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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
☒
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934


Quarterly period ended September 30, 2023

OR
☐
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from ____ to ____

Commission File Number: 000-26926
scansourcelogo4a291a06.jpg
ScanSource, Inc.

South Carolina
(State of Incorporation)

57-0965380
(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

6 Logue Court
Greenville, South Carolina 29615
(864) 288-2432
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class:Trading Symbol:Name of exchange on which registered:
Common stock, no par valueSCSCNASDAQ Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company" and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer☒Smaller reporting company☐
Accelerated filer
☐

Emerging growth company☐
Non-accelerated filer
☐




If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.   ☐   

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.
ClassOutstanding at November 1, 2023
Common Stock, no par value per share
24,966,931 shares


SCANSOURCE, INC.
INDEX TO FORM 10-Q
September 30, 2023
 
  Page #
Item 1.
Financial Statements
Item 2.
Item 3.
Item 4.
Item 1.
Item 1A.
Item 2.
Item 5.
Item 6.

3
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Forward-looking statements are included in the "Risk Factors," "Legal Proceedings," "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," and "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk" sections and elsewhere herein. Words such as "expects," "anticipates," "believes," "intends," "plans," "hopes," "forecasts," "seeks," "estimates," "goals," "projects," "strategy," "future," "likely," "may," "should," and variations of such words and similar expressions generally identify such forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statement made by us in this Form 10-Q is based only on information currently available to us and speaks only as of the date on which it is made. Except as may be required by law, we expressly disclaim any obligation to update these forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of a number of factors including, but not limited to the following factors, which are neither presented in order of importance nor weighted: macroeconomic conditions, including potential prolonged economic weakness, inflation and supply chain challenges, the failure to manage and implement the Company's organic growth strategy, credit risks involving the Company's larger customers and suppliers, changes in interest and exchange rates and regulatory regimes impacting the Company's international operations, risk to the Company's business from a cyber attack, a failure of the Company's IT systems, failure to hire and retain quality employees, loss of the Company's major customers, relationships with the Company's key suppliers and sales partners or a termination or a significant modification of the terms under which it operates with such suppliers and sales partners, changes in the Company's operating strategy and other factors set forth in "Risk Factors" contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended June 30, 2023.

4
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.Financial Statements
SCANSOURCE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (UNAUDITED)
(In thousands, except share information)
September 30, 2023June 30, 2023
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents$42,647 $36,178 
Accounts receivable, less allowance of $19,570 at September 30, 2023
and $15,480 at June 30, 2023
691,669 753,236 
Inventories656,170 757,574 
Prepaid expenses and other current assets116,949 110,087 
Total current assets1,507,435 1,657,075 
Property and equipment, net36,745 37,379 
Goodwill215,152 216,706 
Identifiable intangible assets, net63,675 68,495 
Deferred income taxes16,421 17,764 
Other non-current assets59,107 70,750 
Total assets$1,898,535 $2,068,169 
Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable$617,594 $691,119 
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities67,138 78,892 
Income taxes payable8,108 9,875 
Current portion of long-term debt8,209 6,915 
Total current liabilities701,049 786,801 
Deferred income taxes3,679 3,816 
Long-term debt, net of current portion141,774 144,006 
Borrowings under revolving credit facility98,125 178,980 
Other long-term liabilities38,655 49,268 
Total liabilities983,282 1,162,871 
Commitments and contingencies
Shareholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, no par value; 3,000,000 shares authorized, none issued
— — 
Common stock, no par value; 45,000,000 shares authorized, 24,960,231 and 24,844,203 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2023 and June 30, 2023, respectively
59,501 58,241 
Retained earnings952,110 936,678 
Accumulated other comprehensive loss(96,358)(89,621)
Total shareholders’ equity915,253 905,298 
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity$1,898,535 $2,068,169 
June 30, 2023 amounts are derived from audited consolidated financial statements.
See accompanying notes to these condensed consolidated financial statements.
5
SCANSOURCE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED INCOME STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
(In thousands, except per share data)
 
Quarter ended
 September 30,
 20232022
Net sales$876,305 $943,813 
Cost of goods sold769,797 830,328 
Gross profit106,508 113,485 
Selling, general and administrative expenses75,436 71,593 
Depreciation expense2,795 2,763 
Intangible amortization expense4,193 4,241 
Operating income24,084 34,888 
Interest expense5,585 3,448 
Interest income(1,325)(1,589)
Other expense, net677 746 
Income before income taxes19,147 32,283 
Provision for income taxes3,715 8,241 
Net income$15,432 $24,042 
Per share data:
Net income per common share, basic$0.62 $0.95 
Weighted-average shares outstanding, basic24,886 25,201 
Net income per common share, diluted$0.61 $0.94 
Weighted-average shares outstanding, diluted25,178 25,451 
See accompanying notes to these condensed consolidated financial statements.

6
SCANSOURCE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (UNAUDITED)
(In thousands)

Quarter ended
September 30,
 20232022
Net income$15,432 $24,042 
Unrealized gain on hedged transaction, net of tax153 1,879 
Foreign currency translation adjustment(6,890)(7,217)
Comprehensive income$8,695 $18,704 
See accompanying notes to these condensed consolidated financial statements.

7
SCANSOURCE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY (UNAUDITED)
(In thousands, except share information)

Common
Stock
(Shares)		Common
Stock
(Amount)		Retained
Earnings		Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Loss		Total
Balance at June 30, 202324,844,203 $58,241 $936,678 $(89,621)$905,298 
Net income— — 15,432 — 15,432 
Unrealized gain on hedged transaction, net of tax— — — 153 153 
Foreign currency translation adjustment— — — (6,890)(6,890)
Exercise of stock options and shares issued under share-based compensation plans, net of shares withheld for employee taxes116,028 (1,510)— — (1,510)
Share-based compensation— 2,770 — — 2,770 
Balance at September 30, 202324,960,231 $59,501 $952,110 $(96,358)$915,253 
See accompanying notes to these condensed consolidated financial statements.

8
SCANSOURCE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY (UNAUDITED)
(In thousands, except share information)

Common
Stock
(Shares)		Common
Stock
(Amount)		Retained
Earnings		Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Loss		Total
Balance at June 30, 202225,187,351 $64,297 $846,869 $(104,638)$806,528 
Net income— — 24,042 — 24,042 
Unrealized gain on hedged transaction, net of tax— — — 1,879 1,879 
Foreign currency translation adjustment— — — (7,217)(7,217)
Exercise of stock options and shares issued under share-based compensation plans, net of shares withheld for employee taxes38,551 (586)— — (586)
Share-based compensation— 2,358 — — 2,358 
Balance at September 30, 202225,225,902 $66,069 $870,911 $(109,976)$827,004 
See accompanying notes to these condensed consolidated financial statements.

9
SCANSOURCE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)
(In thousands)
Quarter ended
 September 30,
 20232022
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income$15,432 $24,042 
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization7,217 7,228 
Amortization of debt issue costs96 289 
Provision for doubtful accounts4,157 125 
Share-based compensation2,769 2,316 
Deferred income taxes1,303 2,274 
Finance lease interest15 2 
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable53,284 (18,799)
Inventories99,630 (62,192)
Prepaid expenses and other assets(7,743)14,690 
Other non-current assets11,227 (9,469)
Accounts payable(70,292)(1,053)
Accrued expenses and other liabilities(21,764)(13,168)
Income taxes payable(1,798)5,256 
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities93,533 (48,459)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Capital expenditures(2,315)(684)
Net cash used in investing activities(2,315)(684)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Borrowings on revolving credit, net of expenses588,570 579,011 
Repayments on revolving credit, net of expenses(669,424)(542,147)
(Repayments) borrowings on long-term debt, net(938)18,402 
Repayments on finance lease obligation(191)(303)
Debt issuance costs— (1,407)
Exercise of stock options72 10 
Taxes paid on settlement of equity awards(1,582)(596)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities(83,493)52,970 
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents(1,256)(1,342)
Increase in cash and cash equivalents6,469 2,485 
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period36,178 37,987 
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period$42,647 $40,472 
See accompanying notes to these condensed consolidated financial statements.
10
SCANSOURCE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(UNAUDITED)

(1) Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Business Description

ScanSource, Inc. (together with its subsidiaries referred to as “the Company” or “ScanSource”) is a leading hybrid distributor connecting devices to the cloud and accelerating growth for partners across hardware, Software as a Service ("SaaS"), connectivity and cloud. The Company brings technology solutions and services from the world’s leading suppliers of mobility and barcode, point-of-sale ("POS"), payments, networking, physical security, unified communications and collaboration, telecom and cloud services to market. The Company operates in the United States, Canada, Brazil and the United Kingdom ("UK"). The Company's two operating segments, Specialty Technology Solutions and Modern Communications & Cloud, are based on technology type and are generally related to technology devices and communication, connectivity and cloud services, respectively.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared by the Company’s management in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles ("U.S. GAAP") for interim financial information and applicable rules and regulations of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for annual financial statements. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included herein contain all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring and non-recurring adjustments) that are, in the opinion of management, necessary to present fairly the financial position at September 30, 2023 and June 30, 2023, the results of operations for the quarters ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income for the quarters ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the condensed consolidated statements of shareholders' equity for the quarters ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 and the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the quarters ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. The results of operations for the quarter ended September 30, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for a full year. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2023. Unless otherwise indicated, disclosures provided in the Notes pertain to continuing operations only.

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

There have been no material changes to the Company’s significant accounting policies for the quarter ended September 30, 2023 from the policies described in the notes to the Company’s consolidated financial statements included in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2023. For a discussion of the Company’s significant accounting policies, please see the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2023.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly-liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less, when purchased, to be cash equivalents. The Company maintains zero-balance disbursement accounts at various financial institutions at which the Company does not maintain significant depository relationships. Due to the terms of the agreements governing these accounts, the Company generally does not have the right to offset outstanding checks written from these accounts against cash on hand, and the respective institutions are not legally obligated to honor the checks until sufficient funds are transferred to fund the checks. As a result, checks released but not yet cleared from these accounts in the amounts of $10.3 million and $8.0 million are included in accounts payable on the condensed consolidated balance sheets at September 30, 2023 and June 30, 2023, respectively.

Long-lived Assets

11
The Company presents depreciation expense and intangible amortization expense on the condensed consolidated income statements. The Company's depreciation expense related to selling, general and administrative costs totaled $2.8 million for the quarters ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. Depreciation expense reported as part of cost of goods sold on the condensed consolidated income statements totaled $0.2 million for the quarters ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. The Company's intangible amortization expense reported on the condensed consolidated income statements relates to selling, general and administrative costs, not the cost of selling goods. Intangible amortization expense totaled $4.2 million for the quarters ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In July 2023, the Securities and Exchange Commission issued final rules that require new and enhanced disclosures on cybersecurity risk management, strategy, governance, and incident reporting. Under the final rules, companies must report material cybersecurity incidents within four business days of determining the incident is material on Form 8-K. As additional information about the material aspects of the previously reported incidents become available, a Form 8-K/A must be filed with the additional disclosures. These disclosure requirements on Form 8-K are effective beginning December 18, 2023. For fiscal years ending on or after December 15, 2023, companies must disclose their cybersecurity processes, management's role in cybersecurity governance, and cybersecurity oversight by the Board of Directors on Form 10-K.

The Company has reviewed newly issued accounting pronouncements and concluded that they are either not applicable to its business or that no material effect is expected on its consolidated financial statements as a result of future adoption.

(2) Trade Accounts and Notes Receivable, Net

The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts receivable for estimated future expected credit losses resulting from customers’ failure to make payments on accounts receivable due to the Company. The Company has notes receivable with certain customers, which are included in “Accounts receivable, less allowance” in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Management determines the estimate of the allowance for doubtful accounts receivable by considering a number of factors, including: (i) historical experience, (ii) aging of the accounts receivable, (iii) specific information obtained by the Company on the financial condition and the current creditworthiness of its customers, (iv) the current economic and country-specific environment and (v) reasonable and supportable forecasts about collectability. Expected credit losses are estimated on a pool basis when similar risk characteristics exist using an age-based reserve model. Receivables that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. Estimates of expected credit losses on trade receivables over the contractual life are recorded at inception and adjusted over the contractual life.

The changes in the allowance for doubtful accounts for the three months ended September 30, 2023 are set forth in the table below.
June 30, 2023Amounts Charged to ExpenseWrite-offs
Other (1)
September 30, 2023
(in thousands)
Trade accounts and current notes receivable allowance$15,480 $4,157 $(594)$527 $19,570 
(1)"Other" amounts include recoveries and the effect of foreign currency fluctuations for the three months ended September 30, 2023.


(3) Revenue Recognition

The Company provides technology solutions and services from the world's leading suppliers of mobility, barcode, POS, payments, physical security, unified communications, collaboration, telecom and cloud services. This includes hardware, related accessories and device configuration as well as software licenses, professional services and hardware support programs.

12
In determining the appropriate amount of revenue to recognize, the Company applies the following five-step model: (i) identify contracts with customers; (ii) identify performance obligations in the contracts; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations per the contracts; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies a performance obligation. The Company recognizes revenue as control of products and services are transferred to customers, which is generally at the point of shipment. The Company delivers products to customers in several ways, including: (i) shipment from a Company warehouse, (ii) drop-shipment directly from the supplier, or (iii) electronic delivery for non-physical products.

Principal versus Agent Considerations

The Company is the principal for sales of all hardware and certain software and services. The Company considers itself the principal in those transactions where it has control of the product or service before it is transferred to the customer. The Company recognizes the principal-associated revenue and cost of goods sold on a gross basis.

The Company is the agent for third-party service contracts, including product warranties and supplier-hosted software. These service contracts are sold separately from the products, and the Company often serves as the agent for the contract on behalf of the original equipment manufacturer. The Company's responsibility is to arrange for the provision of the specified service by the original equipment manufacturer, and the Company does not control the specified service before it is transferred to the customer. Because the Company acts as an agent, revenue is recognized net of cost at the time of sale. The Intelisys business operates under an agency model.

Variable Considerations

For certain transactions, products are sold with a right of return and may also provide other rebates or incentives, which are accounted for as variable consideration. The Company estimates a returns allowance based on historical experience and reduces revenue accordingly. The Company estimates the amount of variable consideration for rebates and incentives by using the expected value to be given to the customer and reduces the revenue by those estimated amounts. These estimates are reviewed and updated as necessary at the end of each reporting period.

Contract Balances

The Company records contract assets and liabilities for payments received from customers in advance of services performed. These assets and liabilities are the result of the sales of the Company's self-branded warranty programs and other transactions where control has not yet passed to the customer. These amounts are immaterial to the consolidated financial statements for the periods presented.

Disaggregation of Revenue

The following tables represent the Company's disaggregation of revenue:

Quarter ended September 30, 2023
Specialty Technology SolutionsModern Communications & CloudTotal
(in thousands)
Revenue by product/service
Hardware, software and cloud (excluding Intelisys)$509,570 $346,232 $855,802 
Intelisys connectivity and cloud— 20,503 20,503 
$509,570 $366,735 $876,305 
13
Quarter ended September 30, 2022
Specialty Technology SolutionsModern Communications & CloudTotal
(in thousands)
Revenue by product/service
Hardware, software and cloud (excluding Intelisys)$576,329 $348,631 $924,960 
Intelisys connectivity and cloud— 18,853 18,853 
$576,329 $367,484 $943,813 

(4) Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share are computed by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted earnings per share are computed by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of common and potential common shares outstanding.

Quarter ended
 September 30,
 20232022
 (in thousands, except per share data)
Numerator:
Net income$15,432 $24,042 
Denominator:
Weighted-average shares, basic24,886 25,201 
Dilutive effect of share-based payments292 250 
Weighted-average shares, diluted25,178 25,451 
Net income per common share, basic$0.62 $0.95 
Net income per common share, diluted$0.61 $0.94 

For the quarters ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, weighted-average shares outstanding excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share because their effect would be anti-dilutive were 854,893 and 1,128,445, respectively.

(5) Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
The components of accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax are as follows: 
September 30, 2023June 30, 2023
 (in thousands)
Foreign currency translation adjustment$(100,026)$(93,136)
Unrealized gain on hedged transaction, net of tax3,668 3,515 
Accumulated other comprehensive loss$(96,358)$(89,621)

The tax effect of amounts in comprehensive loss reflect a tax (benefit) expense as follows:

Quarter ended September 30,
20232022
(in thousands)
Tax (benefit) expense$(54)$414 
14

(6) Goodwill and Other Identifiable Intangible Assets

The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the quarter ended September 30, 2023, by reporting segment, are set forth in the table below.
Specialty Technology SolutionsModern Communications & CloudTotal
 (in thousands)
Balance at June 30, 2023$16,370 $200,336 $216,706 
Foreign currency translation adjustment— (1,554)(1,554)
Balance at September 30, 2023$16,370 $198,782 $215,152 

The following table shows changes in the amount recognized for net identifiable intangible assets for the three months ended September 30, 2023.
Net Identifiable Intangible Assets
(in thousands)
Balance at June 30, 2023$68,495 
Amortization expense(4,193)
Foreign currency translation adjustment(627)
Balance at September 30, 2023$63,675 


(7) Short-Term Borrowings and Long-Term Debt

The following table presents the Company’s debt at September 30, 2023 and June 30, 2023.
September 30, 2023June 30, 2023
(in thousands)
Current portion of long-term debt$8,209 $6,915 
Mississippi revenue bond, net of current portion3,024 3,381 
Senior secured term loan facility, net of current portion138,750 140,625 
Borrowings under revolving credit facility98,125 178,980 
Total debt$248,108 $329,901 

Credit Facility

The Company has a multi-currency senior secured credit facility (as amended, the "Amended Credit Agreement") with JPMorgan Chase Bank N.A., as administrative agent, and a syndicate of banks (collectively the "Lenders"). On September 28, 2022, the Company amended and restated the Amended Credit Agreement, which includes (i) a five-year, $350 million multicurrency senior secured revolving credit facility and (ii) a five-year $150 million senior secured term loan facility. The Amended Credit Agreement extended the credit facility maturity date to September 28, 2027. In addition, pursuant to an “accordion feature,” the Company may increase its borrowings up to an additional $250 million, subject to obtaining additional credit commitments from the lenders participating in the increase. The Amended Credit Agreement allows for the issuance of up to $50 million for letters of credit. Borrowings under the Amended Credit Agreement are guaranteed by substantially all of the domestic assets of the Company and its domestic subsidiaries. Under the terms of the revolving credit facility, the payment of cash dividends is restricted. The Company incurred debt issuance costs of $1.4 million in connection with the amendment and restatement of the Amended Credit Agreement. These costs were capitalized to other non-current assets on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets and added to the unamortized debt issuance costs from the previous credit facility.

Loans denominated in U.S. dollars, other than swingline loans, bear interest at a rate per annum equal to, at the Company’s option, (i) the adjusted term Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") or adjusted daily simple SOFR plus an additional margin ranging from 1.00% to 1.75% depending upon the Company’s ratio of (A) total consolidated debt less up to $30 million
15
of unrestricted domestic cash to (B) trailing four-quarter consolidated EBITDA measured as of the end of the most recent year or quarter, as applicable, for which financial statements have been delivered to the Lenders (the “leverage ratio”); or (ii) the alternate base rate plus an additional margin ranging from 0% to 0.75%, depending upon the Company’s leverage ratio, plus, if applicable, certain mandatory costs. All swingline loans denominated in U.S. dollars bear interest based upon the adjusted daily simple SOFR plus an additional margin ranging from 1.00% to 1.75% depending upon the Company's leverage ratio, or such other rate as the Company and the applicable swingline lender may agree. The adjusted term SOFR and adjusted daily simple SOFR include a fixed credit adjustment of 0.10% over the applicable SOFR reference rate. Loans denominated in foreign currencies bear interest at a rate per annum equal to the applicable benchmark rate set forth in the Amended Credit Agreement plus an additional margin ranging from 1.00% to 1.75%, depending upon the Company’s leverage ratio plus, if applicable, certain mandatory costs.

During the quarter ended September 30, 2023, the Company's borrowings under the credit facility were U.S. dollar loans. The spread in effect as of September 30, 2023 was 1.50%, plus a 0.10% credit spread adjustment for SOFR-based loans and 0.50% for alternate base rate loans. The commitment fee rate in effect at September 30, 2023 was 0.25%. The Amended Credit Agreement includes customary representations, warranties and affirmative and negative covenants, including financial covenants. Specifically, the Company’s Leverage Ratio must be less than or equal to 3.50 to 1.00 at all times. In addition, the Company’s Interest Coverage Ratio (as such term is defined in the Amended Credit Agreement) must be at least 3.00 to 1.00 at the end of each fiscal quarter. In the event of a default, customary remedies are available to the lenders, including acceleration and increased interest rates. The Company was in compliance with all covenants under the credit facility at September 30, 2023.

The average daily outstanding balance on the revolving credit facility, excluding the term loan facility, during the three month periods ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 was $200.9 million and $200.5 million, respectively. There was $251.9 million and $171.0 million available for additional borrowings as of September 30, 2023 and June 30, 2023, respectively. The effective interest rates for the revolving line of credit were 6.92% and 6.74% as of September 30, 2023 and June 30, 2023, respectively. There were no letters of credit issued under the multi-currency revolving credit facility at September 30, 2023 or June 30, 2023.

Mississippi Revenue Bond

On August 1, 2007, the Company entered into an agreement with the State of Mississippi to provide financing for the acquisition and installation of certain equipment to be utilized at the Company’s Southaven, Mississippi warehouse, through the issuance of an industrial development revenue bond. The bond matures on September 1, 2032. The bond accrues interest at the one-month term SOFR plus an adjustment of 0.10% plus a spread of 0.85%. The terms of the bond allow for payment of interest only for the first 10 years of the agreement. Starting on September 1, 2018 through 2032, principal and interest payments are due until the maturity date or the redemption of the bond. The agreement also provides the bondholder with a put option, exercisable only within 180 days of each fifth anniversary of the agreement, requiring the Company to pay back the bonds at 100% of the principal amount outstanding. At September 30, 2023, the Company was in compliance with all covenants under this bond. The interest rates at September 30, 2023 and June 30, 2023 were 6.28% and 6.11%, respectively.

Debt Issuance Costs

At September 30, 2023, net debt issuance costs associated with the credit facility and bond totaled $1.5 million and are being amortized on a straight-line basis through the maturity date of each respective debt instrument.

(8) Derivatives and Hedging Activities

The Company's results of operations could be materially impacted by significant changes in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates. In an effort to manage the exposure to these risks, the Company periodically enters into various derivative instruments. The Company's accounting policies for these instruments are based on whether the instruments are designated as hedge or non-hedge instruments in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The Company records all derivatives on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet at fair value. Derivatives that are not designated as hedging instruments or the ineffective portions of cash flow hedges are adjusted to fair value through earnings in other income and expense.

Foreign Currency Derivatives – The Company conducts a portion of its business internationally in a variety of foreign currencies and is exposed to market risk for changes in foreign currency exchange rates. The Company attempts to hedge transaction exposures with natural offsets to the fullest extent possible and once these opportunities have been exhausted the Company uses currency options and forward contracts or other hedging instruments with third parties. These contracts will periodically hedge the exchange of various currencies, including the U.S. dollar, Brazilian real, euro, British pound and Canadian dollar.

16
The Company had contracts outstanding for purposes of managing cash flows with notional amounts of $34.4 million and $34.3 million for the exchange of foreign currencies at September 30, 2023 and June 30, 2023, respectively. To date, the Company has chosen not to designate these derivatives as hedging instruments, and accordingly, these instruments are adjusted to fair value through earnings in other income and expense. Summarized financial information related to these derivative contracts and changes in the underlying value of the foreign currency exposures included in the Condensed Consolidated Income Statements for the quarter ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:

 Quarter ended
September 30,
 20232022
 (in thousands)
Net foreign exchange derivative contract (gains) losses$(368)$438 
Net foreign currency transactional and re-measurement losses1,064 484 
Net foreign currency exchange losses$696 $922 

Net foreign currency exchange gains and losses consist of foreign currency transactional and functional currency re-measurements, offset by net foreign currency exchange contract gains and losses and are included in other income and expense. Foreign exchange gains and losses are generated as the result of fluctuations in the value of the U.S. dollar versus the Brazilian real, the U.S. dollar versus the euro, the British pound versus the euro, and the Canadian dollar versus the U.S. dollar.

Interest Rates - The Company’s earnings are also affected by changes in interest rates due to the impact those changes have on interest expense from floating rate debt instruments. The Company manages its exposure to changes in interest rates by using interest rate swaps to hedge this exposure and to achieve a desired proportion of fixed versus floating rate debt.

On April 30, 2019, the Company entered into an interest rate swap agreement to lock into a fixed LIBOR interest rate, which was amended on September 28, 2022, to change the reference rate from LIBOR to SOFR. The swap agreement has a notional amount of $100.0 million, with a $50.0 million tranche scheduled to mature on April 30, 2024 and a $50.0 million tranche scheduled to mature April 30, 2026.

On March 31, 2023, the Company entered into an interest rate swap agreement to lock into a fixed SOFR interest rate with a notional amount of $25 million and a maturity date of March 31, 2028.

These interest rate swap agreements are designated as cash flow hedges to hedge the variable rate interest payments on the revolving credit facility. Interest rate differentials paid or received under the swap agreements are recognized as adjustments to interest expense. To the extent the swaps are effective in offsetting the variability of the hedged cash flows, changes in the fair value of the swaps are not included in current earnings but are reported as other comprehensive income (loss). There was no ineffective portion to be recorded as an adjustment to earnings for the quarter ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

The components of the cash flow hedge included in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income for the quarter ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, are as follows:
Quarter ended
September 30,
 20232022
(in thousands)
Net interest (income) expense recognized as a result of interest rate swap$(759)$32 
Unrealized gain in fair value of interest rate swap974 2,500 
Net increase in accumulated other comprehensive income215 2,532 
Income tax effect62 653 
Net increase in accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax$153 $1,879 

The Company used the following derivative instruments at September 30, 2023 and June 30, 2023, reflected in its Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, for the risk management purposes detailed above:

17
 September 30, 2023June 30, 2023
 Balance Sheet LocationFair Value  of
Derivatives
Designated 
as Hedge Instruments		Fair Value  of
Derivatives
Not Designated as  Hedge Instruments		Fair Value  of
Derivatives
Designated
as Hedge Instruments		Fair Value  of
Derivatives
Not Designated as Hedge Instruments
 (in thousands)
Derivative assets:
Foreign exchange contractsPrepaid expenses and other current assets— $27— $1
Foreign currency hedgePrepaid expenses and other current assets— — $100— 
Interest rate swap agreementOther non-current assets$4,902— $4,687— 
Derivative liabilities:
Foreign currency hedgeAccrued expenses and other current liabilities$108— — — 

18
(9) Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Accounting guidance defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Under this guidance, the Company classifies certain assets and liabilities based on the fair value hierarchy, which aggregates fair value measured assets and liabilities based upon the following levels of inputs:

•Level 1 – Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities;
•Level 2 – Quoted prices in markets that are not active, or inputs which are observable, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability; and
•Level 3 – Prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable (i.e., supported by little or no market activity).

The assets and liabilities maintained by the Company that are required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis include deferred compensation plan investments, forward foreign currency exchange contracts, foreign currency hedge agreements and interest rate swap agreements. The carrying value of debt is considered to approximate fair value, as the Company’s debt instruments are indexed to a variable rate using the market approach (Level 2).

The following table summarizes the valuation of the Company’s remaining assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis at September 30, 2023:

TotalQuoted
prices in
active
markets
(Level 1)		Significant
other
observable
inputs
(Level 2)
 (in thousands)
Assets:
Deferred compensation plan investments, current and non-current portion$28,773 $28,773 $— 
Forward foreign currency exchange contracts27 — 27 
Interest rate swap agreement4,902 — 4,902 
Total assets at fair value$33,702 $28,773 $4,929 
Liabilities:
Deferred compensation plan investments, current and non-current portion$28,773 $28,773 $— 
Foreign currency hedge108 — 108 
Total liabilities at fair value$28,881 $28,773 $108 

The following table summarizes the valuation of the Company’s remaining assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis at June 30, 2023:
19
TotalQuoted
prices in
active
markets
(Level 1)		Significant
other
observable
inputs
(Level 2)
 (in thousands)
Assets:
Deferred compensation plan investments, current and non-current portion$28,209 $28,209 $— 
Forward foreign currency exchange contracts1 — 1 
Foreign currency hedge100 — 100 
Interest rate swap agreement4,687 — 4,687 
Total assets at fair value$32,997 $28,209 $4,788 
Liabilities:
Deferred compensation plan investments, current and non-current portion$28,229 $28,229 $— 
Total liabilities at fair value$28,229 $28,229 $— 

The investments in the deferred compensation plan are held in a "rabbi trust" and include mutual funds and cash equivalents for payment of non-qualified benefits for certain retired, terminated and active employees. These investments are recorded to prepaid expenses and other current assets or other non-current assets depending on their corresponding, anticipated distribution dates to recipients, which are reported in accrued expenses and other current liabilities or other long-term liabilities, respectively.

Derivative instruments, such as foreign currency forward contracts, are measured using the market approach on a recurring basis considering foreign currency spot rates and forward rates quoted by banks or foreign currency dealers and interest rates quoted by banks (Level 2). Fair values of interest rate swaps are measured using standard valuation models with inputs that can be derived from observable market transactions, including SOFR spot and forward rates (Level 2). Foreign currency contracts and interest rate swap agreements are classified in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as prepaid expenses and other non-current assets or accrued expenses and other long-term liabilities, depending on the respective instruments' favorable or unfavorable positions. See Note 8 - Derivatives and Hedging Activities.

(10) Segment Information

The Company is a leading provider of technology solutions and services to customers in specialty technology markets. The Company has two reportable segments, based on technology type.

Specialty Technology Solutions Segment

The Specialty Technology Solutions segment includes the Company’s business in mobility and barcode, POS, payments, security and networking technologies. Mobility and barcode solutions include mobile computing, barcode scanners and imagers, radio frequency identification devices, barcode printing and related services. POS and payments solutions include POS systems, integrated POS software platforms, self-service kiosks including self-checkout, payment terminals and mobile payment devices. Security solutions include video surveillance and analytics, video management software and access control. Networking solutions include switching, routing and wireless products and software. The Company has business operations within this segment in the United States, Canada and Brazil.

Modern Communications & Cloud Segment

The Modern Communications & Cloud segment includes the Company’s business in communications and collaboration, connectivity and cloud services. Communications and collaboration solutions, delivered in the cloud, on-premise or hybrid, include voice, video, integration of communication platforms and contact center solutions. The Intelisys connectivity and cloud marketplace offers telecom, cable, Unified Communications as a Service (“UCaaS”), Contact Center as a Service (“CCaaS”), Infrastructure as a Service, Software-Defined Wide-Area Network and other cloud services. This segment includes SaaS and subscription services, which the Company offers using digital tools and platforms. The Company has business operations within this segment in the United States, Canada, Brazil and the UK.

Selected financial information for each business segment is presented below:
20
Quarter ended
 September 30,
 20232022
 (in thousands)
Sales:
Specialty Technology Solutions$509,570 $576,329 
Modern Communications & Cloud366,735 367,484 
$876,305 $943,813 
Depreciation and amortization:
Specialty Technology Solutions$2,756 $2,702 
Modern Communications & Cloud3,741 3,649 
Corporate720 877 
$7,217 $7,228 
Operating income (loss):
Specialty Technology Solutions$11,872 $21,852 
Modern Communications & Cloud12,413 13,036 
Corporate(201)— 
$24,084 $34,888 
Capital expenditures:
Specialty Technology Solutions$(1,261)$(195)
Modern Communications & Cloud(1,054)(489)
$(2,315)$(684)
Sales by Geography Category:
United States and Canada$792,464 $861,602 
International85,305 84,275 
Less intercompany sales(1,464)(2,064)
$876,305 $943,813 

September 30, 2023June 30, 2023
 (in thousands)
Assets:
Specialty Technology Solutions$1,016,749 $1,104,103 
Modern Communications & Cloud881,786 964,066 
Corporate— — 
$1,898,535 $2,068,169 
Property and equipment, net by Geography Category:
United States and Canada$26,023 $27,323 
International10,722 10,056 
$36,745 $37,379 

(11) Leases

In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 842, at contract inception the Company determines if a contract contains a lease by assessing whether the contract contains an identified asset and whether the Company has the ability to control the asset. The Company also determines if the lease meets the classification criteria for an operating lease versus a finance lease under ASC 842. Substantially all of the Company's leases are operating leases for real estate, warehouse and office equipment ranging in duration from 1 year to 10 years. The Company has elected not to record short-term operating
21
leases with an initial term of 12 months or less on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. Operating leases are recorded as other non-current assets, accrued expenses and other current liabilities and other long-term liabilities on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company has finance leases for information technology equipment expiring through fiscal year 2027. Finance leases are recorded as property and equipment, net, accrued expenses and other current liabilities and other long-term liabilities on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The gross amount of the balances recorded related to finance leases is immaterial to the condensed consolidated financial statements at September 30, 2023 and the consolidated financial statements at June 30, 2023.

Operating lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the net present value of future minimum lease payments over the lease term. The Company generally is not able to determine the rate implicit in its leases and has elected to apply an incremental borrowing rate as the discount rate for the present value determination, which is based on the Company's cost of borrowings for the relevant terms of each lease and geographical economic factors. Certain operating lease agreements contain options to extend or terminate the lease. The lease term used is adjusted for these options when the Company is reasonably certain it will exercise the option. Operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Variable lease payments not based on a rate or index, such as costs for common area maintenance, are expensed as incurred. Further, the Company has elected the practical expedient to recognize all lease and non-lease components as a single lease component, where applicable.

The following table presents amounts recorded on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets related to operating leases at September 30, 2023 and June 30, 2023:

September 30, 2023June 30, 2023
Operating leasesBalance Sheet location(in thousands)
Operating lease right-of-use assetsOther non-current assets$11,775 $12,539 
Current operating lease liabilitiesAccrued expenses and other current liabilities$4,270 $4,355 
Long-term operating lease liabilitiesOther long-term liabilities$8,569 $9,329 

The following table presents amounts recorded in operating lease expense as part of selling general and administrative expenses on the Condensed Consolidated Income Statements during the quarter ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. Operating lease costs contain immaterial amounts of short-term lease costs for leases with an initial term of 12 months or less.

Quarter ended September 30,
20232022
(in thousands)
Operating lease cost$1,209 $1,286 
Variable lease cost383 344 
$1,592 $1,630 

Supplemental cash flow information related to the Company's operating leases for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 are presented in the table below:

Quarter ended
September 30,
20232022
(in thousands)
Cash paid for amounts in the measurement of lease liabilities$1,412 $1,339 
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations230 111 

The weighted-average remaining lease term and discount rate at September 30, 2023 are presented in the table below:

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September 30, 2023
Weighted-average remaining lease term3.41 years
Weighted-average discount rate4.58 %

The following table presents the maturities of the Company's operating lease liabilities at September 30, 2023:

Operating leases
(in thousands)
2024$3,769 
20253,677 
20263,096 
20272,678 
2028632 
Thereafter— 
Total future payments13,852 
Less: amounts representing interest1,013 
Present value of lease payments$12,839 
(12) Commitments and Contingencies

The Company is, from time to time, party to lawsuits arising out of operations. Although there can be no assurance, based upon information known to the Company, the Company believes that any liability resulting from an adverse determination of such lawsuits would not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

During the Company's due diligence for the Network1 acquisition, several pre-acquisition contingencies were identified regarding various Brazilian federal and state tax exposures. The Company recorded indemnification receivables that are reported gross of the pre-acquisition contingency liabilities as the funds were escrowed as part of the acquisition. The amount available after the impact of foreign currency translation for future pre-acquisition contingency settlements or to be released to the sellers was $3.4 million at September 30, 2023 and June 30, 2023.

The table below summarizes the balances and line item presentation of Network1's pre-acquisition contingencies and corresponding indemnification receivables in the Company's Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at September 30, 2023 and June 30, 2023:
September 30, 2023June 30, 2023
Network1
 (in thousands)
Assets
Prepaid expenses and other current assets$16 $16 
Other non-current assets$3,994 $4,150 
Liabilities
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities$16 $16 
Other long-term liabilities$3,994 $4,150 

(13) Income Taxes

Income taxes for the quarters ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 have been included in the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements using an estimated annual effective tax rate. In addition to applying the estimated annual effective tax rate to pre-tax income, the Company includes certain items treated as discrete events to arrive at an estimated overall tax provision. During the quarter ended September 30, 2023, a discrete net tax benefit of $1.5 million was recorded for additional foreign tax credits permitted for the 2023 fiscal year as a result of the issuance of IRS Notice 2023-55. During the quarter ended September 30, 2022, a discrete net tax benefit of $0.5 million was recorded, which is primarily attributable to a notional interest deduction on the net equity of the Company's Brazilian subsidiary.
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The Company’s effective tax rate of 19.4% for the quarter ended September 30, 2023, differs from the current federal statutory rate of 21% primarily as a result of income derived from tax jurisdictions with varying income tax rates, nondeductible expenses, state income taxes, and discrete items. The Company's effective tax rate was 25.5% for the quarter ended September 30, 2022.

As of September 30, 2023, the Company is not permanently reinvested with respect to all earnings generated by foreign operations. The Company has determined that there is no material deferred tax liability for federal, state and withholding tax related to undistributed earnings. During the quarter ended September 30, 2023, foreign subsidiaries did not repatriate cash to the United States. There is no certainty to the timing of any future distributions of such earnings to the U.S. in whole or in part.

The Company had approximately $1.2 million of total gross unrecognized tax benefits at September 30, 2023 and June 30, 2023. Of this total at September 30, 2023, approximately $1 million represents the amount of unrecognized tax benefits that are permanent in nature and, if recognized, would affect the annual effective tax rate. The Company does not believe that the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits will significantly increase or decrease within twelve months of the reporting date.

The Company’s policy is to recognize interest and penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense. At September 30, 2023 and June 30, 2023, the Company had approximately $1.2 million accrued for interest and penalties.

The Company conducts business globally and one or more of its subsidiaries files income tax returns in the U.S. federal, various state, local and foreign jurisdictions. In the normal course of business, the Company is subject to examination by taxing authorities in countries and states in which it operates. With certain exceptions, the Company is no longer subject to federal, state and local or non-U.S. income tax examinations by tax authorities for the years before June 30, 2018.

Item 2.Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Overview

ScanSource is a leading hybrid distributor connecting devices to the cloud and accelerating growth for customers across hardware, SaaS, connectivity and cloud. We provide technology solutions and services from more than 500 leading suppliers of mobility, barcode, POS, payments, physical security, networking, unified communications, collaboration, connectivity and cloud services to our approximately 30,000 customers located in the United States, Canada, Brazil, the UK and Europe.

We operate our business under a management structure that enhances our technology focus and hybrid distribution growth strategy. Our segments operate in the United States, Canada, Brazil and the UK and consist of the following:

•Specialty Technology Solutions
•Modern Communications & Cloud

We sell hardware, SaaS, connectivity and cloud services from leading technology suppliers to customers that solve end users' challenges. We operate distribution facilities that support our United States and Canada business in Mississippi, California and Kentucky. Brazil distribution facilities are located in the Brazilian states of Paraná, Espirito Santo and Santa Catarina. We provide some of our digital products, which include SaaS and subscriptions, through our digital tools and platforms.

Our key suppliers include AT&T, Aruba/HPE, Avaya, Axis, Cisco, Comcast Business, Dell, Extreme, Five9, Hanwha, Honeywell, Ingenico, Lumen, Microsoft, NCR, Poly HP, RingCentral, Verifone, Verizon, Zebra Technologies and Zoom.

Our Strategy

Our strategy is to drive sustainable, profitable growth by orchestrating hybrid technology solutions through a growing ecosystem of partners by leveraging our people, processes and tools. Our goal is to provide exceptional experiences for our customers, suppliers and employees through operational excellence. Our hybrid distribution strategy relies on a channel sales model to offer hardware, SaaS, connectivity and cloud services from leading technology suppliers to customers that solve end users’ challenges. ScanSource enables customers to deliver solutions for their end users to address changing buying and consumption patterns. Our solutions may include a combination of offerings from multiple suppliers or give our customers access to additional services. As a trusted adviser to our customers, we provide solutions through our strong understanding of end user needs.
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Results of Operations

Net Sales

We have two reportable segments, which are based on technology type. The following tables summarize our net sales results by business segment and by geographic location for the quarters ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:
 Quarter ended September 30,
% Change, Constant Currency, Excluding Divestitures and Acquisitions (a)
Net Sales by Segment:20232022$ Change% Change
 (in thousands) 
Specialty Technology Solutions$509,570 $576,329 $(66,759)(11.6)%(11.7)%
Modern Communications & Cloud366,735 367,484 (749)(0.2)%(1.5)%
Total net sales$876,305 $943,813 $(67,508)(7.2)%(7.7)%
(a) A reconciliation of non-GAAP net sales in constant currency is presented at the end of Results of Operations, under Non-GAAP Financial Information.

Specialty Technology Solutions

The Specialty Technology Solutions segment consists of sales to customers in North America and Brazil. For the quarter ended September 30, 2023, net sales for the Specialty Technology Solutions segment decreased $66.8 million, or 11.6%, compared to the prior-year period. Excluding the foreign exchange positive impact, adjusted net sales decreased $67.7 million, or 11.7% for the quarter ended September 30, 2023, compared to the prior-year period. The decrease in net sales and adjusted net sales is primarily due to lower sales volumes in mobility and barcoding, partially offset by increased networking and security sales.

Modern Communications & Cloud

The Modern Communications & Cloud segment consists of sales to customers in North America, Brazil and the UK. For the quarter ended September 30, 2023, net sales for the Modern Communications & Cloud segment decreased $0.7 million, or 0.2%, compared to the prior-year period. Excluding the foreign exchange positive impact, adjusted net sales decreased $5.4 million, or 1.5%, for the quarter ended September 30, 2023, compared to the prior-year period. The decrease in net sales and adjusted net sales for the quarter is primarily due to lower sales volumes in our communications hardware, partially offset by growth in Cisco products. Intelisys net billings increased to approximately $2.51 billion annualized, and Intelisys net sales for the quarter ended September 30, 2023 increased 8.8% year-over-year.

 Quarter ended September 30,
% Change, Constant Currency, Excluding Divestitures and Acquisitions (a)
Net Sales by Geography:20232022$ Change% Change
 (in thousands) 
United States and Canada$791,000 $859,538 $(68,538)(8.0)%(8.0)%
International 85,305 84,275 1,030 1.2 %(5.4)%
Total net sales$876,305 $943,813 $(67,508)(7.2)%(7.7)%
(a) A reconciliation of non-GAAP net sales in constant currency is presented at the end of Results of Operations in the non-GAAP section.
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Gross Profit

The following table summarizes our gross profit for the quarters ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:

 Quarter ended September 30,% of Net Sales September 30,
 20232022$ Change% Change20232022
 (in thousands)   
Specialty Technology Solutions$49,183 $58,404 $(9,221)(15.8)%9.7 %10.1 %
Modern Communications & Cloud57,325 55,081 2,244 4.1 %15.6 %15.0 %
Gross profit$106,508 $113,485 $(6,977)(6.1)%12.2 %12.0 %
Our gross profit is primarily affected by sales volume and gross margin mix. Gross margin mix is impacted by multiple factors, which include sales mix (proportion of sales of higher margin products or services relative to total sales), vendor program recognition (consisting of volume rebates, inventory price changes and purchase discounts) and freight costs. Increases in vendor program recognition decrease cost of goods sold, thereby increasing gross profit. Net sales derived from our Intelisys business contribute 100% to our gross profit dollars and margin as they have no associated cost of goods sold.

Specialty Technology Solutions

For the quarter ended September 30, 2023, gross profit dollars for the Specialty Technology Solutions segment decreased $9.2 million, or 15.8% compared to the prior year period. Lower sales volume, after considering the associated cost of goods sold, reduced gross profit dollars by $6.8 million. Gross profit margin decreased 48 basis points over the prior year to 9.7%. Gross margin mix negatively impacted gross profit by $2.5 million, largely from decreased vendor program recognition and a less favorable sales mix.

Modern Communications & Cloud

For the quarter ended September 30, 2023, gross profit dollars for the Modern Communications & Cloud segment increased $2.2 million, or 4.1%. Lower sales volume, after considering the associated cost of goods sold, reduced gross profit dollars by $0.1 million. Gross profit margin increased 64 basis points over the prior year to 15.6%. Gross margin mix positively impacted gross profit by $2.4 million, driven by higher vendor program recognition.

Operating Expenses

The following table summarizes our operating expenses for the quarters ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:
 Quarter ended September 30,% of Net Sales September 30,
 20232022$ Change% Change20232022
 (in thousands)   
Selling, general and administrative expenses$75,436 $71,593 $3,843 5.4 %8.6 %7.6 %
Depreciation expense2,795 2,763 32 1.2 %0.3 %0.3 %
Intangible amortization expense4,193 4,241 (48)(1.1)%0.5 %0.4 %
Operating expenses$82,424 $78,597 $3,827 4.9 %9.4 %8.3 %
Selling, general and administrative expenses ("SG&A") increased by $3.8 million, or 5.4%, for the quarter ended September 30, 2023, compared to the prior-year period. The increase for the quarter ended September 30, 2023 is primarily attributable to higher bad debt expense, due to increases in specific customer reserves.

Operating Income

The following table summarizes our operating income for the quarters ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:

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 Quarter ended September 30,% of Net Sales September 30,
 20232022$ Change% Change20232022
 (in thousands)   
Specialty Technology Solutions$11,872 $21,852 $(9,980)(45.7)%2.3 %3.8 %
Modern Communications & Cloud12,413 13,036 (623)(4.8)%3.4 %3.5 %
Corporate(201)— (201)nm*nm*nm*
Operating income$24,084 $34,888 $(10,804)(31.0)%2.7 %3.7 %
*nm - percentages are not meaningful

Specialty Technology Solutions

For the Specialty Technology Solutions segment, operating income decreased $10.0 million, or 45.7% for the quarter ended September 30, 2023, compared to the prior-year period. Operating margin decreased to 2.3% for the quarter ended September 30, 2023. The decrease in operating income and margin for the quarter is primarily due to lower gross profits.

Modern Communications & Cloud

For the Modern Communications & Cloud segment, operating income decreased $0.6 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2023 compared to the prior-year period. Operating margin decreased to 3.4% for the quarter ended September 30, 2023. The decrease in operating income and margin is primarily attributable due to higher bad debt expense, due to increases in specific customer reserves.

Corporate

For the quarter ended September 30, 2023, Corporate operating loss of $0.2 million represents cyberattack restoration costs.

Total Other (Income) Expense

The following table summarizes our total other (income) expense for the quarters ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:

 Quarter ended September 30,% of Net Sales September 30,
 20232022$ Change% Change20232022
 (in thousands)   
Interest expense$5,585 $3,448 $2,137 62.0 %0.6 %0.4 %
Interest income(1,325)(1,589)264 (16.6)%(0.2)%(0.2)%
Net foreign exchange losses696 922 (226)(24.5)%0.1 %0.1 %
Other, net(19)(176)157 (89.2)%(0.0)%(0.0)%
Total other expense, net$4,937 $2,605 $2,332 89.5 %0.6 %0.3 %
Interest expense consists primarily of interest incurred on borrowings, non-utilization fees charged on the revolving credit facility and amortization of debt issuance costs. Interest expense increased for the quarter ended September 30, 2023 compared to the prior-year periods, primarily from higher interest rates and higher average borrowings on our multi-currency revolving credit facility.

Interest income for the quarter ended September 30, 2023 was generated on interest-bearing investments in Brazil and customer receivables.

Net foreign exchange gains and losses consist of foreign currency transactional and functional currency re-measurements, offset by net foreign exchange forward contracts gains and losses. Foreign exchange gains and losses are generated as the result of fluctuations in the value of the U.S. dollar versus the Brazilian real, the Canadian dollar versus the U.S. dollar, the euro versus the U.S. dollar, and the British pound versus the U.S. dollar. We partially offset foreign currency exposure with the use of
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foreign exchange contracts to hedge against these exposures. The costs associated with foreign exchange forward contracts are included in the net foreign exchange losses.

Provision for Income Taxes

For the quarter ended September 30, 2023, income tax expense was $3.7 million reflecting an effective tax rate of 19.4%. In comparison, for the quarter ended September 30, 2022, income tax expense was $8.2 million, reflecting an effective tax rate of 25.5%. The decrease in the effective tax rate for the quarter is primarily due to discrete items. A discrete tax benefit of $1.5 million was recognized in the September 30, 2023 quarter, primarily attributable to the additional foreign tax credits permitted for the 2023 fiscal year as a result of the issuance of IRS Notice 2023-55. We expect the effective tax rate, excluding discrete items, for fiscal year 2024 to be approximately 26.6% to 27.6%. See Note 13 - Income Taxes to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion.

Non-GAAP Financial Information

Evaluating Financial Condition and Operating Performance

In addition to disclosing results that are determined in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles ("US GAAP" or "GAAP"), we also disclose certain non-GAAP financial measures. These measures include non-GAAP operating income; non-GAAP pre-tax income; non-GAAP net income; non-GAAP EPS; adjusted earnings before interest expense, income taxes, depreciation, and amortization ("adjusted EBITDA"); adjusted return on invested capital ("adjusted ROIC"); and constant currency. Constant currency is a measure that excludes the translation exchange impact from changes in foreign currency exchange rates between reporting periods. We use non-GAAP financial measures to better understand and evaluate performance, including comparisons from period to period.

These non-GAAP financial measures have limitations as analytical tools, and the non-GAAP financial measures that we report may not be comparable to similarly titled amounts reported by other companies. Analysis of results and outlook on a non-GAAP basis should be considered in addition to, and not in substitution for or as superior to, measurements of financial performance prepared in accordance with US GAAP.

Adjusted Return on Invested Capital

Adjusted ROIC assists us in comparing our performance over various reporting periods on a consistent basis because it removes from our operating results the impact of items that do not reflect our core operating performance. We believe the calculation of adjusted ROIC provides useful information to investors and is an additional relevant comparison of our performance during the year.

Adjusted EBITDA starts with net income and adds back interest expense, income tax expense, depreciation expense, amortization of intangible assets, share-based compensation expense, and other non-GAAP adjustments. Since adjusted EBITDA excludes some non-cash costs of investing in our business and people, we believe that adjusted EBITDA shows the profitability from our business operations more clearly.
We calculate adjusted ROIC as adjusted EBITDA, divided by invested capital. Invested capital is defined as average equity plus average daily funded interest-bearing debt for the period. The following table summarizes annualized adjusted ROIC for the quarters ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively:
  
Quarter ended September 30,
 20232022
Adjusted return on invested capital ratio, annualized (a)
11.0 %15.6 %
(a)The annualized EBITDA amount is divided by days in the quarter times 365 days per year, or 366 days for leap year. There were 92 days in the current and prior-year quarter.

The components of this calculation and reconciliation to our financial statements are shown on the following schedule:
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 Quarter ended September 30,
 20232022
 (in thousands)
Reconciliation of net income to adjusted EBITDA:
Net income (GAAP)$15,432 $24,042 
Plus: Interest expense5,585 3,448 
Plus: Income taxes3,715 8,241 
Plus: Depreciation and amortization7,217 7,228 
EBITDA (non-GAAP)31,949 42,959 
Plus: Share-based compensation2,769 2,316 
Plus: Cyberattack restoration costs201 — 
Adjusted EBITDA (numerator for adjusted ROIC) (non-GAAP)$34,919 $45,275 

Quarter ended September 30,
 20232022
 (in thousands)
Invested capital calculations:
Equity – beginning of the quarter$905,298 $806,528 
Equity – end of the quarter915,253 827,004 
Plus: Share-based compensation, net2,068 1,718 
Plus: Cyberattack restoration costs, net150 — 
Average equity911,385 817,625 
Average funded debt (a)
352,897 336,428 
Invested capital (denominator for adjusted ROIC) (non-GAAP)$1,264,282 $1,154,053 
(a)Average funded debt is calculated as the daily average amounts outstanding on our short-term and long-term interest-bearing debt.

Net Sales in Constant Currency, Excluding Acquisitions and Divestitures

We make references to "constant currency," a non-GAAP performance measure that excludes the foreign exchange rate impact from fluctuations in the average foreign exchange rates between reporting periods. Constant currency is calculated by translating current period results from currencies other than the U.S. dollar into U.S. dollars using the comparable average foreign exchange rates from the prior year period. We also exclude the impact of acquisitions prior to the first full year of operations from the acquisition date in order to show net sales results on an organic basis. This information is provided to analyze underlying trends without the translation impact of fluctuations in foreign currency rates and the impact of acquisitions. Below we show organic growth by providing a non-GAAP reconciliation of net sales in constant currency, excluding acquisitions:

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Net Sales by Segment:
Quarter ended September 30,
20232022$ Change% Change
Specialty Technology Solutions:(in thousands)
Net sales, reported$509,570 $576,329 $(66,759)(11.6)%
Foreign exchange impact (a)
(934)— 
Non-GAAP net sales, constant currency$508,636 $576,329 $(67,693)(11.7)%
Modern Communications & Cloud:
Net sales, reported$366,735 $367,484 $(749)(0.2)%
Foreign exchange impact (a)
(4,677)— 
Non-GAAP net sales, constant currency$362,058 $367,484 $(5,426)(1.5)%
Consolidated:
Net sales, reported$876,305 $943,813 $(67,508)(7.2)%
Foreign exchange impact (a)
(5,611)— 
Non-GAAP net sales, constant currency$870,694 $943,813 $(73,119)(7.7)%
(a) Year-over-year net sales growth rate excluding the translation impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Calculated by translating the net sales for the quarter ended September 30, 2023 into U.S. dollars using the average foreign exchange rates for the quarter ended September 30, 2022.


Net Sales by Geography:
Quarter ended September 30,
20232022$ Change% Change
United States and Canada:(in thousands)
Net sales, as reported$791,000 $859,538 $(68,538)(8.0)%
International:
Net sales, reported$85,305 $84,275 $1,030 1.2 %
Foreign exchange impact (a)
(5,611)— 
Non-GAAP net sales, constant currency$79,694 $84,275 $(4,581)(5.4)%
Consolidated:
Net sales, reported$876,305 $943,813 $(67,508)(7.2)%
Foreign exchange impact (a)
(5,611)— 
Non-GAAP net sales, constant currency$870,694 $943,813 $(73,119)(7.7)%
(a) Year-over-year net sales growth rate excluding the translation impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Calculated by translating the net sales for the quarter ended September 30, 2023 into U.S. dollars using the average foreign exchange rates for the quarter ended September 30, 2022.



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Operating Income by Segment: