adversely impact our ability to provide timely and accurate financial information. If we are unable to report financial
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information timely and accurately or to maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures, we could adversely affect our business prospects.

The U.S. federal income tax treatment of distributions on our Class A common stock to a holder will depend upon our tax attributes and the holder’s tax basis in our stock, which are not necessarily predictable and can change over time.

Distributions of cash or other property on our Class A common stock, if any, will constitute dividends for U.S. federal income tax purposes to the extent paid from our current or accumulated earnings and profits (“E&P”), as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles, and generally be taxable to holders of our Class A common stock as ordinary dividend income for U.S. federal income tax purposes (to the extent of our current and accumulated E&P). E&P should not be confused with earnings or net income under GAAP. To the extent those distributions exceed our current and accumulated E&P, the distributions will be treated as a non-taxable return of capital to the extent of the holder’s tax basis in our Class A common stock, which will reduce a holder’s tax basis in the Class A common stock, and thereafter as capital gain from the sale or exchange of such common stock. Also, if any holder sells our Class A common stock, the holder will recognize a gain or loss equal to the difference between the amount realized and the holder’s tax basis in such Class A common stock. Consequently, such excess distributions will result in a corresponding increase in the amount of gain, or a corresponding decrease in the amount of loss, recognized by the holder upon the sale of the Class A common stock or subsequent distributions with respect to such stock. Additionally, with regard to U.S. corporate holders of our Class A common stock, to the extent that a distribution on our Class A common stock exceeds both our current and accumulated E&P and such holder’s tax basis in such shares, such holders would be unable to utilize the corporate dividends-received deduction (to the extent it would otherwise be applicable to such holder) with respect to the gain resulting from such excess distribution. Further, after we initially report the expected tax characterization of distributions we have paid, the actual characterization, which is not determined with finality until after the end of the tax year in which the distribution occurs, could vary from our expectation with the result that holders of our common stock could incur different income tax liabilities than initially expected. Investors in our Class A common stock are encouraged to consult their tax advisors as to the tax consequences of receiving distributions on our Class A common stock that are not treated as dividends for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

Future sales of our common stock, or the perception in the public markets that these sales may occur, may depress the price of our Class A common stock.

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that such sales may occur, could have an adverse effect on our stock price and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional stock. In the future, we may attempt to obtain financing or to further increase our capital resources by issuing additional shares of our common stock. Issuing additional shares of our Class A common stock, Class B common stock or other equity securities or securities convertible into equity may dilute the economic and voting rights of our existing stockholders or reduce the market price of our Class A common stock or both. Issuing additional shares of our Class C common stock or Class D common stock, when issued with corresponding Holdings Units, may also dilute the economic and voting rights of our existing stockholders or reduce the market price of our Class A common stock or both.

As of February 20, 2024, we had 136,759,932 shares of Class A Common Stock outstanding and 1,848,879,483 shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon potential exchanges and/or conversions. Of these shares, 1,851,419,392 are “restricted securities,” as that term is defined under Rule 144 of the Securities Act. The holders of these “restricted securities” are entitled to dispose of their shares pursuant to (i) the applicable holding period, volume and other restrictions of Rule 144 or (ii) another exemption from registration under the Securities Act. Additional sales of a substantial number of our shares of Class A Common Stock in the public market, or the perception that sales could occur, could have a material adverse effect on the price of our Class A Common Stock. We have filed registration statements under the Securities Act registering 178,166,346 shares of our Class A common stock reserved for issuance under the 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan and our Team Member Stock Purchase Plan. As of February 20, 2024, we had 144,838,312 shares of our Class A common stock reserved for issuance under the 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan and our Team Member Stock Purchase Plan. We have entered into a Registration Rights Agreement pursuant to which we have granted demand and piggyback registration rights to RHI, Dan Gilbert and the affiliates of Dan Gilbert.

The price of our Class A common stock has been, and may in the future be, volatile and your investment in our common stock could suffer a decline in value.

The market price for our Class A common stock has been, and may in the future be, volatile and could fluctuate significantly in response to a number of factors, most of which we cannot control. These factors include, among others, intense
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competition in the markets we serve; failure to accurately predict the demand or growth of new financial products and services that we are developing; fluctuations in quarterly revenue and operating results, as well as differences between our actual financial and operating results and those expected by investors; the public’s response to press releases or other public announcements by us or third parties, including our filings with the SEC; announcements relating to litigation; guidance, if any, that we provide to the public, any changes in such guidance or our failure to meet such guidance; changes in financial estimates or ratings by any securities analysts who follow our Class A common stock, our failure to meet such estimates or failure of those analysts to initiate or maintain coverage of our Class A common stock; the sustainability of an active trading market for our Class A common stock; investor perceptions of the investment opportunity associated with our Class A common stock relative to other investment alternatives; the inclusion, exclusion or deletion of our Class A stock from any trading indices; future sales of our Class A common stock by our officers, directors and significant stockholders; the effect on our business and results of operations from system failures and disruptions, hurricanes, wars, acts of terrorism, pandemics, other natural disasters or responses to such events; novel and unforeseen market forces and trading strategies by third parties; events or commentary reported in the media, including social media, whether or not accurate or involving us, that may create, amplify and/or rapidly spread negative publicity for us or for the industry or markets in which we operate; short selling of our Class A common stock or related derivative securities; and price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market, including as a result of trends in the economy as a whole. These broad market and industry factors may seriously harm the market price of our Class A common stock, regardless of our operating performance. In the past, stockholders have instituted securities class action litigation following periods of market volatility. We have been, and may in the future be, subject to securities litigation, which may cause us to incur substantial costs and resources and divert the attention of management from our business.

Risks Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic may continue to adversely affect our business and require that we navigate evolving compliance obligations stemming from executive, legislative, and regulatory responses to it.

The COVID-19 pandemic, along with measures taken to mitigate its impact and resulting inflationary pressures, has significantly hindered our ability to generate business, affecting mortgage origination and servicing. The pandemic's ongoing and potential future impact on the national economy, consumer behavior, and team member productivity remains uncertain. The Federal Reserve's response to inflation, including significant increases in the federal funds rate, has led to higher home mortgage interest rates, reducing demand for new mortgage originations and refinancings. While the origination of mortgages has not been restricted by past pandemic-related orders, potential future government restrictions and closings may impact our operations, including dependencies on third parties and other challenges including mortgage recording delays. The evolving executive, legislative, and regulatory responses may impose additional compliance obligations, negatively affecting both mortgage origination and servicing. Unintended consequences, such as liquidity pressures on servicers, and potential litigation risks further contribute to the intricate landscape. While regulators focus on servicing-centric compliance obligations, adjustments impacting mortgage origination activities, including measures allowing remote loan origination, introduce additional compliance obligations. The ongoing evolution of responses at the federal, state, and local levels, marked by inconsistency and subject to change without notice, may unfavorably restrict our operations, alter established practices, and raise compliance costs.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 1C. Cybersecurity

Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy

Safeguarding information by securing our systems, data, and networks is a key priority for our business. Rocket Companies relies on our technology networks and systems, as well as those of certain third parties and affiliates, to collect, process, transmit and store information. We require the secure, efficient, and uninterrupted operation of those networks and systems to provide our clients with the best possible experience. With this in mind, we maintain an Information Security Program to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of client information.

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The Rocket Companies Information Security Program (“Program”) is managed by the Rocket Companies Chief Information Security Officer (“CISO”), who is responsible for the creation and execution of our information security strategy. The CISO has more than 30 years’ experience managing business risk and developing and implementing information security strategy.

Rocket Companies aligns its Program to the National Institute of Standards (NIST) Cyber Security framework. The Program is reviewed and updated by regular risk assessments, which identify reasonable and foreseeable internal and external risks. Rocket performs ongoing assessments of its Program to measure both the sufficiency of the safeguards to control risk and the design and operating effectiveness of our security requirements and controls. We implement information security policies throughout our operations, and our enterprise risk management (“ERM”) process considers information security risks alongside other company risks as part of our overall risk assessment process.

The Rocket Companies Vendor Risk Management Program extends our safeguards to third-party service providers. Our Vendor Risk Management Program includes a robust due diligence process to review and affirm on an initial and periodic basis that our third-party service providers protect our information with the same rigor we require of ourselves.

As far as internal training and compliance, we spend significant time and resources to communicate the Program to all team members via annual trainings, ongoing communications, and periodic testing of team member capabilities.

The CISO is charged with the continuous evolution of the Program to address emerging threats and new technologies, ensuring that we can adapt to the everchanging risk environment and those who seek to compromise our information. As such, the Program is regularly evaluated by both internal and external assessors to ensure its effectiveness by measuring its ability to prevent risk realization.

Cybersecurity Governance

Our Board oversees our Information Security Program and cybersecurity risks, this includes receiving periodic management reports on cybersecurity and information security trends and regulatory updates, technology risks, and the implications for our business strategy.

On a periodic basis, the CISO provides reports and presentations to the Board, Audit Committee, and Rocket Senior Leadership, including the Rocket Risk Council. These CISO updates include recent industry developments, evolving standards, vulnerability assessments and technological trends. During 2023, the CISO updates included information regarding areas of increasing cybersecurity threats, the ongoing enhancements to our information security framework, processes to mitigate threats, and the results of a simulated cybersecurity incident tabletop exercise.

As of the date of this report, we are not aware of any material risks from cybersecurity threats that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect Rocket Companies. However, there is no guarantee that we will not be subject to future threats or incidents. We deploy a monitoring program to detect potential threats and keep an incident response plan in place to respond if a security incident occurs. Additional information on cybersecurity risks we face can be found in Item 1A, Risk Factors, which should be read in conjunction with the foregoing information.

Item 2. Properties

We currently operate through a network of fifteen corporate offices, ten client support locations and four call centers, located throughout the United States and Canada, which are all leased. Our headquarters and principal executive offices are located at 1050 Woodward Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48226. At this location, as of December 31, 2023, we lease office space totaling approximately 505,535 rentable square feet from an affiliate of Rocket Companies. The lease for our offices at 1050 Woodward Avenue expires on December 31, 2028 unless terminated earlier under certain circumstances specified in our leases. We believe that our facilities are in good operating condition and adequately meet our current needs, and that additional or alternative space to support future use and expansion will be available on reasonable commercial terms.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

For a discussion of our “Legal Proceedings,” refer to Note 14 Commitments, Contingencies, and Guarantees in the notes to our audited consolidated financial statements of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.
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Part II

Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market Information for Common Stock

Our Class A Common Stock, par value $0.00001 per share, is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol “RKT” and began trading on August 10, 2020. There is no public market for our Class D Common Stock. Holders of our Class D Common Stock may convert such stock into our Class A Common Stock on a share for share basis. Holders of Class D Common Stock are entitled to 10 votes per share and holders of Class A Common Stock are entitled to one vote per share on matters submitted to shareholders for approval. As of February 20, 2024 there were approximately 114 holders of record of our Class A Common Stock and 2 holders of record of our Class D Common Stock. For Class A Common Stock, the actual number of shareholders is greater than this number of record holders and includes shareholders who are beneficial owners but whose share are held in street name by brokers and other nominees.

Share Repurchase Authorization

On November 10, 2020, our board of directors approved a share repurchase program of up to $1.0 billion of our Common Stock, including both Class A and Class D, which repurchases may be made, from time to time, in privately negotiated transactions or in the open market, in accordance with applicable securities laws (the “Share Repurchase Program”). The Share Repurchase Program was renewed on November 11, 2022 and will remain in effect for a two-year period. The Share Repurchase Program authorizes but does not obligate the Company to make any repurchases at any specific time. The timing and extent to which the Company repurchases its shares will depend upon, among other things, market conditions, share price, liquidity targets, regulatory requirements and other factors. There were no shares repurchased during the three months ended December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2023 approximately $590.7 million remains available under the Share Repurchase Program.
As of February 20, 2024 Rocket Companies repurchased 32.1 million shares at a weighted average price of $12.73. We have returned $409.3 million to shareholders in aggregate under the $1 billion Share Repurchase Program.

Special Dividends

On February 25, 2021, our board of directors authorized and declared a cash dividend (the “2021 Special Dividend”) of $1.11 per share to the holders of our Class A common stock. The 2021 Special Dividend was paid on March 23, 2021 to holders of the Class A common stock of record as of the close of business on March 9, 2021. The Company funded the 2021 Special Dividend from cash distributions of approximately $2.2 billion by RKT Holdings, LLC to all of its members, including the Company.

On February 24, 2022, our board of directors authorized and declared a cash dividend (the “2022 Special Dividend”) of $1.01 per share to the holders of our Class A common stock. The 2022 Special Dividend was paid on March 22, 2022 to holders of the Class A common stock of record as of the close of business on March 8, 2022. The Company funded the 2022 Special Dividend from cash distributions of approximately $2.0 billion by RKT Holdings, LLC to all of its members, including the Company. We expect to retain future earnings, if any, to fund the growth of our business. Any future determination to pay dividends on our common stock will be made at the discretion of the Board of Directors and will depend upon, among other factors, our financial condition operating results, current and anticipated cash needs and other factors that the Board may deem relevant. In addition, the terms of our credit facilities contain restrictions on our ability to declare and pay cash dividends on our capital stock.

Performance Graph

Set forth below is a graph comparing the percentage change in the cumulative total shareholder return on our common stock against the cumulative total return of a broad market index composed of all issuers listed on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”), and our selected peer group. This graph covers the period of the initial listing of our stock on August 6, 2020 to year ended December 31, 2023. This graph assumes an initial investment of $100 on August 6, 2020 and reflects the
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cumulative total return on that investment, including the reinvestment of all dividends where applicable, through December 31, 2023. The comparisons in this graph are required by the SEC and are not intended to forecast or be indicative of possible future performance of our common stock.

Screenshot 2024-01-20 100824.jpg

Our selected peer group is comprised of PennyMac Financial Services Inc, Rithm Capital Corp, Mr Cooper Group Inc, Anywhere Real Estate Inc., Zillow Group Inc Class C, Redfin Corp, Stewart Information Services Corp, SoFi Technologies Inc, Guild Holdings Company, Compass, Inc. loanDepot, Inc., UWM Holdings Corporation, and Blend Labs, Inc. Certain companies were not publicly traded companies at inception date. These companies were added and reweighed to the peer group to the most recent quarter subsequent to their respective IPO dates.

The information included under the heading “Performance Graph” is not to be treated as “soliciting material” or as “filed” with the SEC, and is not incorporated by reference into any filing by the Company under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act that is made on, before or after the date of filing of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Item 6. [Reserved]

Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with, and is qualified in its entirety by reference to, our consolidated financial statements and the related notes and other information included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (the “Form 10-K”). This discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties which could cause our actual results to differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements, including, but not limited to, risks and uncertainties discussed below under the heading “ Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” and in Part I and elsewhere in this Form 10-K.



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Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements, which involve risks and uncertainties. These forward-looking statements are generally identified by the use of forward-looking terminology, including the terms “anticipate,” “believe,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “should,” “target,” “will,” “would” and, in each case, their negative or other various or comparable terminology. All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this Form 10-K, including statements regarding our strategy, future operations, future financial position, future revenue, projected costs, prospects, plans, objectives of management and expected market growth are forward-looking statements. As you read this Form 10-K, you should understand that these statements are not guarantees of performance or results. They involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and assumptions, including those described under the heading “Risk Factors” in this Form 10-K. Although we believe that these forward-looking statements are based upon reasonable assumptions, you should be aware that many factors, including those described under the heading “Risk Factors” in this Form 10-K, could affect our actual financial results or results of operations and could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements.

Our forward-looking statements made herein are made only as of the date of this Form 10-K. We expressly disclaim any intent, obligation or undertaking to update or revise any forward-looking statements made herein to reflect any change in our expectations with regard thereto or any change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statements are based. All subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to us or persons acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements contained in this Form 10-K.

Objective

The following discussion provides an analysis of the Company's financial condition, cash flows and results of operations from management's perspective and should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our objective is to provide discussion of events and uncertainties known to management that are reasonably likely to cause the reported financial information not to be indicative of future operating results or of future financial condition and to also offer information that provides an understanding of our financial condition, cash flows and results of operations. This section of this Form 10-K generally discusses 2023 and 2022 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2023 and 2022. Discussions of 2021 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2022 and 2021 that are not included in this Form 10-K can be found in “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Part II, Item 7 of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.

Executive Summary

We are a Detroit-based fintech company including mortgage, real estate and personal finance businesses. We are committed to providing an industry-leading client experience powered by our simple, fast and trusted digital solutions. In addition to Rocket Mortgage, the nation’s largest retail mortgage lender, we have expanded into complementary industries, such as real estate services and personal finance.

Recent Developments

Business Trends

The U.S. Federal Reserve has raised the Federal Funds rate multiple times throughout 2022 and 2023 to mitigate inflationary pressures. The resulting mortgage interest rate increases have driven a significant decline in the size of the mortgage origination market from 2022 to 2023. The increase in mortgage interest rates, coupled with uncertainty in the economy, have reduced demand for mortgage originations and, in particular, refinance transactions.
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Basel III

In the third quarter of 2023, the Federal Banking Agencies released a notice of proposed rulemaking to revise the Basel III Capital Rules. Although we are not directly impacted by this proposal as we are not a bank, we are in the process of evaluating this proposed rulemaking and assessing its potential impact, if any, on the Company.

Seller/Servicer Financial Requirements

FHFA and Ginnie Mae revised their requirements for certain minimum net worth, minimum capital ratio and minimum liquidity ratios. As of December 31, 2023, we were in full compliance with the new ratios, which went into effect on September 30, 2023. See Note 15, Minimum Net Worth Requirements of the notes to the consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-K for further information.

Career Transition Program

During the third quarter of 2023, the Company offered a voluntary career transition program to certain eligible team members. The career transition program included a compensation package, healthcare coverage, career transition services, and an accelerated vesting of certain equity awards, if applicable. The company recorded a $51.5 million charge during the year related to the career transition program.

Year ended December 31, 2023 Summary

We originated $78.7 billion in residential mortgage loans, which was a $54.4 billion, or 40.9%, decrease from the same period in 2022. Our Net Loss was $390.1 million, compared to a Net Income of $699.9 million for the same period in 2022. We also generated $67.2 million of Adjusted EBITDA, which was an increase of $7.9 million, or 13.3%, compared to $59.3 million for the same period in 2022. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” below for more information on Adjusted EBITDA.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

To provide investors with information in addition to our results as determined by GAAP, we disclose Adjusted Revenue, Adjusted Net (Loss) Income, Adjusted Diluted (Loss) Earnings Per Share and Adjusted EBITDA (collectively “our non-GAAP financial measures”) as non-GAAP measures which management believes provide useful information to investors. We believe that the presentation of our non-GAAP financial measures provides useful information to investors regarding our results of operations because each measure assists both investors and management in analyzing and benchmarking the performance and value of our business. Our non-GAAP financial measures are not calculated in accordance with GAAP and should not be considered as a substitute for revenue, net income (loss), or any other operating performance measure calculated in accordance with GAAP. Other companies may define our non-GAAP financial measures differently, and as a result, our measures of our non-GAAP financial measures may not be directly comparable to those of other companies. Our non-GAAP financial measures provide indicators of performance that are not affected by fluctuations in certain costs or other items. Accordingly, management believes that these measurements are useful for comparing general operating performance from period to period, and management relies on these measures for planning and forecasting of future periods. Additionally, these measures allow management to compare our results with those of other companies that have different financing and capital structures.

We define “Adjusted Revenue” as total revenues net of the change in fair value of mortgage servicing rights (“MSRs”) due to valuation assumptions (net of hedges). We define “Adjusted Net (Loss) Income” as tax-effected earnings before share-based compensation expense, the change in fair value of MSRs due to valuation assumptions (net of hedges), loss on extinguishment of Senior Notes, a litigation accrual, career transition program, change in Tax receivable agreement liability, and the tax effects of those adjustments as applicable. We define “Adjusted Diluted (Loss) Earnings Per Share” as Adjusted Net (Loss) Income divided by the diluted weighted average number of Class A common stock outstanding for the applicable period, which assumes the pro forma exchange and conversion of all outstanding Class D common stock for Class A common stock. We define “Adjusted EBITDA” as earnings (losses) before interest and amortization expense on non-funding debt, income tax, depreciation and amortization, share-based compensation expense, change in fair value of MSRs due to valuation assumptions (net of hedges), a litigation accrual, career transition program, and change in Tax receivable agreement liability.
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We exclude from each of our non-GAAP financial measures the change in fair value of MSRs due to valuation assumptions (net of hedges) as this represents a non-cash non-realized adjustment to our total revenues, reflecting changes in assumptions including discount rates and prepayment speed assumptions, mostly due to changes in market interest rates, which is not indicative of our performance or results of operation. We also exclude effects of contractual prepayment protection associated with sales of MSRs. Adjusted EBITDA includes Interest expense on funding facilities, which are recorded as a component of Interest income, net, as these expenses are a direct cost driven by loan origination volume. By contrast, interest and amortization expense on non-funding debt is a function of our capital structure and is therefore excluded from Adjusted EBITDA.

Our definitions of each of our non-GAAP financial measures allow us to add back certain cash and non-cash charges, and deduct certain gains that are included in calculating Total revenues, net, Net income (loss) attributable to Rocket Companies or Net income (loss). However, these expenses and gains vary greatly, and are difficult to predict. From time to time in the future, we may include or exclude other items if we believe that doing so is consistent with the goal of providing useful information to investors.

Although we use our non-GAAP financial measures to assess the performance of our business, such use is limited because they do not include certain material costs necessary to operate our business. Our non-GAAP financial measures can represent the effect of long-term strategies as opposed to short-term results. Our presentation of our non-GAAP financial measures should not be construed as an indication that our future results will be unaffected by unusual or nonrecurring items. Our non-GAAP financial measures have limitations as analytical tools, and you should not consider them in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under U.S. GAAP. Because of these limitations, our non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered as measures of discretionary cash available to us to invest in the growth of our business or as measures of cash that will be available to us to meet our obligations.

Limitations to our non-GAAP financial measures included, but are not limited to:

(a)    they do not reflect every cash expenditure, future requirements for capital expenditures or contractual commitments;

(b)    Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect the significant interest expense or the cash requirements necessary to service interest or principal payment on our debt;

(c)    although depreciation and amortization are non-cash charges, the assets being depreciated and amortized will often have to be replaced or require improvements in the future, and Adjusted Revenue, Adjusted Net Income (Loss) and Adjusted EBITDA do not reflect any cash requirement for such replacements or improvements; and

(d)    they are not adjusted for all non-cash income or expense items that are reflected in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

We compensate for these limitations by using our non-GAAP financial measures along with other comparative tools, together with U.S. GAAP measurements, to assist in the evaluation of operating performance. See below for reconciliation of our non-GAAP financial measures to their most comparable U.S. GAAP measures. Additionally, our U.S. GAAP-based measures can be found in the consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Form 10-K.













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Reconciliation of Adjusted Revenue to Total Revenue, net
Years Ended December 31,
($ in thousands)202320222021
Total Revenue, net$3,799,269 $5,838,493 $12,914,466 
Change in fair value of MSRs due to valuation assumptions (net of hedges) (1)(29,007)(1,210,947)(487,473)
Adjusted Revenue$3,770,262 $4,627,546 $12,426,993 

(1)    Reflects changes in assumptions including discount rates and prepayment speed assumptions, mostly due to changes in market interest rates, and the effects of contractual prepayment protection associated with sales of MSRs.

Reconciliation of Adjusted Net (Loss) Income to Net (Loss) Income Attributable to Rocket Companies

Year Ended December 31,
($ in thousands)202320222021
Net (loss) income attributable to Rocket Companies$(15,514)$46,421 $308,210 
Net (loss) income impact from pro forma conversion of Class D common shares to Class A common shares (1)(372,541)655,863 5,766,284 
Adjustment to the benefit from (provision for) income tax (2)84,995 (138,803)(1,428,937)
Tax-effected net (loss) income (2)$(303,060)$563,481 $4,645,557 
Share-based compensation expense (3)177,389 233,760 163,738 
Change in fair value of MSRs due to valuation assumptions (net of hedges) (4)(29,007)(1,210,947)(487,473)
Loss on extinguishment of Senior Notes— — 87,262 
Litigation accrual (5)— — 15,000 
Career transition program (6)51,495 81,132 — 
Change in Tax receivable agreement liability (7)6,565 (34,159)18,835 
Tax impact of adjustments (8)(50,372)225,949 55,211 
Other tax adjustments (9)3,885 3,822 3,732 
Adjusted Net (Loss) Income$(143,105)$(136,962)$4,501,862 

(1)    Reflects net (loss) income to Class A common stock from pro forma exchange and conversion of corresponding shares of our Class D common shares held by non-controlling interest holders as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.

(2)    Rocket Companies is subject to U.S. Federal income taxes, in addition to state, local and Canadian taxes with respect to its allocable share of any net taxable income or loss of Holdings. The Adjustment to the benefit from (provision for) income tax reflects the difference between (a) the income tax computed using the effective tax rates below applied to the (loss) income before income taxes assuming Rocket Companies, Inc. owns 100% of the non-voting common interest units of Holdings and (b) the (benefit from) provision for income taxes.





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Year Ended December 31,
202320222021
Net (loss) income attributable to Rocket Companies$(15,514)$46,421 $308,210 
Net (loss) income impact from pro forma conversion of Class D common shares to Class A common shares(372,541)655,863 5,766,284 
(Benefit from) provision for income taxes(12,817)41,978 112,738 
Adjusted (loss) income before income taxes(400,872)744,262 6,187,232 
Effective Income Tax Rate for Adjusted Net (Loss) Income24.40 %24.29 %24.92 %
Adjusted (benefit from) provision for income taxes(97,812)180,781 1,541,675 
(Benefit from) provision for income taxes(12,817)41,978 112,738 
Adjustment to the benefit from (provision for) income tax$84,995 $(138,803)$(1,428,937)

December 31,
202320222021
Statutory U.S. Federal Income Tax Rate21.00 %21.00 %21.00 %
Canadian taxes0.01 0.01 0.01 
State and Local Income Taxes (net of federal benefit)3.39 3.28 3.91 
Effective Income Tax Rate for Adjusted Net (Loss) Income24.40 %24.29 %24.92 %

(3)    The years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 amounts exclude the impact of the career transition program.

(4)    Reflects changes in assumptions including discount rates and prepayment speed assumptions, mostly due to changes in market interest rates, and the effects of contractual prepayment protection associated with sales of MSRs.

(5)    Reflects legal accrual related to a specific legal matter.

(6)    Reflects net expenses associated with compensation packages, healthcare coverage, career transition services, and accelerated vesting of certain equity awards.

(7)    Reflects changes in estimates of tax rates and other variables of the Tax receivable agreement liability.

(8)    Tax impact of adjustments gives effect to the income tax related to share-based compensation expense, change in fair value of MSRs due to valuation assumptions, loss on extinguishment of Senior Notes, litigation accrual, career transition program and the change in Tax receivable agreement liability at the effective tax rates for each period.

(9)    Represents tax benefits due to the amortization of intangible assets and other tax attributes resulting from the purchase of Holdings units, net of payment obligations under Tax Receivable Agreement.
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Reconciliation of Adjusted Diluted Weighted Average Shares Outstanding to Diluted Weighted Average Shares Outstanding
Year Ended December 31,
($ in thousands, except per share)
202320222021
Diluted weighted average Class A common shares outstanding1,980,523,6901,971,620,5731,989,433,567
Assumed pro forma conversion of Class D shares (1)———
Adjusted diluted weighted average shares outstanding1,980,523,6901,971,620,5731,989,433,567
Adjusted Net (Loss) Income$(143,105)$(136,962)$4,501,862
Adjusted Diluted (Loss) Earnings Per Share
$(0.07)$(0.07)$2.26

(1)    Reflects the pro forma exchange and conversion of non-dilutive Class D common stock to Class A common stock. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, Class D common shares were dilutive and are included in the dilutive weighted average Class A common shares outstanding in the table above.

Reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to Net (Loss) Income

Year Ended December 31,
($ in thousands)202320222021
Net (loss) income$(390,080)$699,933 $6,072,163 
Interest and amortization expense on non-funding debt153,386 153,596 230,740 
(Benefit from) provision for income taxes(12,817)41,978 112,738 
Depreciation and amortization110,271 94,020 74,713 
Share-based compensation expense (1)177,389 233,760 163,738 
Change in fair value of MSRs due to valuation assumptions (net of hedges) (2)(29,007)(1,210,947)(487,473)
Litigation accrual (3)— — 15,000 
Career transition program (4)51,495 81,132 — 
Change in Tax receivable agreement liability (5)6,565 (34,159)18,835 
Adjusted EBITDA$67,202 $59,313 $6,200,454 

(1)    The years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 amounts exclude the impact of the career transition program.

(2)    Reflects changes in assumptions including discount rates and prepayment speed assumptions, mostly due to changes in market interest rates, and the effects of contractual prepayment protection associated with sales of MSRs.

(3)     Reflects legal accrual related to a specific legal matter.

(4)     Reflects net expenses associated with compensation packages, healthcare coverage, career transition services, and accelerated vesting of certain equity awards.

(5)    Reflects changes in estimates of tax rates and other variables of the Tax receivable agreement liability.
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Key Performance Indicators

We monitor a number of key performance indicators to evaluate the performance of our business operations. Our loan production key performance indicators enable us to monitor our ability to generate gain on sale revenue as well as understand how our performance compares to the total mortgage origination market. Our servicing portfolio key performance indicators enable us to monitor the overall size of our servicing portfolio of business, the related value of our mortgage servicing rights, and the health of the business as measured by the average MSR delinquency rate. Other key performance indicators for other Rocket Companies, besides Rocket Mortgage (“Other Rocket Companies”), allow us to monitor both revenues and unit sales generated by these businesses. We also include Rockethomes.com average unique monthly visits, as we believe traffic on the site is an indicator of consumer interest.

The following summarizes key performance indicators of the business:
Year Ended December 31,
(Units and $ in thousands)202320222021
Rocket Mortgage
Loan Production Data
Closed loan origination volume$78,711,994$133,129,283$351,193,352
Direct to Consumer origination volume$43,763,278$78,641,022$199,894,693
Partner Network origination volume$34,948,716$54,488,261$151,298,659
Gain on sale margin(1)
2.63 %2.82 %3.13 %
Refinance market share(2)
12.1 %11.0 %10.8 %
Purchase market share(2)
3.7 %3.2 %3.3 %
Servicing Portfolio Data
Total serviced UPB (includes subserviced)$509,105,421$534,704,602$551,866,424
MSRs UPB of loans serviced$468,237,971$486,540,840$485,087,214
UPB of loans subserviced and temporarily serviced$40,867,450$48,163,762$66,779,210
Total loans serviced (includes subserviced)2,457.12,534.52,565.1
Number of MSRs loans serviced2,357.22,412.12,384.2
Number of loans subserviced and temporarily serviced99.9122.4180.9
MSR fair value multiple(3)
4.944.983.91
Total serviced MSR delinquency rate (60+)1.23 %1.20 %1.60 %
Net client retention rate(4)
97 %95 %91 %
Select Other Rocket Companies
Amrock gross revenue(5)
$244,224 $504,270 $1,393,174 
Amrock closings161.8344.01,115.1
Rocket Homes gross revenue(5)
$53,155 $52,796 $57,559 
Rocket Homes real estate transactions25.332.733.1
Rockethomes.com average unique monthly visitors(6)
1,498.12,053.31,829.7
Rocket Loans gross revenue(5)
$62,305 $68,828 $95,442 
Rocket Loans closed units39.228.217.4
Total Select Other Rocket Companies gross revenue
$359,684$625,894$1,546,175
Total Select Other Rocket Companies net revenue(7)
$351,766$617,434$1,537,714

(1)    Gain on sale margin is calculated by dividing Gain on sale of loans, net by the net rate lock volume for the period. Gain on sale of loans, net includes the net gain on sale of loans, fair value of originated MSRs, fair value adjustments on originated loans held for sale and IRLC’s, and revaluation of forward commitments economically hedging loans held for sale and IRLCs. This metric is a measure of gain on sale revenue and excludes revenues from Rocket Loans, changes in the loan repurchase reserve and fair value adjustments on repurchased loans held on our balance sheet, such as early buyouts.

(2)    Market share information is based on Fannie Mae mortgage volume market share estimates as of December 2023.
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(3)    MSR fair market value multiple is a metric used to determine the relative value of the MSR asset in relation to the annualized retained servicing fee, which is the cash that the holder of the MSR asset would receive from the portfolio as of such date. It is calculated as the quotient of (a) the MSR fair market value as of a specified date divided by (b) the weighted average annualized retained servicing fee for our MSR portfolio as of such date. The weighted average annualized retained servicing fee for our MSR portfolio was 0.28%, 0.29%, and 0.28% for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. The vast majority of our portfolio consists of originated MSRs and consequently, the impact of purchased MSRs does not have a material impact on our weighted average service fee.

(4)    This metric measures our retention across a greater percentage of our client bases versus our recapture rate. We define “net client retention rate” as the number of clients that were active at the beginning of a period and which remain active at the end of the period, divided by the number of clients that were active at the beginning of the period. This metric excludes clients whose loans were sold during the period as well as clients to whom we did not actively market to due to contractual prohibitions or other business reasons. We define “active” as those clients who do not pay-off their mortgage with us and originate a new mortgage with another lender during the period.

(5)    This revenue is reported annually.

(6)    Rockethomes.com average unique monthly visits is calculated by a third party service that monitors website activity. This metric doesn't necessarily have a direct correlation to revenues and is used primarily to monitor consumer interest in the Rockethomes.com site.

(7)    Net revenue presented above is calculated as gross revenues less intercompany revenue eliminations, as a portion of the Select Other Rocket Companies revenues is generated through intercompany transactions. These intercompany transactions take place with entities that are part of our platform. Consequently, we view gross revenue of individual Select Other Rocket Companies as a key performance indicator, and we consider net revenue of Select Other Rocket Companies on a combined basis.

Description of Certain Components of Financial Data

Components of revenue

Our sources of revenue include gain on sale of loans, loan servicing income, interest income, and other income.

Gain on sale of loans, net

Gain on sale of loans, net includes all components related to the origination and sale of mortgage loans, including (1) net gain on sale of loans, which represents the premium we receive in excess of the loan principal amount and certain fees charged by investors upon sale of loans into the secondary market, (2) loan origination fees, credits, points and certain costs, (3) provision for or benefit from investor reserves, (4) the change in fair value of interest rate locks (“IRLCs” or “rate lock”) and loans held for sale, (5) the gain or loss on forward commitments hedging loans held for sale and IRLCs, and (6) the fair value of originated MSRs. MSR assets are created at the time Mortgage Loans Held for Sale are securitized and sold to investors for cash, while the Company retains the right to service the loan.

An estimate of the gain on sale of loans, net is recognized at the time an IRLC is issued, net of an estimated pull-through factor. The pull-through factor is a key assumption and estimates the loan funding probability, as not all loans that reach IRLC status will result in a closed loan. Subsequent changes in the fair value of IRLCs and mortgage loans held for sale are recognized in current period earnings. When the mortgage loan is sold into the secondary market (i.e., funded), any difference between the proceeds received and the current fair value of the loan is recognized in current period earnings in gain on sale of loans.

Loan origination fees generally include underwriting and processing fees. Loan origination costs include lender paid mortgage insurance, recording taxes, investor fees and other related expenses. Net loan origination fees and costs related to the origination of mortgage loans are recognized as a component of the fair value of IRLCs.

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We establish reserves for our estimated liabilities associated with the potential repurchase or indemnity of purchasers of loans previously sold due to representation and warranty claims by investors. Additionally, the reserves are established for the estimated liabilities from the need to repay, where applicable, a portion of the premium received from investors on the sale of certain loans if such loans are repaid in their entirety within a specified time period after the sale of the loans. The provision for or benefit from investor reserves is recognized in current period earnings in gain on sale of loans.

We enter into derivative transactions to protect against the risk of adverse interest rate movements that could impact the fair value of certain assets, including IRLCs and loans held for sale. We primarily use forward loan sales commitments to hedge our interest rate risk exposure. Changes in the value of these derivatives, or hedging gains and losses, are included in gain on sale of loans.

Included in gain on sale of loans, net is also the fair value of originated MSRs, which represents the estimated fair value of MSRs related to loans which we have sold and retained the right to service.

Loan servicing income, net

Loan servicing income, net includes Servicing fee income and Change in fair value of MSRs. Servicing fee income consists of the contractual fees earned for servicing the loans and includes ancillary revenue such as late fees and modification incentives. Servicing fee income is recorded to income as earned, which is upon collection of payments from borrowers. We have elected to subsequently measure the MSRs at fair value on a recurring basis. Changes in fair value of MSRs primarily due to the realization of expected cash flows and/or changes in valuation inputs and estimates, are recognized in current period earnings.

We regularly perform a comprehensive analysis of the MSR portfolio in order to identify and sell certain MSRs that do not align with our strategy for retaining MSRs. To hedge against interest rate exposure on these assets, we enter into forward loan purchase commitments. Changes in the value of derivatives designed to protect against MSR value fluctuations, or MSR hedging gains and losses, are included as a component of Change in fair value of MSRs.

Interest income, net

Interest income, net is interest earned on mortgage loans held for sale net of the interest expense paid on our loan funding facilities.

Other income

Other income includes revenues generated from Amrock (title insurance services, property valuation, and settlement services), Rocket Homes (real estate network referral fees), Rocket Auto (auto marketplace sales revenues), Core Digital Media (third party lead generation revenues), Rock Connections (third party sales and support revenues), Rocket Money (personal finance), Rocket Loans (personal loans), deposit income related to revenue earned on deposits, including escrow deposits, and professional service fees. The professional service fees represent amounts received in exchange for professional services provided to affiliated companies. Services are provided primarily in connection with technology, facilities, human resources, accounting, training, and security functions. Other income also includes revenues from other subsidiaries and other miscellaneous income items.

Components of operating expenses

Our operating expenses as presented in the statement of operations data include Salaries, commissions and team member benefits, General and administrative expenses, Marketing and advertising expenses, Interest and amortization expense on non-funding-debt and Other expenses.

Salaries, commissions and team member benefits

Salaries, commissions and team member benefits include all payroll, benefits, and share-based compensation expenses for our team members.

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General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses primarily include occupancy costs, professional services, loan processing expenses on loans that do not close or that are not charged to clients on closed loans, commitment fees, fees on loan funding facilities, license fees, office expenses and other operating expenses.

Marketing and advertising expenses

Marketing and advertising expenses are primarily related to performance and brand marketing.

Interest and amortization expense on non-funding debt

Interest and amortization expense related to our Senior Notes.

Other expenses

Other expenses primarily consist of depreciation and amortization on property and equipment, mortgage servicing related expenses, and expenses generated from Amrock (title insurance services, property valuation, and settlement services).

Income taxes

Our income tax expense, deferred tax assets and liabilities, and reserves for unrecognized tax benefits reflect management’s best assessment of estimated current and future taxes to be paid. We are subject to income taxes predominantly in the United States and Canada. These tax laws are often complex and may be subject to different interpretations. To determine the financial statement impact of accounting for income taxes, the Company must make assumptions and judgements about how to interpret and apply these complex tax laws to numerous transactions and business events, as well as make judgements regarding the timing of when certain items may affect taxable income in the United States and Canada.

Deferred income taxes arise from temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amount and the tax basis of assets and liabilities. In evaluating our ability to recover our deferred tax assets within the jurisdiction from which they arise, we consider all available positive and negative evidence including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies and recent results of operations. If based upon all available positive and negative evidence, it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be realized, a valuation allowance is established. The valuation allowance may be reversed in a subsequent reporting period if the Company determines that it is more likely than not that all or part of the deferred tax asset will become realizable.

Our interpretations of tax laws are subject to review and examination by various taxing authorities and jurisdictions where the Company operates, and disputes may occur regarding its view on a tax position. These disputes over interpretations with the various tax authorities may be settled by audit, administrative appeals or adjudication in the court systems of the tax jurisdictions in which the Company operates. We regularly review whether we may be assessed additional income taxes as a result of the resolution of these matters, and the Company records additional reserves as appropriate. In addition, the Company may revise its estimate of income taxes due to changes in income tax laws, legal interpretations, and business strategies. We recognize the financial statement effects of uncertain income tax positions when it is more likely than not, based on the technical merits, that the position will be sustained upon examination. We record interest and penalties related to uncertain income tax positions in income tax expense. For additional information regarding our provision for income taxes refer to Note 12, Income Taxes.

Tax Receivable Agreement

In connection with the reorganization completed prior to our IPO in 2020, the Company entered into a Tax Receivable Agreement with RHI and our Chairman (“LLC Members”) that will obligate the Company to make payments to the LLC Members generally equal to 90% of the applicable cash tax savings that the Company actually realizes or in some cases is deemed to realize as a result of the tax attributes generated by (i) certain increases in our allocable share of the tax basis in Holdings’ assets resulting from (a) the purchases of Holdings Units (along with the corresponding shares of our Class D common stock or Class C common stock) from the LLC Members (or their transferees of Holdings Units or other assignees) using the net proceeds from our initial public offering or in any future offering, (b) exchanges by the LLC Members (or their transferees of Holdings Units or other assignees) of Holdings Units (along with the corresponding shares of our Class D
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common stock or Class C common stock) for cash or shares of our Class B common stock or Class A common stock, as applicable, or (c) payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement; (ii) tax benefits related to imputed interest deemed arising as a result of payments made under the Tax Receivable Agreement and (iii) disproportionate allocations (if any) of tax benefits to Holdings as a result of section 704(c) of the Code that relate to the reorganization transactions. The Company will retain the benefit of the remaining 10% of these tax savings.

Intangible Assets

Definite-lived intangible assets primarily consist of customer relationships and technology acquired through business combinations and are recorded at their estimated fair value at the date of acquisition. These assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives and are tested for impairment only if events or circumstances indicate that the assets might be impaired.

Indefinite-lived intangible assets consist of licenses to perform title insurance services acquired through business combinations and are recorded at their estimated fair value at the date of acquisition. The Company tests indefinite-lived intangible assets consistent with the policy described below for goodwill.

Goodwill

Goodwill is the excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair value of identifiable net assets acquired in business combinations. The Company tests goodwill for impairment annually in the fourth quarter, or more frequently when indications of potential impairment exist. The Company monitors the existence of potential impairment indicators throughout the fiscal year. Goodwill impairment testing is performed at the reporting unit level. The Company may elect to perform either a qualitative test or a quantitative test to determine if it is more likely than not that the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value. Fair value reflects the price a market participant would be willing to pay in a potential sale of the reporting unit. If the estimated fair value exceeds carrying value, then we conclude that no goodwill impairment has occurred. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value, the Company recognizes an impairment loss in an amount equal to the excess, not to exceed the amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. Refer to Note 9, Goodwill and Intangible Assets, for further information on the goodwill attributable to the Company’s acquisitions.

Share-based compensation

Share-based compensation is comprised of both equity and liability awards and is measured and expensed accordingly under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 718 Compensation—Stock Compensation. As indicated above, share-based compensation expense is included as part of salaries, commissions and team member benefits.

Non-controlling Interest

We are the sole managing member of Holdings and consolidate the financial results of Holdings. Therefore, we report a non-controlling interest based on the Holdings Units of Holdings held by our Chairman and RHI on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Income or loss is attributed to the non-controlling interests based on the weighted average Holdings Units outstanding during the period and is presented on the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income. Refer to Note 17, Non-controlling Interest for more information on non-controlling interests.
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Results of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

Summary of Operations

Condensed Statement of Operations DataYear Ended December 31,
($ in thousands)202320222021
Revenue
Gain on sale of loans, net$2,066,292 $3,137,417 $10,468,574 
Servicing fee income1,401,780 1,458,637 1,325,938 
Change in fair value of MSRs(700,982)185,036 (689,432)
Interest income, net120,860 184,203 168,940 
Other income911,319 873,200 1,640,446 
Total revenue, net3,799,269 5,838,493 12,914,466 
Expenses
Salaries, commissions and team member benefits2,257,291 2,797,868 3,356,815 
General and administrative expenses802,865 906,195 1,183,418 
Marketing and advertising expenses736,676 945,694 1,249,583 
Interest and amortization expense on non-funding-debt153,386 153,596 230,740 
Other expenses251,948 293,229 709,009 
Total expenses4,202,166 5,096,582 6,729,565 
(Loss) income before income taxes$(402,897)$741,911 $6,184,901 
Benefit from (provision for) income taxes12,817 (41,978)(112,738)
Net (Loss) Income(390,080)699,933 6,072,163 
Net loss (income) attributable to non-controlling interest374,566 (653,512)(5,763,953)
Net (loss) income attributable to Rocket Companies$(15,514)$46,421 $308,210 

Gain on sale of loans, net

The components of Gain on sale of loans, net for the periods presented were as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
($ in thousands)202320222021
Net gain (loss) on sale of loans(1)$684,415 $(579,562)$7,462,202 
Fair value of originated MSRs1,092,332 1,970,647 3,864,359 
(Provision for) benefit from investor reserves(112,372)(58,140)8,557 
Fair value adjustment on loans held for sale and IRLCs224,605 (822,289)(2,106,952)
Revaluation gain from forward commitments economically hedging loans held for sale and IRLCs177,312 2,626,761 1,240,408 
Gain on sale of loans, net$2,066,292 $3,137,417 $10,468,574 

(1)    Net gain (loss) on sale of loans represents the premium received in excess of the UPB, plus net origination fees.
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The table below provides details of the characteristics of our mortgage loan production for each of the periods presented:

Year Ended December 31,
($ in thousands)202320222021
Closed loan origination volume by type
Conventional Conforming$48,007,013$96,103,677$273,463,292
FHA/VA24,035,77028,208,02555,231,445
Non Agency6,669,2118,817,58122,498,615
Total mortgage closed loan origination volume
$78,711,994$133,129,283$351,193,352
Portfolio metrics
Average loan amount$270$283$281
Weighted average loan-to-value ratio74.86 %72.30 %67.87 %
Weighted average credit score733733749
Weighted average loan rate6.62 %4.45 %2.80 %
Percentage of loans sold
To GSEs and government91.38 %91.70 %92.98 %
To other counterparties8.62 %8.30 %7.02 %
Servicing-retained94.86 %93.45 %95.23 %
Servicing-released5.14 %6.55 %4.77 %
Net rate lock volume(1)$78,648,717$117,756,897$333,790,140
Gain on sale margin(2)2.63 %2.82 %3.13 %

(1)    Net rate lock volume includes the UPB of loans subject to IRLCs, net of the pull-through factor as described in the “Description of Certain Components of Financial Data” section above.

(2)    Gain on sale margin is calculated by dividing Gain on sale of loans, net by the net rate lock volume for the period. Gain on sale of loans, net includes the net gain on sale of loans, fair value of originated MSRs, fair value adjustments on originated loans held for sale and IRLC’s, and revaluation of forward commitments economically hedging loans held for sale and IRLCs. This metric is a measure of gain on sale revenue and excludes revenues from Rocket Loans, changes in the loan repurchase reserve and fair value adjustments on repurchased loans held on our balance sheet, such as early buyouts. See the table above for each of the components of gain on sale of loans, net.

Overview of the Gain on sale of loans, net table

At the time an IRLC is issued, an estimate of the Gain on sale of loans, net is recognized in the Fair value adjustment on loans held for sale and IRLCs component in the table above. Subsequent changes in the fair value of IRLCs and mortgage loans held for sale are recognized in this same component as the loan progresses through closing, which is the moment that loans move from an IRLC to a loan held for sale, and ultimately through the sale of the loan. We deploy a hedge strategy to mitigate the impact of interest rate changes from the point of the IRLC through the sale of the loan. The changes to the Fair value adjustment on loans held for sale and IRLCs in each period is dependent on several factors, including mortgage origination volume, how long a loan remains at a given stage in the origination process and the movement of interest rates during that period as compared to the immediately preceding period. Loans originated during an increasing rate environment generally decrease in value, and loans originated during a decreasing rate environment generally increase in value. When the mortgage loan is sold into the secondary market, any difference between the proceeds received and the current fair value of the loan is recognized and moves from the Fair value adjustment on loans held for sale and IRLCs component in the Net gain (loss) on sale of loans component in the table above. The Revaluation gain from forward commitments economically hedging loans held for sale and IRLCs component reflects the forward hedge commitments intended to offset the various fair value adjustments that impact the Fair value adjustment on loans held for sale and IRLCs and the Net gain (loss) on sale of loans components. As a result, these three components should be evaluated in combination when evaluating Gain on sale of loans, net, as the sum of these components are primarily driven by net rate lock volume. Furthermore, at the point of sale of the loan, the Fair value of originated MSRs and the (Provision for) benefit from investor reserves are recognized each in their respective components shown above.

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Year ended December 31, 2023 summary

Gain on sale of loans, net was $2.1 billion, a decrease of $1.1 billion, or 34%, as compared with $3.1 billion for the same period in 2022.

Net gain (loss) on sale of loans, Fair value adjustment on loans held for sale and IRLCs and Revaluation gain from forward commitments economically hedging loans held for sale and IRLCs was $1.1 billion, a decrease of $0.1 billion, or 11%, as compared with $1.2 billion for the same period in 2022. The change was driven primarily by a decrease in net rate lock volume of 33%, due to a reduction in mortgage demand year-over-year, partially offset by favorable fair value adjustments on repurchased loans held on our balance sheet, compared to the prior year.
The Fair value of originated MSRs was $1.1 billion, a decrease of $0.9 billion or 45%, as compared with $2.0 billion in 2022. The decrease was primarily due to a reduction in sold loan volume in 2023 to $78.5 billion, a decrease of $66.1 billion, or 46%, from $144.6 billion in 2022.

The Provision for investor reserves is our estimate of losses on potential future repurchases of loans previously sold. The $54.2 million, or 93% increase compared to 2022, was primarily due to realized losses on re-sold loans.

Loan servicing income, net

For the periods presented, loan servicing income, net consisted of the following:
Year Ended December 31,
($ in thousands)202320222021
Retained servicing fee$1,350,595 $1,416,488 $1,292,031 
Subservicing income9,446 9,066 9,389 
Ancillary income41,739 33,083 24,518 
Servicing fee income1,401,780 1,458,637 1,325,938 
Change in valuation model inputs or assumptions37,570 1,279,945 510,869 
Change in fair value of MSR hedge(8,563)(68,998)(23,396)
Collection/realization of cash flows
(729,989)(1,025,911)(1,176,905)
Change in fair value of MSRs(700,982)185,036 (689,432)
Loan servicing income, net$700,798 $1,643,673 $636,506 

December 31,
($ in thousands)202320222021
MSR UPB of loans serviced$468,237,971$486,540,840$485,087,214
Number of MSR loans serviced2,357,2092,412,1172,384,150
UPB of loans subserviced and temporarily serviced$40,867,450$48,163,762$66,779,210
Number of loans subserviced and temporarily serviced99,938122,380180,900
Total serviced UPB$509,105,421$534,704,602$551,866,424
Total loans serviced2,457,1472,534,4972,565,050
MSR fair value$6,439,787$6,946,940$5,385,613
Total serviced delinquency count (60+) as % of total1.23%1.20%1.60%
Weighted average credit score733736738
Weighted average LTV71.40%71.08%70.57%
Weighted average loan rate3.74%3.40%3.17%
Weighted average service fee0.28%0.29%0.28%

Loan servicing income, net was $0.7 billion, a decrease of $0.9 billion, or 57%, which compares to $1.6 billion for the same period in 2022. The Change in valuation model inputs or assumptions was a $37.6 million increase in 2023, as compared to a $1.3 billion increase in 2022, due to relatively flat mortgage interest rates during 2023 as compared to rising interest rates
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throughout 2022. This was partially offset by $730.0 million in Collection/realization of cash flows in 2023, compared to $1.0 billion for the same period in 2022, driven by a decrease in loans that were paid off during the period.

Interest income, net

The components of interest income, net for the periods presented were as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
($ in thousands)202320222021
Interest income$327,448 $350,591 $430,086 
Interest expense on funding facilities(206,588)(166,388)(261,146)
Interest income, net$120,860 $184,203 $168,940 

Interest income, net was $120.9 million, a decrease of $63.3 million, or 34%, as compared to $184.2 million for the same period in 2022. The decrease in interest income, net in 2023 was primarily attributable to a decrease in sold loan volume of 46% and higher short term interest rates associated with our funding facilities.

Other income
Year Ended December 31,
($ in thousands)202320222021
Deposit income$372,917 $90,298 $30,396 
Amrock revenue243,605 503,137 1,390,305 
Rocket Money revenue (1)
198,697 141,618 2,349 
Rocket Homes revenue49,970 48,293 54,208 
Rocket Loans revenue18,757 41,885 80,577 
Other (2)
27,373 47,969 82,611 
Total Other income$911,319 $873,200 $1,640,446 

(1) Rocket Money was acquired on December 23, 2021 and therefore, 2021 does not reflect a full year of revenue.

(2) Other consists of revenue from additional entities and other miscellaneous income.

Other income was $911.3 million, an increase of $38.1 million, or 4%, as compared to $873.2 million for the same period in 2022. Deposit income was $372.9 million, an increase of $282.6 million, or 313%, primarily due to higher deposit earnings rates, partially offset by a decrease in revenues at Amrock of $260 million or 52%, driven by lower title and appraisal volumes.

Expenses

Expenses for the periods presented were as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
($ in thousands)202320222021
Salaries, commissions and team member benefits$2,257,291 $2,797,868 $3,356,815 
General and administrative expenses802,865 906,195 1,183,418 
Marketing and advertising expenses736,676 945,694 1,249,583 
Interest and amortization expense on non-funding debt153,386 153,596 230,740 
Other expenses251,948 293,229 709,009 
Total expenses$4,202,166 $5,096,582 $6,729,565 

Total expenses were $4.2 billion, a decrease of $0.9 billion or 18%, as compared with $5.1 billion for the same period in 2022. The decrease was driven by our cost reduction efforts affecting salaries, commissions and team member benefits, general and administrative expenses, marketing and advertising expenses, and other expenses, including production and other
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vendor-related costs. In 2023, salaries, commissions and team member benefits was $2.3 billion, a decrease of $0.5 billion, or 19%, primarily due to a decrease in team members in production and non-production roles, driven by initiatives to increase operational efficiency. General and administrative expenses were $802.9 million, a decrease of $103.3 million, or 11%, primarily driven by a decrease in loan processing costs and vendor cost saving initiatives. Market and advertising expenses was $736.7 million, a decrease of $209.0 million, or 22%, primarily due to a decrease in performance marketing in 2023. Other expenses were $251.9 million, a decrease of $41.3 million, or 14%, associated with a decrease in title related expenses at Amrock.

Summary results by segment for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

Our operations are organized by distinct marketing channels which promote client acquisition and are categorized under two reportable segments: Direct to Consumer and Partner Network. In the Direct to Consumer segment, clients have the ability to interact with the Rocket Mortgage app and/or with our mortgage bankers, consisting of sales team members across our platform. We market to potential clients in this segment through various performance marketing channels. The Direct to Consumer segment derives revenue from originating, closing, selling and servicing predominantly agency-conforming loans, which are pooled and sold to the secondary market. This also includes providing title insurance services, appraisals and settlement services to these clients as part of our end-to-end mortgage origination experience. Servicing activities are fully allocated to the Direct to Consumer segment as they are viewed as an extension of the client experience with the primary objective to establish and maintain positive, regular touchpoints with our clients, which positions us to have high retention and recapture the clients’ next refinance, purchase, and personal loan transactions. These activities position us to be the natural choice for clients’ next refinance or purchase transaction.

The Rocket Professional platform supports our Partner Network segment, where we leverage our superior client service and widely recognized brand to grow marketing and influencer relationships, and our mortgage broker partnerships through Rocket Pro TPO. Our marketing partnerships consist of well-known consumer-focused companies that find value in our award-winning client experience and want to offer their clients mortgage solutions with our trusted, widely recognized brand. These organizations connect their clients directly to us through marketing channels and a referral process. Our influencer partnerships are typically with companies that employ licensed mortgage professionals that find value in our client experience, technology and efficient mortgage process, where mortgages may not be their primary offering. We also enable clients to start the mortgage process through the Rocket platform in the way that works best for them, including through a local mortgage broker. Rocket Pro TPO works exclusively with mortgage brokers, community banks and credit unions. Rocket Pro TPO’s partners provide the face-to-face service their clients desire, while tapping into the expertise, technology and award-winning process of Rocket Mortgage.

We measure the performance of the segments primarily on a contribution margin basis. Contribution margin is intended to measure the direct profitability of each segment and is calculated as Adjusted Revenue less directly attributable expenses. Adjusted Revenue is a non-GAAP financial measure described above. Directly attributable expenses include salaries, commissions and team member benefits, general and administrative expenses, marketing and advertising expenses and other expenses, such as direct servicing costs and origination costs. For segments, we measure gain on sale margin of sold loans and refer to this metric as ‘sold loan gain on sale margin.’ A loan is considered sold when it is sold to investors on the secondary market. Sold loan gain on sale margin reflects the gain on sale revenue of loans sold into the secondary market divided by the sold loan volume for the period. By contrast, ‘gain on sale margin’, which we reference outside of the segment discussion, measures the gain on sale revenue, net divided by net rate lock volume for the period. See below for our overview and discussion of segment results for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. For additional discussion, see Note 16, Segments of the consolidated financial statements of this Form 10-K.

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Direct to Consumer Results
Year Ended December 31,
($ in thousands)202320222021
Sold Loan Volume$43,598,231 $84,142,087 $213,888,883 
Sold Loan Gain on Sale Margin3.86 %4.14 %4.75 %
Revenue
Gain on sale$1,660,038$2,573,970$8,843,040 
Interest income182,097222,621265,438 
Interest expense on funding facilities(114,447)(106,561)(161,867)
Service fee income1,396,6391,455,1211,323,171 
Changes in fair value of MSRs(700,982)185,036(689,432)
Other income565,882449,8131,001,060 
Total Revenue, net$2,989,227$4,780,000$10,581,410
Change in fair value of MSRs due to valuation assumptions, net of hedges(29,007)(1,210,947)(487,473)
Adjusted Revenue$2,960,220$3,569,053$10,093,937
Less: Directly attributable expenses(1)1,924,2732,517,8503,697,774 
Contribution Margin$1,035,947$1,051,203$6,396,163

(1)    Direct expenses attributable to operating segments exclude corporate overhead, depreciation and amortization, and interest and amortization expense on non-funding debt.

Year ending December 31, 2023 summary

Direct to Consumer Adjusted Revenue was $3.0 billion, a decrease of $608.8 million, or 17% from $3.6 billion in 2022. Gain on sale revenue decreased $913.9 million, or 36%. The decrease in gain on sale revenue was driven by a decrease in net rate lock volume from reduced mortgage demand. The Change in fair value of MSRs was a $701.0 million decrease, compared to an increase of $185.0 million in the same period in 2022, primarily due to relatively flat mortgage interest rates during 2023 as compared to rising interest rates. Additionally, Other income increased $116.1 million, or 26%, to $565.9 million, as a result of an increase in deposit income primarily due to higher deposit earnings rates, partially offset by a decrease in revenues at Amrock.

Direct to Consumer attributable expenses decreased $593.6 million, or 24%, to $1.9 billion in 2023 compared to $2.5 billion in 2022. The decrease was due to fewer team members, decreases in loan processing costs, vendor cost saving initiatives, and lower marketing spend, all driven by our operational efficiency efforts.

Direct to Consumer contribution margin was $1.0 billion, a decrease of $15.3 million, or 1%, compared to $1.1 billion in 2022. The decrease in contribution margin was driven primarily by lower gain on sale revenue, offset by a reduction in directly attributable expenses and the above referenced difference in the Change in fair value of MSRs year over year.



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Partner Network Results
Year Ended December 31,
($ in thousands)202320222021
Sold Loan Volume$34,892,877$60,498,569 $138,802,940 
Sold Loan Gain on Sale Margin1.05 %1.05 %1.20 %
Revenue
Gain on sale371,392540,234 1,597,569
Interest income145,351125,034 161,256
Interest expense on funding facilities(91,793)(59,818)(99,226)
Other income13,90233,163 105,976
Total Revenue, net$438,852$638,613$1,765,575 
Change in fair value of MSRs due to valuation assumptions, net of hedges———
Adjusted Revenue$438,852$638,613$1,765,575
Less: Directly attributable expenses240,402362,317686,296
Total Contribution Margin$198,450$276,296$1,079,279

Year ending December 31, 2023 summary

Partner Network Adjusted Revenue was $438.9 million, a decrease of $199.8 million, or 31%, as compared to $638.6 million for the same period in 2022. Gain on sale revenue was $371.4 million, a decrease of $168.8 million, or 31%. The decrease in gain on sale revenue was driven by a decrease in net rate lock volume from reduced mortgage demand.

Partner Network directly attributable expenses was $240.4 million, a decrease of $121.9 million, or 34%, compared to $362.3 million in 2022. The decrease was due to members in production and non-production roles, decreases in loan processing costs, vendor cost saving initiatives, and lower marketing spend, all driven by our operational efficiency efforts.

Partner Network contribution margin was $198.5 million, a decrease of $77.8 million, or 28%, compared to $276.3 million in 2022. The decrease in contribution margin was driven by lower gain on sale revenue, partially offset by a decrease in directly attributable expenses.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Historically, our primary sources of liquidity have included:

•    cash flow from our operations, including:

•    sale of whole loans into the secondary market;

•    sale of mortgage servicing rights and excess servicing cash flows into the secondary market;

•    loan origination fees;

•    servicing fee income; and

•    interest income on loans held for sale

•    borrowings, including under our funding facilities, financing facilities, and unsecured senior notes; and

•    cash and marketable securities on hand.

Historically, our primary uses of funds have included:

•    origination of loans;
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•    interest expense;

•    repayment of debt;

•    operating expenses;

•    acquisition of mortgage servicing rights; and

•    distributions to RHI including those to fund distributions for payment of taxes by RHI shareholders.

We are also subject to contingencies which may have a significant impact on the use of our cash.

In order to originate and aggregate loans for sale into the secondary market, we use our own working capital and borrow or obtain money on a short-term basis primarily through committed and uncommitted funding facilities, generally established with large global banks.

Our funding facilities are primarily in the form of master repurchase agreements. We also have funding facilities directly with the GSEs. Loans financed under these facilities are generally financed at approximately 97% to 98% of the principal balance of the loan (although certain types of loans are financed at lower percentages of the principal balance of the loan), which requires us to fund the balance from cash generated from operations. Once closed, the underlying residential mortgage loan that is held for sale is pledged as collateral for the borrowing or advance that was made under these funding facilities. In most cases, the loans will remain in one of the funding facilities for only a short time, generally less than 45 days, until the loans are pooled and sold. During the time the loans are held for sale, we earn interest income from the borrower on the underlying mortgage loan. This income is partially offset by the interest and fees we have to pay under the funding facilities.

When we sell a pool of loans in the secondary market, the proceeds received from the sale of the loans are used to pay back the amounts we owe on the funding facilities. We rely on the cash generated from the sale of loans to fund future loans and repay borrowings under our funding facilities. Delays or failures to sell loans in the secondary market could have an adverse effect on our liquidity position.

As discussed in Note 6, Borrowings, of the notes to the consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-K, as of December 31, 2023, we had 15 different funding facilities and financing facilities in different amounts and with various maturities together with the Senior Notes. At December 31, 2023, the aggregate available amount under our facilities was $21.2 billion, with combined outstanding balances of $3.6 billion and unutilized capacity of $17.6 billion.

The amount of financing actually advanced on each individual loan under our funding facilities, as determined by agreed upon advance rates, may be less than the stated advance rate depending, in part, on the market value of the mortgage loans securing the financings. Each of our funding facilities allows the bank providing the funds to evaluate the market value of the loans that are serving as collateral for the borrowings or advances being made. If the bank determines that the value of the collateral has decreased, the bank can require us to provide additional collateral or reduce the amount outstanding with respect to those loans (e.g., initiate a margin call). Our inability or unwillingness to satisfy the request could result in the termination of the facilities and possible default under our other funding facilities. In addition, a large unanticipated margin call could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity.

The amount owed and outstanding on our funding facilities fluctuates significantly based on our origination volume, the amount of time it takes us to sell the loans we originate, and the amount of loans being self-funded with cash. We may from time to time use surplus cash to “buy-down” the effective interest rate of certain funding facilities or to self-fund a portion of our loan originations. Buy-down funds are included in Cash and cash equivalents on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. We have the ability to withdraw these funds at any time, unless a margin call has been made or a default has occurred under the relevant facilities. We will also deploy cash to self-fund loan originations, a portion of which can be transferred to a mortgage loan funding facility or the early buy out line, provided that such loans meet the eligibility criteria to be placed on such lines. The remaining portion will be funded in normal course over a short period of time, generally less than 45 days.

Total available cash was $3.6 billion as of December 31, 2023, which includes $1.1 billion of cash and cash equivalents, and $2.5 billion of corporate cash used to self-fund loan originations. Additionally, we have access to $3.4 billion of undrawn
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lines of credit, and $2.0 billion of undrawn MSR lines of credit from financing facilities, for a total liquidity position of $9.0 billion as of December 31, 2023.

Our funding facilities and financing facilities also generally require us to comply with certain operating and financial covenants and the availability of funds under these facilities is subject to, among other conditions, our continued compliance with these covenants. These financial covenants include, but are not limited to, maintaining (1) a certain minimum tangible net worth, (2) minimum liquidity, (3) a maximum ratio of total liabilities or total debt to tangible net worth and (4) pre-tax net income requirements. A breach of these covenants can result in an event of default under these facilities and as such allows the lenders to pursue certain remedies. In addition, some of these facilities include cross default or cross acceleration provisions that could result in some facilities terminating if an event of default or acceleration of maturity occurs. We were in compliance with all covenants as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

December 31, 2023 compared to December 31, 2022

Cash Flows

Our cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash were $1.1 billion at December 31, 2023, an increase of $0.3 billion, or 44%, compared to $0.8 billion at December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily driven by MSR sales during the period, partially offset by our net loss for the period.

Equity

Equity was $8.3 billion as of December 31, 2023, a decrease of $0.2 billion, or 2%, as compared to $8.5 billion as of December 31, 2022. The decrease was primarily a result of a net loss of $390.1 million, partially offset by an increase in share-based compensation of $176.2 million.
Contractual Obligations, Commercial Commitments, and Other Contingencies
Our material expected cash requirements also include the following contractual commitments:

Repurchase and indemnification obligations

In the ordinary course of business, we are exposed to liability under representations and warranties made to purchasers of mortgage loans. Under certain circumstances, we may be required to repurchase mortgage loans, or indemnify the purchaser of such loans for losses incurred, if there has been a breach of representations or warranties, or if the borrower defaults on the loan payments within a contractually defined period (early payment default). Additionally, in certain instances we are contractually obligated to refund to the purchaser certain premiums paid to us on the sale if the mortgagor prepays the loan within a specified period of time, specified in our loan sale agreements. See Note 14, Commitments, Contingencies, and Guarantees of the notes to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Interest rate lock commitments, loan sale and forward commitments
In the normal course of business, we are party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit to borrowers at either fixed or floating interest rates. IRLCs are commitment agreements to lend to a client at a specified interest rate within a specified period of time as long as there is no violation of conditions established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses which may require payment of a fee. As many of the commitments expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. In addition, we have contracts to sell mortgage loans into the secondary market at specified future dates (commitments to sell loans), and forward commitments to sell MBS at specified future dates and interest rates.

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Following is a summary of the notional amounts of commitments:
December 31,
($ in thousands)
20232022
Interest rate lock commitments—fixed rate$6,317,330 $6,108,132 
Interest rate lock commitments—variable rate$258,045 $326,638 
Commitments to sell loans$— $20,618 
Forward commitments to sell mortgage-backed securities$9,275,041 $10,493,989 
Forward commitments to purchase mortgage-backed securities$375,000 $470,000 
Distributions
Years Ended December 31, 2023
We had no material distributions during the year ended December 31, 2023.
New Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Effective
See Note 1, Business, Basis of Presentation and Accounting Policies of the notes to the consolidated financial statements for details of recently issued accounting pronouncements and their expected impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

In the normal course of business, we are subject to a variety of risks which can affect our operations and profitability. We broadly define these areas of risk as interest rate risk, credit risk, and counterparty risk.

Interest rate risk
We are subject to interest rate risk which may impact our origination volume and associated revenue, MSR valuations, IRLCs and mortgage loans held for sale valuations, and the net interest margin derived from our funding facilities. The fair value of MSRs are driven primarily by interest rates, which impact the likelihood of loan prepayments and refinancing. In periods of rising interest rates, the fair value of the MSRs generally increases as prepayments decrease, and therefore the estimated life of the MSRs and related expected cash flows increase. In a declining interest rate environment, the fair value of MSRs generally decreases as prepayments increase and therefore the estimated life of the MSRs and related cash flows decrease. Because origination volumes tend to increase in declining interest rate environments and decrease in increasing rate environments, we believe that servicing provides a natural hedge to our origination business through the natural counter-cyclicality of servicing and mortgaging originations. We actively manage our MSR portfolio and from time to time identify assets for sale that do not meet our MSR strategy. We use forward loan purchase commitments to economically hedge the risk of potential changes in the value of MSR assets that have been identified for sale and mitigate interest rate risk for this portion of the MSR portfolio.

Our IRLCs and mortgage loans held for sale are exposed to interest rate volatility. During the origination, pooling, and delivery process, this pipeline value rises and falls with changes in interest rates. To mitigate this exposure, we employ a hedge strategy designed to minimize basis risk and maximize effectiveness. Basis risk in this case is the risk that the hedged instrument’s price does not move in parallel with the increase or decrease in the market price of the hedged financial instrument. Because substantially all of our production is deliverable to Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and Ginnie Mae, we utilize forward agency or Ginnie Mae To Be Announced (“TBA”) securities as our primary hedge instrument, along with U.S. Treasury futures, and other non-mortgage hedging instruments, to mitigate basis risk. By fixing the future sale price, we reduce our exposure to changes in mortgage values between interest rate lock and sale. Our non-agency, non-Ginnie Mae production is hedged with a combination of TBAs and whole loan forward commitments. To mitigate the TBA basis risk, we look to sell most of our non-agency, non-Ginnie Mae production forward to our various buyers.

Interest rate risk also occurs in periods where changes in short-term interest rates result in mortgage loans being originated with terms that provide a smaller interest rate spread above the financing terms of our loan funding facilities, which can negatively impact our net interest income.

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Credit risk
We are subject to credit risk, which is the risk of default that results from a borrower’s inability or unwillingness to make contractually required mortgage payments. Generally, all loans sold into the secondary market are sold without recourse. For such loans, our credit risk is limited to repurchase obligations due to fraud or origination defects. For loans that were repurchased or not sold in the secondary market, we are subject to credit risk to the extent a borrower defaults and the proceeds upon ultimate foreclosure and liquidation of the property are insufficient to cover the amount of the mortgage plus expenses incurred. We believe that this risk is mitigated through the implementation of stringent underwriting standards, strong fraud detection tools, and technology designed to comply with applicable laws and our standards. In addition, we believe that this risk is mitigated through the quality of our loan portfolio. For the year ended December 31, 2023, our clients’ weighted average credit score was 733 and its approximate average loan size was $270,000 with a weighted average loan-to-value ratio of approximately 74.9%.

Counterparty risk
We are subject to risk that arises from our financing facilities and interest rate risk hedging activities. These financing and risk hedging activities generally involve an exchange of obligations with unaffiliated banks or companies, referred to in such transactions as “counterparties.” If a financing or risk hedging counterparty were to default, we could potentially be exposed to financial loss if such counterparty were unable to meet its obligations to us. We manage this risk by selecting only counterparties that we believe to be financially strong, spreading the risk among many such counterparties, and entering into netting agreements with the counterparties as appropriate.

In accordance with Treasury Market Practices Group’s recommendation, we execute Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association trading agreements with all material trading partners. Each such agreement provides for an exchange of margin money should either party’s exposure exceed a predetermined contractual limit. Such margin requirements limit our overall counterparty exposure. To the extent that we have a master netting agreement in place with a counterparty, such master netting agreement contains a legal right to offset amounts due to and from the same counterparty, further mitigating counterparty exposure. Derivative assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets represent derivative contracts in a gain position net of loss positions with the same counterparty and, therefore, also represent our maximum counterparty credit risk. We incurred no losses due to nonperformance by any of our counterparties during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Also, in the case of our financing facilities, we are subject to risk if the counterparty chooses not to renew a borrowing agreement and we are unable to obtain financing to originate mortgage loans. With our financing facilities, we seek to mitigate this risk by ensuring that we have sufficient borrowing capacity with a variety of well-established counterparties to meet our funding needs.

Critical Accounting Policies

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. We have identified certain accounting policies as being critical because they require us to make difficult, subjective or complex judgments about matters that are uncertain. We believe that the judgment, estimates and assumptions used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements are appropriate given the factual circumstances at the time. However, actual results could differ and the use of other assumptions or estimates could result in material differences in our results of operations or financial condition. Our critical accounting policies and estimates are discussed below and relate to fair value measurements, particularly those determined to be Level 2 and Level 3 as discussed in Note 2, Fair Value Measurements, of the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-K.

Mortgage loans held for sale

We have elected to record mortgage loans held for sale at fair value. Included in mortgage loans held for sale are loans originated as held for sale that are expected to be sold into the secondary market and loans that have been previously sold and repurchased from investors that management intends to resell into the secondary market, which are all recorded at fair value.

The fair value of loans held for sale that trade in active secondary markets is estimated using Level 2 measurements derived from observable market data, including market prices of securities backed by similar mortgage loans adjusted for certain
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factors to approximate the fair value of a whole mortgage loan, including the value attributable to mortgage servicing and credit risk. Loans held for sale for which there is little to no observable trading activity of similar instruments are valued using Level 3 measurements based upon dealer price quotations and internal models which typically results in credit spreads (i.e., purchase price discounts). Changes in fair value of mortgage loans held for sale are included in gain on sale of loans in the Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) and Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Changes in economic or other relevant conditions could cause our assumptions with respect to market prices of securities backed by similar mortgage loans to be different than our estimates. Increases in the market yields of similar mortgage loans result in a lower mortgage loans held for sale fair value.

Mortgage servicing rights

We have elected to record MSRs at fair value. MSRs are recognized as a component of the gain on sale of loans when loans are sold and the associated servicing rights are retained.

Subsequent changes in fair value of MSRs due to the collection and realization of cash flows and changes in model inputs and assumptions are recognized in current period earnings and included as a separate line item in the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. Fair value is determined on a monthly basis using a valuation model that calculates the present value of estimated future net servicing fee income. The model uses estimates of prepayment speeds, discount rate, cost to service, escrow account earnings, contractual servicing fee income, among others. These estimates are supported by market and economic data collected from various outside sources. On a quarterly basis we obtain an independent third-party valuation to corroborate the value estimated by our internal model. All of our MSRs are classified as a Level 3 asset.

Changes in economic and other relevant conditions could cause our assumptions, such as with respect to the prepayment speeds, to be different than our estimates. The key assumptions used to estimate the fair value of MSRs are prepayment speeds and the discount rate. Increases in prepayment speeds generally have an adverse effect on the value of MSRs as the underlying loans prepay faster, which causes accelerated MSR amortization. Increases in the discount rate result in a lower MSR value and decreases in the discount rate result in a higher MSR value. See Note 3, Mortgage Servicing Rights of the notes in the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-K for an illustration of the hypothetical effect on the fair value of the MSRs using various unfavorable variations of the expected levels of the assumed discount rate and prepayment speeds used in valuing MSRs.

Derivative financial instruments

We enter into IRLCs, forward commitments to sell and purchase mortgage loans, which are considered derivative financial instruments. Our derivative financial instruments are accounted for as free-standing derivatives and are included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value. Changes in the fair value of the IRLCs are recognized in gain on sale of loans, net and salaries and commission expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) and Comprehensive Income (Loss). The cash flows related to forward commitments to sell and purchase mortgage loans are included within the gain on sale of loans and the change in fair value of MSRs in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows.

Commitments to fund residential mortgage loans with our potential borrowers are commitment agreements to lend funds to these potential borrowers at a specified interest rate within a specified period of time. The fair value of IRLCs is derived from the fair value of similar mortgage loans or bonds, which is based on observable market data. Changes to the fair value of IRLCs are recognized based on changes in interest rates, changes in the probability that the commitment will be exercised (pull through factor), and the passage of time. The expected net future cash flows related to the associated servicing of the loan are included in the fair value measurement of IRLCs. Given the unobservable nature of the pull through factor, IRLCs are classified as Level 3.

Outstanding IRLCs and mortgage loans held for sale not yet committed to trade expose us to the risk that the price of the mortgage loans held and mortgage loans underlying the commitments might decline due to increases in mortgage interest rates during the life of the commitment. To protect against this risk, we use forward loan sale commitments to economically hedge the risk of potential changes in the value of the loans. MSR assets (including the MSR value associated with outstanding IRLCs) that have been identified to be sold expose us to the risk that the price of MSRs might decline due to decreases in mortgage interest rates prior to the sale of these assets. To protect against this risk, we use forward loan purchase commitments to economically hedge the risk of potential changes in the value of the MSR assets that have been identified for sale. We expect that the changes in fair value of the forward commitments will either substantially or partially offset the
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changes in fair value of the IRLCs, uncommitted mortgage loans held for sale, and MSR assets that we intend to sell. Our forward commitments are valued based on quoted prices for similar assets in an active market with inputs that are observable and are classified as Level 2 assets and liabilities.

Changes in economic or other relevant conditions could cause our assumptions with respect to forward commitments to be different than our estimates. Decreases in the market yields of mortgage loans result in a lower fair value for forward commitments to sell mortgage loans and increases in market yields of mortgage loans result in lower fair value for forward commitments to purchase mortgage loans.

Income taxes

Our income tax expense, deferred tax assets and liabilities, and reserves for unrecognized tax benefits reflect management’s best assessment of estimated current and future taxes to be paid. We are subject to income taxes predominantly in the United States and Canada. These tax laws are often complex and may be subject to different interpretations.

Deferred income taxes arise from temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amount and the tax basis of assets and liabilities. In evaluating our ability to recover our deferred tax assets within the jurisdiction from which they arise, we consider all available positive and negative evidence. If based upon all available positive and negative evidence, it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be realized, a valuation allowance is established. The valuation allowance may be reversed in a subsequent reporting period if the Company determines that it is more likely than not that all or part of the deferred tax asset will become realizable.

Our interpretations of tax laws are subject to review and examination by various taxing authorities and jurisdictions where the Company operates, and disputes may occur regarding its view on a tax position. These disputes over interpretations with the various tax authorities may be settled by audit, administrative appeals or adjudication in the court systems of the tax jurisdictions in which the Company operates. We regularly review whether we may be assessed additional income taxes as a result of the resolution of these matters, and the Company records additional reserves as appropriate. In addition, the Company may revise its estimate of income taxes due to changes in income tax laws, legal interpretations, and business strategies. We recognize the financial statement effects of uncertain income tax positions when it is more likely than not, based on the technical merits, that the position will be sustained upon examination. We record interest and penalties related to uncertain income tax positions in income tax expense.
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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Index to Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data:
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, Ernst & Young LLP, Detroit, MI, PCAOB ID: 42
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022
Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) and Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements


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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Rocket Companies, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Rocket Companies Inc. (the Company) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of income (loss) and comprehensive income (loss), changes in equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated February 27, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated to the Audit Committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
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                                            Mortgage servicing rights
Description of the Matter
The estimated fair value of the Company’s mortgage servicing rights (MSRs) totaled $6.44 billion as of December 31, 2023. As described in Notes 1, 2, and 3 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company records MSRs at fair value on a recurring basis with changes in fair value recognized in the consolidated statements of income (loss) and comprehensive income (loss). Management estimates the fair value of MSRs using a valuation model that calculates the present value of estimated future net servicing fee income. The Company’s valuation model incorporates significant unobservable assumptions, specifically the discount rate and prepayment speed, and as a result, the Company classifies MSRs as a “Level 3” asset within the fair value hierarchy.

Auditing management’s estimate of the fair value of MSRs was complex due to the MSR valuation model used and the high degree of subjectivity in evaluating the significant unobservable assumptions utilized in the fair value calculation.
How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit
We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of the Company’s internal controls over the MSR valuation process, including controls over the development of the significant unobservable assumptions. This included, among other procedures, testing internal controls over management’s review of market and economic data collected from independent sources and used in determining the assumptions and management’s review of the completeness and accuracy of data used in determining the fair value estimate.

To test the fair value of MSRs, our audit procedures included, among others, testing the completeness and accuracy of the model data inputs. With the assistance of EY valuation specialists, we evaluated significant assumptions by comparing those assumptions to historical results and current industry, market and economic trends. Our specialists also independently calculated an estimated range for the fair value of MSRs, which we compared to management’s modeled results. Additionally, we evaluated the competency and objectivity of management’s independent valuation firm engaged to assist management in evaluating the reasonableness of the unobservable assumptions and the Company’s internally developed MSR fair value estimate. Finally, we evaluated the Company’s fair value disclosures for consistency with US GAAP.



/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1999.

Detroit, Michigan

February 27, 2024

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FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Rocket Companies, Inc.
Consolidated Balance Sheets
($ In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts)

December 31,
2023		December 31,
2022
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents$1,108,466 $722,293 
Restricted cash28,366 66,806 
Mortgage loans held for sale, at fair value6,542,232 7,343,475 
Interest rate lock commitments (“IRLCs”), at fair value132,870 90,635 
Mortgage servicing rights (“MSRs”), at fair value6,439,787 6,946,940 
Notes receivable and due from affiliates19,530 10,796 
Property and equipment, net250,856 274,192 
Deferred tax asset, net550,149 537,963 
Lease right of use assets347,696 366,189 
Forward commitments, at fair value26,614 22,444 
Loans subject to repurchase right from Ginnie Mae1,533,387 1,642,392 
Goodwill and intangible assets, net1,236,765 1,258,928 
Other assets1,015,022 799,159 
Total assets$19,231,740 $20,082,212 
Liabilities and equity
Liabilities:
Funding facilities$3,367,383 $3,548,699 
Other financing facilities and debt:
Senior Notes, net4,033,448 4,027,970 
Early buy out facility203,208 672,882 
Accounts payable171,350 116,331 
Lease liabilities393,882 422,769 
Forward commitments, at fair value142,988 25,117 
Investor reserves92,389 110,147 
Notes payable and due to affiliates31,006 33,463 
Tax receivable agreement liability584,695 613,693 
Loans subject to repurchase right from Ginnie Mae1,533,387 1,642,392 
Other liabilities376,294 393,200 
Total liabilities$10,930,030 $11,606,663 
Equity:
Class A common stock, $0.00001 par value - 10,000,000,000 shares authorized, 135,814,173 and 123,491,606 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
$1 $1 
Class B common stock, $0.00001 par value - 6,000,000,000 shares authorized, none issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.
— — 
Class C common stock, $0.00001 par value - 6,000,000,000 shares authorized, none issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.
— — 
Class D common stock, $0.00001 par value - 6,000,000,000 shares authorized, 1,848,879,483 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.
19 19 
Additional paid-in capital340,532 276,221 
Retained earnings284,296 300,394 
Accumulated other comprehensive income52 69 
Non-controlling interest7,676,810 7,898,845 
Total equity8,301,710 8,475,549 
Total liabilities and equity$19,231,740 $20,082,212 
See accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Rocket Companies, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) and Comprehensive Income (Loss)
($ In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts)
Years Ended December 31,
202320222021
Revenue
Gain on sale of loans:
Gain on sale of loans excluding fair value of MSRs, net$973,960 $1,166,770 $6,604,215 
Fair value of originated MSRs1,092,332 1,970,647 3,864,359 
Gain on sale of loans, net2,066,292 3,137,417 10,468,574 
Loan servicing income:
Servicing fee income1,401,780 1,458,637 1,325,938 
Change in fair value of MSRs(700,982)185,036 (689,432)
Loan servicing income, net700,798 1,643,673 636,506 
Interest income:
Interest income327,448 350,591 430,086 
Interest expense on funding facilities(206,588)(166,388)(261,146)
Interest income, net120,860 184,203 168,940 
Other income911,319 873,200 1,640,446 
Total revenue, net3,799,269 5,838,493 12,914,466 
Expenses
Salaries, commissions and team member benefits2,257,291 2,797,868 3,356,815 
General and administrative expenses802,865 906,195 1,183,418 
Marketing and advertising expenses736,676 945,694 1,249,583 
Depreciation and amortization110,271 94,020 74,713 
Interest and amortization expense on non-funding debt153,386 153,596 230,740 
Other expenses141,677 199,209 634,296 
Total expenses4,202,166 5,096,582 6,729,565 
(Loss) income before income taxes(402,897)741,911 6,184,901 
Benefit from (provision for) income taxes12,817 (41,978)(112,738)
Net (loss) income(390,080)699,933 6,072,163 
Net loss (income) attributable to non-controlling interest374,566 (653,512)(5,763,953)
Net (loss) income attributable to Rocket Companies$(15,514)$46,421 $308,210 
(Loss) earnings per share of Class A common stock:
Basic$(0.12)$0.39 $2.36 
Diluted$(0.15)$0.28 $2.32 
Weighted average shares outstanding:
Basic128,641,762 120,577,548 130,578,206
Diluted1,980,523,690 1,971,620,573 1,989,433,567
Comprehensive income (loss):
Net (loss) income$(390,080)$699,933 $6,072,163 
Cumulative translation adjustment(191)(950)(115)
Unrealized gain (loss) on investment securities— 516 (5,550)
Comprehensive (loss) income(390,271)699,499 6,066,498 
Comprehensive loss (income) attributable to noncontrolling interest374,744 (653,101)(5,758,675)
Comprehensive (loss) income attributable to Rocket Companies$(15,527)$46,398 $307,823 
See accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Rocket Companies, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity
($ In Thousands)


Class A
Common
Stock Shares		Class A
Common
Stock Amount		Class D
Common
Stock Shares		Class D
Common
Stock Amount		Additional
Paid-in
 Capital		Retained
Earnings		Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)		Total
 Non-controlling
Interest		Total
Equity
Balance, December 31, 2020115,372,565 $1 1,869,079,483 $19 $282,743 $207,422 $317 $7,391,654 $7,882,156 
Net income— — — — — 308,210 — 5,763,953 6,072,163 
Cumulative translation adjustment— — — — — — (10)(105)(115)
Unrealized loss on investment securities— — — — — — (375)(5,175)(5,550)
Share-based compensation, net2,529,124 — — — 9,899 — — 143,787 153,686 
Distributions for state taxes on behalf of unit holders (members), net of refunds
— — — — — (8,414)— (133,138)(141,552)
Distributions to unit holders (members) from subsidiary investment— — — — — — — (3,844,159)(3,844,159)
Special Dividend to Class A Shareholders, net of forfeitures
— — — — — (145,640)— 835 (144,805)
Pushdown of Dividend Equivalent— — — — — 16,427 — (16,427)— 
Taxes withheld on employees' restricted share award vesting— — — — (878)— (11,843)(12,721)
Issuance of Class A Common Shares under stock compensation and benefit plans2,778,209 — — — 3,523 — — 47,847 51,370 
Repurchase of Class A Common Shares(14,442,195)— — — (231,584)— — — (231,584)
Change in controlling interest of investment, net
20,200,000 — (20,200,000)— 223,855 — 149 (243,361)(19,357)
Balance, December 31, 2021126,437,703 1 1,848,879,483 19 287,558 378,005 81 9,093,868 9,759,532 
Net income— — — — — 46,421 — 653,512 699,933 
Cumulative translation adjustment— — — — — — (48)(902)(950)
Unrealized gain on investment securities— — — — — — 25 491 516 
Share-based compensation, net10,142,678 — — — 13,643 — — 196,841 210,484 
Distributions for state taxes on behalf of unit holders (members), net of refunds
— — — — — (373)— (30,405)(30,778)
Contributions from unit holders (members) from subsidiary investment, net— — — — 717 — — (1,831,854)(1,831,137)
Special Dividend to Class A Shareholders, net of forfeitures
— — — — — (123,659)— (30,376)(154,035)
Taxes withheld on employees' restricted share award vesting— — — — (2,529)— — (41,219)(43,748)
Issuance of Class A common Shares under stock compensation and benefit plans4,609,697 — — — 2,722 — — 40,752 43,474 
Repurchase of Class A common Shares(17,698,472)— — — (177,700)— — — (177,700)
Change in controlling interest of investment, net— — — — 151,810 — 11 (151,863)(42)
Balance, December 31, 2022123,491,606 $1 1,848,879,483 $19 $276,221 $300,394 $69 $7,898,845 $8,475,549 
78
Rocket Companies, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity
($ In Thousands)
Class A
Common
Stock Shares		Class A
Common
Stock Amount		Class D
Common
Stock Shares		Class D
Common
Stock Amount		Additional
Paid-in
 Capital		Retained
Earnings		Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)		Total
 Non-controlling
Interest		Total
Equity
Balance, December 31, 2022123,491,606 $1 1,848,879,483 $19 $276,221 $300,394 $69 $7,898,845 $8,475,549 
Net income— — — — — (15,514)— (374,566)(390,080)
Cumulative translation adjustment— — — — — — (13)(178)(191)
Share-based compensation, net9,036,125 — — — 11,424 — — 164,741 176,165 
Distributions for state taxes on behalf of unit holders (members), net of refunds
— — — — — (50)— 2,514 2,464 
Contributions from unit holders (members) to subsidiary investment, net
— — — — — — — 61,351 61,351 
Forfeitures of Special Dividend to Class A Shareholders
— — — — — 154 — 2,240 2,394 
Taxes withheld on employees' restricted share award vesting— — — — (3,148)— — (44,403)(47,551)
Issuance of Class A common Shares under stock compensation and benefit plans3,286,442 — — — 1,881 — — 27,268 29,149 
Change in controlling interest of investment, net— — — — 54,154 (688)(4)(61,002)(7,540)
Balance, December 31, 2023135,814,173 $1 1,848,879,483 $19 $340,532 $284,296 $52 $7,676,810 $8,301,710 

See accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
79

Rocket Companies, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
($ In Thousands)
Year Ended December 31,
202320222021
Operating activities
Net (loss) income $(390,080)$699,933 $6,072,163 
Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization110,271 94,020 74,713 
(Benefit from) provision for deferred income taxes(17,781)36,174 48,319 
Loss on extinguishment of Senior Notes— — 87,262 
Origination of mortgage servicing rights(1,092,332)(1,970,647)(3,864,359)
Change in fair value of MSRs, net678,672 (259,647)599,167 
Gain on sale of loans excluding fair value of MSRs, net(973,960)(1,166,770)(6,604,215)
Disbursements of mortgage loans held for sale(78,280,730)(134,326,580)(352,968,791)
Disbursements of non-mortgage loans held for sale(163,018)— — 
Proceeds from sale of loans held for sale80,232,343 147,980,499 363,999,306 
Share-based compensation expense180,134 216,001 163,712 
Change in assets and liabilities:
Due from affiliates(8,734)(1,043)12,420 
Other assets(62,804)22,758 87,443 
Accounts payable55,018 (155,213)11,170 
Due to affiliates(2,641)(907)(40,967)
Other liabilities(154,029)(345,083)66,585 
Total adjustments$500,409 $10,123,562 $1,671,765 
Net cash provided by operating activities$110,329 $10,823,495 $7,743,928 
Investing activities
Proceeds from sale of MSRs$1,011,897 $671,917 $933,457 
Net purchase of MSRs(101,218)(14,640)(184,527)
Decrease (increase) in mortgage loans held for investment9,803 12,534 (21,200)
Purchases of investment securities, available for sale(5,472)— — 
Sales of investment securities, available for sale6,479 — — 
Net decrease (increase) in investment securities, held to maturity— 2,055 (39,896)
Cash paid on acquisition of business— — (1,234,395)
Purchase and other additions of property and equipment, net of disposals(60,336)(93,124)(118,291)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities$861,153 $578,742 $(664,852)
Financing activities
Net payments on funding facilities$(181,316)$(9,202,893)$(4,990,981)
Net payments on lines of credit— (75,000)(300,000)
Borrowings on Senior Notes— — 2,000,000 
Repayments on Senior Notes— — (1,022,711)
Net (payments) borrowings on early buy out facility(469,674)(1,223,902)1,566,518 
Net borrowings on notes payable from unconsolidated affiliates
184 720 721 
Proceeds from MSRs financing liability— — 21,635 
Stock issuance24,878 37,760 41,981 
Share repurchase— (177,700)(231,584)
Taxes withheld on employees' restricted share award vesting(47,551)(43,748)(12,721)
Increase in controlling interest in subsidiaries(2,630)— — 
Contributions (distributions) to other unit holders (members) and Class A shareholders52,551 (2,139,023)(3,994,325)
Net cash used in financing activities$(623,558)$(12,823,786)$(6,921,467)
Effects of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents(191)(949)(115)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash347,733 (1,422,498)157,494 
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period789,099 2,211,597 2,054,103 
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period$1,136,832 $789,099 $2,211,597 
Non-cash activities
Loans transferred to other real estate owned$2,357 $1,312 $1,288 
Supplemental disclosures
Cash paid for interest on related party borrowings$1,853 $6,408 $7,167 
Cash paid for interest, net$378,927 $321,176 $422,593 
Cash (received) paid for income taxes, net$(856)$12,544 $76,631 

See accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
80


Rocket Companies, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
($ In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts Or Unless Otherwise Noted)

1. Business, Basis of Presentation and Accounting Policies

Rocket Companies, Inc. (the “Company”, and together with its consolidated subsidiaries, “Rocket Companies”, “we”, “us”, “our”) was incorporated in Delaware on February 26, 2020 as a wholly owned subsidiary of Rock Holdings Inc. (“RHI”) for the purpose of facilitating an initial public offering (“IPO") of its Class A common stock, $0.00001 par value (the “Class A common stock”) and other related transactions in order to carry on the business of RKT Holdings, LLC (“Holdings”) and its wholly owned subsidiaries.

We are a Detroit-based fintech company including mortgage, real estate and personal finance businesses. We are committed to providing an industry-leading client experience powered by our simple, fast and trusted digital solutions. In addition to Rocket Mortgage, the nation’s largest retail mortgage lender, we have expanded into complementary industries, such as real estate services, personal lending, solar, and personal finance. Through these industries, we seek to deliver innovative client solutions leveraging our Rocket platform. Our business operations are organized into the following two segments: (1) Direct to Consumer and (2) Partner Network, refer to Note 16, Segments.

Rocket Companies, Inc. is a holding company. Its primary material asset is the equity interest in Holdings which, including through its direct and indirect subsidiaries, conducts a majority of the Company's operations. Holdings is a Michigan limited liability company and wholly owns the following entities, with each entity's subsidiaries identified in parentheses: Rocket Mortgage, LLC, Amrock Holdings, LLC (“Amrock”, and “Nexsys Technologies LLC"), Amrock Title Insurance Company (“ATI”), LMB HoldCo LLC (“Core Digital Media”), RCRA Holdings LLC (Rock Connections LLC dba “Rocket Connections” and “Rocket Auto”), Rocket Homes Real Estate LLC (“Rocket Homes”), RockLoans Holdings LLC (“Rocket Loans” and “Rocket Solar”), Rock Central LLC dba Rocket Central, Rocket Money, Inc.(“Rocket Money”), Rocket Worldwide Holdings Inc. (EFB Holdings Inc. (“Rocket Mortgage Canada”) and Lendesk Canada Holdings Inc. (“Lendesk Technologies”)), Woodward Capital Management LLC, and Rocket Card, LLC. As used herein, “Rocket Mortgage” refers to either the Rocket Mortgage brand or platform, or the Rocket Mortgage business, as the context allows.

Basis of Presentation and Consolidation

As the sole managing member of Holdings, the Company operates and controls all of the business affairs of Holdings, and through Holdings and its subsidiaries, conducts its business. Holdings is considered a variable interest entity (“VIE”) and we consolidate the financial results of Holdings under the guidance of ASC 810, Consolidation. A portion of our Net (loss) income is allocated to Net loss (income) attributable to non-controlling interest. For further details, refer below to Variable Interest Entities and Note 17, Non-controlling Interest.

All significant intercompany transactions and accounts between the businesses comprising the Company have been eliminated in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

The Company's derivatives, IRLCs, MSRs, mortgage and non-mortgage loans held for sale, and available for sale and trading investment securities are measured at fair value on a recurring basis. Additionally, other assets may be required to be measured at fair value in the consolidated financial statements on a nonrecurring basis. For further details of the Company's transactions refer to Note 2, Fair Value Measurements.

All transactions and accounts between RHI and other related parties with the Company have a history of settlement or will be settled for cash and are reflected as related party transactions. For further details of the Company’s related party transactions refer to Note 7, Transactions with Related Parties.

Our consolidated financial statements are audited and presented in U.S. dollars. They have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period financial statement presentation.


81
Rocket Companies, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
($ In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts Or Unless Otherwise Noted)
Management Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Although management is not currently aware of any factors that would significantly change its estimates and assumptions, actual results may differ from these estimates.

Subsequent Events

In preparing these consolidated financial statements, the Company evaluated events and transactions for potential recognition or disclosure through the date these consolidated financial statements were issued. Refer to Note 6, Borrowings for disclosures on changes to the Company’s debt agreements subsequent to December 31, 2023.

Special Dividends

On February 25, 2021, our board of directors authorized and declared a cash dividend (the “2021 Special Dividend”) of $1.11 per share to the holders of our Class A common stock. The 2021 Special Dividend was paid on March 23, 2021 to holders of the Class A common stock of record as of the close of business on March 9, 2021. The Company funded the 2021 Special Dividend from cash distributions of approximately $2.2 billion by RKT Holdings, LLC to all of its members, including the Company.

On February 24, 2022, our board of directors authorized and declared a cash dividend (the “2022 Special Dividend”) of $1.01 per share to the holders of our Class A common stock. The 2022 Special Dividend was paid on March 22, 2022 to holders of the Class A common stock of record as of the close of business on March 8, 2022. The Company funded the 2022 Special Dividend from cash distributions of approximately $2.0 billion by RKT Holdings, LLC to all of its members, including the Company.

There was no dividend authorized or declared during 2023.

Share Repurchase Authorization

On November 1, 2022, the Company's board of directors approved the renewal of the share repurchase program effective November 11, 2022. The share repurchase program renews and extends the previously approved share repurchase program and authorizes the Company to repurchase shares of the Company’s common stock in an aggregate value, not to exceed $1 billion dollars, from time to time, in the open market or through privately negotiated transactions, in accordance with applicable securities laws. The share repurchase program will remain in effect for a two-year period terminating in November 2024. The share repurchase program does not obligate the Company to make any repurchases at any specific time. The timing and extent to which the Company repurchases its shares will depend upon, among other things, market conditions, share price, liquidity targets, regulatory requirements and other factors. As of December 31, 2023 approximately $590.7 million remains available under the Share Repurchase Program. There were no share repurchases during 2023.

Revenue Recognition

Gain on sale of loans, net — includes all components related to the origination and sale of mortgage loans, including (1) net gain on sale of loans, which represents the premium we receive in excess of the loan principal amount and certain fees charged by investors upon sale of loans into the secondary market, (2) loan origination fees (credits), points and certain costs, (3) provision for or benefit from investor reserves, (4) the change in fair value of interest rate locks and loans held for sale, (5) the gain or loss on forward commitments hedging loans held for sale and interest rate lock commitments (IRLCs), and (6) the fair value of originated MSRs. An estimate of the gain on sale of loans, net is recognized at the time an IRLC is issued, net of a pull-through factor. Subsequent changes in the fair value of IRLCs and mortgage loans held for sale are recognized in current period earnings. When the mortgage loan is sold into the secondary market, any difference between the proceeds received and the current fair value of the loan is recognized in current period earnings in gain on sale of loans, net. Included in gain on sale of loans, net is the fair value of originated MSRs, which represents the estimated fair value of MSRs related to loans which we have sold and retained the right to service. Refer to Note 3, Mortgage Servicing Rights for information related to the gain/(loss) on changes in the fair value of MSRs.

82
Rocket Companies, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
($ In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts Or Unless Otherwise Noted)
Loan servicing income, net — includes income from servicing, sub-servicing and ancillary fees, and is recorded to income as earned, which is upon collection of payments from borrowers. This amount also includes the Change in fair value of MSRs, which is the adjustment for the fair value measurement of the MSR asset as of the respective balance sheet date.

Interest income, net — includes interest earned on mortgage loans held for sale and mortgage loans held for investment net of the interest expense paid on our loan funding facilities. Interest income is recorded as earned and interest expense is recorded as incurred. Interest income is accrued and credited to income daily based on the unpaid principal balance outstanding. The accrual of interest is generally discontinued when a loan becomes 90 days past due.

Other income — is derived primarily from closing fees, net appraisal revenue, net title insurance fees, personal finance subscription revenue, deposit income, real estate network referral fees, contact center revenue, personal loans business, professional service fees, and lead generation revenue.

The following revenue streams fall within the scope of ASC Topic 606 — Revenue from Contracts with Customers and are disaggregated hereunder:
    
Rocket Money subscription revenue - The Company recognizes subscription revenue ratably over the contract term beginning on the commencement date of each contract. We have determined that subscriptions represent a stand-ready obligation to perform over the subscription term. These performance obligations are satisfied over time as the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits. Contracts are one month to one year in length. Subscription revenues were $178,769 and $118,344 for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Amrock closing fees — The Company recognizes closing fees for non-recurring services provided in connection with the origination of the loan. These fees are recognized at the time of loan closing for purchase transactions or at the end of a client's three-day rescission period for refinance transactions, which represents the point in time the loan closing services performance obligation is satisfied. The consideration received for closing services is a fixed fee per loan that varies by state and loan type. Closing fees were $77,901, $157,853, and $506,685 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

Amrock appraisal revenue, net — The Company recognizes appraisal revenue when the appraisal service is completed. The Company may choose to deliver appraisal services directly to its client or subcontract such services to a third-party licensed and/or certified appraiser. In instances where the Company performs the appraisal, revenue is recognized as the gross amount of consideration received at a fixed price per appraisal. The Company is an agent in instances where a third-party appraiser is involved in the delivery of appraisal services and revenue is recognized net of third-party appraisal expenses. Appraisal revenue, net was $39,909, $65,082, and $96,471 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

Rocket Homes real estate network referral fees — The Company recognizes real estate network referral fee revenue based on arrangements with partner agencies contingent on the closing of a transaction. As this revenue stream is variable, and is contingent on the successful transaction close, the revenue is constrained until the occurrence of the transaction. At this point, the constraint on recognizing revenue is deemed to have been lifted and revenue is recognized for the consideration expected to be received. Real estate network referral fees, net of intercompany eliminations, were $49,670, $48,207, and $54,181 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

Professional service fees — The Company recognizes professional service fee revenue based on the delivery of services (e.g., human resources, technology, training) over the term of a contract. Consideration for the promised services is received through a combination of a fixed fee for the period and incremental fees paid for optional services that are available at an incremental rate determined at the time such services are requested. The Company recognizes the annual fee ratably over the life of the contract, as the performance obligation is satisfied equally over the term of the contract. For the optional services, revenue is only recognized at the time the services are requested and delivered and pricing is agreed upon. Professional service fee revenues were $8,010, $12,111, and $12,753 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, and were rendered entirely to related parties.

Core Digital Media lead generation revenue — The Company recognizes online consumer acquisition revenue based on successful delivery of marketing leads to a client at a fixed fee per lead. This service is satisfied at the time the lead is delivered, at which time revenue for the service is recognized. Online consumer acquisition revenue, net
83
Rocket Companies, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
($ In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts Or Unless Otherwise Noted)
of intercompany eliminations, were $4,610, $9,049, and $27,699 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

Rock Connections and Rocket Auto contact center revenue — The Company recognizes contact center revenue for communication services including client support and sales. Consideration received mainly includes a fixed base fee and/or a variable contingent fee. The fixed base fee is recognized ratably over the period of performance, as the performance obligation is considered to be satisfied equally throughout the service period. The variable contingent fee related to car sales is constrained until the sale of the car is completed. Contact center revenues, net of intercompany eliminations, were $902, $17,476, and $45,485 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

Marketing and Advertising Costs

Marketing and advertising costs for direct and non-direct response advertising are expensed as incurred. The costs of brand marketing and advertising are expensed in the period the advertising space or airtime is used.

The Company incurred marketing and advertising costs related to the naming rights for Rocket Mortgage Field House and other promotional sponsorships, which are related parties. Refer to Note 7. Transactions with Related Parties for further information.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

The Company considers all highly liquid investments purchased with a maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. We maintain our bank accounts with a relatively small number of high-quality financial institutions.

Restricted cash as of December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 consisted of cash on deposit for a repurchase facility and client application deposits, title premiums collected from the insured that are due to the underwritten, and principal and interest received in collection accounts for purchased assets. In 2022 and 2021, the Company also had a $25,000 bond, which was redeemed as of December 31, 2023.

December 31,
202320222021
Cash and cash equivalents$1,108,466 $722,293 $2,131,174 
Restricted cash28,366 66,806 80,423 
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash in the statement of cash flows$1,136,832 $789,099 $2,211,597 

Mortgage Loans Held for Sale

The Company has elected the fair value option for accounting for mortgage loans held for sale.

Included in mortgage loans held for sale are loans originated as held for sale that are expected to be sold into the secondary market and loans that have been previously sold and repurchased from investors that management intends to resell into the secondary market. Refer to Note 4, Mortgage Loans Held for Sale, for further information.

Derivative Financial Instruments

The Company enters into interest rate lock commitments, forward commitments to sell and purchase mortgage loans, which are considered derivative financial instruments. These items are accounted for as free-standing derivatives and are included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value. The Company treats all of its derivative instruments as economic hedges; therefore, none of its derivative instruments are designated as accounting hedges.

The Company enters into IRLCs to fund residential mortgage loans with its potential borrowers. These commitments are binding agreements to lend funds to these potential borrowers at specified interest rates within specified periods of time. The fair value of IRLCs is derived from the fair value of similar mortgage loans or bonds, which is based on observable market data. Changes to the fair value of IRLCs are recognized based on changes in interest rates, changes in the probability that the
84
Rocket Companies, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
($ In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts Or Unless Otherwise Noted)
commitment will be exercised, and the passage of time. The expected net future cash flows related to the associated servicing of the loan and direct costs to close the loan are included in the fair value measurement of rate locks.

IRLCs and uncommitted mortgage loans held for sale expose the Company to the risk that the value of the mortgage loans held and mortgage loans underlying the commitments may decline due to increases in mortgage interest rates during the life of the commitments. To protect against this risk, the Company uses forward loan sale commitments to economically hedge the risk of potential changes in the value of the loans. These derivative instruments are recorded at fair value. The Company expects that the changes in fair value of these derivative financial instruments will either fully or partially offset the changes in fair value of the IRLCs and uncommitted mortgage loans held for sale. The changes in the fair value of these derivatives are recorded in gain on sale of loans, net and salaries and commission expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) and Comprehensive Income (Loss).

MSR assets (including the MSR value associated with outstanding IRLCs) that the Company plans to sell expose the Company to the risk that the value of the MSR asset may decline due to decreases in mortgage interest rates prior to the sale of these assets. To protect against this risk, the Company uses forward loan purchase commitments to economically hedge the risk of potential changes in the value of MSR assets that have been identified for sale. These derivative instruments are recorded at fair value. The Company expects that the changes in fair value of these derivative financial instruments will either fully or partially offset the changes in fair value of the MSR assets the Company intends to sell. The changes in fair value of these derivatives are recorded in the change in fair value of MSRs in the Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) and Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Forward commitments include To-Be-Announced (“TBA”) mortgage-backed securities that have been aggregated at the counterparty level for presentation and disclosure purposes. Counterparty agreements contain a legal right to offset amounts due to and from the same counterparty under legally enforceable master netting agreements to settle with the same counterparty, on a net basis, as well as the right to obtain cash collateral. Forward commitments also include commitments to sell loans to counterparties and to purchase loans from counterparties at determined prices. The changes in fair value of these derivatives are recorded in gain on sale of loans, net and the change in fair value of MSRs. In addition, the cash flows are included within the gain on sale of loans and change in fair value of MSRs are recorded in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. Refer to Note 13, Derivative Financial Instruments for further information.

Mortgage Servicing Rights

Mortgage servicing rights are recognized as assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets when loans are sold, and the associated servicing rights are retained. The Company maintains one class of MSR asset and has elected the fair value option. These MSRs are recorded at fair value, which is determined using a valuation model that calculates the present value of estimated future net servicing fee income. The model includes estimates of prepayment speeds, discount rate, cost to service, float earnings, and contractual servicing fee income, among others. These estimates are supported by market and economic data collected from various outside sources. Refer to Note 3, Mortgage Servicing Rights for further information.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are recorded at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation of property and equipment is generally computed on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Amortization of leasehold improvements is computed on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the estimated useful lives or the remaining lease terms. Depreciation is not recorded on projects-in-process until the project is complete and the associated assets are placed into service or are ready for the intended use. Upon retirement or sale, the cost of assets disposed of and the related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts; any resulting gain or loss is credited or charged to operations. Costs of maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred. Refer to Note 5, Property and Equipment for further information.

Intangible Assets

Definite-lived intangible assets primarily consist of customer relationships and technology acquired through business combinations and are recorded at their estimated fair value at the date of acquisition. These assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives and are tested for impairment only if events or circumstances indicate that the assets might be impaired.

85
Rocket Companies, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
($ In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts Or Unless Otherwise Noted)
Indefinite-lived intangible assets consist of licenses to perform title insurance services acquired through business combinations and are recorded at their estimated fair value at the date of acquisition. The Company tests indefinite-lived intangible assets consistent with the policy described below for goodwill.

Goodwill

Goodwill is the excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair value of identifiable net assets acquired in business combinations. The Company tests goodwill for impairment annually in the fourth quarter, or more frequently when indications of potential impairment exist. The Company monitors the existence of potential impairment indicators throughout the fiscal year. Goodwill impairment testing is performed at the reporting unit level. The Company may elect to perform either a qualitative test or a quantitative test to determine if it is more likely than not that the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value. Fair value reflects the price a market participant would be willing to pay in a potential sale of the reporting unit. If the estimated fair value exceeds carrying value, then we conclude the goodwill is not impaired. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value, the Company recognizes an impairment loss in an amount equal to the excess, not to exceed the amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. Refer to Note 9, Goodwill and Intangible Assets, for further information on the goodwill attributable to the Company’s acquisitions.

Loans subject to repurchase right from Ginnie Mae

For certain loans sold to Ginnie Mae, the Company as the servicer has the unilateral right to repurchase any individual loan in a Ginnie Mae securitization pool if that loan meets defined criteria, including being delinquent more than 90 days. Once the Company has the unilateral right to repurchase the delinquent loan, the Company has effectively regained control over the loan and must re-recognize the loan on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and establish a corresponding finance liability regardless of the Company's intention to repurchase the loan. The asset and corresponding liability are recorded at the unpaid principal balance of the loan, which approximates its fair value.

Non-controlling interests

As noted above, we are the sole managing member of Holdings and consolidate the financial results of Holdings. Therefore, we report a non-controlling interest based on the Holdings Units of Holdings held by Dan Gilbert, our founder and Chairman (our “Chairman”) and RHI (the “non-controlling interest holders”) on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Income or loss is attributed to the non-controlling interests based on the weighted average Holdings Units outstanding during the period and is presented on the Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) and Comprehensive Income (Loss). Refer to Note 17, Non-controlling Interest for more information.

Share-based Compensation

Equity-based awards are issued under the Rocket Companies, Inc. 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan including restricted stock units and stock options. Share-based compensation expense is recorded as a component of salaries, commissions and team member benefits. Share-based compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period based on the fair value of the award on the date of grant, refer to Note 18, Share-based Compensation for additional information.

Income taxes

Our income tax expense, deferred tax assets and liabilities, and reserves for unrecognized tax benefits reflect management’s best assessment of estimated current and future taxes to be paid. We are subject to income taxes predominantly in the United States and Canada. These tax laws are often complex and may be subject to different interpretations.

Deferred income taxes arise from temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amount and the tax basis of assets and liabilities. In evaluating our ability to recover our deferred tax assets within the jurisdiction from which they arise, we consider all available positive and negative evidence. If based upon all available positive and negative evidence, it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be realized, a valuation allowance is established. The valuation allowance may be reversed in a subsequent reporting period if the Company determines that it is more likely than not that all or part of the deferred tax asset will become realizable.

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Rocket Companies, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
($ In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts Or Unless Otherwise Noted)
Our interpretations of tax laws are subject to review and examination by various taxing authorities and jurisdictions where the Company operates, and disputes may occur regarding its view on a tax position. These disputes over interpretations with the various tax authorities may be settled by audit, administrative appeals or adjudication in the court systems of the tax jurisdictions in which the Company operates. We regularly review whether we may be assessed additional income taxes as a result of the resolution of these matters, and the Company records additional reserves as appropriate. In addition, the Company may revise its estimate of income taxes due to changes in income tax laws, legal interpretations, and business strategies. We recognize the financial statement effects of uncertain income tax positions when it is more likely than not, based on the technical merits, that the position will be sustained upon examination. We record interest and penalties related to uncertain income tax positions in income tax expense. For additional information regarding our provision for income taxes refer to Note 12, Income Taxes.

Tax Receivable Agreement

In connection with the reorganization completed prior to our IPO in 2020, the Company entered into a Tax Receivable Agreement with RHI and our Chairman (“LLC Members”) that will obligate the Company to make payments to the LLC Members generally equal to 90% of the applicable cash tax savings that the Company actually realizes or in some cases is deemed to realize as a result of the tax attributes generated by (i) certain increases in our allocable share of the tax basis in Holdings’ assets resulting from (a) the purchases of Holdings Units (along with the corresponding shares of our Class D common stock or Class C common stock) from the LLC Members (or their transferees of Holdings Units or other assignees) using the net proceeds from our initial public offering or in any future offering, (b) exchanges by the LLC Members (or their transferees of Holdings Units or other assignees) of Holdings Units (along with the corresponding shares of our Class D common stock or Class C common stock) for cash or shares of our Class B common stock or Class A common stock, as applicable, or (c) payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement; (ii) tax benefits related to imputed interest deemed arising as a result of payments made under the Tax Receivable Agreement and (iii) disproportionate allocations (if any) of tax benefits to Holdings as a result of section 704(c) of the Code that relate to the reorganization transactions. The Company will retain the benefit of the remaining 10% of these tax savings. For additional information regarding our Tax Receivable Agreement, refer to Note 12, Income Taxes.

The Company recognized a liability for the Tax Receivable Agreement based upon the estimate of future TRA payments. The amounts payable under the Tax Receivable Agreement will vary depending upon a number of factors, including the amount, character, and timing of the taxable income of Rocket Companies in the future. Any such changes in these factors or changes in the Company’s determination of the need for a valuation allowance related to the tax benefits acquired under the Tax Receivable Agreement could adjust the Tax receivable agreement liability recognized and recorded within earnings in future periods.

Variable Interest Entities

Rocket Companies, Inc. is the managing member of Holdings with 100% of the management and voting power in Holdings. In its capacity as managing member, Rocket Companies, Inc. has the sole authority to make decisions on behalf of Holdings and bind Holdings to signed agreements. Further, Holdings maintains separate capital accounts for its investors as a mechanism for tracking earnings and subsequent distribution rights. Accordingly, management concluded that Holdings is a limited partnership or similar legal entity as contemplated in ASC 810, Consolidation.

Furthermore, management concluded that Rocket Companies, Inc. is Holdings’ primary beneficiary. As the primary beneficiary, Rocket Companies, Inc. consolidates the results and operations of Holdings for financial reporting purposes under the variable interest consolidation model guidance in ASC 810.

Rocket Companies, Inc.'s relationship with Holdings results in no recourse to the general credit of Rocket Companies, Inc. Holdings and its consolidated subsidiaries represents Rocket Companies, Inc.'s sole investment. Rocket Companies, Inc. shares in the income and losses of Holdings in direct proportion to Rocket Companies, Inc.'s ownership percentage. Further, Rocket Companies, Inc. has no contractual requirement to provide financial support to Holdings.

Rocket Companies, Inc.’s financial position, performance and cash flows effectively represent those of Holdings and its subsidiaries as of and for the period ended December 31, 2023. Prior to the reorganization and IPO, Rocket Companies, Inc. was not impacted by Holdings.


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Rocket Companies, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
($ In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts Or Unless Otherwise Noted)
Basic and Diluted Earnings Per Share

The Company applies the two-class method for calculating and presenting earnings per share by separately presenting earnings per share for Class A common stock and Class B common stock. In applying the two-class method, the Company allocates undistributed earnings equally on a per share basis between Class A and Class B common stock. According to the Company’s certificate of incorporation, the holders of the Class A and Class B common stock are entitled to participate in earnings equally on a per-share basis, as if all shares of common stock were of a single class, and in such dividends as may be declared by the board of directors. Holders of the Class A and Class B common stock also have equal priority in liquidation. Shares of Class C and Class D common stock do not participate in earnings of Rocket Companies, Inc. As a result, the shares of Class C and Class D common stock are not considered participating securities and are not included in the weighted-average shares outstanding for purposes of earnings per share. Restricted stock units awarded as part of the Company’s compensation program, described in Note 18, Share-based Compensation are included in the weighted-average Class A shares outstanding in the calculation of basic EPS once the units are fully vested. Refer to Note 19, Earnings Per Share for more information.

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards

In October 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) 2023-06: Disclosure Improvements. The new guidance clarifies or improves disclosure and presentation requirements on a variety of Topics in the Codification. The amendments align the requirements in the FASB Accounting Standard Codification with the SEC’s regulations. The Company has updated disclosures throughout to reflect the relevant codification requirements.

Accounting Standards Issued but Not Yet Adopted

In March 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-01: Leases (Topic 842) – Common Control Arrangements. The new guidance requires all lessees in a lease with a lessor under common control to amortize leasehold improvements over the useful life of the common control group and provides new guidance for recognizing a transfer of assets between entities under common control as an adjustment to equity when the lessee no longer controls the use of the underlying asset. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023. The Company expects no impact to the Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures upon adoption.

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07: Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. The new guidance requires additional disclosures around significant segment expenses and the chief operating decision maker. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods with fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is in the process of evaluating the requirements of this update, which is expected to result in expanded disclosures upon adoption.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09: Income Taxes (Topic 740) – Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The new guidance requires additional disclosures relating to the rate reconciliation and the income taxes paid information. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is in the process of evaluating the requirements of the ASU, which is expected to result in expanded disclosures upon adoption.

2. Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is the price that would be received if an asset were sold or the price that would be paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between willing market participants at the measurement date. Required disclosures include classification of fair value measurements within a three-level hierarchy (Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3). Classification of a fair value measurement within the hierarchy is dependent on the classification and significance of the inputs used to determine the fair value measurement. Observable inputs are those that are observed, implied from, or corroborated with externally available market information. Unobservable inputs represent the Company’s estimates of market participants’ assumptions.

Fair value measurements are classified in the following manner:

Level 1—Valuation is based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities at the measurement date.
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Rocket Companies, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
($ In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts Or Unless Otherwise Noted)

Level 2—Valuation is based on either observable prices for identical assets or liabilities in inactive markets, observable prices for similar assets or liabilities, or other inputs that are derived directly from, or through correlation to, observable market data at the measurement date.

Level 3—Valuation is based on the Company’s internal models using assumptions at the measurement date that a market participant would use.

In determining fair value measurement, the Company uses observable inputs whenever possible. The level of a fair value measurement within the hierarchy is dependent on the lowest level of input that has a significant impact on the measurement as a whole. If quoted market prices are available at the measurement date or are available for similar instruments, such prices are used in the measurements. If observable market data is not available at the measurement date, judgment is required to measure fair value.

The following is a description of measurement techniques for items recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. There were no material items recorded at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of December 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022.

Mortgage loans held for sale: Loans held for sale that trade in active secondary markets are valued using Level 2 measurements derived from observable market data, including market prices of securities backed by similar mortgage loans adjusted for certain factors to approximate the fair value of a whole mortgage loan, including the value attributable to mortgage servicing and credit risk. Loans held for sale for which there is little to no observable trading activity of similar instruments are valued using Level 3 measurements based upon dealer price quotes and internal models.

IRLCs: The fair value of IRLCs is based on current market prices of securities backed by similar mortgage loans (as determined above under mortgage loans held for sale), net of costs to close the loans, subject to the estimated loan funding probability, or “pull-through factor”. Given the significant and unobservable nature of the pull-through factor, IRLCs are classified as Level 3.

MSRs: The fair value of MSRs is determined using an internal valuation model that calculates the present value of estimated net future cash flows. The model includes estimates of prepayment speeds, discount rate, cost to service, float earnings, and contractual servicing fee income, among others. MSRs are classified as Level 3.

Forward commitments: The Company’s forward commitments are valued based on quoted prices for similar assets in an active market with inputs that are observable and are classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.

Investment securities: Investment securities are trading debt securities that are recorded at fair value using observable market prices for similar securities or identical securities that are traded in less active markets, which are classified as Level 2 and include highly rated municipal, government, and corporate bonds.

Non-mortgage loans held for sale: Non-mortgage loans held for sale are personal loans, including loans to finance solar panel installation projects. The fair value of non-mortgage loans is determined using an internal valuation model that calculates the present value of estimated net future cash flows. Non-mortgage loans are classified as Level 3.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The table below shows a summary of financial statement items that are measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis, including assets measured under the fair value option. There were no material transfers of assets or liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring basis between Levels 1, 2 or 3 during the years ended December 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022.

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Rocket Companies, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
($ In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts Or Unless Otherwise Noted)
Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
Balance at December 31, 2023
Assets:
Mortgage loans held for sale (1)$— $6,103,714 $438,518 $6,542,232 
IRLCs— — 132,870 132,870 
MSRs— — 6,439,787 6,439,787 
Forward commitments— 26,614 — 26,614 
Investment securities (2)— 39,518 — 39,518 
Non-mortgage loans held for sale (2)— — 163,018 163,018 
Total assets$— $6,169,846 $7,174,193 $13,344,039 
Liabilities:
Forward commitments$— $142,988 $— $142,988 
Total liabilities$— $142,988 $— $142,988 
Balance at December 31, 2022
Assets:
Mortgage loans held for sale (1)$— $6,260,745 $1,082,730 $7,343,475 
IRLCs— — 90,635 90,635 
MSRs— — 6,946,940 6,946,940 
Forward commitments— 22,444 — 22,444 
Total assets$— $6,283,189 $8,120,305 $14,403,494 
Liabilities:
Forward commitments$— $25,117 $— $25,117 
Total liabilities$— $25,117 $— $25,117 

(1)    As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, $195.6 million and $314.4 million of unpaid principal balance of the level 3 mortgage loans held for sale were 90 days or more delinquent and were considered in non-accrual status.

(2)    These are included in Other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The following tables present the quantitative information about recurring Level 3 fair value financial instruments and the fair value measurements as of:
December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Unobservable InputRangeWeighted AverageRangeWeighted Average
Mortgage loans held for sale
Model pricing
68% - 100%
87 %
67% - 100%
86%
IRLCs
Loan funding probability
0% - 100%
72 %
0% - 100%
68%
MSRs
Discount rate
9.5% - 12.5%
9.9 %
9.5% - 12.5%
9.9%
Conditional prepayment rate
6.6% - 37.0%
7.5 %
6.1% - 26.6%
6.9%
Non-mortgage loans held for sale
Discount rate
8.5% - 9.3%
8.6 %N/AN/A

The table below presents a reconciliation of Level 3 assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. Mortgage servicing rights are also classified as a Level 3 asset measured at fair value on a recurring basis and its reconciliation is found in Note 3, Mortgage Servicing Rights.
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Rocket Companies, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
($ In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts Or Unless Otherwise Noted)
Loans Held for SaleIRLCsNon-Mortgage Loans Held for Sale
Balance at December 31, 2022
$1,082,730 $90,635 $— 
Transfers in (1)714,213 — 168,573 
Transfers out/principal reductions (1)(1,274,893)— — 
Net transfers and revaluation gains— 42,235 — 
Total losses included in net (loss) income for assets held at the end of the reporting date(83,532)— (5,555)
Balance at December 31, 2023
$438,518 $132,870 $163,018 
Balance at December 31, 2021$2,309,366 $538,861 $— 
Transfers in (1)1,315,430 — — 
Transfers out/principal reductions (1)(2,255,577)— — 
Net transfers and revaluation losses— (448,226)— 
Total losses included in net (loss) income for assets held at the end of the reporting date(286,489)— — 
Balance at December 31, 2022
$1,082,730 $90,635 $— 

(1)    Transfers in represent loans repurchased from investors or loans originated for which an active market currently does not exist. Transfers out primarily represent loans sold to third parties and loans paid in full.

Investment Securities

Investment securities consist of debt securities that are classified as trading securities. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company transferred these investments from available for sale classification to the trading securities classification. The trading classification reflects the more active buying and selling of these investment securities. As a result of the transfer of classification, the Company recognized $1,589 of unrealized losses to Net Income on the Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) and Comprehensive Income (Loss) from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) within Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity. The Company used the specific identification as the basis of recording trades of investment securities. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company had $924 of realized losses recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) and Comprehensive Income (Loss). As of December 31, 2023 there was $912 of unrealized losses on trading securities held.

Fair Value Option

The following is the estimated fair value and unpaid principal balance (“UPB”) of mortgage loans held for sale that have contractual principal amounts and for which the Company has elected the fair value option. The fair value option was elected for mortgage loans held for sale as the Company believes fair value best reflects their expected future economic performance:
Fair ValuePrincipal Amount Due Upon MaturityDifference (1)
Balance at December 31, 2023
Mortgage loans held for sale$6,542,232 $6,418,082 $124,150 
Non-mortgage loans held for sale$163,018 $168,573 $(5,555)
Balance at December 31, 2022
Mortgage loans held for sale$7,343,475 $7,424,223 $(80,748)

(1)    Represents the amount of gains (losses) included in Gain on sale of loans, net for Mortgage loans held for sale and Other income for Non-mortgage loans held for sale, due to changes in fair value of items accounted for using the fair value option.

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Rocket Companies, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
($ In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts Or Unless Otherwise Noted)
Disclosures of the fair value of certain financial instruments are required when it is practical to estimate the value. In cases where quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on estimates using present value or other valuation techniques.

The following table presents the carrying amounts and estimated fair value of financial liabilities that are not recorded at fair value on a recurring or nonrecurring basis. This table excludes cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, warehouse borrowings, and line of credit borrowing facilities as these financial instruments are highly liquid or short-term in nature and as a result, their carrying amounts approximate fair value:

December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Carrying AmountEstimated Fair ValueCarrying AmountEstimated Fair Value
Senior Notes, due 10/15/2026$1,143,716 $1,064,520 $1,141,432 $984,963 
Senior Notes, due 1/15/202861,463 60,469 61,330 57,039 
Senior Notes, due 3/1/2029744,819 679,455 743,815 595,493 
Senior Notes, due 3/1/20311,240,311 1,105,088 1,238,958 961,450 
Senior Notes, due 10/15/2033843,139 725,458 842,435 625,175 
Total Senior Notes, net$4,033,448 $3,634,990 $4,027,970 $3,224,120 

The fair value of Senior Notes was calculated using the observable bond price at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Senior Notes are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.
3. Mortgage Servicing Rights
The following table summarizes changes to the MSR assets:
Year Ended December 31,
20232022
Fair value, beginning of period$6,946,940 $5,385,613 
MSRs originated1,092,332 1,970,647 
MSRs sales(1,016,745)(671,968)
MSRs purchases103,115 — 
Changes in fair value (1):
Due to changes in valuation model inputs or assumptions44,971 1,285,981 
Due to collection/realization of cash flows(730,826)(1,023,333)
Total changes in fair value(685,855)262,648 
Fair value, end of period$6,439,787 $6,946,940 

(1)    Reflects changes in assumptions including discount rates and prepayment speed assumptions, mostly due to changes in market interest rates. In addition, it reflects the gains or losses on sales of MSRs during the period. Does not include the change in fair value of derivatives that economically hedge MSRs identified for sale or the effects of contractual prepayment protection resulting from sales or purchases of MSRs.
The Company retains the right to service a majority of these loans upon sale through ownership of servicing rights. The total UPB of mortgage loans serviced, excluding subserviced loans, at December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $468,237,971 and $486,540,840, respectively. The portfolio primarily consists of high-quality performing agency and government (FHA and VA) loans. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, delinquent loans (defined as 60-plus days past-due) were 1.23% and 1.20%, respectively, of our total portfolio. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company sold excess servicing cash flows on certain agency loans for total proceeds of $383,694. During the year ended December 31, 2022, no excess servicing was sold.

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Rocket Companies, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
($ In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts Or Unless Otherwise Noted)


The following is a summary of the weighted average discount rate and prepayment speed assumptions used to determine the fair value of MSRs as well as the expected life of the loans in the servicing portfolio:

December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Discount rate9.9 %9.9 %
Prepayment speeds7.5 %6.9 %
Life (in years)7.838.08

The key assumptions used to estimate the fair value of MSRs are prepayment speeds and the discount rate. Increases in prepayment speeds generally have an adverse effect on the value of MSRs as the underlying loans prepay faster. In a declining interest rate environment, the fair value of MSRs generally decreases as prepayments increase and therefore, the estimated life of the MSRs and related cash flows decrease. Decreases in prepayment speeds generally have a positive effect on the value of MSRs as the underlying loans prepay less frequently. In a rising interest rate environment, the fair value of MSRs generally increases as prepayments decrease and therefore, the estimated life of the MSRs and related cash flows increase. Increases in the discount rate result in a lower MSRs value and decreases in the discount rate result in a higher MSRs value. MSRs uncertainties are hypothetical and do not always have a direct correlation with each assumption. Changes in one assumption may result in changes to another assumption, which might magnify or counteract the uncertainties.
The following table stresses the discount rate and prepayment speeds at two different data points:
Discount RatePrepayment Speeds
100 BPS Adverse Change200 BPS Adverse Change10% Adverse Change20% Adverse Change
December 31, 2023
Mortgage servicing rights
$(279,493)$(536,573)$(183,254)$(356,871)
December 31, 2022
Mortgage servicing rights$(295,754)$(565,704)$(171,297)$(334,664)

4. Mortgage Loans Held for Sale

The Company sells substantially all of its originated mortgage loans into the secondary market. Mortgage loans held for sale are loans originated that are expected to be sold into the secondary market. Below is a roll forward of the activity in mortgage loans held for sale:

Year Ended December 31,
20232022
Balance at the beginning of period$7,343,475 $19,323,568 
Disbursements of mortgage loans held for sale78,280,730 134,326,580 
Proceeds from sales of mortgage loans held for sale (1)(80,188,850)(147,952,800)
Gain on sale of mortgage loans excluding fair value of other financial instruments, net (2)1,106,877 1,646,127 
Balance at the end of period
$6,542,232 $7,343,475 

(1)    The proceeds from sales of loans held for sale on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows includes amounts related to the sale of consumer loans.

(2)    The Gain on sale of loans excluding fair value of MSRs, net on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows includes amounts related to the sale of consumer loans, interest rate lock commitments, forward commitments, and provision for investor reserves.

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Rocket Companies, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
($ In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts Or Unless Otherwise Noted)

Credit Risk

The Company is subject to credit risk associated with mortgage loans that it purchases and originates during the period of time prior to the sale of these loans. The Company considers credit risk associated with these loans to be minimal as it holds the loans for a short period of time, which for the year ended December 31, 2023 is, on average, generally less than 45 days from the date of borrowing, and the market for these loans continues to be highly liquid. The Company is also subject to credit risk associated with mortgage loans it has repurchased as a result of breaches of representations and warranties during the period of time between repurchase and resale.

5. Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are depreciated over lives primarily ranging from 3 to 7 years for office furniture, equipment, computer software and leasehold improvements. Property and equipment consist of the following:
December 31,
20232022
Office furniture, equipment, and technology$294,754 $284,542 
Leasehold improvements261,304 202,806 
Internally-developed software201,842 157,754 
Projects-in-process29,152 92,352 
Total cost$787,052 $737,454 
Accumulated depreciation and amortization(536,196)(463,262)
Total property and equipment, net$250,856 $274,192 

6. Borrowings

The Company maintains various funding facilities, financing facilities, and unsecured senior notes, as shown in the tables below. Interest rates typically have two main components; a base rate - most commonly SOFR, which is sometimes subject to a minimum floor - plus a spread. Some funding facilities have a commitment fee, which can be up to 50 basis points per year. The commitment fee charged by lenders is calculated based on the committed line amount multiplied by a negotiated rate. The Company is required to maintain certain covenants, including minimum tangible net worth, minimum liquidity, maximum total debt or liabilities to net worth ratio, pretax net income requirements, and other customary debt covenants, as defined in the agreements. The Company was in compliance with all covenants as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

The amount owed and outstanding on the Company’s loan funding facilities fluctuates based on its origination volume, the amount of time it takes the Company to sell the loans it originates, and the Company’s ability to use its cash to self-fund loans. In addition to self-funding, the Company may from time to time use surplus cash to “buy-down” the effective interest rate of certain loan funding facilities or to self-fund a portion of our loan originations. Buy-down funds are included in Cash and cash equivalents on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. We have the ability to withdraw these funds at any time, unless a margin call has been made or a default has occurred under the relevant facilities. We will also deploy cash to self-fund loan originations, a portion of which can be transferred to a mortgage loan funding facility or the early buy out line, provided that such loans meet the eligibility criteria to be placed on such lines. The remaining portion will be funded in normal course over a short period of time, generally less than 45 days.

The terms of the Senior Notes restrict our ability and the ability of our subsidiary guarantors among other things to: (1) merge, consolidate or sell, transfer or lease assets, and; (2) create liens on assets.

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Rocket Companies, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
($ In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts Or Unless Otherwise Noted)
Funding Facilities
Facility TypeCollateralMaturityLine AmountCommitted Line AmountOutstanding Balance as of December 31, 2023Outstanding Balance as of December 31, 2022
Mortgage Loan Funding:
1) Master Repurchase Agreement (1)(8)
Mortgage loans held for sale (7)
       (1)
 $— $— $— $49,381 
2) Master Repurchase Agreement (8)
Mortgage loans held for sale (7)
11/27/20241,000,000 100,000 397,265 138,057 
3) Master Repurchase Agreement (8)
Mortgage loans held for sale (7)
8/9/20242,000,000 250,000 429,976 702,128 
4) Master Repurchase Agreement (2)(8)
Mortgage loans held for sale (7)
10/25/20241,500,000 550,000 552,079 917,621 
5) Master Repurchase Agreement (8)
Mortgage loans held for sale (7)
9/8/20251,000,000 250,000 547,016 493,029 
6) Master Repurchase Agreement (3)(8)
Mortgage loans held for sale (7)
11/6/20251,500,000 250,000 106,063 101,152 
7) Master Repurchase Agreement (8)
Mortgage loans held for sale (7)
7/21/20251,000,000 100,000 241,574 186,707 
8) Master Repurchase Agreement (4)(8)
Mortgage loans held for sale (7)
9/26/2025750,000 100,000 507,302 171,642 
$8,750,000 $1,600,000 $2,781,275 $2,759,717 
Mortgage Loan Early Funding:
9) Early Funding Facility (5)(8)
Mortgage loans held for sale (7)
(5)
$5,000,000 $— $286,594 $561,874 
10) Early Funding Facility (6)(8)
Mortgage loans held for sale (7)
(6)
2,000,000 — 183,414 227,108 
$7,000,000 $— $470,008 $788,982 
Mortgage Funding Facilities$15,750,000 $1,600,000 $3,251,283 $3,548,699 
Personal Loan Funding:
11) Revolving Credit and Security Agreement (8)(9)
Personal loans held for sale
1/30/2025$125,000 $125,000 $116,100 $— 
Total Funding Facilities$15,875,000 $1,725,000 $3,367,383 $3,548,699 

(1)    This facility matured in October 2023.

(2)    This facility has a 12-month initial term, which can be extended for 3-months at each subsequent 3-month anniversary from the initial start date. Subsequent to December 31, 2023, this facility was extended to January 24, 2025.

(3)    This facility has an overall line size of $1,500,000. This facility also includes a $1,500,000 sublimit for MSR financing. Capacity is fully fungible and is not restricted by these allocations.

(4)    Subsequent to December 31, 2023, this facility was amended to increase the total facility size to $800,000 with $100,000 committed.

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Rocket Companies, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
($ In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts Or Unless Otherwise Noted)
(5)    This facility is an evergreen agreement with no stated termination or expiration date. This agreement can be terminated by either party upon written notice.

(6)    This facility will have an overall line size of $2,000,000, which will be reviewed every 90 days. This facility is an evergreen agreement with no stated termination or expiration date. This agreement can be terminated by either party upon written notice.

(7)    The Company has multiple borrowing facilities in the form of asset sales under agreements to repurchase. These borrowing facilities are secured by mortgage loans held for sale at fair value as the first priority security interest.

(8)    The interest rates charged by lenders of the funding facilities included the applicable base rate plus a spread ranging from 1.00% and 1.80% for the year ended December 31, 2023, and 1.00% to 1.85%, for the year ended December 31, 2022.

(9)    Subsequent to December 31, 2023, this facility was amended to increase the total facility size to $175,000 with $175,000 committed.

Financing Facilities
Facility Type (4)
CollateralMaturityLine AmountCommitted Line Amount
Outstanding Balance as of December 31, 2023
Outstanding Balance as of December 31, 2022
Line of Credit Financing Facilities
1) Unsecured line of credit (1)
—7/27/2025$2,000,000 $— $— $— 
2) Unsecured line of credit (1)
—7/31/2025100,000 — — — 
3) Revolving credit facility (3)
—8/10/20251,250,000 1,250,000 — — 
4) MSR line of credit (3)
MSRs11/8/2024500,000 — — — 
5) MSR line of credit (2)(3)
MSRs11/6/20251,500,000 250,000 — — 
$5,350,000 $1,500,000 $— $— 
Early Buyout Financing Facility
7) Early buy out facility (3)
Loans/ Advances3/13/2024$1,500,000 $— $203,208 $672,882 

(1)    Refer to Note 7, Transactions with Related Parties for additional details regarding this unsecured line of credit

(2)    This facility is a sublimit of Master Repurchase Agreement 6, found above in Funding Facilities. Refer to subfootnote 3, Funding Facilities for additional details regarding this financing facility.

(3)    The interest rates charged by lenders on the other funding facilities included the applicable base rate, plus a spread ranging from 1.45% to 4.00% for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.















96
Rocket Companies, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
($ In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts Or Unless Otherwise Noted)
Unsecured Senior Notes
Facility TypeMaturityInterest Rate
Outstanding Principal as of December 31, 2023
Outstanding Principal as of December 31, 2022
Unsecured Senior Notes(1)10/15/20262.875 %$1,150,000 $1,150,000 
Unsecured Senior Notes(2)1/15/20285.250 %61,985 61,985 
Unsecured Senior Notes(3)3/1/20293.625 %750,000 750,000 
Unsecured Senior Notes(4)3/1/20313.875 %1,250,000 1,250,000 
Unsecured Senior Notes(5)10/15/20334.000 %850,000 850,000 
Total Senior Notes
$4,061,985 $4,061,985 
Weighted Average Interest Rate3.59 %3.59 %

(1)    The 2026 Senior Notes are unsecured obligation notes with no requirement to pledge collateral for this borrowing. Unamortized debt issuance costs and discounts are presented net against the Senior Notes reducing the $1,150,000 carrying amount on the Consolidated Balance Sheets by $6,284 and $8,569, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. At any time on or after October 15, 2023, the Company may redeem the note at its option, in whole or in part, upon not less than 10 nor more than 60 days’ notice, at the redemption prices set forth below.
YearPercentage
2024100.719 %
2025 and thereafter100.000 %

(2)    The 2028 Senior Notes are unsecured obligation notes with no requirement to pledge collateral for this borrowing. During the fourth quarter of 2021, we purchased $948,015 of the outstanding principal amount of the 2028 Senior Notes in a Tender Offer and Consent Solicitation. Unamortized debt issuance costs and discounts are presented net against the Senior Notes reducing the $61,985 carrying amount on the Consolidated Balance Sheets by $285 and $237 as of December 31, 2023, respectively and reducing the $61,985 carrying amount on the Consolidated Balance Sheets by $358 and $298, as of December 31, 2022, respectively. The Company may redeem the notes at its option, in whole or in part, upon not less than 30 nor more than 60 days' notice, at the redemption prices equal to the percentage of principal amount set forth below plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to but excluding the redemption date, in cash, if redeemed during the twelve-month period beginning on January 15 in the years indicated below:
YearPercentage
2024101.750 %
2025100.875 %
2026 and thereafter100.000 %

(3)    The 2029 Senior Notes are unsecured obligation notes with no requirement to pledge collateral for this borrowing. Unamortized debt issuance costs and discounts are presented net against the Senior Notes reducing the $750,000 carrying amount on the Consolidated Balance Sheets by $5,181 and $6,185, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Prior to March 1, 2024 the Company may redeem the notes at its option, in whole or in part upon not less than 10 nor more than 60 days’ notice, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount redeemed, plus a “make whole” premium and accrued and unpaid interest. At any time on or after March 1, 2024, the Company may redeem the note at its option, in whole or in part, upon not less than 10 nor more than 60 days’ notice, at the redemption prices set forth below.
YearPercentage
2024101.813 %
2025100.906 %
2026 and thereafter100.000 %
97
Rocket Companies, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
($ In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts Or Unless Otherwise Noted)

(4)    The 2031 Senior Notes are unsecured obligation notes with no requirement to pledge collateral for this borrowing. Unamortized debt issuance costs and discounts are presented net against the Senior Notes reducing the $1,250,000 carrying amount on the Consolidated Balance Sheets by $9,689 and $11,040 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Prior to March 1, 2026 the Company may redeem the notes at its option, in whole or in part upon not less than 10 nor more than 60 days’ notice, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount redeemed, plus a “make whole” premium and accrued and unpaid interest. At any time on or after March 1, 2026, the Company may redeem the note at its option, in whole or in part, upon not less than 10 nor more than 60 days’ notice, at the redemption prices set forth below.

YearPercentage
2026101.938 %
2027101.292 %
2028100.646 %
2029 and thereafter100.000 %

(5)    The 2033 Senior Notes are unsecured obligation notes with no requirement to pledge collateral for this borrowing. Unamortized debt issuance costs and discounts are presented net against the Senior Notes reducing the $850,000 carrying amount on the Consolidated Balance Sheets by $6,861 and $7,565, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Prior to October 15, 2027 the Company may redeem the notes at its option, in whole or in part upon not less than 10 nor more than 60 days’ notice, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount redeemed, plus a “make whole” premium and accrued and unpaid interest. At any time on or after October 15, 2027, the Company may redeem the note at its option, in whole or in part, upon not less than 10 nor more than 60 days’ notice, at the redemption prices set forth below. The Company may also redeem the notes prior to April 15, 2024, at any time or from time to time, in an amount equal to the cash proceeds received by the Company from an equity offering at a redemption price equal to 104.000% of the principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to but excluding the redemption date, in an aggregate principal amount for all such redemptions not to exceed 40% of the original aggregate principal amount of the notes, provided that the redemption take place not later than 90 days after the closing of the related equity offering; and not less than 60% of the principal amount of the notes remains outstanding immediately thereafter.

YearPercentage
2027102.000 %
2028101.333 %
2029100.667 %
2030 and thereafter100.000 %

The following table outlines the contractual maturities (by unpaid principal balance) of unsecured senior notes (excluding interest and debt discount) for the years ended.

YearAmount
2024$— 
2025— 
20261,150,000 
2027— 
202861,985 
Thereafter2,850,000 
Total$4,061,985 

Refer to Note 2, Fair Value Measurements for information pertaining to the fair value of the Company’s debt as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.
98
Rocket Companies, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
($ In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts Or Unless Otherwise Noted)

7. Transactions with Related Parties

The Company has entered into various transactions and agreements with RHI, its subsidiaries, certain other affiliates and related parties (collectively, “Related Parties”). These transactions include providing financing and services as well as obtaining financing and services from these Related Parties.

Financing Arrangements

On June 9, 2017, Rocket Mortgage and RHI entered into an unsecured line of credit, as further amended and restated on September 16, 2021 (“RHI Line of Credit”), pursuant to which Rocket Mortgage has a borrowing capacity of $2,000,000. The RHI Line of Credit matures on July 27, 2025. Borrowings under the line of credit bear interest at a rate per annum of the applicable base rate, plus a spread of 1.25%. The line of credit is uncommitted and RHI has sole discretion over advances. The RHI Line of Credit also contains negative covenants which restrict the ability of the Company to incur debt and create liens on certain assets. It also requires Rocket Mortgage to maintain a quarterly consolidated net income before taxes if adjusted tangible net worth meets certain requirements. There were no outstanding principal amounts due to RHI as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, pursuant to the RHI Line of Credit. Rocket Mortgage had no repayments in 2023, and repaid $762, all attributable to accrued interest, during the year ended December 31, 2022.

RHI and ATI are parties to a surplus debenture, effective as of December 28, 2015, and as further amended and restated on July 31, 2023 (the “RHI/ATI Debenture”), pursuant to which ATI is indebted to RHI for an aggregate principal amount of $21,500. The RHI/ATI Debenture matures on December 31, 2030. Interest under the RHI/ATI Debenture accrues at an annual rate of 8%. Principal and interest under the RHI/ATI Debenture are due and payable quarterly, in each case subject to ATI achieving a certain amount of surplus and payments of all interest before principal payments begin. Any unpaid amounts of principal and interest shall be due and payable upon the maturity of the RHI/ATI Debenture. ATI repaid an aggregate of $1,536 and $1,000 for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The total amount of interest accrued under the RHI/ATI Debenture was $1,720 for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The aggregate amount due to RHI was $30,264 and $30,081 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

On July 31, 2020, Holdings and RHI entered into an agreement for an uncommitted, unsecured revolving line of credit (“RHI 2nd Line of Credit”), which will provide for financing from RHI to the Company of up to $100,000. The RHI 2nd Line of Credit matures on July 31, 2025. Borrowings under the line of credit will bear interest at a rate per annum of the applicable base rate plus a spread of 1.25%. The negative covenants of the line of credit restrict the ability of the Company to incur debt and create liens on certain assets. The line of credit also contains customary events of default. There were no draws on the RHI 2nd Line of Credit and no amounts outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The Notes receivable and due from affiliates was $19,530 and $10,796 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Notes payable and due to affiliates was $31,006 and $33,463 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Services, Products and Other Transactions

We have entered into transactions and agreements to provide certain services to Related Parties. We recognized revenue of $8,628, $12,661, and $13,275 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, for the performance of these services, which was included in Other income on the Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) and Comprehensive Income (Loss). We have also entered into transactions and agreements to purchase certain services, products and other transactions from Related Parties. We incurred expenses of $58,494, $103,019, and $168,581 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, for these products, services and other transactions, which are included in General and administrative expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) and Comprehensive Income (Loss).

As further described in Note 18, Share-based Compensation, the Company has allocated compensation costs associated with awards granted by RHI in years prior to the reorganization and IPO. During the year ended December 31, 2022, all RHI restricted stock units and options were cancelled and replaced with cash or a modified award denominated in RKT shares. This resulted in RHI contributing approximately $42,000 in cash to the Company and its subsidiaries in exchange for the share-based compensation award modifications.

99
Rocket Companies, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
($ In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts Or Unless Otherwise Noted)
The Company has also entered into a Tax Receivable Agreement with RHI and our Chairman as described further in Note 12, Income Taxes. The Company has also guaranteed the debt of a related party as described further in Note 14, Commitments, Contingencies, and Guarantees.

Promotional Sponsorships

The Company incurred marketing and advertising costs related to the Rocket Mortgage Field House Naming Rights Contract and other promotional sponsorships, which are related parties. The Company incurred expenses of $8,764, $8,942, and $9,026 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, related to these arrangements.

Lease Transactions with Related Parties

The Company is a party to lease agreements for certain offices, including our headquarters in Detroit, with various affiliates of Bedrock Management Services LLC (“Bedrock”), a related party, and other related parties of the Company. The Company incurred expenses of $74,241, $74,562, and $76,960 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, related to these arrangements.

8. Leases

The Company enters into lease arrangements with independent third parties and with related parties. The Company determines whether an arrangement is or contains a lease at inception. Leases are classified as either finance or operating at the commencement date of the lease, with classification affecting the pattern of expense recognition in the Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) and Comprehensive Income (Loss).

The Company’s operating leases, in which the Company is the lessee, include real estate for our office facilities and a significant portion of operating lease expense is paid to a related party. The Company currently does not have any finance leases. Refer to Note 7, Transactions with Related Parties for information regarding lease transaction expenses with related parties.

For lease arrangements where the Company is the lessee, the Company does not separate non-lease components of a contract from the lease component to which they relate. The Company elected that leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are expensed on a straight-line basis over the lease term in the Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) and Comprehensive Income (Loss) and not recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Some leases include options to extend or terminate the lease at the Company’s sole discretion on a lease-by-lease basis, and the Company evaluates whether those options are “reasonably certain” of being exercised considering contractual and economic-based factors. The Company used its periodic incremental borrowing rate, based on the information available at commencement date, to determine the present value of future lease payments.

The components of lease expense for the years ended:
December 31,
20232022
Operating Lease Cost:
Fixed lease expense$81,172 $79,621 
Variable lease expense (1)
10,981 9,190 
Total operating lease cost $92,153 $88,811 

(1)     Variable lease payments are expensed in the period in which the obligation for those payments is incurred. These variable lease costs are payments that vary in amount beyond commencement date, for reasons other than passage of time. The Company’s variable payments mainly include common area maintenance and building utilities fees.






100
Rocket Companies, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
($ In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts Or Unless Otherwise Noted)
Supplemental cash flow information related to leases for the years ended:
December 31,
20232022
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases$87,348 $81,333 

During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the right of use assets are recorded for new and modified operating leases at the time of their commencement was $50,350 and $2,632, respectively.

Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases for the year ended:
December 31,
20232022
Operating Leases:
Total lease right-of-use assets$347,696 $366,189 
Total lease liabilities$393,882 $422,769 
Weighted average lease term 5.2 years6.7 years
Weighted average discount rate4.23 %3.64 %

Maturities of lease liabilities for the year ended:

Operating Leases:
2024$81,579 
202584,459 
202684,011 
202780,351 
202858,039 
Thereafter56,602 
Total lease payments$445,041 
Less imputed interest51,159 
Total$393,882 

When applying the requirements of Topic 842, the Company made assumptions about the determination of whether a contract contains a lease and the determination of the discount rate for the lease.

Lessor

While the Company is the sublessor in certain leasing arrangements, the majority of such lease arrangements are intercompany and eliminated in consolidation.

9. Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, there was approximately $1.1 billion of goodwill recorded in Goodwill and intangible assets, net on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The total carrying value by reporting unit was approximately $719 million and $418 million for Direct to Consumer and All Other, respectively, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. The goodwill is primarily attributable to the acquisition of Rocket Money on December 23, 2021.

Goodwill Impairment Test

The Company completed a quantitative impairment assessment of goodwill for certain reporting units as of October 1, 2023 and concluded there was no impairment. The Company utilized a combination of an income approach and a market approach
101
Rocket Companies, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
($ In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts Or Unless Otherwise Noted)
to estimate the fair value of each reporting unit. The income approach is based on projected cash flows which is discounted to the present value using discount rates that consider the timing and risk of cash flows. The discount rate used is the value-weighted average of the reporting unit's estimated cost of equity and of debt (“cost of capital”). The weighted average cost of capital is adjusted by reporting unit to reflect a risk factor, if necessary. The market approach is based on pricing multiples derived from comparable public companies and applied to historical and projected results. Other significant assumptions include terminal value growth rates, terminal value margin rates and future working capital requirements.

The Company completed qualitative impairment assessments of goodwill for the remaining reporting units as of October 1, 2023. The qualitative assessments did not identify indicators of impairment and the Company concluded that it was more likely than not that each respective reporting unit had a fair value in excess of its carrying value. As such, further impairment assessments were not necessary.

Intangible Assets

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, there was approximately $100 million and $123 million of intangible assets recorded in Goodwill and intangible assets, net on our Consolidated Balance Sheets, which primarily consist of customer relationships and developed technology recorded in connection with the acquisition of Rocket Money.

The following table summarizes changes to the carrying value of intangible assets:

December 31, 2023
December 31, 2022
Definite-lived
intangible assets		Gross
Carrying
Amount		Accumulated
Amortization		Net
Carrying
Amount		Gross
Carrying
Amount		Accumulated
Amortization		Net
Carrying
Amount
Customer relationships$90,877 $19,623 $71,254 $90,875 $11,468 $79,407 
Developed technology56,213 35,081 21,132 55,718 20,666 35,052 
Other7,038 4,801 2,237 6,984 4,657 2,327 
Total$154,128 $59,505 $94,623 $153,577 $36,791 $116,786 
Indefinite-lived
intangible assets
Title insurance assets$5,850 $— $5,850 $5,850 $— $5,850 
Total intangible assets$159,978 $59,505 $100,473 $159,427 $36,791 $122,636 

Weighted average amortization period for customer relationships, developed technology and other is 10 years, 5 years and 45 years, respectively.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 the aggregate amortization expense for the period was $22,460, $24,744 and $4,007.

The following table outlines the estimated aggregate amortization expense of intangible assets for the years ended.

YearAmount
2024$22,463 
202511,774 
202611,440 
202710,450 
202810,035 




102
Rocket Companies, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
($ In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts Or Unless Otherwise Noted)
10. Other Assets
Other assets consist of the following:
December 31,
20232022
Mortgage production related receivables$472,330 $417,650 
Non-mortgage loans held for sale163,018 — 
Prepaid expenses99,105 128,057 
Margin call receivables from counterparties66,598 24,102 
Disbursement funds advanced59,155 64,826 
Ginnie Mae buyouts50,211 52,633 
Investment securities39,518 40,341 
Non-production-related receivables20,758 11,125 
Real estate owned1,534 1,124 
Other42,795 59,301 
Total other assets$1,015,022$799,159

11. Team Member Benefit Plan

The Company maintains a defined contribution 401(k) plan which is sponsored by RHI, covering substantially all full-time and part-time team members of the Company. Team members can make elective contributions to the plan. The Company makes discretionary matching contributions of 50% of team members’ contributions to the plan generally up to an annual maximum of $2.5 per team member. The Company’s contributions to the plan, net of team member forfeitures, for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 amounted to $26,837, $40,664, and $44,060, respectively, and are included in Salaries, commissions and team member benefits in the Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) and Comprehensive Income (Loss).

12. Income Taxes

(Loss) income before income taxes consists of the following:
Year Ended December 31,
202320222021
U.S.$(380,052)$763,400 $6,202,190 
Canada(22,845)(21,489)(17,289)
Total (loss) income before income taxes
$(402,897)$741,911 $6,184,901 

















103
Rocket Companies, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
($ In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts Or Unless Otherwise Noted)
(Benefit from) provision for income taxes consists of the following:
Year Ended December 31,
202320222021
Current
U.S. Federal$3,286 $4,669 $49,650 
State and local1,268 575 14,493 
Canada
410 560 276 
Total current$4,964 $5,804 $64,419 
Deferred
U.S. Federal$(8,559)$3,671 $49,426 
State and local(9,159)32,659 (1,041)
Canada(63)(156)(66)
Total deferred$(17,781)$36,174 $48,319 
Total (benefit from) provision for income taxes
$(12,817)$41,978 $112,738 

The reconciliation of the U.S. Federal statutory corporate income tax rate to the Company's effective tax rate consists of the following:
Year Ended December 31,
202320222021
U.S. Federal statutory tax rate21.00 %21.00 %21.00 %
Loss/income attributable to non-controlling interest
(12.21)(23.77)(19.33)
State and local taxes, net of U.S. Federal tax benefit1.57 3.70 0.20 
Valuation allowance(5.01)3.15 0.10 
Nondeductible expenses(1.90)1.21 0.14 
Other(0.27)0.37 (0.29)
Effective tax rate3.18 %5.66 %1.82 %

For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company’s effective tax rate varies from the U.S. Federal statutory tax rate due to its organizational structure, state and local taxes inclusive of updates in its state and local deferred tax rate, and valuation allowances for deferred tax benefits the Company does not believe are more likely than not to be realized. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company’s effective tax rate varies from the U.S. Federal statutory tax rate due principally to its organizational structure. Rocket Companies owns a portion of the units of Holdings, which is treated as a partnership for U.S. federal tax purposes and in most applicable jurisdictions for state and local income tax purposes. The remaining portion of Holdings is owned by the LLC Members. As a partnership, Holdings is not subject to U.S. federal and certain state and local income taxes. Any taxable income or loss generated by Holdings is passed through and included in the taxable income or loss of its members, including Rocket Companies, in accordance with the terms of the operating agreement of Holdings (the “Holdings Operating Agreement”). Rocket Companies is a C Corporation and is subject to U.S. federal, state, and local income taxes with respect to its allocable share of any taxable income of Holdings.

Several subsidiaries of Holdings, such as Rocket Mortgage, Amrock and other subsidiaries, are single member LLC entities. As single member LLCs of Holdings, all taxable income or loss generated by these subsidiaries will pass through and be included in the income or loss of Holdings. A provision for state income taxes is required for certain jurisdictions that tax single member LLCs as regarded entities. Other subsidiaries of Holdings, such as Amrock Title Insurance Co., LMB Mortgage Services and others, are treated as C Corporations and will separately file and pay taxes apart from Holdings in various jurisdictions including U.S. federal, state, local and Canada.

The Inflation Reduction Act (“IRA”) was enacted on August 16, 2022. The IRA includes several provisions, one of which was the enactment of the corporate alternative minimum tax, which imposes a minimum tax on the adjusted financial statement income for an ‘applicable corporation’ as defined in the IRA. The corporate alternative minimum tax is effective
104
Rocket Companies, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
($ In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts Or Unless Otherwise Noted)
for tax years beginning after December 31, 2022. There has been no material impact on the consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2023 from the enactment of the corporate alternative minimum tax.

Deferred income taxes arise from temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amount and the tax basis of assets and liabilities. The Company’s deferred tax assets (liabilities) arise from the following components of temporary differences and carryforwards:
December 31,
20232022
Investment in partnership$484,519 $501,153 
Net operating loss and credit carryforwards172,818 114,577 
Other deferred tax assets and liabilities, net
(20,678)(34,591)
Valuation allowance(102,069)(59,400)
Net deferred tax assets$534,590 $521,739 

Deferred income taxes are presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets based on their tax jurisdictions as follows:
December 31,
20232022
Deferred tax asset, net of valuation allowance$550,149 $537,963 
Deferred tax liability (included in Other liabilities)(15,559)(16,224)
Net deferred tax asset$534,590 $521,739 

As of December 31, 2023, the Company has a deferred tax asset before any valuation allowance of $652,218 and a deferred tax liability of $15,559. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had a deferred tax asset before any valuation allowance of $597,363 and a deferred tax liability of $16,224. The Company's deferred tax asset relates primarily to the difference in the tax and book basis of Rocket Companies’ investment in Holdings. The Company recognizes deferred tax assets to the extent it believes these assets are more likely than not to be realized. In making such a determination, the Company considers all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies and recent results of operations. After considering all those factors, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, management has recorded $102,069 and $59,400 of a valuation allowance for certain deferred tax assets the Company has determined are not more likely than not to be realized.

Changes in the deferred tax asset, net of valuation allowance for the investment in partnership recorded against Additional Paid-in Capital that occurred during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 are included within Change in controlling interest of investment, net in the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity.

Of the $172,818 deferred tax assets related to the net operating loss and credit carryforwards at December 31, 2023, $44,280 will expire between 2031 and 2043 and $128,538 has no expiration.

The Company recognizes uncertain income tax positions when it is not more likely than not a tax position will be sustained upon examination. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company has not recognized any material uncertain tax positions. The Company accrues interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as a component of the income tax provision. No interest or penalties were recognized in income tax expense and no accrued interest or penalty was recorded for uncertain tax positions on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. Tax positions taken in tax years that remain open under the statute of limitations will be subject to examinations by tax authorities. With few exceptions, the Company is no longer subject to state or local examinations by tax authorities for tax years ended December 31, 2017 or prior.

Tax Receivable Agreement

The Company expects to obtain an increase in its share of the tax basis in the net assets of Holdings when Holdings Units are redeemed from or exchanged by the LLC Members. The Company intends to treat any redemptions and exchanges of Holdings Units as direct purchases of Holdings Units for U.S. federal income tax purposes. These increases in tax basis may reduce the amounts that the Company would otherwise pay in the future to various tax authorities. They may also decrease
105
Rocket Companies, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
($ In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts Or Unless Otherwise Noted)
gains (or increase losses) on future dispositions of certain capital assets to the extent tax basis is allocated to those capital assets.

As indicated in Note 1, Business, Basis of Presentation and Accounting Policies, in connection with the reorganization completed prior to our IPO in 2020, the Company entered into a Tax Receivable Agreement with the LLC Members that will obligate the Company to make payments to the LLC Members generally equal to 90% of the applicable cash tax savings that the Company actually realizes or in some cases is deemed to realize as a result of the tax attributes generated by (i) certain increases in our allocable share of the tax basis in Holdings’ assets resulting from (a) the purchases of Holdings Units (along with the corresponding shares of our Class D common stock or Class C common stock) from the LLC Members (or their transferees of Holdings Units or other assignees) using the net proceeds from our initial public offering or in any future offering, (b) exchanges by the LLC Members (or their transferees of Holdings Units or other assignees) of Holdings Units (along with the corresponding shares of our Class D common stock or Class C common stock) for cash or shares of our Class B common stock or Class A common stock, as applicable, or (c) payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement; (ii) tax benefits related to imputed interest deemed arising as a result of payments made under the Tax Receivable Agreement and (iii) disproportionate allocations (if any) of tax benefits to Holdings as a result of section 704(c) of the Code that relate to the reorganization transactions. The Company will retain the benefit of the remaining 10% of these tax savings.

On March 31, 2021, the Company exchanged 20,200,000 shares of Class A common stock for the equivalent number of shares of Class D common stock and Holdings Units with RHI, which resulted in an increase in the tax basis of assets of Holdings that is subject to the provisions of the Tax Receivable Agreement. The Company recorded an increase in its deferred tax asset on investment in partnership of $123,587, an increase in the valuation allowance of $3,146, and an increase in the Tax receivable agreement liability of $119,456 with the net offsetting amount of $985 recorded to Additional Paid-in Capital in the Change in controlling interest of investment, net in the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity.

The Company anticipates funding payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement from cash flows from operations, available cash and available borrowings. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, the Company recognized a liability of $584,695 and $613,693 under the Tax Receivable Agreement after concluding that is the estimate of such TRA payments that would be paid based on its estimates of future taxable income. A payment of $35,697 was made to the LLC Members pursuant to the Tax Receivable Agreement during the year ended December 31, 2023. A payment of $40,721 was made to the LLC Members pursuant to the Tax Receivable Agreement during the year ended December 31, 2022.

The amounts payable under the Tax Receivable Agreement will vary depending upon a number of factors, including the amount, character, and timing of the taxable income of Rocket Companies in the future. Any such changes in these factors or changes in the Company’s determination of the need for a valuation allowance related to the tax benefits acquired under the Tax Receivable Agreement could adjust the Tax receivable agreement liability recognized and recorded within earnings in future periods.

In addition, the Tax Receivable Agreement provides that upon certain changes of control of the Company or a material breach of our obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement, the Company is required to make a payment to the LLC Members in an amount equal to the present value of future payments (calculated using a discount rate equal to the lesser of 6.50% or the applicable base rate plus 100 basis points, which may differ from our, or a potential acquirer’s, then-current cost of capital) under the Tax Receivable Agreement, which payment would be based on certain assumptions (described in assumptions (i) through (v) in the following paragraph), including those relating to our future taxable income. In these situations, our obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement could have a substantial negative impact on our, or a potential acquirer’s, liquidity and could have the effect of delaying, deferring, modifying or preventing certain mergers, asset sales, other forms of business combinations or other changes of control. These provisions of the Tax Receivable Agreement may result in situations where the LLC Members have interests that differ from or are in addition to those of our other stockholders. In addition, the Company could be required to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement that are substantial, significantly in advance of any potential actual realization of such further tax benefits, and in excess of our, or a potential acquirer’s, actual cash savings in income tax.

Furthermore, Rocket Companies may elect to terminate the Tax Receivable Agreement early by making an immediate payment equal to the present value of the anticipated future cash tax savings (calculated using a discount rate equal to the lesser of 6.50% or the applicable base rate plus 100 basis points.) In determining such anticipated future cash tax savings, the Tax Receivable Agreement includes several assumptions, including that (i) any Holdings Units that have not been exchanged are deemed exchanged for the market value of the shares of Class A common stock at the time of termination, (ii) Rocket Companies will have sufficient taxable income in each future taxable year to fully realize all potential tax savings, (iii)
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($ In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts Or Unless Otherwise Noted)
Rocket Companies will have sufficient taxable income to fully utilize any remaining net operating losses subject to the Tax Receivable Agreement in the taxable year of the election or future taxable years, (iv) the tax rates for future years will be those specified in the law as in effect at the time of termination and (v) certain non-amortizable assets are deemed disposed of within specified time periods.

As a result of the change in control provisions and the early termination right, Rocket Companies could be required to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement that are greater than or less than the specified percentage of the actual cash tax savings that Rocket Companies realizes in respect of the tax attributes subject to the Tax Receivable Agreement (although any such overpayment would be taken into account in calculating future payments, if any, under the Tax Receivable Agreement) or that are prior to the actual realization, if any, of such future tax benefits. Also, the obligations of Rocket Companies would be automatically accelerated and be immediately due and payable in the event that Rocket Companies breaches any of its material obligations under the agreement and in certain events of bankruptcy or liquidation. In these situations, our obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement could have a substantial negative impact on our liquidity.

Tax Distributions

The holders of Holdings’ Units, including Rocket Companies Inc., incur U.S. federal, state and local income taxes on their share of any taxable income of Holdings. The Holdings Operating Agreement provides for pro rata cash distributions (“tax distributions”) to the holders of the Holdings Units in an amount generally calculated to provide each holder of Holdings Units with sufficient cash to cover its tax liability in respect of the Holdings Units. In general, these tax distributions are computed based on Holdings’ estimated taxable income, multiplied by an assumed tax rate as set forth in the Holdings Operating Agreement.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, Holdings paid tax distributions totaling $1,504 to holders of Holdings Units other than Rocket Companies. For the year ended December 31, 2022, Holdings paid tax distributions totaling $166,210 to holders of Holdings Units other than Rocket Companies.

13. Derivative Financial Instruments

The Company uses forward commitments in hedging the interest rate risk exposure on its fixed and adjustable rate commitments. Utilization of forward commitments involves some degree of basis risk. Basis risk is defined as the risk that the hedged instrument’s price does not move in parallel with the increase or decrease in the market price of the hedged financial instrument. The Company calculates an expected hedge ratio to mitigate a portion of this risk. The Company’s derivative instruments are not designated as accounting hedging instruments, and therefore, changes in fair value are recorded in current period earnings. Hedging gains and losses are included in Gain on sale of loans, net and Change in the fair value of MSRs in the Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) and Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Net hedging gains and losses were as follows:
Year ended December 31,
202320222021
Hedging gains (1)$161,254 $2,577,902 $1,217,010 

(1)    Includes the change in fair value related to derivatives economically hedging MSRs identified for sale.

Refer to Note 2, Fair Value Measurements, for additional information on the fair value of derivative financial instruments.











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($ In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts Or Unless Otherwise Noted)
Notional and Fair Value

The notional and fair values of derivative financial instruments not designated as hedging instruments were as follows:

Notional ValueDerivative AssetDerivative Liability
Balance at December 31, 2023
IRLCs, net of loan funding probability (1)$4,728,040 $132,870 $— 
Forward commitments (2)$9,650,041 $26,614 $142,988 
Balance at December 31, 2022
IRLCs, net of loan funding probability (1)$4,373,465 $90,635 $— 
Forward commitments (2)$10,963,989 $22,444 $25,117 

(1)    IRLCs are also discussed in Note 14, Commitments, Contingencies, and Guarantees.

(2)    Includes the fair value and net notional value related to derivatives economically hedging MSRs identified for sale.

Counterparty agreements for forward commitments contain master netting agreements. The table below presents the gross amounts of recognized assets and liabilities subject to master netting agreements. Margin cash is cash that is exchanged by counterparties to be held as collateral related to these derivative financial instruments. Margin cash held on behalf of counterparties is recorded in cash and cash equivalents, and the related liability is classified in other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Margin cash pledged to counterparties is excluded from cash and cash equivalents and instead recorded in other assets as a margin call receivables from counterparties in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company had $66,598 and $24,102 of margin cash pledged to counterparties related to these forward commitments at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022 there was $250 and $959 of margin cash held on behalf of counterparties, respectively.

Gross Amount of Recognized Assets or LiabilitiesGross Amounts Offset in the Consolidated Balance SheetsNet Amounts Presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets
Offsetting of Derivative Assets
Balance at December 31, 2023
Forward commitments$37,647 $(11,033)$26,614 
Balance at December 31, 2022
Forward commitments$71,484 $(49,040)$22,444 
Offsetting of Derivative Liabilities
Balance at December 31, 2023
Forward commitments$(174,545)$31,557 $(142,988)
Balance at December 31, 2022
Forward commitments$(69,007)$43,890 $(25,117)

Counterparty Credit Risk

Credit risk is defined as the possibility that a loss may occur from the failure of another party to perform in accordance with the terms of the contract, which exceeds the value of existing collateral, if any. The Company attempts to limit its credit risk by dealing with creditworthy counterparties and obtaining collateral where appropriate.

The Company is exposed to credit loss in the event of contractual nonperformance by its trading counterparties and counterparties to its various over-the-counter derivative financial instruments noted in the above Notional and Fair Value discussion. The Company manages this credit risk by selecting only counterparties that it believes to be financially strong,
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($ In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts Or Unless Otherwise Noted)
spreading the credit risk among many such counterparties, placing contractual limits on the amount of unsecured credit extended to any single counterparty, and entering into netting agreements with the counterparties as appropriate.

Certain counterparties have master netting agreements. The master netting agreements contain a legal right to offset amounts due to and from the same counterparty. Derivative assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets represent derivative contracts in a gain position, net of loss positions with the same counterparty and, therefore, also represent the Company’s maximum counterparty credit risk. The Company incurred no credit losses due to nonperformance of any of its counterparties during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.

14. Commitments, Contingencies, and Guarantees

Interest Rate Lock Commitments

IRLCs are agreements to lend to a client as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. The Company evaluates each client’s creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis.

The number of days from the date of the IRLC to expiration of fixed and variable rate lock commitments outstanding at December 31, 2023 and 2022 was 41 days and 48 days on average, respectively.

The UPB of IRLCs was as follows:
December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Fixed RateVariable RateFixed RateVariable Rate
IRLCs$6,317,330 $258,045 $6,108,132 $326,638 

Commitments to Sell Mortgage Loans

In the ordinary course of business, the Company enters into contracts to sell existing mortgage loans held for sale into the secondary market at specified future dates. The amount of commitments to sell existing loans at December 31, 2023 and 2022 was zero and $20,618, respectively.

Commitments to Sell Loans with Servicing Released

In the ordinary course of business, the Company enters into contracts to sell the MSRs of certain newly originated loans on a servicing released basis. In the event that a forward commitment is not filled and there has been an unfavorable market shift from the date of commitment to the date of settlement, the Company is contractually obligated to pay a pair-off fee on the undelivered balance. There were $226,535 and $223,314 of loans committed to be sold servicing released at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Investor Reserves

The following presents the activity in the investor reserves:
Year Ended December 31,
20232022
Balance at beginning of period$110,147 $78,888 
Provision for investor reserves112,372 58,140 
Realized losses(130,130)(26,881)
Balance at end of period$92,389 $110,147 

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Rocket Companies, Inc.
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($ In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts Or Unless Otherwise Noted)
The maximum exposure under the Company’s representations and warranties would be the outstanding principal balance and any premium received on all loans ever sold by the Company, less (i) loans that have already been paid in full by the mortgagee, (ii) loans that have defaulted without a breach of representations and warranties, (iii) loans that have been indemnified via settlement or make-whole, or (iv) loans that have been repurchased. Additionally, the Company may receive relief of certain representation and warranty obligations on loans sold to Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac on or after January 1, 2013 if Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac satisfactorily concludes a quality control loan file review or if the borrower meets certain acceptable payment history requirements within 12 or 36 months after the loan is sold to Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac.

Escrow Payables

As a service to its clients, the Company administers escrow deposits representing undisbursed amounts received for payment of property taxes, insurance, funds for title services, and principal, and interest on mortgage loans held for sale. Cash held by the Company for property taxes, insurance, and settlement funds for title services was $3,469,770 and $3,471,913, and for principal and interest was $2,225,625 and $2,529,326 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. These amounts are not considered assets of the Company and, therefore, are excluded from the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company remains contingently liable for the disposition of these deposits.

Guarantees

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company guaranteed the debt of a related party consisting of three separate guarantees, totaling $1,770 and $3,495, respectively. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company did not record a liability on the Consolidated Balance Sheets for these guarantees because it was not probable that the Company would be required to make payments under these guarantees.

Tax Receivable Agreement

As indicated in Note 12, Income Taxes, the Company is party to a Tax Receivable Agreement.

Legal

Rocket Companies, through its subsidiaries, engages in, among other things, mortgage lending, title and settlement services, and other financial technology services and products. Rocket Companies and its subsidiaries operate in highly regulated industries and are routinely subject to various legal and administrative proceedings concerning matters that arise in the normal and ordinary course of business, including inquiries, complaints, subpoenas, audits, examinations, investigations and potential enforcement actions from regulatory agencies and state attorney generals; state and federal lawsuits and putative class actions; and other litigation. Periodically, we assess our potential liabilities and contingencies in connection with outstanding legal and administrative proceedings utilizing the latest information available. This assessment could change in the event of the discovery of additional facts. While it is not possible to predict the outcome of any of these matters, based on our assessment of the facts and circumstances, we do not believe any of these matters, individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. However, actual outcomes may differ from those expected and could have a material effect on our financial position, results of operations, or cash flows in a future period. Rocket Companies accrues for losses when they are probable to occur and such losses are reasonably estimable. Legal costs are expensed as they are incurred.

In 2018, an initial judgment was entered against Rocket Mortgage, formerly known as Quicken Loans Inc., and Amrock, formerly known as Title Source, Inc., for a certified class action lawsuit in the U.S. District Court of the Northern District of West Virginia. The lawsuit alleged that Rocket Mortgage and Amrock violated West Virginia state law by unconscionably inducing the plaintiffs (and a class of other West Virginians who received loans through Rocket Mortgage and appraisals through Amrock) into loans by including the borrower’s own estimated home values on appraisal order forms. The district court judge ruled in favor of the plaintiffs. On October 28, 2022, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, following direction from the U.S. Supreme Court, vacated the district court’s decision and remanded the case for further proceedings. Without any additional briefing or argument, on December 12, 2022, the district court reinstated its previous judgment. An appeal was filed on December 19, 2022, and remains pending. The Company believes the resolution of this matter is not material to the consolidated financial statements.

Amrock is currently involved in civil litigation related to a business dispute between Amrock and HouseCanary, Inc. (“HouseCanary”). The lawsuit was filed on April 12, 2016, by Amrock—Title Source, Inc. v. HouseCanary, Inc., No. 2016-
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Rocket Companies, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
($ In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts Or Unless Otherwise Noted)
CI-06300 (37th Civil District Court, San Antonio, Texas)—and included claims against HouseCanary for breach of contract and fraudulent inducement stemming from a contract between Amrock and HouseCanary whereby HouseCanary was obligated to provide Amrock with appraisal and valuation software and services. HouseCanary filed counterclaims against Amrock for, among other things, breach of contract, fraud, and misappropriation of trade secrets. On March 14, 2018, following trial of the claims in the lawsuit, a Bexar County, Texas, jury awarded damages in favor of HouseCanary and rejected Amrock's claims against HouseCanary. The district court entered judgment for HouseCanary on its misappropriation and fraud claims. On appeal (No. 04-19-00044-CV, Fourth Court of Appeals, San Antonio, Texas), the court of appeals affirmed judgment of no-cause on Amrock’s claim for breach of contract, but reversed judgment on HouseCanary’s misappropriation of trade secrets and fraud claims and remanded the case for a new trial on HouseCanary’s claims. In November 2020, HouseCanary filed a petition requesting the Supreme Court of Texas review the court of appeals’ decision. The Supreme Court denied the petition on June 17, 2022, and the case was remanded to district court for a new trial. The outcome of this matter remains uncertain, and the ultimate resolution of the litigation may be several years in the future. At the new trial, Amrock intends to present new evidence, including evidence revealed by whistleblowers who came forward with evidence that undermined HouseCanary’s claims after the conclusion of the original trial, and to vigorously defend this case and any subsequent actions.

Rocket Mortgage and Rocket Homes are defending themselves against a tagalong lawsuit filed by HouseCanary that also includes claims for misappropriation of trade secrets. That case is in its early stages and is stayed pending a resolution of Quicken Loans’ and Rocket Homes’ dispositive motion.

On June 29, 2021, and July 13, 2021, two putative securities class action lawsuits were filed in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan asserting claims pursuant to Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 against Rocket Companies, and certain executive officers and directors. These two putative class actions, later consolidated into one case, challenge particular positive statements about Rocket Companies’ operations and prospects, purport to bring claims on behalf of all persons who purchased Rocket Companies Class A common stock between February 25, 2021, and May 5, 2021, and do not claim a specific amount of damages. On August 19, 2021, and August 12, 2022, two alleged shareholders filed shareholder derivative actions, later consolidated, asserting claims purportedly on behalf of Rocket Companies for breach of fiduciary duty, waste of corporate assets, and unjust enrichment against certain executive officers, the members of Rocket Companies’ Board, Rock Holdings, and, nominally, Rocket Companies in the Michigan State Circuit Court for the Third Judicial Circuit, Wayne County. On November 23, 2021, and February 2, 2022, two alleged shareholders filed shareholder derivative actions asserting claims purportedly on behalf of Rocket Companies for breach of fiduciary duty against Rock Holdings, Daniel Gilbert, and, nominally, Rocket Companies in the Delaware Court of Chancery. The two Delaware derivative actions were also later consolidated, and on January 22, 2024, Daniel Gilbert was dismissed from the consolidated case. On May 22, 2023, an alleged shareholder filed a shareholder derivative action asserting claims purportedly on behalf of Rocket Companies for breach of fiduciary duty, waste of corporate assets, and unjust enrichment against certain executive officers, the members of Rocket Companies’ Board, Rock Holdings, and, nominally, Rocket Companies in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan. On October 3, 2023, the federal derivative lawsuit was stayed pending final resolution of the putative securities class action lawsuit. The derivative lawsuits allege Rock Holdings sold Rocket Companies Class A common stock on the basis of material nonpublic information and, in the federal and Michigan state lawsuits, that certain positive statements about Rocket Companies’ business operations and prospects were false. None of the derivative lawsuits claim a specific amount of damages. Due to the stages of these proceedings and the lack of specific damages requests, Rocket Companies is unable to estimate a range of reasonably possible losses for any of these matters.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we have recorded reserves related to potential damages in connection with the above legal proceedings of $15,000. The ultimate outcome of these or other actions or proceedings, including any monetary awards against Rocket Companies or one or more of Rocket Companies' subsidiaries, is uncertain and there can be no assurance as to the amount of any such potential awards. Rocket Companies and its subsidiaries will incur defense costs and other expenses in connection with the lawsuits. Plus, if a judgment for money that exceeds specified thresholds is rendered against a subsidiary of Rocket Companies or against Rocket Companies and it or they fail to timely pay, discharge, bond or obtain a stay of execution of such judgment, it is possible that one or more of the companies could be deemed in default of loan funding facilities and other agreements governing indebtedness. If the final resolution of any such litigation is unfavorable in one or more of these actions, it could have a material adverse effect on the business, liquidity, financial condition, cash flows, and results of operations of Rocket Companies or a subsidiary of Rocket Companies.

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($ In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts Or Unless Otherwise Noted)
15. Minimum Net Worth Requirements

Certain secondary market investors and state regulators require the Company to maintain minimum net worth, liquidity and capital requirements. To the extent that these requirements are not met, secondary market investors and/or the state regulators may utilize a range of remedies including sanctions, and/or suspension or termination of selling and servicing agreements, which may prohibit the Company from originating, securitizing or servicing these specific types of mortgage loans.

Rocket Mortgage is subject to certain minimum net worth, minimum capital ratio and minimum liquidity requirements established by the Federal Housing Finance Agency (“FHFA”) for Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac Seller/Servicers, and Ginnie Mae for single family issuers. FHFA and Ginnie Mae revised their requirements for these ratios effective September 30, 2023. The effective requirements as of December 31, 2023 are listed below. Furthermore, refer to Note 6, Borrowings for additional information regarding compliance with all covenant requirements.

Minimum Net Worth

The minimum net worth requirement for Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac is defined as follows:

•    Base of $2,500 plus 25 basis points of outstanding UPB for total loans serviced.

•    Adjusted/Tangible Net Worth is defined as total equity less goodwill, intangible assets, affiliate receivables and certain pledged assets.

The minimum net worth requirement for Ginnie Mae is defined as follows:

•    Base of $2,500, plus 35 basis points of the Ginnie Mae total single-family effective outstanding obligations, plus 25 basis points of total GSE single-family outstanding servicing portfolio balance, plus 25 basis points of total non-agency single-family outstanding serving portfolio.

•    Adjusted/Tangible Net Worth is defined as total equity less goodwill, intangible assets, affiliate receivables and certain pledged assets.

Minimum Capital Ratio

•    For Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and Ginnie Mae, the Company is also required to hold a ratio of Adjusted/Tangible Net Worth to Total Assets greater than 6%.

Minimum Liquidity

The minimum liquidity requirement for Fannie Mae is defined as follows:

•    3.5 basis points of total GSE servicing, plus an incremental 200 basis points of total nonperforming Agency, measured as 90+ delinquencies, servicing in excess of 6% of the total Agency servicing UPB.

•    Allowable assets for liquidity may include unrestricted cash and cash equivalents and available for sale or held for trading investment grade securities (e.g., Agency MBS, Obligations of GSEs, US Treasury Obligations).

The minimum liquidity requirement for Freddie Mac is defined as follows:

•    7 basis points of the portion of the servicing UPB for GSEs if the Company remits interest or principal as scheduled, plus 3.5 basis points of total UPB of GSE servicing if the Company remits interest or principal as actually collected, plus 3.5 basis points of our other servicing UPB, plus 10 basis points of our servicing UPB for Ginnie Mae, plus 2 basis points of our UPB serviced for GSEs, plus 5 basis points of our UPB serviced for Ginnie Mae.

•    Allowable assets for liquidity may include cash and cash equivalents (unrestricted) and available for sale or held for trading investment grade securities (e.g., Agency MBS, Obligations of GSEs, US Treasury Obligations).

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($ In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts Or Unless Otherwise Noted)
The minimum liquidity requirement for Ginnie Mae is defined as follows:

•    Maintain liquid assets equal to the greater of $1,000 or the sum of 10 basis points of our Ginnie Mae single-family servicing UPB, plus 3.5 basis points of our outstanding GSE single-family servicing UPB if the Company remits principal and interest as actually collected, plus 7 basis points of our outstanding GSE single-family servicing UPB if the Company remits the principal and interest as scheduled, plus 3.5 basis points of our outstanding non-agency single-family servicing UPB.

The most restrictive of the minimum net worth and capital requirements require Rocket Mortgage to maintain a minimum adjusted net worth balance of $1,568,586 and $1,500,000 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, Rocket Mortgage was in compliance with this requirement.

16. Segments

The Company’s Chief Executive Officer, who has been identified as its Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”), has evaluated how the Company views and measures its performance. ASC 280, Segment Reporting establishes the standards for reporting information about segments in financial statements. In applying the criteria set forth in that guidance, the Company has determined that it has two reportable segments - Direct to Consumer and Partner Network. The key factors used to identify these reportable segments are the Company’s internal operations and the nature of its marketing channels, which drive client acquisition into the mortgage platform. This determination reflects how its CODM monitors performance, allocates capital and makes strategic and operational decisions. The Company’s segments are described as follows:

Direct to Consumer

In the Direct to Consumer segment, clients have the ability to interact with Rocket Mortgage online and/or with the Company’s mortgage bankers. The Company markets to potential clients in this segment through various brand campaigns and performance marketing channels. The Direct to Consumer segment derives revenue from originating, closing, selling and servicing predominantly agency-conforming loans, which are pooled and sold to the secondary market. The segment also includes title insurance, appraisals and settlement services complementing the Company’s end-to-end mortgage origination experience. Servicing activities are fully allocated to the Direct to Consumer segment and are viewed as an extension of the client experience. Servicing enables Rocket Mortgage to establish and maintain long term relationships with our clients, through multiple touchpoints at regular engagement intervals.

Revenues in the Direct to Consumer segment are generated primarily from the gain on sale of loans, which includes loan origination fees, revenues associated with title insurance, appraisals and settlement services, and revenues from sales of loans into the secondary market, as well as the fair value of originated MSRs and hedging gains and losses. Loan servicing income consists of the contractual fees earned for servicing loans and other ancillary servicing fees, as well as changes in the fair value of MSRs due to changes in valuation assumptions and realization of cash flows.

Partner Network

The Rocket Professional platform supports our Partner Network segment, where we leverage our superior client service and widely recognized brand to grow marketing and influencer relationships, and our mortgage broker partnerships through Rocket Pro TPO (“third party origination”). Our marketing partnerships consist of well-known consumer-focused companies that find value in our award-winning client experience and want to offer their clients mortgage solutions with our trusted, widely recognized brand. These organizations connect their clients directly to us through marketing channels and a referral process. Our influencer partnerships are typically with companies that employ licensed mortgage professionals that find value in our client experience, technology and efficient mortgage process, where mortgages may not be their primary offering. We also enable clients to start the mortgage process through the Rocket platform in the way that works best for them, including through a local mortgage broker.

Revenues in the Partner Network segment are generated primarily from the gain on sale of loans, which includes loan origination fees, revenues associated with title insurance, appraisals and settlement services, and revenues from sales of loans into the secondary market, as well as the fair value of originated MSRs and hedging gains and losses.


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($ In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts Or Unless Otherwise Noted)
Other Information About Our Segments

The Company measures the performance of the segments primarily on a contribution margin basis. The accounting policies applied by our segments are described in Note 1, Business, Basis of Presentation and Accounting Policies. Directly attributable expenses include salaries, commissions and team member benefits, general and administrative expenses and other expenses, such as servicing costs and origination costs.

The Company does not allocate assets to its reportable segments as they are not included in the review performed by the CODM for purposes of assessing segment performance and allocating resources. The Consolidated Balance Sheets is managed on a consolidated basis and is not used in the context of segment reporting.

The Company also reports an “all other” category that includes operations from Rocket Homes, Rocket Connections, Rocket Auto, Core Digital Media, Rocket Loans, Rocket Money and includes professional service fee revenues from related parties. These operations are neither significant individually nor in aggregate and therefore do not constitute a reportable segment.

Key operating data for our business segments for the years ended:

Year Ended December 31, 2023
Direct to ConsumerPartner NetworkSegments TotalAll OtherTotal
Revenues
Gain on sale$1,660,038 $371,392 $2,031,430 $34,862 $2,066,292 
Interest income182,097 145,351 327,448 — 327,448 
Interest expense on funding facilities(114,447)(91,793)(206,240)(348)(206,588)
Servicing fee income1,396,639 — 1,396,639 5,141 1,401,780 
Changes in fair value of MSRs(700,982)— (700,982)— (700,982)
Other income565,882 13,902 579,784 331,535 911,319 
Total U.S. GAAP Revenue, net2,989,227 438,852 3,428,079 371,190 3,799,269 
Change in fair value of MSRs due to valuation assumptions, net of hedges(29,007)— (29,007)— (29,007)
Adjusted revenue2,960,220 438,852 3,399,072 371,190 3,770,262 
Directly attributable expenses1,924,273 240,402 2,164,675 327,528 2,492,203 
Contribution margin$1,035,947 $198,450 $1,234,397 $43,662 $1,278,059 

Year Ended December 31, 2022
Direct to ConsumerPartner NetworkSegments TotalAll OtherTotal
Revenues
Gain on sale$2,573,970 $540,234 $3,114,204 $23,213 $3,137,417 
Interest income222,621 125,034 347,655 2,936 350,591 
Interest expense on funding facilities(106,561)(59,818)(166,379)(9)(166,388)
Servicing fee income1,455,121 — 1,455,121 3,516 1,458,637 
Changes in fair value of MSRs185,036 — 185,036 — 185,036 
Other income449,813 33,163 482,976 390,224 873,200 
Total U.S. GAAP Revenue, net4,780,000 638,613 5,418,613 419,880 5,838,493 
Change in fair value of MSRs due to valuation assumptions, net of hedges(1,210,947)— (1,210,947)— (1,210,947)
Adjusted revenue3,569,053 638,613 4,207,666 419,880 4,627,546 
Directly attributable expenses2,517,850 362,317 2,880,167 359,074 3,239,241 
Contribution margin$1,051,203 $276,296 $1,327,499 $60,806 $1,388,305 

114
Rocket Companies, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
($ In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts Or Unless Otherwise Noted)
Year Ended December 31, 2021
Direct to ConsumerPartner NetworkSegments TotalAll OtherTotal
Revenues
Gain on sale$8,843,040 $1,597,569 $10,440,609 $27,965 $10,468,574 
Interest income265,438 161,256 426,694 3,392 430,086 
Interest expense on funding facilities(161,867)(99,226)(261,093)(53)(261,146)
Servicing fee income1,323,171 — 1,323,171 2,767 1,325,938 
Changes in fair value of MSRs(689,432)— (689,432)— (689,432)
Other income1,001,060 105,976 1,107,036 533,410 1,640,446 
Total U.S. GAAP Revenue, net10,581,410 1,765,575 12,346,985 567,481 12,914,466 
Change in fair value of MSRs due to valuation assumptions, net of hedges(487,473)— (487,473)— (487,473)
Adjusted revenue10,093,937 1,765,575 11,859,512 567,481 12,426,993 
Directly attributable expenses3,697,774 686,296 4,384,070 274,546 4,658,616 
Contribution margin$6,396,163 $1,079,279 $7,475,442 $292,935 $7,768,377 

The following table represents a reconciliation of segment contribution margin to consolidated U.S. GAAP income before taxes for the years ended:
Year Ended December 31,
202320222021
Contribution margin, excluding change in MSRs due to valuation assumptions$1,278,059 $1,388,305 $7,768,377 
Change in fair value of MSRs due to valuation assumptions, net of hedges29,007 1,210,947 487,473 
Contribution margin, including change in MSRs due to valuation assumptions1,307,066 2,599,252 8,255,850 
Less expenses not allocated to segments:
Salaries, commissions and team member benefits862,864 968,709 936,255 
General and administrative expenses575,696 632,344 801,696 
Depreciation and amortization110,271 94,020 74,713 
Interest and amortization expense on non-funding debt153,386 153,596 230,740 
Other expenses7,746 8,672 27,545 
(Loss) income before income taxes
$(402,897)$741,911 $6,184,901 

17. Non-controlling Interest

The non-controlling interest balance represents the economic interest in Holdings held by our Chairman and RHI. The following table summarizes the ownership of Holdings Units in Holdings as of:

December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Holdings
 Units		Ownership
 Percentage		Holdings
 Units		Ownership
 Percentage
Rocket Companies, Inc.'s ownership of Holdings Units135,814,173 6.84 %123,491,606 6.26 %
Holdings Units held by our Chairman1,101,822 0.06 %1,101,822 0.06 %
Holdings Units held by RHI1,847,777,661 93.10 %1,847,777,661 93.68 %
Balance at end of period1,984,693,656 100.00 %1,972,371,089 100.00 %

115
Rocket Companies, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
($ In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts Or Unless Otherwise Noted)
The non-controlling interest holders have the right to exchange Holdings Units, together with a corresponding number of shares of our Class D common stock or Class C common stock (together referred to as “Paired Interests”), for, at our option, (i) shares of our Class B common stock or Class A common stock or (ii) cash from a substantially concurrent public offering or private sale (based on the price of our Class A common stock). As such, future exchanges of Paired Interests by non-controlling interest holders will result in a change in ownership and reduce or increase the amount recorded as non-controlling interest and increase or decrease additional paid-in-capital when Holdings has positive or negative net assets, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, our Chairman has not exchanged any Paired Interests.

On March 31, 2021, the Company exchanged 20,200,000 shares of Class A common stock for the equivalent number of shares of Class D common stock and Holdings Units with RHI. This transaction resulted in an increase of Rocket Companies' controlling interest and a corresponding decrease of non-controlling interest of approximately 1.0%.

During the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, Rocket Companies has repurchased zero and 17,698,472 shares respectively of Class A common stock under the extended and renewed Share Repurchase Program.

18. Share-based Compensation

Restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and stock options are granted to team members and directors of the Company and its affiliates under the 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan. Share-based compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period based on the fair value of the award on the date of grant, with forfeitures recognized as they occur.

Stock Options

The Company has granted Stock Options to certain team members that generally vest and become exercisable over a three year period, with 33.33% vesting on the first anniversary of the grant date, and the remaining 66.67% vesting ratably on a monthly basis over the 24 month period following the first anniversary of the grant date, subject to the grantee's employment or service with the Company through each applicable vesting date. The Stock Options will be exercisable, subject to vesting, for a period of 10 years after the grant date. The Stock Options activity for the period from December 31, 2020 to December 31, 2023 was as follows:

Number of
Stock Options		Weighted Average Exercise PriceWeighted Average Remaining Contractual TermAggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding as of December 31, 202025,981,42918.01 9.6 years57,585 
Granted49,020$16.98 —— 
Exercised10,46618.00 —9 
Expired144,25718.00 —— 
Forfeited1,375,310$18.00 —2,942 
Outstanding as of December 31, 2021
24,500,416$18.01 8.6 years— 
Granted60,0008.38 —— 
Exercised—— —— 
Expired1,652,40818.01 —— 
Forfeited1,253,258$17.99 —— 
Outstanding as of December 31, 2022
21,654,750$17.98 8.5 years— 
Granted—— —— 
Exercised—— —— 
Expired4,445,09818.00 —— 
Forfeited333,55217.98 —— 
Outstanding as of December 31, 2023
16,876,100$17.97 6.4 years366,000 

There were no Stock Options granted for the period ending December 31, 2023. The Company had 16,837,767, 16,919,368 and 10,995,518 stock options exercisable as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
116
Rocket Companies, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
($ In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts Or Unless Otherwise Noted)

The Company estimates the fair value of the Stock Options at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The inputs to the Black-Scholes option pricing model are as follows:

Year Ended December 31, 2023
Year Ended December 31, 2022
Year Ended December 31, 2021
Expected volatilityN/A
34.0% - 36.4%
35.5%
Expected dividend yieldN/A1.5 %1.5 %
Risk-free interest ratesN/A
0.3% - 3.9%
1.3%
Expected termN/A5.85 years5.85 years

The weighted average grant-date fair value of options granted during the years 2022 and 2021 was $3.11 and $5.10, respectively.

Expected volatility - This is a measure of the amount by which the price of the equity instrument has fluctuated or is expected to fluctuate. The expected volatility was based on the historical volatility of a group of guideline companies. An increase in expected volatility would increase compensation expense.

Expected dividend yield - An increase in the expected dividend yield would decrease compensation expense.

Risk-free interest rate - This is the U.S. Treasury rate as of the measurement date having a term approximating the expected life of the award. An increase in the risk-free interest rate would increase compensation expense.

Expected term - The period of time over which the awards are expected to remain outstanding. The Company estimates the expected term as the mid-point between actual or expected vesting date and the contractual term. An increase in the expected term would increase compensation expense.

Restricted Stock Units

The Company has granted RSUs to certain team members and certain non-employee directors that generally vest annually or semi-annually over a three year period with 33% vesting on each of the first three anniversaries of the grant date, subject, in each case, to the grantee's employment or service with the Company through each applicable vesting date.

In connection with the acquisition of Rocket Money, the Company granted RSUs to certain team members that generally vest quarterly over an accelerated four-year period, subject to the grantee’s employment service with the Company through each applicable vesting date.

During the year-ended December 31, 2023, the Company made a one-time grant of RSUs to vest over a nine-month period, subject to the grantee’s employment with the Company through the applicable vesting date, for a total expense of approximately $34,700 that was fully vested as of December 31, 2023.













117
Rocket Companies, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
($ In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts Or Unless Otherwise Noted)
The RSU activity for the period from December 31, 2020 to December 31, 2023 was as follows:
Number of UnitsWeighted Average Grant Date Fair ValueWeighted
Average Remaining
Service Period
Outstanding as of December 31, 202016,322,380 18.03 2.2 years
Granted1,678,230 $17.01 — 
Vested3,276,242 18.02 — 
Forfeited1,367,051 $18.10 — 
Outstanding as of December 31, 2021
13,357,317 $17.90 1.2 years
Granted24,382,033 13.22 — 
Vested15,199,692 15.54 — 
Forfeited1,743,308 $16.37 — 
Outstanding as of December 31, 2022
20,796,350 $14.28 2.1 years
Granted16,816,637 8.41 — 
Vested14,006,419 12.54 — 
Forfeited2,583,262 12.62 — 
Outstanding as of December 31, 2023
21,023,306 $10.96 2.1 years

Team Member Stock Purchase Plan

The Company has an employee stock purchase plan, also referred to as the Team Member Stock Purchase Plan (“TMSPP”), under which eligible team members may direct the Company to withhold up to 15% of their gross pay to purchase shares of common stock at a price equal to 85% of the closing market price on the exercise date. The TMSPP is a liability classified compensatory plan and the Company recognizes compensation expense over the offering period based on the fair value of the purchase discount. Under the TMSPP, the Company is authorized to issue up to 20,526,316 shares of its common stock to qualifying team members. There were 3,286,442, 4,609,697 and 2,778,209 shares purchased during the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, under the TMSPP.

Other Awards

We allocated costs associated with awards granted by Rock Holdings, Inc. (“RHI”) in the years prior to the reorganization and IPO. During the year ended December 31, 2022, all remaining RHI restricted stock units and options were cancelled and replaced with cash or a modified award denominated in Rocket Companies, Inc. shares. The incremental compensation expense related to these modifications was not material.

Additionally, certain of our subsidiaries have individual compensation plans that include equity awards and stock appreciation rights.

Share-based Compensation Expense

The components of share-based compensation expense included in Salaries, commissions and team member benefits on the Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) and Comprehensive Income (Loss) is as follows:
118
Rocket Companies, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
($ In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts Or Unless Otherwise Noted)
Year ended December 31,
2023
2022
2021
Rocket Companies, Inc. sponsored plans
Restricted stock units (1)$156,841 $170,768 $107,867 
Stock options (2)18,940 36,583 40,100 
Team Member Stock Purchase Plan4,271 5,714 9,388 
Subtotal Rocket Companies, Inc. sponsored plans$180,052 $213,065 $157,355 
Rock Holdings, Inc sponsored plans
Restricted stock units— 14,451 5,413 
Stock options— 1,295 — 
Subtotal Rock Holdings, Inc. sponsored plans$— $15,746 $5,413 
Subsidiary plans82 123 970 
Total share-based compensation expense$180,134 $228,934 $163,738 

(1)    Unrecognized compensation expense as of December 31, 2023 related to these RSUs was $184,579 and is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.1 years.

(2)    Unrecognized compensation expense as of December 31, 2023 related to these Stock Options was $111 and is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.9 years.

19. Earnings Per Share

The Company applies the two-class method for calculating and presenting earnings per share by separately presenting earnings per share for Class A common stock and Class B common stock. In applying the two-class method, the Company allocates undistributed earnings equally on a per share basis between Class A and Class B common stock. According to the Company’s certificate of incorporation, the holders of the Class A and Class B common stock are entitled to participate in earnings equally on a per-share basis, as if all shares of common stock were of a single class, and in dividends as may be declared by the board of directors. Holders of the Class A and Class B common stock also have equal priority in liquidation. Shares of Class C and Class D common stock do not participate in earnings of Rocket Companies, Inc. As a result, the shares of Class C and Class D common stock are not considered participating securities and are not included in the weighted-average shares outstanding for purposes of earnings per share. Restricted stock units awarded as part of the Company’s compensation program are included in the weighted-average Class A shares outstanding in the calculation of basic earnings per share once the units are fully vested.

Basic earnings per share of Class A common stock is computed by dividing Net (loss) income attributable to Rocket Companies by the weighted-average number of shares of Class A common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share of Class A common stock is computed by dividing Net (loss) income attributable to Rocket Companies by the weighted-average number of shares of Class A common stock outstanding adjusted to give effect to potentially dilutive securities. There was no Class B common stock outstanding as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.

Diluted earnings per share reflects the dilutive effect of potential common shares from share-based awards and Class D common stock. The treasury stock method is used to calculate the dilutive effect of outstanding share-based awards, which assumes the proceeds upon vesting or exercise of awards would be used to purchase common stock at the average price for the period. The if-converted method is used to calculate the dilutive effect of converting Class D common stock to Class A common stock.

See Note 17, Non-controlling Interest for a description of Paired Interests and their potential impact on Class A and Class B share ownership.





119
Rocket Companies, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
($ In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts Or Unless Otherwise Noted)
The following table sets forth the calculation of the basic and diluted earnings per share for the period:
Years Ended December 31,
202320222021
Net (loss) income$(390,080)$699,933 $6,072,163 
Net loss (income) attributable to non-controlling interest374,566 (653,512)(5,763,953)
Net (loss) income attributable to Rocket Companies(15,514)46,421 308,210 
Add: Reallocation of Net income attributable to vested, undelivered stock awards— 22 150 
Net (loss) income attributable to common shareholders$(15,514)$46,443 $308,360 
Numerator:
Net (loss) income attributable to Class A common shareholders - basic$(15,514)$46,443 $308,360 
Add: Reallocation of net (loss) income attributable to dilutive impact of pro-forma conversion of Class D shares to Class A shares (1)(283,042)503,007 4,301,126 
Add: Reallocation of net (loss) income attributable to dilutive impact of share-based compensation awards (2)(457)545 10,948 
Net (loss) income attributable to Class A common shareholders - diluted$(299,013)$549,995 $4,620,434 
Denominator:
Weighted average shares of Class A common stock outstanding - basic128,641,762120,577,548130,578,206
Add: Dilutive impact of conversion of Class D shares to Class A shares1,848,879,4831,848,879,4831,853,804,962
Add: Dilutive impact of share-based compensation awards (3)3,002,4452,163,5425,050,399
Weighted average shares of Class A common stock outstanding - diluted1,980,523,6901,971,620,5731,989,433,567
(Loss) earnings per share of Class A common stock outstanding - basic
$(0.12)$0.39 $2.36 
(Loss) earnings per share of Class A common stock outstanding - diluted
$(0.15)$0.28 $2.32 

(1)    Net (loss) income calculated using the estimated annual effective tax rate of Rocket Companies, Inc.

(2)    Reallocation of net (loss) income attributable to dilutive impact of share-based compensation awards for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 comprised of $(441), $491 and $10,660 related to restricted stock units and $(16), $54 and $288 related to TMSPP.

(3)    Dilutive impact of share-based compensation awards for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 comprised of 2,895,229, 1,948,608 and 4,917,705 related to restricted stock units and 107,216, 214,934 and 132,694 related to TMSPP.

A portion of the Company stock options and restricted stock units were excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share as the weighted portion for the period they were outstanding was determined to have an anti-dilutive effect. Stock options excluded from the computation for the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were 16,876,100, 21,654,750, and 24,500,416, respectively. Restricted stock units excluded from the computation for the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were 8,892,219, 19,165,177, and 16,851, respectively.



120


Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

None.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our CEO and CFO, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report. This system is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP. Based on such evaluation, our CEO and CFO have concluded that as of December 31, 2023, our disclosure controls and procedures are designed and effective to provide reasonable assurance that information we are required to disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our CEO and CFO, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining an adequate system of internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f). Our management performed an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting at December 31, 2023, based on the criteria of the “Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013)” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. The objective of this assessment was to determine whether our internal control over financial reporting was effective at December 31, 2023. Based on management’s assessment, we have concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective at December 31, 2023.

The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, as stated in its report which is included herein.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in our management’s evaluation pursuant to Rules 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act during the year ended December 31, 2023 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls and Procedures

In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.

121

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Rocket Companies, Inc.

Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We have audited Rocket Companies, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Rocket Companies Inc. (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of income (loss) and comprehensive income (loss), changes in equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes and our report dated February 27, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Detroit, Michigan

February 27, 2024

122

Item 9B. Other Information

Rule 10b5-1 Trading Arrangements

Our insider trading policy permits our officers and directors to establish pre-approved stock trading plans pursuant to Rule 10b5-1 promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Rule 10b5-1 allows insiders to adopt written stock trading plans at a time when they are unaware of material non-public information which establish predetermined trading parameters that do not permit the insider to subsequently exercise any influence over how, when or whether to effect trades. During the fourth quarter of 2023, Matthew Rizik, a member of our board of directors, established a pre-approved Rule 10b5-1 purchase plan to acquire up to $250,000 of our Class A common stock. Mr. Rizik’s trading plan is scheduled to terminate on June 30, 2024, subject to early termination for certain specified events set forth within the plan. As required by securities laws, completed trades under the trading plan are reported by the individuals on Form 4s filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Mr. Rizik is our only officer or director with a Rule 10b5-1 trading plan currently in place.

Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

Not applicable.


123


Part III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

The required information is incorporated by reference from the Proxy Statement pertaining to our 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of the Company's fiscal year end covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Item 11. Executive Compensation

The required information is incorporated by reference from the Proxy Statement pertaining to our 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of the Company's fiscal year end covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

The required information is incorporated by reference from the Proxy Statement pertaining to our 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of the Company's fiscal year end covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

The required information is incorporated by reference from the Proxy Statement pertaining to our 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of the Company's fiscal year end covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services

The required information is incorporated by reference from the Proxy Statement pertaining to our 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of the Company's fiscal year end covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

124


Part IV

Item 15. Exhibit and Financial Statement Schedules
Exhibit NumberDescription
2.1
2.2
3.1
3.2
4.1Certain instruments defining the rights of holders of long-term debt securities of the registrant and its subsidiaries are omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(4)(iii) of Regulation S-K. The registrant hereby undertakes to furnish to the SEC, upon request, copies of any such instruments.
4.2
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05+
10.06+
10.07+
10.08+
10.09+
10.10+
10.11+
125

10.12
10.13+
10.14+
10.15+
10.16+
10.17+
10.18#
10.19#
10.20
10.21#
10.22#
10.23#
10.24#
10.25#
10.26#
10.27
126

10.28*
10.29#
10.30#
10.31#
10.32#
10.33
10.34
10.35#
10.36#
10.37
10.38#
10.39
10.40#
10.41
10.42
127

10.43#
10.44
10.45#
10.46#
10.47
10.48#
10.49#
10.50#
10.51#
10.52#
10.53#
10.54#
10.55#
10.56#
10.57#
10.58#
10.59#
128

10.60#
10.61#
10.62#
10.63#
10.64#
10.65#
10.66#
10.67#
10.68#
10.69#
10.70#
10.71#
10.72#
10.73#
10.74#
10.75#
10.76
129

10.77#
10.78#
10.79#
10.80#
10.81#
10.82#
10.83#
10.84#
10.85#
10.86#
10.87#
10.88+
10.89+
10.90
10.91#
10.92+
10.93+
130

10.94+
10.95*+
21.1*
23.1*
31.1*
31.2*
32.1*
32.2*
97.1*
101.INSInline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document
101.SCHInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CALInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEFInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LABInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PREInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)
+ Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
*Filed herewith.
#Certain portions of this exhibit have been redacted pursuant to Item 601(b)(10)(iv) of Regulation S-K. The Company agrees to furnish supplementally an unredacted copy of the exhibit to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon its request.

131


Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

None.
132

Signatures
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, on February 27, 2024.
Rocket Companies, Inc.
By:/s/ Varun Krishna
Name: Varun Krishna
Title: Chief Executive Officer and Director
(Principal Executive Officer)
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities indicated on February 27, 2024.

SignatureTitle
/s/ Varun KrishnaChief Executive Officer and Director
Varun Krishna(Principal Executive Officer)
/s/ Brian BrownChief Financial Officer and Treasurer
Brian Brown(Principal Financial Officer, Principal Accounting Officer)
/s/ Daniel GilbertChairman of the Board of Directors
Daniel Gilbert
/s/ William EmersonDirector
   William Emerson
/s/ Jennifer GilbertDirector
Jennifer Gilbert
/s/ Jonathan MarinerDirector
Jonathan Mariner
/s/ Alastair Rampell
Director
Alastair Rampell
/s/ Matthew RizikDirector
Matthew Rizik
/s/ Suzanne ShankDirector
Suzanne Shank
/s/ Nancy TellemDirector
Nancy Tellem
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