UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
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FORM 10-K
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(Mark One)
| ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 | |||||
For the fiscal year ended December 31 , 2023
OR
| TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from to | |||||
Commission File Number 001-39135
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(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its Charter)
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| (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) | ||||
| (Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code) | ||||
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (408 ) 328-4400
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Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
| Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered | ||||||||||||
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes o No x
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
| x | Accelerated filer | o | ||||||||||||
| Non-accelerated filer | o | Smaller reporting company | ||||||||||||
| Emerging growth company | ||||||||||||||
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. | o | |||||||
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. | ||||||||
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. | ||||||||
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). | o | |||||||
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No x
The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant based on the last reported sale of the common stock on June 30, 2023, on the Nasdaq Global Market, was $2,031,068,019 based on the closing price of the registrant’s common stock on such date of $117.97 per share.
The number of shares of Registrant’s Common Stock outstanding as of February 15, 2024 was 22,692,165 .
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Part III incorporates by reference certain information from the registrant’s definitive proxy statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed no later than 120 days after the conclusion of the registrant’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.
Table of Contents
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Item 1C | ||||||||
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SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
The information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), which are subject to the “safe harbor” created by those sections. We may, in some cases, use words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “objective,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “should,” “will,” “would,” or the negative of those terms, and similar expressions that convey uncertainty of future events or outcomes to identify these forward-looking statements. Any statements contained herein that are not statements of historical facts may be deemed to be forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements in this report include, but are not limited to, statements about:
•our plans to focus on oscillators, clock ICs, resonators and timing synchronization solutions and to aggressively expand our presence in these markets;
•our expectations regarding our ability to address market and customer demands and to timely develop new or enhanced solutions to meet those demands;
•anticipated trends, challenges and growth in our business and the markets in which we operate, including pricing expectations;
•our expectations regarding our revenue, average selling prices, gross margin, and expenses;
•our expectations regarding the effects of macroeconomic events in 2024;
•our expectations regarding dependence on a limited number of customers and end customers;
•our customer relationships and our ability to retain and expand our customer relationships and to achieve design wins;
•our expectations regarding the success, cost, and timing of new products;
•the size and growth potential of the markets for our solutions, and our ability to serve and expand our presence in those markets;
•our plans to expand sales and marketing efforts through increased collaboration with our distributors and contracted sales representatives, and our plans to grow direct online sales through our self-service online store;
•our expectations to identify new customers and deliver differentiated Precision Timing solutions to them through digital marketing strategies;
•our goal to become the leading provider of Precision Timing solutions for advanced and challenging applications;
•our positioning of being designed into current systems as well as future products;
•our belief that our advanced packaging designs can enable the smallest footprints in the industry;
•our expectations regarding competition in our existing and future markets;
•the impact a pandemic, epidemic, or other outbreak of disease may in the future have on our business, results of operations and financial condition, as well as the businesses of our suppliers and customers;
•our expectations regarding regulatory developments in the United States and foreign countries;
•our expectations regarding the performance of, and our relationships with, our third-party suppliers and manufacturers;
•our expectations regarding our and our customers’ ability to respond successfully to technological or industry developments;
•our expectations regarding our ability to attract and retain key personnel;
•our expectations regarding intellectual property and related litigation;
•our belief as to the sufficiency of our existing cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments funds to meet our cash needs for at least the next 12 months and our future capital requirements over the longer term;
•the adequacy and availability of our leased facilities;
•the accuracy of our estimates regarding capital requirements and needs for additional financing.
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These forward-looking statements reflect our management’s beliefs and views with respect to future events and are based on estimates and assumptions as of the date of this report and are subject to risks and uncertainties. We discuss many of these risks in greater detail in the “Risk Factor Summary” below and under Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors.” Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. Given these uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. We qualify all of the forward-looking statements in this report by these cautionary statements.
You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee that the future results, levels of activity, performance, or events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or occur. Moreover, neither we nor any other person assumes responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of the forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligation to update publicly any forward-looking statements for any reason after the date of this report to conform these statements to actual results or to changes in our expectations, except as required by law.
In addition, statements that “we believe” and similar statements reflect our beliefs and opinions on the relevant subject. These statements are based upon information available to us as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and while we believe such information forms a reasonable basis for such statements, such information may be limited or incomplete, and our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information. These statements are inherently uncertain and investors are cautioned not to unduly rely upon these statements.
Risk Factors Summary
Our business is subject to numerous risks, as more fully described in Part I, Item 1A "Risk Factors” below. You should read these risks before you invest in our common stock. We may be unable, for many reasons, including those that are beyond our control, to implement or execute our business strategy. In particular, risks associated with our business include, among others:
•Global macroeconomic conditions have harmed and may continue to harm our business;
•We are subject to the cyclical nature of the semiconductor industry;
•We have historically depended on a limited number of customers for a significant portion of our revenue; if we are unable to expand or further diversify our customer base, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could suffer, and the loss of, or a significant reduction in orders from our customers, including a large customer or end customer, could significantly reduce our revenue and adversely impact our operating results;
•Because we do not typically have long-term purchase commitments with our customers, orders may be cancelled, reduced, or rescheduled with little or no notice, which in turn exposes us to inventory risk, and may cause our business and results of operations to suffer;
•Our revenue and operating results may fluctuate from period to period due to, among other factors, macroeconomic conditions, cyclical fluctuations in the semiconductor market, customer demand, product life cycles, fluctuations in inventories held by our distributors or end customers, the gain or loss of significant customers, the availability of capacity in our supply chain, research and development costs, the impact of any pandemic, epidemic, or outbreak of disease, including the emergence of new variants of COVID-19, on our business as well as our suppliers and customers, and product warranty claims. This in turn could cause our stock price to decline;
•The third parties we rely upon for our raw materials, engineered materials, wafer fabrication and supply, assembly, packaging and testing may be unable to secure raw materials, reduce their resources available to us and our immediate suppliers, not meet satisfactory yields or quality, or increase pricing, which could harm our ability to ship our solutions to our customers on time and in the quantity required which could cause an unanticipated decline in our sales and loss of customers;
•A significant portion of our operations is located outside of the United States, which subjects us to additional risks, including increased complexity and costs of managing international operations and geopolitical instability;
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•Our success and future revenue depend on our ability to achieve design wins and to convince our current and prospective customers to design our products into their product offerings, as well as our customers’ ability to develop products that achieve market acceptance;
•Our target customer and product markets may not grow or develop as we currently expect, and if we fail to penetrate new markets and scale successfully within those markets, our revenue and financial condition would be harmed;
•If we are not able to successfully introduce and ship in volume new products in a timely manner, our business and revenue will suffer;
•Pandemics, epidemics, or other outbreaks of disease have had and may in the future have an adverse impact upon our business, results of operations, and financial condition, as well as the businesses of our suppliers and customers;
•Our gross margins may fluctuate due to a variety of factors, which could negatively impact our results of operations and our financial condition;
•Our revenue in previous periods may not be indicative of future performance and our revenue may fluctuate over time;
•Our customers require our products and our third-party contractors to undergo a lengthy and expensive qualification process, which does not assure product sales. If we are unsuccessful or delayed in qualifying any of our products with a customer, our business and operating results would suffer;
•We provide a lifetime warranty on our products and may be subject to warranty or product liability claims, which could harm our reputation, result in unexpected expenses, and cause us to lose market share;
•Defects in our products could harm our relationships with our customers and damage our reputation;
•If we fail to compete effectively, we may lose or fail to gain market share, which could negatively impact our operating results and our business;
•We may make acquisitions in the future that could disrupt our business, cause dilution to our stockholders, reduce our financial resources, and harm our business;
•We may not be able to accurately predict our future capital needs, and we may not be able to obtain additional financing to fund our operations;
•We may seek, or be required to seek debt financing;
•If significant tariffs or other trade restrictions are placed on our products or third-party suppliers, our revenue and results of operations may be materially harmed;
•Failure to comply with the laws associated with our activities outside of the United States could subject us to penalties and other adverse consequences;
•We are subject to government regulation, including import, export and economic sanctions laws and regulations that may expose us to liability and increase our costs;
•New or future changes to U.S. and non-U.S. tax laws, or tax regulatory authorities disagreeing with our positions and conclusions regarding certain tax positions, could materially adversely affect us;
•Breaches, cyberattacks, or other disruptions to our information technology systems owned or maintained by us or third parties could disrupt our operations, compromise confidentiality of private customer data or our intellectual property, and adversely affect our business, reputation, operations, and financial results;
•We may fail to adequately protect our intellectual property and have received, and may in the future receive, claims of intellectual property infringement, misappropriation, or other claims, which in turn could result in significant expense, result in the loss of significant rights, and harm our relationship with our end customers and distributors;
•We may be impacted by risks associated with MegaChips’ ownership of a significant portion of our stock, for instance as long as MegaChips holds a significant amount of our stock, our other shareholders’ ability to influence matters requiring stockholder approval will be limited, and there could be potential conflicts of interest between us and affiliates of MegaChips, which could impact our business and operating results;
•Substantial future sales of our common stock could cause the market price of our common stock to decline; and
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•Anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of us more difficult, limit attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management and limit the market price of our common stock.
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PART I
Item 1. Business
Overview
The ability to accurately measure and reference time has been essential to humankind’s greatest inventions and technological advances. Timing technology has continued to evolve over centuries, forming a critical aspect of broader technological evolution. Timing is the heartbeat of digital electronic systems, ensuring that the system runs smoothly and reliably by providing and distributing clock signals to various critical components such as central processing units, communication and interface ICs, and radio frequency components. As electronics evolve to deliver higher performance levels, even in increasingly challenging environments, while also being more complex and size-constrained, we believe they will require more sophisticated semiconductor-based timing solutions that cannot be developed in legacy quartz crystal-based technologies. Precision timing, a category that SiTime created ("Precision Timing"), fills this need with the performance, power, size, and cost that is required by these new applications.
We are a leading provider of Precision Timing solutions to the global electronics industry. Our Precision Timing solutions are the heartbeat of our customers’ electronic systems, providing the timing functionality that is needed for electronics to operate reliably and correctly. We provide Precision Timing solutions that are differentiated by high performance, high resilience, and high reliability, along with programmability, small size, and low power consumption. Our products have been designed into over 300 applications across our target markets, including communications, datacenter and enterprise, automotive, industrial, aerospace, mobile, Internet of Things (“IoT”), and consumer. Our current solutions include various types of oscillators, as well as clock integrated circuits (“ICs”) and resonators.
Our all-silicon solutions are based on three fundamental areas of expertise: micro-electro-mechanical systems (“MEMS”), analog mixed-signal design capabilities, and advanced system-level integration expertise. These areas of expertise enable us to design silicon MEMS resonators, analog circuits, as well as systems and packaging, and put these all together to deliver a system-level solution that solves customers’ complex timing problems. In this aspect, we are different than quartz-based providers, who typically have expertise in designing and manufacturing resonator components, but usually outsource the analog and packaging. We also have a deep understanding of mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties of materials, which is a key requirement for developing our proprietary MEMS processes. To maximize MEMS first-silicon success, we have also developed our own MEMS simulation tools. We are also different in that our MEMS resonators are made using semiconductor technology which has significant benefits in features, performance, manufacturing, and cost, while the quartz suppliers use quartz crystal material. Compared to traditional clock IC suppliers, we are different in that we design the resonator in-house and can integrate it into the clock IC package. Our analog/mixed-signal die are developed using industry-standard processes and deliver high levels of performance using programmable phase-locked loops ("PLLs"), temperature sensors, regulators, data converters, drivers and other building blocks. Unlike most clock IC vendors, we do not rely on quartz vendors to provide the quartz resonator clock reference that is required for their clock ICs to function. Our expertise creates supply chain advantages for us and most importantly, enables us to design and build complete timing systems that result in performance advantages, providing a complete solution to the customer.
Our Precision Timing solutions are designed to be resilient to harsh environmental stressors. For the communications, datacenter and enterprise market, our products provide high performance and resilience in dense, less-controlled environments that experience extreme conditions. The resilience of our products becomes an increasing advantage as equipment is placed in dense, harsh environments and moves closer to the customer with the rollout of 5G, the rapid expansion in cloudification, and deployment of hyperscale datacenters. For the automotive market, our solutions can be utilized in automotive electronics, including advanced driver assistance systems (“ADAS”) for self-driving cars, which require increased timing accuracy. For the industrial market, our products offer programmability and high reliability for the diverse operating conditions of industrial equipment, including high temperatures, mechanical shock, and vibration. For the aerospace market, our solutions provide lower acceleration sensitivity for end products that operate in rugged conditions. For the mobile, IoT and consumer market, our timing solutions have the advantage of offering high performance at optimal power consumption and size, as our customers fit more functionality into smaller devices.
We believe that the total timing market is approximately $10 billion in size. Since our founding, we have focused on transforming this market with compelling solutions that solve difficult timing problems. Historically, our revenue has been substantially delivered from sales of oscillator systems across our target end markets. Since our IPO in 2019, we’ve grown from 60 to 150 unique products and the price of our highest-value oscillator has grown manyfold. In addition to oscillators, we have expanded our product portfolio to include clock IC and timing synchronization solutions.
In December 2023, we closed the acquisition of certain assets and the exclusive license to certain intellectual property from Aura Semiconductor Pvt. Ltd. and certain of its affiliated entities (together, "Aura") relating to Aura's timing
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business and clock products. With this acquisition, we bring our expertise to the category of clocks, adding 20 best-in-class clocks at the close of the acquisition, and approximately an additional 20 products, starting at the second half of 2024 and through 2025. With the addition of all four categories of clock products including network synchronizers, jitter cleaners, clock generators, and buffers, we now offer a comprehensive portfolio of timing solutions. By pairing the new SiTime clocking products with our MEMS oscillators and/or our resonators, we expect to be able to offer a more complete clock tree that is simpler to design with higher performance, and more resilient to environmental stressors with better reliability. SiTime is now a key provider of all differentiated products in timing – oscillators, clocks, and resonators combined with depth in engineering expertise in Precision Timing solutions.
We sell our products through distributors, who in turn sell to our end customers. We also sell products directly to some of our end customers. We leverage our global network of distributors to address the broad set of end markets we serve. For our largest accounts, dedicated sales personnel work with the end customer to ensure that our solutions fully address the end customer’s timing needs. Our smaller customers can select the optimum timing solution for their needs by working directly with our distributors or by shopping on our online store, SiTimeDirect™.
We operate a fabless business model, where we outsource manufacturing to semiconductor industry suppliers, which allows us to focus on, and excel in, the design, marketing, and sales of our products. This model also allows us to operate with lower capital expenditure investment than other semiconductor companies that own fabs. A fabless infrastructure gives us production flexibility and the ability to scale capacity up and down quickly to meet demand. Our programmable architecture also plays a key role in ensuring optimal production flexibility, as it allows us to offer shorter lead times and the ability to meet custom requirements more easily.
Industry Background
Key Building Blocks of Timing Solutions
Timing solutions are comprised of three key product types: resonators, oscillators, and clock ICs.
•Resonators are mechanical structures that vibrate at a precise frequency and provide the core accuracy and stability in oscillator systems. We create resonators in silicon using MEMS semiconductor technology, which is different than the quartz industry where the resonators are made from quartz crystals and are generally manufactured in non-semiconductor technologies.
•Oscillators are active systems that combine resonators with analog mixed-signal ICs that cause the resonators to vibrate, generating accurate and stable clock signals. Each oscillator generally delivers a single clock signal.
•Clock ICs are integrated analog mixed-signal circuits that deliver multiple clock signals by using building blocks such as PLLs, clock dividers, and drivers. Clock ICs require resonators and oscillators for timing references and usually integrate these blocks into complex systems.
In an electronic system, these three product types may be used individually or in combination, depending on the end product’s performance, price, and size requirements. Simpler electronic systems generally require a standalone resonator coupled with a basic oscillator circuit that is embedded in a semiconductor device such as a microprocessor, system on a chip ("SoC"), or application specific integrated circuit ("ASIC"). In this type of system, multiple resonators may be used for different functionality. More complex electronic systems require advanced timing solutions that may integrate a variety of oscillators, clock ICs, and resonators. The complexity of these timing solutions increases significantly when the performance requirements of the systems that use them increase, such as electronic systems required to support the 5G communication network infrastructure.
Limitations of Legacy Quartz-based Solutions
Quartz crystal has been the predominant technology of choice for resonators for over half a century and will continue to play a role in the timing market. In a quartz oscillator, a quartz crystal resonator is paired with a silicon-based clock IC in a ceramic package. However, quartz timing devices, largely unchanged in decades, have many inherent limitations, including limited frequency ranges, sensitivity to rapid temperature changes, vulnerability to vibration and mechanical shock, susceptibility to frequency jumps at specific temperatures, and limited programmability. Quartz devices must be housed in ceramic packaging, and thus are difficult to integrate into standard semiconductor packages. Quartz products require dedicated manufacturing facilities and have relatively long lead times due to the need to specify various characteristics well in advance of production, without the ability to reconfigure them during the design cycle. In addition, as electronic systems become more complex, feature-rich, and robust, they require more sophisticated timing systems that can seamlessly integrate a variety of oscillators, clock ICs, and resonators in various system-level combinations. This
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seamless integration is more difficult with legacy quartz systems. These limitations impact the precision and quality of the timing signal in harsh conditions.
Precision MEMS Timing Solutions Poised to Disrupt the Market
In recent years, advances in silicon-based manufacturing and packaging techniques have allowed the development of alternatives to quartz crystal technology. We believe that MEMS is an ideal technology for resonator design. Specifically, its ability to integrate with other circuits in standard semiconductor packages has made scalable standard manufacturing possible for resonators and broader timing technology. MEMS timing products can operate in a wide range of frequencies, are more resistant to vibration, mechanical shock, and temperature changes, and are less susceptible to frequency jumps. MEMS technology is also inherently well-suited to produce timing solutions that are small, and offer high performance, resilience and programmability. Timing solutions based on MEMS technology are manufactured using semiconductor processes in fabrication plants with high capacity, allowing for cost-effective high-volume manufacturing.
Significant Market Opportunity for Precision Timing Solutions
According to Dedalus Consulting - 2019 Frequency Control Components Global Markets, End-Users, Applications & Competitors: Analysis & Forecasts and our estimates, the global timing market is expected to grow to $10.1 billion by 2024. Dedalus Consulting estimates that oscillators and standalone resonators will represent approximately $5.0 billion and $4.0 billion total addressable markets, respectively, in 2024. Based on our internal estimates, we believe clock ICs represent an approximate $1.0 billion total addressable market.
The Opportunity for Advanced Solutions
From high-performance network infrastructure equipment to low-power battery-operated devices, Precision Timing solutions enable virtually all electronics. The complexity of such timing solutions increases significantly with the performance requirements of the systems in which they are used. Below are some examples of end markets in which we believe our silicon-based timing is enabling or has the potential to enable, greater functionality than legacy solutions:
Communications, Datacenter, and Enterprise
Communications infrastructure equipment used in wireless base stations, wired infrastructure equipment, enterprise networks, cloud data centers, and artificial intelligence infrastructure must provide high performance and stability in demanding environments, which may include temperature fluctuations, mechanical shocks, and vibration. If the timing solution within the equipment fails, networks can shut down, leading to service disruptions and higher operating costs.
Automotive, Industrial, and Aerospace
In automotive applications, timing technology must perform reliably over the life of an automobile in an environment characterized by vibration, mechanical shocks, electromagnetic interference, wide and rapid temperature change. The AECC (Automotive Edge Computing Consortium) estimated in 2020 that “data traffic from connected vehicles will exceed 1,000 times the present volume, surpassing 10 exabytes per month by 2025.” These communication systems will require highly-reliable Precision Timing. We believe Precision Timing can address many of the challenges associated with this demanding automotive ecosystem.
Industrial equipment, ranging from factory machinery to diagnostic equipment, is often exposed to environments characterized by temperature fluctuation, mechanical shocks, vibration, and electromagnetic interference. We believe our Precision Timing solutions can perform better than legacy quartz-based solutions in demanding industrial environments and with lower power consumption and higher reliability. In addition, with the highly diverse nature of industrial applications and the need for unique operating frequencies, we believe the programmable architecture of our Precision Timing products provides an advantage.
Timing devices used in aerospace and defense applications such as rockets and satellites need to withstand extreme vibration forces and temperature gradients during operation. Quartz-based solutions can be impacted by vibrating forces acting on the whole system. Precision Timing devices are well-suited for these applications, as they provide up to 50 times better acceleration sensitivity under vibration than comparable quartz-based solutions.
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Mobile, IoT and Consumer
The growing reliance on mobile devices and the IoT revolution has enabled the proliferation of billions of internet-connected devices in industrial and consumer applications. These devices range from smartphones and personal wearable devices to electronics embedded in appliances and industrial machinery. Many of these devices need to package a significant amount of electronics in a limited battery-powered and size-constrained form factor, while still requiring high performance and high accuracy. Due to the ability to integrate with ICs, we believe silicon MEMS timing solutions are well-suited to optimize footprint, reliability, and power consumption of the overall system within mobile, IoT and consumer devices.
Our Solutions and Technology
Our Precision Timing solutions comprise of:
•Oscillators and Clock ICs: We have a dedicated analog and mixed-signal engineering team focused on the most complex challenges related to oscillators, such as OCXOs, XOs, VCXOs, TCXOs, and DCXOs, and clock ICs, such as network synchronizers, jitter cleaners, clock generators, and buffers. Our analog mixed-signal technologies include several innovative low-noise circuit-based oscillators, high-performance PLLs, low-noise data converters, and precision low-aging reference circuits. Many of our oscillators use temperature sensing to maximize frequency stability. Our low-power nano-ampere and high-resolution DualMEMS® microkelvin-resolution sensing technologies stabilize our Precision Timing solutions despite rapid temperature changes. We also offer what we consider to be leading solutions across a range of attributes, including Allan deviation, power supply noise rejection, temperature-sensing resolution, and integrated phase jitter.
•MEMS resonators: We pioneered the silicon MEMS timing industry with the MEMS First®, EpiSeal®, and TempFlat® processes and technologies. These manufacturing processes have allowed the hermetically-sealed resonator die to be housed in industry-standard, low-cost plastic packages. These processes and technologies improve resonator stability, increase quality and reliability, and decrease aging effects. We believe our MEMS resonators are easy to integrate into silicon-based oscillators and clock ICs, and allow us to develop tightly-integrated Precision Timing solutions.
•Advanced system-level integration: We have extensive know-how in integrating various timing components into elegant system-level solutions. Our ability to integrate MEMS-based resonators with analog mixed-signal products allows us to develop oscillators and clock ICs in diverse permutations, which helps us solve difficult timing challenges. Using advanced packaging designs, we believe we can design our products to fit in the smallest footprints in the industry.
We design each key building block of the timing system, from MEMS resonators to oscillator circuits to clock ICs. Our ability to combine our MEMS resonators with analog-mixed signal components in a fabless semiconductor supply chain allows us to build full timing solutions from the ground up, enabling our customers to focus on their core expertise.
Our flexible and programmable Precision Timing solutions offer the following benefits:
•High performance: Our portfolio of MEMS-based Precision Timing products allows us to provide our customers with high performance solutions across a wide range of attributes including stability over temperature, vibration, phase jitter, and other metrics.
•Small size: Our solutions have a small footprint and package size, optimizing the end customer’s board area. Additionally, many of our products have added integrated functions such as on-chip regulators and load capacitors which reduce the need for external components and decrease the overall system size.
•Low power: Our solutions operate at low power levels and have differentiated power-saving features such as NanoDrive™ and FlexSwing™, making them well-suited for mobile, IoT and other power-sensitive applications.
•Programmability: Our devices are configurable across a wide range of parameters, including frequency, stability metrics, voltage parameters, and temperature ranges, among others. This provides design flexibility for the customer, and enabling us to produce a vast number of custom timing products on demand with short lead times.
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•High quality and reliability: The combination of our materials, design, and manufacturing processes enables us to produce high quality products with long-term reliability. Our solutions offer low sensitivity to electromagnetic energy, mechanical shock, vibration, airflow, temperature gradients and power supply noise.
•Flexible integration: Our MEMS resonators and clock ICs allow a wide range of packaging and integration methodologies to support various levels of size, cost, and electrical, thermal, and mechanical performance. We are one of the first companies to introduce a clock system-on-a-chip with an embedded MEMS resonator, which solves significant board and system level problems. We believe that we have an advantage in delivering such integrated clocking solutions because the expertise related to these high-performance technologies resides in house.
•Leveraged product development: Our solutions employ different combinations of MEMS and circuit components, enabling us to generate a vast number of custom part numbers, including over 40,000 unique part numbers shipped as of December 31, 2023.
•Rapid time to market: Our solutions can typically be delivered within weeks of initial customer order and configuration, enabling us to reduce our end customers’ time to market.
Our Strategy
Our objective is to be the leading provider of Precision Timing solutions for advanced and complex electronics applications. Our solutions not only displace existing products by providing improved performance across a range of operational attributes, but also enable next-generation electronic applications by providing high performance at affordable price points. Key elements of our strategy include:
•Extend our leadership in Precision Timing. SiTime pioneered the Precision Timing category, and we intend to continue driving innovation in the timing market and working with our ecosystem partners to help set the timing standards of the future. Through this and other efforts, we expect to enable customers to create reference architectures and purchase complete solutions. Our knowledge of the end systems architecture, its future trajectory, and the clock tree are important for developing better Precision Timing products, as well as helping customers get the best system performance and reliability. We plan to improve the performance of our current solution suite across a variety of key metrics, including size, power, frequency stability, phase noise, and signal quality, while adding new functionality.
•Educate and promote the benefits of silicon technology. We intend to continue to educate current and prospective customers about the benefits of our Precision Timing solutions relative to their existing and future products. Our Timing Essentials Learning Hub is an online educational platform established to share our knowledge, though-leadership, and technology leadership.
•Identify and promote new and emerging applications for our technologies. We intend to continue to collaborate with our end customers to identify timing challenges related to their product roadmaps and to support new applications that would not be possible without SiTime's unique timing technology.
•Enable future technology innovation. We plan to continue to apply our MEMS, analog and mixed-signal, and systems expertise, as well as partner with leading technology companies to develop innovative products.
•Broaden our product portfolio. We intend to continue to broaden our product portfolio by offering additional varieties of oscillators, expanding into the clock IC market and expanding our business in standalone resonators.
•Continue to attract and acquire new customers. We intend to continue expanding our end customer base through direct dialogue with large strategic accounts, partnerships with large distributors, as well as grow direct online sales with the SiTimeDirect store. With continued investment in our digital marketing strategies that advance the SiTime customer experience, along with sophisticated market segmentation efforts, we expect to identify new customers, and deliver differentiated Precision Timing solutions to them.
•Drive margin expansion of our products. We intend to use our technological expertise to deliver higher value and higher margin products through traditional and new innovative channels. In addition, we intend to continue to reduce our costs through operational improvements and supply-chain management initiatives.
•Deliver lower cost of ownership. In addition to differentiating our solutions based on technical features and value, we also intend to provide value to our customers on business metrics by leveraging our fabless semiconductor infrastructure. These benefits may include shorter lead times, higher quality and reliability, and therefore lower cost of ownership for the end customer.
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Our Products
Our Precision Timing products are designed to address a wide range of applications across a broad array of end markets. Our product portfolio encompasses oscillators, clock ICs, and resonators. The programmability of our product platforms enables us to generate solutions quickly to customer specifications.
We are well established with our core offering of oscillator products that comprise a MEMS resonator and an analog mixed-signal IC that are integrated into a package. The following table illustrates our current portfolio of products by target end market:
| Communications, Datacenter, & Enterprise | Automotive, Aerospace & Defense, Industrial, Medical | Mobile, IoT & Consumer | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Low Jitter Oscillators | High Temp Oscillators | Clock Generators | Low Power Oscillators | |||||||||||||||||||||||
DCXO In-System Programmable | Low Jitter Oscillators | Clock Buffers | μPower 32 kHz Oscillators | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| VCXO | DCXO In-System Programmable | Network Synchronizers/ Jitter Cleaners | μPower 32 kHz TCXO | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| TCXO/VCTCXO/ DCTCXO | VCXO | Active Resonators | Low Power TCXO | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| OCXO/DCOCXO | Low Power Oscillators | Low Power DCXO | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Network Synchronizers/ Jitter Cleaners | Spread Spectrum Oscillators | Active Resonators | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Clock Generators | TCXO/VCTCXO/ DCTCXO | TCXO/VCTCXO/ DCTCXO | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Clock Buffers | μPower 32 kHz Oscillators | Active Resonators | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Our Customers
We sell our Precision Timing products to distributors, who in turn sell our products to our end customers. We also sell products directly to some of our end customers. We work closely with our end customers throughout their design cycles and are able to develop long-term relationships as our technology becomes embedded in their products. As a result, we believe our products are well-positioned to be designed into their current systems and we are well-positioned to develop next generation solutions for their future products.
Pernas Electronics Co., Ltd. (“Pernas”), Arrow Electronics, Inc. (“Arrow”), and Quantek Technology Corporation (“Quantek”), three of our distributor customers, each directly accounted for more than 10% of our revenue in the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021. Additionally, Sabre Technologies Pte. Ltd ("Sabre") directly accounted for
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more than 10% of our revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023. Pernas directly accounted for 20%, 20%, and 24% of our revenue for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, Arrow directly accounted for 18%, 17%, and 14% of our revenue for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively and Quantek directly accounted for 13%, 12%, and 10% of our revenue for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. Sabre directly accounted for 10%, 6%, and 4% of our revenue for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. Other than Pernas, Quantek, Arrow and Sabre, no other single direct customer accounted for more than 10% of our revenue in the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.
Based on the sell-through information provided to us from distributors who identify end customers, we believe that the majority of our products sold to Pernas and Quantek are in turn incorporated into products of Apple Inc. (“Apple”), our largest end customer.
As a result, we believe revenue attributable to our largest end customer accounted for approximately 21%, 20%, and 22% of our revenue for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.
Sales and Marketing
Our customers’ design cycle from initial engagement to volume shipment typically ranges from six months to three years, with product life cycles of up to ten years or more. For many of our products, early engagement with our customers’ technical staff is critical for success. To ensure an adequate level of early engagement, our sales, marketing, and customer and development engineers work closely with our customers and channel partners to understand, identify, and propose solutions to their systems’ challenges. We work closely with our customers, including technology leaders for the communications markets, to anticipate end customer market needs. In some cases, we work with our end customers to better understand the end customers’ market trends and new requirements that are being placed on our customers.
We sell our products worldwide through multiple channels, including our direct sales force and a network of distributors, contract manufacturers, contracted sales representatives, and independent design houses, as well as SiTimeDirect, our self-service online store. Our global sales strategy includes direct sales and distributors covering over 15,000 end customer accounts since inception.
We have a strategic accounts strategy executed by our direct sales force focused on design engineers, system architects and executive decision makers for the world’s leading electronics companies. These customers lead electronics innovation for their segments, from communications, 5G, automotive, and consumer IoT, and build in SiTime Precision Timing solutions that deliver the performance required by these devices. Beyond the well established strategic account portfolio, we target a broad base of small to mid-size electronics OEMs and ODMs that accelerate growth and market expansion for SiTime. We intend to continue to expand our sales and marketing efforts through increased collaboration with our distributors. In addition, in 2022, we launched SiTimeDirect, a self-service online store supporting 24/7 sales of SiTime oscillators, shipped to over 30 countries globally. Our expert inside sales team supports a “self-service model” for customers. SiTime’s unique field programmability combined with the convenience of an online store, with rapid configuration and fulfillment, makes SiTimeDirect a unique approach in the semiconductor industry for Precision Timing solutions.
Seasonality
Our revenue has historically been subject to some seasonal variation. Based on the production schedules of key customers, our products typically see stronger revenue in the second half of our fiscal year. However, there can be no assurance that this trend will occur in future years.
Manufacturing
We operate a fabless business model and use third-party foundries and assembly and test contractors to manufacture, assemble, and test our semiconductor products. This outsourced manufacturing approach allows us to focus our resources on the design, sale, and marketing of our products. In addition, we believe that outsourcing many of our manufacturing and assembly activities provides us with the flexibility needed to respond to new market opportunities and scale for customer demand, simplifies our operations, and significantly reduces our capital commitments.
We subject our third-party manufacturing contractors to rigorous qualification requirements to meet the high quality and reliability standards required of our products. We carefully qualify each of our partners and their processes
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before applying the technology to our products. Our engineers work closely with our foundries and other contractors to increase yield, lower manufacturing costs, and improve product quality.
•Fabrication. We currently utilize a range of semiconductor process generations to develop and manufacture our products. We use Robert Bosch LLC (“Bosch”) in Germany and Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (“TSMC”) in Taiwan as our primary foundries and suppliers for our MEMS timing devices and analog mixed-signal circuit ICs, respectively.
•Package, Assembly and Testing. Upon the completion of processing at the foundry, we use third-party contractors for packaging, assembly, and testing, including Advanced Semiconductor Engineering, Inc. (“ASE”) in Taiwan, Carsem (M) Sdn Bhd. (“Carsem”) in Malaysia, United Test and Assembly Center Ltd. (“UTAC”) in Thailand, Hana Semiconductor (Ayutthaya) Co., Ltd in Thailand, Daishinku Corp ("Daishinku") in Japan, and STATS ChipPAC Pte Ltd. in Singapore.
•Warehousing. Our products are warehoused at our outsourced semiconductor assembly and test facilities located in Malaysia, Taiwan, and Thailand.
We have a supply agreement with Bosch under which Bosch has agreed to fabricate our MEMS wafers based on purchase orders placed by us. Bosch has discretion whether to accept our purchase orders, and we can terminate purchase orders for convenience by giving written notice prior to shipment. The initial term of the supply agreement is for ten years through February 2027 and automatically renews. Other than Bosch, we do not have long-term supply agreements with most of our third-party manufacturing contractors, and we purchase products on a purchase order basis.
Research and Development
We believe that our future success depends on our ability to introduce enhancements to our existing products and to develop new products for both existing and new markets. As a result, a significant majority of our operating expenses has been allocated towards this effort. Our research and development efforts are focused primarily on MEMS and advanced clock IC design and advanced system-level integration for Precision Timing solutions.
We have assembled a core team of experienced engineers and systems designers who conduct research and development activities in the United States, the Netherlands, Malaysia, Finland, Japan, Taiwan, Ukraine, and India. As of December 31, 2023, we had 181 full-time equivalent employees supporting research and development efforts worldwide (representing approximately 47% of our total employee base).
Intellectual Property
We rely primarily on patent, copyright, trademark, and trade secret laws, as well as confidentiality and non-disclosure agreements, and other contractual protections, to protect our technologies and proprietary know-how. As of December 31, 2023, we had 119 issued U.S. patents, expiring generally between 2026 and 2040, and 42 pending U.S. patent applications (including 13 provisional applications). We also had four foreign issued patents expiring in 2036 and four pending foreign patent applications. Our issued patents and pending patent applications generally relate to our MEMS fabrication process, MEMS resonators, circuits, packaging, and oscillator systems.
In addition to our own intellectual property, we also use third-party licenses for certain technologies, including some that are embedded in our MEMS solutions. For example, we have a license to certain patents from Bosch relating to the design and manufacture of MEMS-based timing applications and a license to certain intellectual property of Aura relating to our clock products. The patent rights obtained under the license agreement with Bosch expire between 2024 and 2029, and the license agreement expires upon expiration of the last patent licensed under the agreement. We do not believe there will be any significant impact upon expiration of these patents.
We generally control access to and use of our confidential information and trade secrets through the use of internal and external controls, including contractual protections with employees, contractors, and customers. We rely in part on the laws of the United States and international laws to protect our work. All employees and consultants are required to execute confidentiality agreements in connection with their employment and consulting relationships with us. We also require them to agree to disclose and assign to us all inventions conceived or made in connection with the employment or consulting relationship. However, we cannot guarantee that we have entered into such agreements with every such party and we may not have adequate remedies in case of a breach of any such agreements. Our trade secrets could be disclosed to our competitors or others may independently develop substantially equivalent technologies or otherwise gain access to our trade secrets. Trade secrets can be difficult to protect and some courts inside and outside of the United States are less
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willing or unwilling to protect trade secrets. Despite our efforts to protect our intellectual property, unauthorized parties may still copy, misappropriate, or otherwise obtain and use our software, technology, or other information that we regard as our proprietary intellectual property. In addition, we intend to expand our international operations, and effective patent, copyright, trademark, and trade secret, and other intellectual property protection may not be available or may be limited in some foreign countries.
The semiconductor industry is characterized by vigorous protection and pursuit of intellectual property rights and positions, which has resulted in protracted and expensive litigation for many companies. We have in the past received, and we may in the future receive, communications alleging liability for damages or challenging the validity of our intellectual property or proprietary rights. Any litigation, regardless of success or merit, could cause us to incur substantial expenses, reduce our sales, and divert the efforts of our management and other personnel. In the event we receive an adverse result in any litigation, we could be required to pay substantial damages, seek licenses from third parties, which may not be available on reasonable terms or at all, cease sale of products, expend significant resources to develop alternative technology, or discontinue the use of processes requiring the relevant technology.
Competition
The global semiconductor market in general, and the timing market in particular, is highly competitive. We expect competition to increase and intensify as additional companies enter our markets and as internal resources of large original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”) grow. Increased competition could result in price pressure, reduced gross margins, and loss of market share, any of which could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Our competitors range from large, international companies offering a wide range of timing products to smaller companies specializing in narrow market verticals. Companies that we primarily compete with include, but are not limited to, Abracon, LLC, Daishinku Corporation, Diodes Incorporated, Kyocera Corporation, Microchip Technology Inc., Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd, Nihon Dempa Kogoyo., Ltd., Rakon Limited, Renesas Electronics Corporation, Seiko Epson Corporation, Skyworks Solutions, Inc., Texas Instruments Incorporated, and TXC Corporation.
Our ability to compete successfully depends on elements both within and outside of our control, including industry and general economic trends. Many of our competitors are substantially larger, have greater financial, technical, marketing, distribution, customer support, and other resources, are more established than we are, and have significantly better brand recognition and broader product offerings. This may enable them to better withstand downturns in the timing market in which we compete, as well as adverse economic or market conditions. During past periods of downturns in our industry, competition in the markets in which we operate intensified as our customers reduced their purchase orders. We maintain our competitive position through our ability to successfully design, develop, and market new and existing Precision Timing solutions in a timely manner and to retain existing customers and add new customers.
Government Regulation
Our business activities are worldwide and subject to various federal, state, local and foreign regulations and our products are governed by a number of rules and regulations. To date, our compliance with these regulations has not had a material impact on our results of operations.
Human Capital Resources and Empowerment
We believe that our company culture, which promotes innovation, open communication, and teamwork, has been critical to our success. Our success depends largely upon the continued services of our executive officers and other key employees and on our ability to continue to attract, retain, and motivate qualified employees, particularly highly-skilled engineers involved in the design, development, support, and manufacture of new and existing products and processes, as well as our sales and marketing team, which is critical to achieving design wins, creating our brand awareness and reputation, and building long-lasting relationships with our customers and other industry participants. In order for us to attract the best talent, we aim to offer challenging work in an environment that enables our employees to learn, grow, and reach their full potential.
Our human capital resource objectives include identifying, recruiting, retaining, incentivizing and integrating our existing and future employees. We strive to attract and retain the most talented employees in the industry and across the globe by offering competitive compensation and benefits that support their health, financial, and emotional well-being. Our compensation philosophy is based on rewarding each employee’s individual contributions. We use a combination of fixed
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and variable pay including base salary, bonuses, performance awards, and stock-based compensation. The principal purposes of our equity incentive plans are to attract, retain, and motivate selected employees through the granting of stock-based compensation awards. We offer employees benefits that vary by country and are designed to meet or exceed local laws and to be competitive in the marketplace. Examples of benefits offered in the U.S. include: a 401(k) plan with employer contributions; health benefits; life, business travel, and disability insurance; additional voluntary insurance; paid time off and parental leave; and paid counseling assistance. For further information concerning our equity incentive plans, see Note 8, Stock-based Compensation, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
We are committed to the health, safety, and wellness of our employees. We provide our employees and their families with access to a variety of health and wellness programs, including benefits that support their physical and mental health. We maintain an office in Lviv, Ukraine. In connection with Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, we have prioritized the safety and welfare of our employees and their families in Ukraine. We also worked with our employees worldwide to minimize any disruption to our operations and business as a result of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.
We regularly review our employees and assess the needs of the business to identify our talent needs. We encourage periodic and meaningful conversations between managers and employees, including discussions regarding feedback, alignment of goals, and professional development. We encourage all employees to continue learning and provide learning opportunities as well as internal opportunities for cross functional work to support this. All employees receive training, including in the prevention of sexual harassment and abusive conduct in the workplace. We regularly review succession plans and focus on promoting internal talent to help grow our employees' careers.
As of December 31, 2023, we had 382 full-time equivalent employees located in locations including the United States, France, Malaysia, the Netherlands, Taiwan, Japan, Finland, Ukraine, Germany, South Korea, and India, including 181 in research and development, 145 in sales, general, and administrative, and 56 in operations. We consider relations with our employees to be good and have never experienced a work stoppage.
Corporate Information
We were incorporated in Delaware on December 3, 2003. Our principal executive offices are located at 5451 Patrick Henry Drive, Santa Clara, California 95054, and our telephone number is (408) 328-4400. Our corporate website address is www.sitime.com. Information found on, or accessible through, our website is not a part of, and is not incorporated into, this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Unless the context requires otherwise, references in this Annual Report on Form 10-K to “SiTime,” “the company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to SiTime Corporation and its wholly-owned subsidiaries on a consolidated basis.
Available Information
Our website is located at https://www.sitime.com. Copies of our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to these reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, are available, free of charge, on our investor relations website as soon as reasonably practicable after we file such material electronically with or furnish it to the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). The SEC also maintains a website that contains our SEC filings. The address of the website is www.sec.gov.
Item 1A. Risk Factors.
Risks Related to Our Business and Our Industry
Global macroeconomic conditions have harmed and may continue to harm our business.
We are a global company and therefore our business, results of operations, and financial condition are impacted by global macroeconomic conditions. Macroeconomic events such as rising inflation, recession, equity market volatility, geopolitical tensions, war, declines in income or asset values, decreased spending, changes to fuel and other energy costs, public health crises, supply chain disruptions, trade restrictions and sanctions, and global banking concerns have caused economic volatility, which has and may continue to harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations, and may cause an extended downturn in the worldwide economy, which would further harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. Economic volatility and adverse economic conditions have affected and may continue to affect the demand for our products and our customers’ products. Reduced demand for our customers’ products has led to a buildup of inventory at many of our customers, including distributors, and their affiliates, partners, and contract manufacturers, which
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has and may continue to adversely affect demand for our products. Reduced demand for our products could result in significant decreases in our sales and margins, and could materially harm our results of operations. The future effects of macroeconomic events on our business and results of operations, including inventory levels at our customers and their affiliates, partners, and contract manufacturers as well as demand for our products, are uncertain and difficult to predict.
A deterioration in credit markets as a result of macroeconomic events could also limit our ability to obtain external financing to fund our operations and capital expenditures. We may experience losses on our holdings of cash and investments due to failures of financial institutions and other parties. Further, adverse economic conditions may also result in a higher rate of losses on our accounts receivable due to credit defaults. As a result, global macroeconomic conditions have had and may continue to have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
We are subject to the cyclical nature of the semiconductor industry.
The semiconductor industry is highly cyclical and is characterized by constant and rapid technological change, rapid product obsolescence, price erosion, evolving standards, short product life cycles, and wide fluctuations in product supply and demand. From time to time, these factors, together with changes in macroeconomic conditions, can cause significant upturns and downturns in the semiconductor industry, and in our business. Downturns in the semiconductor industry have been characterized by diminished product demand, production overcapacity, high inventory levels for us and our customers, and erosion of average selling prices. For example, in 2023 we experienced, and we may in the future experience, customer inventory adjustments that may adversely affect our results of operations. Any downturns in the semiconductor industry could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Any significant upturn in the semiconductor industry could result in increased competition for access to third-party foundry and assembly capacity. We are dependent on the availability of this capacity to manufacture and assemble our products and we can provide no assurance that adequate capacity will be available to us in the future. We cannot predict the duration or timing of any downturn or upturn in the semiconductor industry.
We have historically depended on a limited number of customers for a significant portion of our revenue. If we are unable to expand or further diversify our customer base, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could suffer, and the loss of, or a significant reduction in orders from our customers, including a large customer or end customer, could significantly reduce our revenue and adversely impact our operating results.
Historically we have derived a significant portion of our revenue from a limited number of customers. We sell our products primarily through distributors, who in turn sell to our end customers. We also sell directly to our end customers. Our top three distributors by revenue together accounted for approximately 51%, 49%, and 48% of our revenue for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. Based on our shipment information, we believe that revenue attributable to our ten largest end customers accounted for 49%, 47% and 49% of our revenue for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. Sales attributable to Apple, our largest end customer accounted for approximately 21%, 20%, and 22% of our revenue for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. We anticipate revenue attributable to this customer will fluctuate from period to period. Although we sell our products to this customer through distributors on a purchase order basis, including Pernas Electronics Co., Ltd. (“Pernas”), Arrow Electronics, Inc. (“Arrow”), and Quantek Technology Corporation (“Quantek”), we have a development and supply agreement, which provides a general framework for certain transactions with Apple. This agreement continues until either party terminates for material breach. Under this agreement, we have agreed to develop and deliver new products to this end customer at its request, provided it also meets our business purposes, and have agreed to indemnify it for intellectual property infringement or any injury or damages caused by our products. This end customer does not have any minimum or binding purchase obligations to us under this agreement and could elect to discontinue making purchases from us with little or no notice. We expect the composition of our largest end customers to vary from period to period, and that revenue attributable to our largest ten end customers in any given period may decline over time. Our relationships with existing customers may deter potential customers who compete with these customers from buying our Precision Timing solutions.
We believe our operating results for the foreseeable future will continue to depend to a significant extent on sales attributable to a limited number of customers and end customers. If we are unable to expand or further diversify our customer base, it could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
If our end customers were to choose to work with other manufacturers or our relationships with our customers are disrupted for any reason, it could have a significant negative impact on our business. Any reduction in sales attributable to our larger customers and end customers, including our largest end customer, would have a significant and disproportionate impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Geopolitical tensions are leading to an increasing trend of customers seeking domestically produced products or reducing the dependence upon, or use of, products from certain countries, which could limit our ability to make sales to these customers.
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Our end customers, or the distributors through which we sell to these customers, may choose to use products in addition to ours, use a different product altogether, or develop an in-house solution. In addition, the inability of our customers or their contract manufacturers to obtain sufficient supplies of third-party components used with our products could result in a decline in the demand of our products and a loss of sales. Any of these events could significantly harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Further, if our distributors’ relationships with our end customers, including our larger end customers, are disrupted for inability to deliver sufficient products or for any other reason, it could have a significant negative impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Because we do not typically have long-term purchase commitments with our customers, orders may be cancelled, reduced, or rescheduled with little or no notice, which in turn exposes us to inventory risk, and may cause our business and results of operations to suffer.
We sell our products primarily through distributors, usually with no long-term or minimum purchase commitments from them or their end customers. Substantially all of our sales to date have been made on a purchase order basis, which orders may be cancelled, changed, or rescheduled with little or no notice or penalty. As a result, our revenue and operating results could fluctuate materially and could be materially and disproportionately impacted by purchasing decisions of our customers, including our larger customers. In the future, our distributors or their end customers may decide to purchase fewer units than they have in the past, may alter their purchasing patterns at any time with limited or no notice, or may decide not to continue to purchase our Precision Timing solutions at all, any of which could cause our revenue to decline materially and materially harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Cancellations of, reductions in, or rescheduling of customer orders could also result in the loss of anticipated sales without allowing us sufficient time to reduce our inventory and operating expenses, as a substantial portion of our expenses are fixed at least in the short term. In addition, forecasts provided by customers, end customers, or their affiliates or contract manufacturers may change or may later prove to have been inaccurate which could make demand for our products difficult for us to predict and could expose us to the risks of inventory shortages or excess inventory and materially harm our results of operations. As we no longer intend to acquire inventory to pre-build custom products, we may not be able to fulfill increased demand in the short term. Any of the foregoing events could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Our revenue and operating results may fluctuate from period to period, which could cause our stock price to fluctuate.
Our revenue and operating results have fluctuated in the past and may fluctuate from period to period in the future due to a variety of factors, many of which are beyond our control. We expect our revenue to fluctuate in the future primarily based on the volume of shipments of our products and average selling price ("ASP") changes. Factors relating to our business that may contribute to fluctuations in our operating results include the following factors, as well as other factors described elsewhere in this report:
•macroeconomic conditions;
•cyclical fluctuations in the semiconductor market;
•customer demand and product life cycles;
•the receipt, reduction, or cancellation of, or changes in the forecasts or timing of, orders by customers;
•fluctuations in the levels of inventories held by our distributors or end customers;
•the gain or loss of significant customers;
•changes in our pricing, product cost, and product mix;
•supply chain disruptions, delays, shortages, and capacity limitations;
•market acceptance of our products and our customers’ products;
•our ability to develop, introduce, and market new products and technologies on a timely basis;
•the timing and extent of product development costs;
•new product announcements and introductions by us or our competitors;
•our research and development costs and related new product expenditures and our ability to achieve cost reductions in a timely or predictable manner;
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•seasonality and fluctuations in sales by product manufacturers that incorporate our Precision Timing solutions into their products;
•end-market demand into which we have limited insight, including cyclicality, seasonality, and the competitive landscape;
•socioeconomic or political conditions in the countries where we operate or where our products are sold or used;
•the impact of any pandemic, epidemic, or outbreak of disease, including the emergence of new variants of the COVID-19 pandemic, on our business, suppliers, and customers;
•fluctuations in our manufacturing yields;
•significant warranty claims, including those not covered by our suppliers;
•new accounting pronouncements or changes in existing accounting standards; and
•loss of one or more of our executive officers or other key employees;
As a result of these and other factors, you should not rely on the results of any prior quarterly or annual periods, or any historical trends reflected in such results, as indications of our future revenue or operating performance. Fluctuations in our revenue and operating results could cause our stock price to decline and, as a result, you may lose some or all of your investment.
We depend on third parties for our wafer fabrication, assembly, packaging, and testing operations, which exposes us to certain risks that may harm our business.
We operate an outsourced manufacturing business model. As a result, we rely on third parties for all of our manufacturing operations, including wafer fabrication, assembly, packaging, and testing. Although we use multiple third-party supplier sources, we depend on these third parties to supply us with material of a requested quantity in a timely manner that meets our standards for yield, cost, and manufacturing quality. The manufacturing processes of our third-party suppliers for our products require specialized technology that requires certain raw and engineered materials. Many major components, product equipment items, engineered materials, and raw materials, that are procured or subcontracted by our third-party suppliers for manufacturing of our products are procured or subcontracted on a single or sole-source basis. Except for our agreement with Bosch for MEMS wafers, we do not have any long-term supply agreements with any of our other manufacturing suppliers. These third-party manufacturers often serve customers that are larger than us or require a greater portion of their services, which may decrease our relative importance and negotiating leverage with these third parties.
If market demand for wafers or production and assembly materials increases, if a supplier of our wafers fails to procure materials needed for manufacture of our products, or if a supplier of our wafers ceases or suspends operations, our supply of wafers and other materials could become limited. We currently have a ten-year supply agreement with Bosch for the fabrication of our MEMS wafers. The initial term of this supply agreement is through February 2027 and automatically renews. We currently rely on Bosch for our MEMS fabrication, and primarily on TSMC for our analog circuits fabrication, and any disruption in the supply of wafers or any increases in the wafer or materials prices could adversely affect our gross margins and our ability to meet customer demands in a timely manner, or at all, and lead to reduced revenue. In 2021 and the first half of 2022 there were a number of industry-wide supply constraints affecting the supply of analog circuits manufactured by certain foundries, including TSMC, and affecting outsourced semiconductor assembly and test providers (“OSATs”), which limited our ability to fully satisfy an increase in demand for some of our products. Moreover, wafers constitute a large portion of our product cost. If we are unable to negotiate volume discounts or otherwise purchase wafers at favorable prices and in sufficient quantities in a timely manner, our ability to ship our solutions to our customers on time and in the quantity required could be adversely affected, which in turn could cause an unanticipated decline in our sales, harm to our customer relationships, and our gross margins to be adversely affected.
To ensure continued wafer supply, we may be required to establish alternative wafer supply sources, which could require significant expenditures and limit our negotiating leverage. We currently rely on Bosch and TSMC as our primary foundries and suppliers for our MEMS timing devices and analog circuits, respectively, and only a few foundry vendors have the capability to manufacture our most advanced solutions, in particular with respect to our MEMS solution. If we engage alternative supply sources, we may incur additional costs and encounter difficulties and/or delays in qualifying the supply sources. For example, we have a license agreement with Bosch under which Bosch granted us a license to use certain patents. Under this agreement, we are required to pay a royalty fee to Bosch if we engage third parties to manufacture, or if we decide to manufacture ourselves, certain generations of our MEMS wafers through March 31, 2024. In addition, shipments could be significantly delayed while these sources are qualified for volume production. If we are
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unable to maintain our relationship with Bosch or TSMC, our ability to produce high-quality products could suffer, which in turn could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
We currently primarily rely on Advanced Semiconductor Engineering, Inc. (“ASE”), Carsem (M) Sdn. Bhd. (“Carsem”), and United Test and Assembly Center Ltd. (“UTAC”) for assembly and testing, as well as Daishinku Corp. (“Daishinku”), UTAC, Hana Semiconductor (Ayutthaya) Co., Ltd, and ASE for ceramic packaging for some of our products. We enter into capacity agreements with certain of our OSATs from time to time which may adversely impact our gross margins and results of operations if we do not purchase required minimum quantities.
Certain of our manufacturing, packaging, assembly, and testing facilities are located outside of the United States, including Malaysia, Taiwan, and Thailand, where we are subject to increased risk of political and economic instability, difficulties in managing operations, difficulties in enforcing contracts and our intellectual property, severe weather, and employment and labor difficulties. Additionally, public health crises, such as an outbreak of contagious diseases like the COVID-19 pandemic, may affect the production capabilities of our suppliers, including as a result of quarantines, closures of production facilities, lack of supplies, or delays caused by restrictions on travel or work-from-home orders. Restrictions like these could limit our suppliers’ ability to operate their manufacturing facilities.
Any of these factors could result in manufacturing and supply problems, and delays in our ability to provide our solutions to our customers on a timely basis, or at all. If we experience manufacturing problems at a particular location, we may be required to transfer manufacturing to a new location or supplier. Converting or transferring manufacturing from a primary location or supplier to a backup facility could be expensive and could take several quarters or more. During such a transition, we would be required to meet customer demand from our then-existing inventory, as well as any partially finished goods that could be modified to the required product specifications. In addition, our end customers may require requalification with a new wafer manufacturer. We typically maintain at least a three-month supply of our MEMS wafers for which Bosch is our primary supplier. We do not otherwise maintain sufficient inventory to address a lengthy transition period. As a result, we may not be able to meet customer needs during such a transition, which could damage our customer relationships. Although we maintain business disruption insurance, this insurance may not be adequate to cover any losses we may experience as a result of such difficulties.
If one or more of the third parties we rely on for our manufacturing operations terminates its relationship with us, or if we encounter any problems with our manufacturing supply chain, our ability to ship our solutions to our customers on time and in the quantity required would be adversely affected, which in turn could cause an unanticipated decline in our sales, harm to our customer relationships and loss of customers.
A significant portion of our operations is located outside of the United States, which subjects us to additional risks, including increased complexity and costs of managing international operations and geopolitical instability.
We outsource the fabrication and assembly of all of our products to third parties that are primarily located in Germany and Asia. In addition, we conduct research and development activities in locations including the United States, Japan, the Netherlands, Taiwan, Ukraine, Finland, and India. We also conduct marketing and administrative functions in the United States, Japan, the Netherlands, China, Taiwan, Malaysia, Ukraine, and India. Members of our sales force are located in various locations outside of the United States. Certain of the critical functions for our business are performed in locations outside of the United States. In addition, approximately 86%, 88%, and 94% of our revenue for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, was from distributors with ship-to locations outside the United States, although we believe the majority of our end customers are based in the U.S. based on sell-through information provided by these distributors. As a result of our international focus, we face numerous challenges and risks, including:
•complexity and costs of managing international operations, including manufacturing, assembly, and testing of our products and associated costs;
•geopolitical and military conflicts, including the effects of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine;
•economic instability, including the effects of rising inflation and increased interest rates;
•limited protection for, and vulnerability to theft of, our intellectual property rights, including our trade secrets;
•compliance with local laws and regulations and unanticipated changes in local laws and regulations, including tax laws and regulations;
•trade and foreign exchange restrictions and higher tariffs, including the ongoing trade tensions between the U.S. and China that has resulted in higher tariffs on certain semiconductor products and increased trade restrictions;
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•timing and availability of import and export licenses and other governmental approvals, permits, and licenses, including export classification requirements;
•foreign currency fluctuations and exchange losses relating to our international operating activities;
•restrictions imposed by the U.S. government or foreign governments on our ability to do business with certain companies or in certain countries as a result of international political conflicts and the complexity of complying with those restrictions;
•transportation delays and other consequences of limited local infrastructure, and disruptions, such as large scale outages or interruptions of service from utilities or telecommunications providers;
•difficulties in staffing international operations;
•changes in immigration policies which may impact our ability to hire personnel;
•local business and cultural factors that differ from our normal standards and practices;
•differing employment practices and labor relations;
•requirements in foreign countries which may impact availability of personnel, such as mandatory military service in countries such as Ukraine, Taiwan, and Finland;
•heightened risk of terrorist acts;
•regional health issues and the impact of public health epidemics on employees and the global economy, such as the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic;
•power outages and natural disasters; and
•travel, work-from-home or other restrictions or stoppages, like those imposed by governments around the world as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.
These risks could harm our international operations, delay new product releases, increase our operating costs, and hinder our ability to grow our operations and business and, consequently, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could suffer. For example, we rely on TSMC in Taiwan for the fabrication of our analog circuits and have engineering personnel in Taiwan and sales force personnel in China. If political tensions between China and Taiwan were to increase further, it could disrupt our business and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, given the current political and military situation in Russia and Ukraine, if the relationship between Russia and the United States worsens further, or we are restricted or precluded from continuing our operations in Ukraine, it could disrupt our business, our costs could increase, and our product development efforts, business, financial condition, and results of operations could be significantly harmed. Further, the COVID-19 pandemic led to travel, work-from-home, and other restrictions, which significantly impacted our domestic and international operations and the operations of our suppliers, distributors, partners, and customers.
Our success and future revenue depend on our ability to achieve design wins and to convince our current and prospective customers to design our products into their product offerings. If we do not continue to win designs or our products are not designed into our customers’ product offerings, our results of operations and business will be harmed.
We sell our Precision Timing solutions to customers who select our solutions for inclusion in their product offerings. This selection process is typically lengthy and may require us to incur significant design and development expenditures and dedicate scarce engineering resources in pursuit of a single design win with no assurance that our solutions will be selected. If we fail to convince our current or prospective customers to include our products in their product offerings or to achieve a consistent number of design wins, our business, financial condition, and results of operations will be harmed.
Because of our extended sales cycle, our revenue in future years is highly dependent on design wins we are awarded in prior years. It is typical that a design win will not result in meaningful revenue for a year or more, if at all. If we do not continue to achieve design wins in the short term, our revenue in the following years may deteriorate.
Further, a significant portion of our revenue in any period may depend on a single product design win with a large customer. As a result, the loss of any key design win or any significant delay in the ramp of volume production of the customer’s products into which our product is designed could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. We may not be able to maintain sales to our key customers or continue to secure key design wins for a variety of reasons, and our customers can stop incorporating our products into their product offerings with limited notice to us and suffer little or no penalty.
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If we fail to anticipate or respond to technological shifts or market demands, or to develop new or enhanced products or technologies in response to the same in a timely manner, it could result in decreased revenue and the loss of our design wins to our competitors. Due to the interdependence of various components in the systems within which our products and the products of our competitors operate, customers are unlikely to change to another design, once adopted, until the next generation of a technology. As a result, if we fail to introduce new or enhanced products that meet the needs of our customers or penetrate new markets in a timely manner, and our designs do not gain acceptance, we will lose market share and our competitive position.
The loss of a key customer or design win, a reduction in sales to any key customer, a significant delay or negative development in our customers’ product development plans, or our inability to attract new significant customers or secure new key design wins could seriously impact our revenue and materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
We may experience difficulties demonstrating the value to customers of newer solutions if they believe existing solutions are adequate to meet end customer expectations. If we are unable to sell new generations of our product, our business would be harmed.
As we develop and introduce new solutions, we face the risk that customers may not value or be willing to bear the cost of incorporating these newer solutions into their product offerings, particularly if they believe their customers are satisfied with prior offerings. Regardless of the improved features or superior performance of the newer solutions, customers may be unwilling to adopt our new solutions due to design or pricing constraints. Because of the extensive time and resources that we invest in developing new solutions, if we are unable to sell new generations of our solutions, our revenue could decline and our business, financial condition, and results of operations would be negatively affected.
Some of our customer and other third-party agreements provide for joint and/or custom product development, which subject us to a number of risks, and any failure to execute on any of these arrangements could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
We have entered into development, product collaboration and technology licensing arrangements with some of our customers and other third parties, and we expect to enter into new arrangements of these kinds from time to time in the future. These agreements may increase risks for us, such as the risks related to timely delivery of new products, risks associated with the ownership of the intellectual property developed, risks that such activities may not result in products that are commercially successful or available in a timely fashion, and risks that third parties involved may abandon or fail to perform their obligations related to such agreements. In addition, such arrangements may provide for exclusivity periods during which we may only sell specified products or technologies to that particular customer. Any failure to develop commercially successful products under such arrangements in a timely manner as a result of any of these and other challenges could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
The success of our products is dependent on our customers’ ability to develop products that achieve market acceptance, and our customers’ failure to do so could negatively affect our business.
The success of our Precision Timing solutions is heavily dependent on the timely introduction, quality, and market acceptance of our customers’ products incorporating our solutions, which are impacted by factors beyond our control. Our customers’ products are often very complex and subject to design complexities that may result in design flaws, as well as potential defects, errors, and bugs. We have in the past been subject to delays and project cancellations as a result of design flaws in the products developed by our customers, changing market requirements, such as the customer adding a new feature, or because a customer’s product fails their end customer’s evaluation or field trial. In other cases, customer products are delayed due to incompatible deliverables from other vendors. We incur significant design and development costs in connection with designing our products for customers’ products that may not ultimately achieve market acceptance. If our customers discover design flaws, defects, errors, or bugs in their products, or if they experience changing market requirements, failed evaluations or field trials, or incompatible deliverables from other vendors, they may delay, change, or cancel a project, and we may have incurred significant additional development costs and may not be able to recoup our costs, which in turn would adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Our target customer and product markets may not grow or develop as we currently expect, and if we fail to penetrate new markets and scale successfully within those markets, our revenue and financial condition would be harmed.
Our target markets include the communications, datacenter, and enterprise, automotive, industrial, aerospace, and mobile, IoT, and consumer markets. Substantially all of our revenue to date has been attributable to sales of MEMS oscillators. We have expanded our products to include clock IC and timing sync solutions. Any deterioration in our target customer or product markets or reduction in capital spending to support these markets could lead to a reduction in demand for our products, which would adversely affect our revenue and results of operations. Further, if our target customer markets do
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not grow or develop in ways that we currently expect, demand for our technology may not materialize as expected, which would also negatively impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
We may be unable to predict the timing or development of trends in our target markets with any accuracy. If we fail to accurately predict market requirements or market demand for these solutions, our business will suffer. A market shift towards an industry standard that we may not support could significantly decrease the demand for our solutions.
Our future revenue growth, if any, will depend in part on our ability to expand within our existing markets and our ability to enter into new markets. Each of our end markets presents distinct and substantial challenges and risks and, in many cases, requires us to develop new customized solutions to address the particular requirements of that market. Meeting the technical requirements and securing future design wins in any of these new markets will require a substantial investment of our time and resources. We cannot assure you that we will secure future design wins from these or other new markets, or that we will achieve meaningful revenue from sales in these markets. If new markets do not develop as we currently anticipate or if we are unable to penetrate them and scale in them successfully, our revenue could decline.
Fluctuations in exchange rates between and among the currencies of the countries in which we do business could adversely affect our results of operations.
Our sales have been historically denominated in U.S. dollars, even when sold to customers located outside of the U.S. An increase in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to the currencies of the countries in which our customers operate could increase the real cost to our customers of our products and impair the ability of our customers to cost-effectively purchase or integrate our solutions into their product offerings, which may materially affect the demand for our solutions and cause these customers to reduce their orders, or may increase pressure on us to lower our product prices, which in each case would adversely affect our revenue and business.
If we increase operations in other currencies in the future, we may experience foreign exchange gains or losses due to the volatility of other currencies compared to the U.S. dollar. Certain of our employees are located in Malaysia, the Netherlands, Taiwan, Japan, Korea, Germany, Finland, France, Ukraine, and India. Accordingly, a portion of our payroll as well as certain other operating expenses are paid in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Our results of operations are denominated in U.S. dollars, and the difference in exchange rates in one period compared to another may directly impact period-to-period comparisons of our results of operations. Furthermore, currency exchange rates have been especially volatile in the recent past, and these currency fluctuations may make it difficult for us to predict our results of operations.
The average selling prices of our individual products have fluctuated historically over time and may do so in the future, which could harm our revenue and gross margins.
Although on average selling prices of our products have increased over time as we introduce higher end products, the average selling prices of our individual products generally decrease over time. Our customers may change their purchase orders and demand forecasts at any time with limited notice due in part to fluctuating end-market demand, which can sometimes lead to price renegotiations. Although these price renegotiations can sometimes result in the average selling prices of the specified product fluctuating over the shorter term, we expect average selling prices of individual products generally to decline over the longer term as that product and our end customers’ products mature.
We seek to offset the anticipated reductions in our average selling prices of individual products by reducing the cost of our products through improvements in manufacturing yields and lower wafer, assembly, and testing costs, developing new products, enhancing lower-cost products on a timely basis, and increasing unit sales. However, if we are unable to offset these anticipated reductions in our average selling prices, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be negatively affected.
If we are not able to successfully introduce and ship in volume new products in a timely manner, our business and revenue will suffer.
We have developed products that we anticipate will have product life cycles of ten years or more, as well as other products in more volatile high growth or rapidly changing areas, which may have shorter life cycles. Our future success depends, in part, on our ability to develop and introduce new technologies and products that generate new sources of revenue to replace, or build upon, existing revenue streams. If we are unable to consistently introduce new products that ship in volume, or if our transition to these new products does not successfully occur prior to any decrease in revenue from our prior products, our revenue will likely decline significantly and rapidly.
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Pandemics, epidemics, or other outbreaks of disease have had and may in the future have an adverse impact upon our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
A future pandemic, epidemic, health crisis, or other outbreak of disease, including the emergence of new COVID-19 variants, may negatively and materially impact our business, results of operations, and financial condition, due to:
•a global economic recession or depression that could significantly reduce demand and/or prices for our products;
•reduced productivity in our product development, operations, marketing, sales, and other activities;
•government mandates, guidance, or recommendations regarding shutdown, closures, or other restrictions;
•disruptions to our supply chain;
•higher rate of losses on our accounts receivable due to credit defaults; or
•volatility in our stock price.
The COVID-19 pandemic created worldwide uncertainty and significantly and negatively impacted the global economy which caused significant uncertainty and volatility in global financial markets and the trading prices for the common stock of technology companies, including ours. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, from time to time government authorities imposed lockdowns and other restrictions. The COVID-19 pandemic impacted our workforce and the operations of our customers and suppliers. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic and related government measures, we implemented safety measures to protect our employees and contractors at our locations around the world.
The potential impact that a future pandemic, epidemic, health crisis, or other outbreak of disease, including the emergence of new COVID-19 variants could have on our business, results of operations, and financial condition, and on the other risk factors described in this “Risk Factors” section, remain unclear and difficult to predict.
Our gross margins may fluctuate due to a variety of factors, which could negatively impact our results of operations and our financial condition.
Our gross margins may fluctuate due to a number of factors, including customer and product mix, market acceptance of our new products, timing and seasonality of the end-market demand, yield, wafer pricing, packaging, and testing costs, competitive pricing dynamics, and geographic and market pricing strategies.
To attract new customers or retain existing customers, we have in the past and will in the future offer certain customers favorable prices, which would decrease our average selling prices and likely impact gross margins. Further, we may also offer pricing incentives to our customers on earlier generations of products that inherently have a higher cost structure, which would negatively affect our gross margins. In addition, in the event our customers, including our larger end customers, exert more pressure with respect to pricing and other terms with us, it could put downward pressure on our margins.
Because we do not operate our own manufacturing, assembly, or testing facilities, we may not be able to reduce our costs as rapidly as companies that operate their own facilities, and our costs may even increase, which could further reduce our gross margins. For instance, we continued to see increases in our manufacturing costs in fiscal year 2023 due to industry wide increases in costs. We rely primarily on obtaining yield improvements and volume-based cost reductions to drive cost reductions in the manufacture of existing products, introducing new products that incorporate advanced features and optimize die size, and other price and performance factors that enable us to increase revenue while maintaining gross margins. To the extent that such cost reductions or revenue increases do not occur at a sufficient level and in a timely manner, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.
In addition, we maintain an inventory of our products at various stages of production and in some cases as finished good inventory. We hold these inventories in anticipation of customer orders. If those customer orders do not materialize in a timely manner, we may have excess or obsolete inventory which we would have to reserve or write-down, and our gross margins would be adversely affected.
Our revenue in previous periods may not be indicative of future performance and our revenue may fluctuate over time.
Our revenue has fluctuated over time. Our revenue was $144.0 million, $283.6 million, and $218.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. You should not rely on our revenue for any previous quarterly or annual periods as any indication of our revenue for future fiscal periods. As we grow our business, our revenue may fluctuate in future periods due to a number of reasons, which may include macroeconomic conditions, slowing demand for
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our products, increasing competition, a decrease in the growth of our overall market or market saturation, or our failure to capitalize on growth opportunities.
If we are unable to manage our growth effectively, we may not be able to execute our business plan and our operating results could suffer.
In order to succeed in executing our business plan, we will need to manage our growth effectively as we make significant investments in research and development and sales and marketing, and expand our operations and infrastructure both domestically and internationally. If our revenue does not increase to offset these increases in our expenses, we may not achieve or maintain profitability in future periods.
To manage our growth effectively, we must continue to expand our operations, engineering, financial accounting, internal management, and other systems, procedures, and controls. This may require substantial managerial and financial resources, and our efforts may not be successful. Any failure to successfully implement systems enhancements and improvements will likely have a negative impact on our ability to manage our expected growth, as well as our ability to ensure uninterrupted operation of key business systems and compliance with the rules and regulations applicable to public companies. If we are unable to manage our growth effectively, we may not be able to take advantage of market opportunities or develop new Precision Timing solutions, and we may fail to satisfy customer product or support requirements, maintain the quality of our solutions, execute our business plan or respond to competitive pressures, any of which could negatively affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Our customers require our products and our third-party contractors to undergo a lengthy and expensive qualification process, which does not assure product sales. If we are unsuccessful or delayed in qualifying any of our products with a customer, our business and operating results would suffer.
Prior to purchasing our Precision Timing solutions, our customers require that both our solutions and our third-party contractors undergo extensive qualification processes, which involve testing of our products in the customers’ systems, as well as testing for reliability. This qualification process may continue for several months. However, qualification of a product by a customer does not assure any sales of the product to that customer. Even after successful qualification and sales of a product to a customer, a subsequent revision in our third-party contractors’ manufacturing process or our selection of a new supplier may require a new qualification process with our customers, which may result in delays and in our holding excess or obsolete inventory. After our products are qualified, it can take several months or more before the customer commences volume production of components or systems that incorporate our products. Despite these uncertainties, we devote substantial resources, including design, engineering, sales, marketing, and management efforts, to qualifying our products with customers in anticipation of sales. If we are unsuccessful or delayed in qualifying any of our products with a customer, sales of those products to the customer may be precluded or delayed, which would cause our business, financial condition, and results of operations to suffer.
We provide a lifetime warranty on our products and may be subject to warranty or product liability claims, which could result in unexpected expenses and loss of market share.
We provide a lifetime warranty on our products and generally agree to indemnify our customers for defects in our products or failure of our products to meet our product specifications. Defects in our products could make our products unsafe and create a risk of property damage or personal injury. These risks may increase where our products are incorporated into specialized end products in industries such as automotive, aerospace, defense, and medical device. We may be subject to warranty or product liability claims. These claims may require us to make significant expenditures to defend those claims, replace our solutions, refund payments, or pay damage awards. This risk is exacerbated by the lifetime warranty of our products, which exposes us to warranty claims for the entire product lifecycle.
Our Precision Timing solutions have only been incorporated into end products since 2008. Accordingly, the operation of our products and technology has not been validated over longer periods. If a customer’s product fails in use, the customer may incur significant monetary damages, including a product recall or associated replacement expenses as well as lost revenue. The customer may claim that a defect in our product caused the product failure and assert a claim against us to recover monetary damages. In certain situations, circumstances might warrant that we consider incurring the costs or expenses related to a recall of one of our products in order to avoid the potential claims that may be raised should a customer reasonably rely upon our product and suffer a failure due to a design or manufacturing process defect. In addition, the cost of defending these claims and satisfying any arbitration award or judgment with respect to these claims would result in unexpected expenses, which could be substantial, and could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Although we carry product liability insurance, this insurance is subject to significant deductibles and may not adequately cover our costs arising from defects in our products or otherwise.
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Defects in our products or failures to meet product specifications could harm our relationships with our customers and damage our reputation.
Our products must meet demanding specifications for quality, performance, and reliability. Defects in our products or failure of our products to meet required product specifications may cause our customers to be reluctant to buy our products, which could harm our ability to retain existing customers and attract new customers and adversely impact our reputation. The process of identifying a defective or potentially defective product in systems that have been widely distributed may be lengthy and require significant resources. Further, if we are unable to determine the root cause of a problem or find an appropriate solution, we may delay shipment to customers. As a result, we may incur significant replacement costs and contract damage claims from our customers, and our reputation, business, financial condition, and results of operations may be adversely affected.
Though we are not currently aware of any occurrences, from time to time our products may be diverted from our supply chain or authorized distribution channels and sold on the “black market” or “gray market.” Customers purchasing our products on the black market or the gray market may use our products for purposes for which they were not intended, or may purchase counterfeit or substandard products, for instance that have been altered or damaged, which could result in damage to property or persons which could harm our business and cause our reputation to be adversely affected.
If we fail to accurately anticipate and respond to rapid technological change in the industries in which we operate, our ability to attract and retain customers could be impaired and our competitive position could be harmed.
We operate in industries characterized by rapidly changing technologies as well as technological obsolescence. The introduction of new products by our competitors, the delay or cancellation of any of our customers’ product offerings for which our Precision Timing solutions are designed, the market acceptance of products based on new or alternative technologies, or the emergence of new industry standards could render our existing or future products uncompetitive, obsolete, and otherwise unmarketable. Our failure to anticipate or develop new or enhanced products or technologies in a timely manner in response to changing market demand, whether due to technological shifts or otherwise, could result in the loss of customers and decreased revenue and have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
If our products do not conform to, or are not compatible with, existing or emerging industry standards, demand for our existing solutions may decrease, which in turn would harm our business and operating results.
We design certain of our products to conform to current industry standards. Some industry standards may not be widely adopted or implemented uniformly and competing standards may emerge that may be preferred by our distributors or our end customers.
Our ability to compete in the future will depend on our ability to identify and ensure compliance with evolving industry standards in our target markets, as well as in the timing IC industry. The emergence of new industry standards could render our products incompatible with products developed by third-party suppliers or make it difficult for our products to meet the requirements of certain OEMs. If our customers or our third-party suppliers adopt new or competing industry standards with which our solutions are not compatible, or if industry groups fail to adopt standards with which our solutions are compatible, our products would become less desirable to our current or prospective customers. As a result, our sales would suffer, and we could be required to make significant expenditures to develop new products. Although we believe our products are compliant with applicable industry standards, proprietary enhancements may not in the future result in conformance with existing industry standards under all circumstances. If our products do not conform to, or are not compatible with, existing or emerging standards, it would harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
We may be unable to make the substantial investments that are required to remain competitive in our business.
The semiconductor industry requires substantial and continuous investment in research and development in order to bring to market new and enhanced solutions. We expect our research and development expenditures to increase in the future as part of our strategy to increase demand for our solutions in our current markets and to expand into additional markets. We are a smaller company with limited resources, and we may not have sufficient resources to maintain the level of investment in research and development required to remain competitive. In addition, we cannot assure you that the technologies, which are the focus of our research and development expenditures, will become commercially successful or generate any revenue.
If we fail to compete effectively, we may lose or fail to gain market share, which could negatively impact our operating results and our business.
The global semiconductor market in general, and the timing market in particular, is highly competitive. We expect competition to increase and intensify as additional companies enter our target markets, and as internal silicon design resources of large OEMs grow. Increased competition could result in price pressure, reduced gross margins and loss of market share, any of which could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Our competitors range
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from large, international companies offering a wide range of timing products to smaller companies, including start-ups, specializing in narrow market verticals. Companies that we primarily compete with include, but are not limited to, Abracon LLC, Daishinku Corporation, Diodes Incorporated, Kyocera Corporation, Microchip Technology Inc., Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Nihon Dempa Kogyo Co., Ltd., Rakon Limited, Renesas Electronics Corporation, Seiko Epson Corporation, Skyworks Solutions, Inc., Texas Instruments Incorporated, and TXC Corporation. We expect competition in our current markets to increase in the future as existing competitors improve or expand their technology and product offerings and as new competitors enter these markets. In addition, our future growth will depend in part on our ability to successfully enter and compete in new markets. Some of these markets will likely be served by only a few large, multinational OEMs with substantial negotiating and buying power relative to us and, in some instances, with internally developed silicon solutions that can be competitive to our products.
Our ability to compete successfully depends, in part, on factors that are outside of our control, including industry and general economic trends. Many of our competitors are substantially larger, have greater financial, technical, marketing, distribution, customer support, government support, and other resources, are more established than we are, and have significantly better brand recognition and broader product offerings. This may enable them to better withstand downturns in the timing market in which we compete, as well as adverse economic or market conditions. Our ability to compete successfully will depend on a number of factors, including:
•our ability to define, design, and regularly introduce new products that anticipate the functionality and integration needs of our customers’ next-generation products and applications;
•our ability to build strong and long-lasting relationships with our customers and other industry participants;
•our ability to capitalize on, and prevent losses due to, vertical integration by significant customers;
•our solutions’ performance and cost-effectiveness relative to those of competing products;
•our ability to achieve design wins;
•the effectiveness and success of our customers’ products utilizing our solutions within their competitive end markets;
•our research and development capabilities to provide innovative solutions and maintain our product roadmap;
•the strength of our sales and marketing efforts, including those of our distributors, and our brand awareness and reputation;
•our ability to secure capacity with our foundry and assembly partners to manufacture and assemble our products;
•our ability to deliver products in volume on a timely basis at competitive prices;
•our ability to withstand or respond to significant price competition;
•our ability to build and expand international operations in a cost-effective manner;
•our ability to obtain, maintain, protect, and enforce our intellectual property rights, including obtaining intellectual property rights from third-parties that may be necessary to meet the evolving demands of the market;
•our ability to defend potential patent infringement claims arising from third-parties;
•our ability to promote and support our customers’ incorporation of our solutions into their products; and
•our ability to retain high-level talent, including our management team and engineers.
Our competitors may also establish cooperative relationships among themselves or with third-parties or may acquire companies that provide similar products to ours. As a result, new competitors or alliances may emerge that could capture significant market share. Additionally, timing suppliers, especially resonator suppliers, may engage directly with our customers to help the customer build timing products, and eliminate the need for an external timing supplier in some of their applications. Any of these factors, alone or in combination with others, could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations and result in a loss of market share and an increase in pricing pressure.
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We depend on our executive officers and other key employees, and the loss of one or more of these employees or an inability to attract or retain highly skilled employees could adversely affect our business.
Our success depends largely upon the continued services of our executive officers and other highly skilled key employees, including in engineering, product development, operations, sales, and marketing. From time to time, there may be changes in our executive management team or other key personnel, which could disrupt our business. We do not have employment agreements with our executive officers or other key personnel that require them to continue to work for us for any specified period and, therefore, they could terminate their employment with us at any time. The loss of one or more of our executive officers or other key employees, including due to adverse business conditions, could have an adverse effect on our business.
In addition, to execute our growth plan, we must attract and retain highly qualified personnel. Competition for these personnel is intense, especially for engineers with MEMS technology and advanced clock IC design expertise. We have from time to time experienced, and we expect to continue to experience, difficulty in hiring and retaining employees with appropriate qualifications. Many of the companies with which we compete for experienced personnel have greater resources than we have. If we hire employees from competitors or other companies, their former employers may attempt to assert that these employees or we have breached legal obligations, resulting in a diversion of our time and resources. In addition, job candidates and existing employees often consider the value of the equity awards they receive in connection with their employment. If the perceived value of our equity awards declines, it may adversely affect our ability to recruit and retain highly skilled employees. Further, changes in immigration policies may negatively impact our ability to attract and retain personnel, including personnel with specialized technical expertise. If we fail to attract new personnel or fail to retain or motivate our current personnel, our business and future growth prospects could be adversely affected.
Our company culture has contributed to our success and if we cannot maintain this culture, our business could be harmed.
We believe that our company culture, which promotes innovation, open communication, and teamwork, has been critical to our success. We face a number of challenges that may affect our ability to sustain our corporate culture, including:
•the potential failure to identify, attract, reward, and retain people in leadership positions in our organization who share and further our culture, values, and mission;
•the increasing size and geographic diversity of our workforce;
•competitive pressures to move in directions that may divert us from our mission, vision, and values;
•the continued challenges of a rapidly-evolving industry; and
•the increasing need to develop expertise in new areas of business that affect us.
If we are not able to maintain our culture, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.
Our acquisition of certain assets and an exclusive license to certain intellectual property of Aura involves a number of risks.
On December 1, 2023, we closed the acquisition of certain assets and an exclusive license to certain intellectual property of Aura. The payment obligations in connection with the acquisition have and will continue to reduce our liquidity, and may limit our flexibility in responding to other business opportunities, as well as increase our vulnerability to adverse economic and industry conditions.
We entered into the transaction with Aura with the expectation that the transaction would result in various benefits to us, including the expansion of our product portfolio, and growth of our business. To realize the anticipated benefits of the acquisition, the products of Aura must be successfully completed, delivered to us, and then integrated. Product completion can be complex and time consuming, and Aura may not be able to deliver the products on time or deliver products that meet the agreed specified criteria. Further, we may face significant challenges in integrating the technologies and products. If the products are not successfully completed and integrated, the anticipated benefits of the transactions may not be realized fully or may take longer to realize than expected. The acquisition may not further our business strategy as we expected and we may experience unanticipated costs or liabilities associated with the acquisition, which could adversely affect our business or operating results and potentially cause impairment to assets that we recorded as a part of the acquisition including intangible assets and goodwill. In addition, if we are unable to integrate and retain personnel that joined us as part of the transaction with Aura, we may not be able to fully capitalize on the benefits. Any of the above could decrease the benefits we expect to receive from the agreement with Aura and adversely affect our financial condition and operating results.
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We may make acquisitions in the future that could disrupt our business, cause dilution to our stockholders, reduce our financial resources, and harm our business.
In the future, we may acquire other businesses, products, or technologies. Our ability to make acquisitions and successfully integrate personnel, technologies, or operations of any acquired business is unproven. If we complete acquisitions, we may not achieve the combined revenue, cost synergies, or other benefits from the acquisition that we anticipate, strengthen our competitive position, or achieve our other strategic goals in a timely manner, or at all, and these acquisitions may be viewed negatively by our customers, financial markets, or investors. In addition, any acquisitions we make may create difficulties in integrating personnel, technologies, and operations from the acquired businesses and in retaining and motivating key personnel. Acquisitions may disrupt our ongoing operations, divert management from their primary responsibilities, cause us to forgo other potential transactions or internal projects, subject us to additional liabilities, increase our expenses, and adversely impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Acquisitions may also reduce our cash available for operations and other uses, and could result in an increase in amortization expense related to identifiable assets acquired, potentially dilutive issuances of equity securities, or the incurrence of debt, any of which could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Further, acquisitions may result in charges such as acquisition-related expenses, write-offs, restructuring charges, or future impairment of goodwill, as well as contingent liabilities, adverse tax consequences, additional share-based compensation expense, and other charges that could adversely affect our results of operations.
If we enter into an agreement for an acquisition, the transaction, or parts of the transaction, may fail to be completed due to factors such as: failure to obtain regulatory or other required approvals, disputes or litigation, or difficulties obtaining financing for the transaction. Even if we fail to complete an acquisition, we may have incurred significant expenses in connection with such transaction and the failure to complete a pending acquisition may result in negative publicity and a negative perception of us among the investment community.
For the foregoing reasons, pursuit of an acquisition of other businesses, products, or technologies could adversely impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
If the foundries with which we contract do not achieve satisfactory yields or quality, our reputation and customer relationships could be harmed.
We depend on satisfactory wafer foundry manufacturing capacity, wafer prices, and production yields, as well as timely wafer delivery to meet customer demand and enable us to maintain gross margins. The fabrication of our products is a complex and technically demanding process. Minor deviations in the manufacturing process can cause substantial decreases in yields and, in some cases, cause production to be suspended. Our foundry vendors may experience manufacturing defects and reduced manufacturing yields from time to time. Further, any new foundry vendors we employ may present additional and unexpected manufacturing challenges that could require significant management time and focus. Changes in manufacturing processes or the inadvertent use of defective or contaminated materials by the foundries that we employ could result in lower than anticipated production yields or unacceptable performance of our devices. Many of these problems are difficult to detect at an early stage of the manufacturing process and may be time-consuming and expensive to correct. Poor production yields from the foundries that we employ, or defects, integration issues, or other performance problems in our solutions could significantly harm our customer relationships and financial results and give rise to financial or other damages to our customers. Any product liability claim brought against us, even if unsuccessful, would likely be time-consuming and costly to defend.
Manufacturing yields for new products initially tend to be lower as we complete product development and commence volume manufacturing, and typically increase as we bring the product to full production. Our business model includes this assumption of improving manufacturing yields and, as a result, material variances between projected and actual manufacturing yields will have a direct effect on our gross margin and profitability. The difficulty of accurately forecasting manufacturing yields and maintaining cost competitiveness through improving manufacturing yields will continue to be magnified by the increasing process complexity of manufacturing semiconductor products.
Raw material and engineered material availability and price fluctuations have in the past and may in the future increase the cost of our products, impact our ability to meet customer commitments, and may adversely affect our results of operations.
The cost of raw and engineered materials is a key element in the cost of our products. Our inability to offset material price inflation through increased prices to customers, suppliers, productivity actions, or through commodity hedges could adversely affect our results of operations. Many major components, product equipment items, engineered materials, and raw materials, are procured or subcontracted on a single or sole-source basis. Although we maintain a qualification and performance surveillance process and we believe that sources of supply for engineered materials, raw materials, and components are generally adequate, it is difficult to predict what effects limited or delayed availability, or price increases
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may have in the future. Our inability to fill our supply needs would jeopardize our ability to ship our solutions to our customers on time and in the quantity required, which could, in turn, result in reduced sales and profits, and damage to our customer relationships.
Furthermore, increases in the price of silicon wafers, testing costs, and commodities, which may result in increased production costs, mainly assembly and packaging costs, may result in a decrease in our gross margins. Moreover, our suppliers may pass the increase in engineered materials, raw materials and commodity costs onto us which would further reduce the gross margin of our products. In addition, as we are a fabless company, global market trends such as a shortage of capacity to fulfill our fabrication needs also may increase our raw material costs and thus decrease our gross margin.
We rely on our relationships with industry and technology leaders to enhance our product offerings and our inability to continue to develop or maintain such relationships in the future would harm our ability to remain competitive.
We develop many of our Precision Timing solutions for applications in systems that are driven by industry and technology leaders in the communications and computing markets. We work with distributors, OEMs, and system manufacturers to define industry conventions and standards within our target markets. We believe that these relationships enhance our ability to achieve market acceptance and widespread adoption of our products. If we are unable to continue to develop or maintain these relationships, our Precision Timing solutions could become less desirable to our customers, our sales could suffer and our competitive position could be harmed.
Our ability to receive timely payments from, or the deterioration of the financial conditions of, our distributors or our end customers could adversely affect our operating results.
Our ability to receive timely payments from or the deterioration of the financial condition of, our distributors or our end customers could adversely impact our collection of accounts receivable, and, as a result, our revenue. We regularly review the collectability and creditworthiness of our customers to determine an appropriate allowance for credit losses. Based on our review of our customers annually and as of December 31, 2023, substantially all of which are large distributors, OEMs, and system manufacturers, we had $0.1 million and $0.1 million in allowance for credit losses as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. If our credit losses, however, were to exceed our current or future allowance for credit losses, our business, financial condition, and results of operations would be adversely affected.
We may not be able to accurately predict our future capital needs, and we may not be able to obtain additional financing to fund our operations.
We may need to raise additional funds in the future. Any required additional financing may not be available on terms acceptable to us, or at all. If we raise additional funds by issuing equity securities or convertible debt, stockholders may experience significant dilution of their ownership interest, and the newly-issued securities may have rights senior to those of the holders of our common stock. If we raise additional funds by obtaining loans from third parties, the terms of those financing arrangements may include negative covenants or other restrictions on our business that could impair our operational flexibility and would also require us to incur additional interest expense. If additional financing is not available when required or is not available on acceptable terms, we may have to scale back our operations or limit our production activities, and we may not be able to expand our business, develop or enhance our solutions, take advantage of business opportunities, or respond to competitive pressures, which could negatively impact our revenue and the competitiveness of our products.
Our cash and cash equivalents could be adversely affected if the financial institutions in which we hold our cash and cash equivalents fail.
We regularly maintain cash balances at third-party financial institutions in excess of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insurance limit. If a depository institution fails to return our deposits or if a depository institution is subject to other adverse conditions in the financial or credit markets, there is no guarantee that the U.S. Department of Treasury, FDIC or Federal Reserve Board will provide access to uninsured deposits, which could restrict access to our cash or cash equivalents and could adversely impact our operating liquidity, financial condition, and results of operations. As of December 31, 2023, a majority of our cash and short-term investment balances were maintained with Wells Fargo & Co., Morgan Stanley, and U.S. Bancorp.
We may seek, or be required to seek, debt financing.
We may seek, or be required to seek, debt financing. Any required financing may not be available on terms acceptable to us, or at all. The terms of any financing arrangements may include negative covenants or other restrictions on our business that could impair our operational flexibility and would also require us to incur additional interest expense. If financing is not available when required or is not available on acceptable terms, it could harm our liquidity position and we may have to scale back our operations or limit our production activities, which in turn would harm our business, operating results, and financial condition.
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If significant tariffs or other trade restrictions are placed on our products or third-party suppliers, our revenue and results of operations may be materially harmed.
Most of our revenue has been from sales of products to distributors with ship-to locations outside of the United States. Many of our third-party suppliers are located outside of the United States. If significant tariffs or other restrictions are placed on certain goods, existing tariffs are increased, or any related counter-measures are taken by other countries, our revenue and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. For example, beginning in July 2018, the U.S. Trade Representative imposed tariffs on products from China and China then imposed certain retaliatory tariffs. It is uncertain what further alterations to trade terms between China and the United States may occur, including limiting trade with China and imposing additional tariffs on imports from China. In the event that future tariffs are imposed on imports of our products or on our third-party suppliers, or that China or other countries take retaliatory trade measures in response to existing or future tariffs or other trade restrictions, or that the United States imposes further restrictions on trade with China, our business may be impacted, and we may be required to raise prices or make changes to our operations, or we may not be able to sell our products to customers in China, any of which could materially harm our revenue or operating results.
Failure to comply with the laws associated with our activities outside of the United States could subject us to penalties and other adverse consequences.
We face significant risks if we fail to comply with anti-corruption laws and anti-bribery laws, including, without limitation, the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended (the “FCPA”), the U.S. Travel Act, and the UK Bribery Act 2010, that prohibit improper payments or offers of payment to foreign governments and political parties by us for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. In many foreign countries, particularly in countries with developing economies, it may be a local custom that businesses operating in such countries engage in business practices that are prohibited by the FCPA or other applicable laws and regulations. Any violation of these laws could result in severe criminal or civil sanctions and, in the case of the FCPA, suspension or debarment from U.S. government contracting, which could have an adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition, and results of operations.
We are subject to government regulation, including import, export and economic sanctions laws and regulations that may expose us to liability and increase our costs.
Our products and technology are subject to U.S. export controls, including the U.S. Department of Commerce’s Export Administration Regulations (“EAR”) and economic and trade sanctions regulations administered by the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Controls. These regulations may limit the export of our products and technology, and provision of our services outside of the United States, or may require export authorizations, including by license, a license exception, or other appropriate government authorizations and conditions, including annual or semi-annual reporting. Export control and economic sanctions laws may also include prohibitions on the sale or supply of certain of our products to embargoed or sanctioned countries, regions, governments, persons, and entities. For example, we sell to markets in Asia where multiple companies have been added to the Entity List, requiring license for exports of items subject to control under the EAR. To our knowledge, we have not sold products subject to the EAR to Entity List persons. In addition, various countries regulate the importation of certain products, through import permitting and licensing requirements, and have enacted laws that could limit our ability to distribute our products. The exportation, re-exportation, and importation of our products and technology and the provision of services, including by our partners, must comply with U.S. and other laws or else we may be adversely affected through reputational harm, government investigations, penalties, and a denial or curtailment of our ability to export our products and technology. Although we take precautions to prevent our products and technology from being provided in violation of such laws, our products and technology may have previously been, and could in the future be, provided inadvertently in violation of such laws, despite the precautions we take. Changes in export or import laws or sanctions policies also may adversely impact our operations, delay the introduction and sale of our products in international markets, or, in some cases, prevent the export or import of our products and technology to certain countries, regions, governments, persons, or entities altogether, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
We identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, and we may identify additional material weaknesses in the future that may cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations or result in material misstatements of our financial statements. If we fail to remediate any material weaknesses or if we otherwise fail to establish and maintain effective control over financial reporting, our ability to accurately and timely report our financial results could be adversely affected.
As discussed elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting related to the misclassification of “interest received upon maturity of held-to-maturity securities” as an investing activity instead of as an operating activity in the respective condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the periods ended March 31, 2023, June 30, 2023, and September 30, 2023. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a
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combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Effective internal controls are necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports and prevent fraud. Management, under the oversight from the Audit Committee, is implementing additional review procedures to enhance our internal control over financial reporting with respect to the statement of cash flows in order to remediate the material weakness. These review procedures include the development of a review checklist to ensure that we will apply the applicable accounting guidance under Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 230, Statement of Cash Flows.
As a result of the material weakness described above or any in future periods, we face potential for adverse regulatory consequences, including investigations, penalties or suspensions by the SEC or Nasdaq, litigation or other disputes which may include, among others, claims invoking the federal and state securities laws, contractual claims, or other claims arising from the restatement and material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting and the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. Any such regulatory consequences, litigation, claim, or dispute, whether successful or not, could subject us to additional costs, divert the attention of our management, or impair our reputation. Each of these consequences could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We may identify future material weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting or fail to meet the demands that will be placed upon us as a public company, including the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, and we may be unable to accurately report our financial results, or report them within the timeframes required by law or stock exchange regulations. We cannot assure that our existing material weakness will be remediated or that additional material weaknesses will not exist or otherwise be discovered, any of which could adversely affect our reputation, financial condition, and results of operations.
Our internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements because of its inherent limitations, including the possibility of human error, failure or interruption of information technology systems, the circumvention or overriding of controls, or fraud.
Even effective internal controls can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to the preparation and fair presentation of financial statements. If we fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal controls, including any failure to implement required new or improved controls, or if we experience difficulties in their implementation, our business and operating results could be harmed, and we could fail to meet our financial reporting obligations.
Changes in environmental laws or regulations, as well as environmental, social, and governance initiatives, could impose substantial costs and may adversely affect our business.
Our product or manufacturing standards could be impacted by new or revised environmental rules and regulations or other social initiatives. For example, a significant portion of our revenue comes from international sales. Environmental laws or regulations in those countries or in the countries of our end customers may increase our cost of doing business and adversely affect our business and results of operations.
Increasingly customers, regulators, investors, employees, and other stakeholders are focusing on environmental, social, and governance ("ESG") matters. While we have certain ESG initiatives, there is no assurance that customers, regulators, investors, and employees will determine that these programs are sufficient. Any actual or perceived shortcomings with respect to our ESG initiatives and reporting can impact our ability to retain certain customers or increase our customer base, reelect our board of directors, attract and retain certain types of investors, or hire and retain employees. Collecting, measuring, and reporting ESG information and metrics can be costly, difficult and time consuming, is subject to evolving reporting standards, and can present numerous operational, reputational, financial, legal, and other risks, any of which could adversely affect our business as well as on our reputation and stock price.
New or future changes to U.S. and non-U.S. tax laws could materially adversely affect us.
New or future changes in tax laws, regulations, and treaties, or the interpretation thereof, in addition to tax regulations enacted but not in effect, tax policy initiatives and reforms under consideration in the United States or related to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development’s (“OECD”), Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project (“BEPSP”), the European Commission’s state aid investigations, and other initiatives could have an adverse effect on the taxation of international businesses. Furthermore, countries where we are subject to taxes, including the United States, are independently evaluating their tax policy and we may see significant changes in legislation and regulations concerning taxation. Certain countries have already enacted legislation, including those related to BEPSP, which could affect international businesses, and other countries have become more aggressive in their approach to audits and enforcement of their applicable tax laws. In addition, we are unable to predict what future tax reform may be proposed or enacted or what effect such changes would have on our business, but any changes, to the extent they are brought into tax legislation, regulations, policies, or practices, could increase our effective tax rates in the countries where we have operations and have
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an adverse effect on our overall tax rate, along with increasing the complexity, burden and cost of tax compliance, all of which could impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
If we fail to comply with government contracting regulations, we could suffer a loss of revenue or other penalties.
Some of our revenue is derived from contracts with agencies of the U.S. government and subcontracts with its prime contractors. As a result, we are subject to federal contracting regulations, including the Federal Acquisition Regulations. In connection with our business with the U.S. government, we are also subject to audits and review and approval of our policies, procedures, and internal controls for compliance with procurement regulations and applicable laws. In certain circumstances, if we do not comply with the terms of a government contract or with regulations or statutes, we could be subject to downward contract price adjustments or refund obligations or could in extreme circumstances be assessed civil and criminal penalties or be debarred or suspended from obtaining future contracts for a specified period of time, which could have an adverse effect on our business.
Tax regulatory authorities may disagree with our positions and conclusions regarding certain tax positions resulting in unanticipated costs or non-realization of expected benefits.
A tax authority may disagree with tax positions that we have taken. For example, the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”), or another tax authority could challenge our allocation of income by tax jurisdiction and the amounts paid between our affiliated companies pursuant to our intercompany arrangements and transfer pricing policies, including amounts paid with respect to our intellectual property in connection with our intercompany research and development cost sharing arrangement and legal structure. A tax authority may take the position that material income tax liabilities, interest, and penalties are payable by us, in which case, we expect that we might contest such assessment. Contesting such an assessment may be lengthy and costly and if we were unsuccessful in disputing the assessment, the implications could be materially adverse to us and affect our anticipated effective tax rate or operating income, and we could be required to pay substantial penalties and interest where applicable.
Catastrophic events may disrupt our business.
Our corporate headquarters and some of our suppliers and foundry vendors are located in areas that are in active earthquake zones or are subject to power outages, natural disasters, political, social, or economic unrest, and other potentially catastrophic events. In the event of a major earthquake, hurricane, flooding, or other catastrophic event, including with respect to climate change, such as fire, power loss, telecommunications failure, cyber-attack, war, terrorist attack, political, social, or economic unrest, pandemic, epidemic, health crisis, or disease outbreak, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, we may be unable to continue our operations and may endure system interruptions, reputational harm, delays in our product development, breaches of data security, or loss of critical data, any of which could have an adverse effect on our future results of operations.
State, federal, and foreign laws and regulations and other legal obligations related to privacy, data protection, and data security could adversely affect us.
We are subject to a variety of laws and regulations worldwide related to privacy, data protection, and data security, such as the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) or California’s Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 and Privacy Rights Act of 2020. These laws and regulations are continuously and rapidly evolving, and the scope and interpretation of the laws and regulations that are or may be applicable to us are often uncertain and may be conflicting. As a result, these laws and regulations may be interpreted and applied in a manner inconsistent with our practices or policies and we could face fines, lawsuits, regulatory investigations, and other claims and penalties, and we could be required to fundamentally change our practices, which could adversely affect our business and operating results. Complying with such laws and regulations may be time-consuming and require additional resources, and could therefore adversely affect our business and results of operations. Any failure or perceived failure by us or our third-party service providers to comply with our privacy, data protection, or data security policies, or legal or contractual obligations, even if unfounded, may result in governmental enforcement actions, litigation, liability, or negative publicity, and could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Security breaches, cyberattacks, and other disruptions to information technology systems owned or maintained by us or third parties, such as vendors or suppliers, could disrupt our operations, compromise the confidentiality of private customer data or our intellectual property, and adversely affect our business, reputation, operations, and financial results.
We rely on our information technology systems, and those of our vendors, suppliers, and customers, including hardware, software, cloud services, infrastructure, networks, and systems, for the effective operation of our business and for secure maintenance and storage of confidential data relating to our business. Additionally, in the ordinary course of business we collect and store sensitive data, including intellectual property and proprietary business information as well as personal
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information of our customers and employees, in data centers and on information technology systems, including systems that may be controlled or maintained by third parties. The secure operation of these information technology systems, and the processing and maintenance of the information processed by these systems, is critical to our business operations. While we and others have implemented various controls and defenses, cybersecurity attacks and threats have continued to become more prevalent and sophisticated. These threats are constantly evolving, making it increasingly difficult to successfully defend against or implement adequate preventive measures. Geopolitical tensions or conflicts have in the past led to, and may in the future lead to, increased risk of cybersecurity attacks. Notwithstanding defensive measures, experienced programmers, hackers, state actors, or others may be able to penetrate our security controls, or those of our vendors, suppliers, or customers, through attacks such as, but not limited to, phishing or other forms of social engineering, impersonating authorized users, ransomware, spyware, viruses, worms and other malicious software programs, software supply chain attacks, exploitation of compromised commercial software, bugs and other security weaknesses and vulnerabilities, covert introduction of malware to computers and networks. Any attack on the information technology systems of us or one of our vendors, suppliers, or customers may be difficult to detect, designed to remain dormant until a triggering event, or may continue undetected for an extended period of time. In addition, our information technology systems and those of our vendors, suppliers, and customers may be vulnerable to damage, disruptions, or shutdowns due to errors, negligence or malfeasance by employees, contractors, or others who have access to these systems.
Security breaches, cyberattacks, and other disruptions to our information technology systems or those of our vendors, suppliers, or customers could compromise the confidentiality, operational integrity, and accessibility of our information technology systems, or those of our vendors, suppliers, or customers, which could result in the compromise, unauthorized publication, or loss of proprietary data, intellectual property, or personal information, as well as interruptions or delays in our business operations, loss of existing or future customers, and damage to our reputation, which could adversely affect our business, reputation, and financial results. In addition, such events could result in violations of privacy or other laws, increase the risk of litigation or regulatory investigation, or cause us to incur direct losses if attackers initiate wire transfers or access our bank or investment accounts. We expect ongoing and increasing costs related to investments in technology, controls, processes, and practices, however these investments may not be sufficient to shield us from significant losses or liability in the event of security breaches, cyberattacks, or other disruptions to our information technology systems.
Our business may be impacted by information technology system failures or network disruptions, and lack of redundancy.
Our ability to operate our business depends on the efficient operation of internal and third-party information technology systems, including cloud computing, data centers, hardware, software, and applications, to manage our company. We strive to use quality and secure systems, work with reputable system vendors, and implement procedures intended to enable us to protect our systems.
Our information technology systems and operations could be damaged or interrupted due to events such as natural or human-caused disasters, extreme weather, geopolitical events and security issues, computer viruses, cybersecurity incidents, telecommunication failures, and similar events, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Our systems are not fully redundant and depending on the severity of the damage or interruption, our disaster recovery plans may be inadequate or ineffective. These events could also damage our reputation, and result in increased costs or loss of sales.
We might not be able to utilize a significant portion of our net operating loss carryforwards and research and development tax credit carryforwards.
As of December 31, 2023, we had U.S. federal, state and foreign net operating loss (“NOL”), carryforwards of approximately $230.2 million, $83.7 million and $1.7 million, respectively, and U.S. federal and state research and development tax credit carryforwards of approximately $3.9 million and $3.6 million, respectively. The U.S. federal, state, and the foreign NOL carryforwards begin to expire in 2028. The U.S. federal research and development tax credit carryforwards begin to expire in 2025 and the state research and development tax credit carryforwards carry forward indefinitely. These net operating loss and U.S. federal tax credit carryforwards could expire unused and/or be unavailable to offset future income tax liabilities. In addition, under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), and corresponding provisions of California state law, if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change,” which is generally defined as a greater than 50% change, by value, in its equity ownership over a three-year period, the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change net operating loss carryforwards and other pre-change tax attributes to offset its post-change income may be limited. We completed a Section 382 analysis and determined an ownership change occurred in 2014 and concluded that it had no impact on U.S. federal and California net operating losses or on U.S. federal research and development credits. Our initial public offering in November 2019 did not result in a change in ownership of greater than 50% under Section 382. We also had a follow-on offering on June 16, 2020, which resulted in greater than 50% change under Section 382. We completed an updated Section 382 analysis based on this new change event and determined
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that it will not prohibit us from eventually utilizing our carryforwards. We updated the Section 382 analysis through December 31, 2023 and concluded there have not been any additional ownership changes as defined under Section 382 since the June 16, 2020 follow-on offering. We may experience ownership changes in the future as a result of subsequent shifts in our stock ownership, some of which may be outside of our control. If we determine that an ownership change has occurred and our ability to use our historical net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards is materially limited, it would harm our future business, financial condition, and results of operations by effectively increasing our future tax obligations. In addition, under the Tax Act, federal NOLs incurred in 2018 and in future years may be carried forward indefinitely but generally may not be carried back and the deductibility of such NOLs is limited to 80% of taxable income. Under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act, which was signed into law in 2020, an NOL from a tax year beginning in 2018, 2019 or 2020 can be carried back five years and would not be subject to the 80%-of-income limitation if they are exhausted during the five-year carryback period or during 2018, 2019 or 2020. The Company will not carry back any NOLs as they did not have taxable income in prior years.
Risks Related to Intellectual Property
Our failure to adequately protect our intellectual property rights could impair our ability to compete effectively or defend ourselves from litigation, which could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Our success depends, in part, on our ability to protect our intellectual property. We rely primarily on patent, copyright, trademark, and trade secret laws, as well as confidentiality and non-disclosure agreements, and other contractual protections, to protect our technologies and proprietary know-how, all of which offer only limited protection. The steps we have taken to protect our intellectual property rights may not be adequate to prevent the misappropriation, infringement, or other violation of our proprietary information or infringement of our intellectual property rights, and our ability to prevent such misappropriation, infringement, or other violation is uncertain, particularly in countries outside of the United States. As of December 31, 2023, we had 119 issued U.S. patents, expiring generally between 2026 and 2040 and 42 pending U.S. patent applications (including 13 provisional applications). We also had four foreign issued patents expiring in 2036 and four pending foreign patent applications. Our issued patents and pending patent applications generally relate to our MEMS fabrication process, MEMS resonators, circuits, packaging, and oscillator systems. We cannot assure you that any patents from any pending patent applications (or from any future patent applications) will be issued, and even if the pending patent applications are granted, the scope of the rights granted to us may not be meaningful or provide us with any commercial advantage. For example, these patents could be opposed, contested, circumvented, designed around by third parties, be narrowed or declared invalid or unenforceable in judicial or administrative proceedings including re-examination, inter partes review, post-grant review, interference and derivation proceedings and equivalent proceedings in foreign jurisdictions, or be subject to ownership claims by third parties. The failure of our patents to adequately protect our technology might make it easier for our competitors to offer similar products or technologies. Our foreign patent protection is less comprehensive than our U.S. patent protection and may not protect our intellectual property rights in some countries where our products are sold or may be sold in the future. Even if foreign patents are granted, effective enforcement in foreign countries may not be available. Further, we are currently unable to take advantage of selling our products online in certain countries where we do not own trademarks for our corporate name. Many U.S.-based companies have encountered substantial third-party intellectual property infringement in foreign countries, including countries where we sell products. If such an impermissible use of our intellectual property or trade secrets were to occur, our ability to sell our solutions at competitive prices may be adversely affected and our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.
The legal standards relating to the validity, enforceability, and scope of protection of intellectual property rights are uncertain and evolving. We cannot assure you that others will not develop or patent similar or superior technologies or solutions, or that our patents, trademarks, and other intellectual property will not be challenged, invalidated, or circumvented by others.
We also have a license to certain patents from Bosch relating to the design and manufacture of MEMS-based timing applications. The patent rights obtained under the license agreement expire between 2021 and 2029, and the license agreement expires upon expiration of the last patent licensed under the agreement. We do not believe there will be any significant impact upon expiration of these patents.
We believe that the success of our business depends more on proprietary technology, information and processes, and know-how than on our patents or trademarks. Much of our proprietary information and technology related to manufacturing processes is not patented and may not be patentable.
Unauthorized copying or other misappropriation of our proprietary technologies could enable third parties to benefit from our technologies without paying us for doing so, which could harm our business. Monitoring unauthorized use of our intellectual property is difficult and costly. It is possible that unauthorized use of our intellectual property may have occurred or may occur without our knowledge. We cannot assure you that the steps we have taken will prevent
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unauthorized use of our intellectual property, or that others will not develop technologies similar or superior to our technology or design around our intellectual property. Our failure to effectively protect our intellectual property could reduce the value of our technology in licensing arrangements or in cross-licensing negotiations.
In addition, we also rely on contractual protections with our customers, suppliers, distributors, employees, and consultants, and we implement security measures designed to protect our trade secrets and know-how. However, we cannot assure you that we have entered into such agreements with every such party, that these contractual protections and security measures will not be breached, that we will have adequate remedies for any such breach, or that our customers, suppliers, distributors, employees, or consultants will not assert rights to intellectual property or damages arising out of such contracts.
We may in the future need to initiate infringement claims or litigation in order to try to protect or enforce our intellectual property rights. Litigation, whether we are a plaintiff or a defendant, can be expensive and time-consuming and may divert the efforts of our management and other personnel, which could harm our business, whether or not such litigation results in a determination favorable to us. Litigation also puts our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing. Additionally, any enforcement of our patents or other intellectual property may provoke third parties to assert counterclaims against us. If we are unable to meaningfully protect our proprietary rights or if third parties independently develop or gain access to our or similar technologies, our business, financial condition, results of operations, reputation, and competitive position could be harmed.
We may face intellectual property infringement, misappropriation, or other claims, which could be time-consuming and costly to defend or settle and which could result in the loss of significant rights and harm our relationships with our customers and distributors.
The semiconductor industry in which we operate is characterized by companies that hold patents and other intellectual property rights and vigorously pursue, protect, and enforce intellectual property rights. From time to time, third parties may assert against us and our customers and distributors their patent and other intellectual property rights to technologies that are important to our business. Any litigation, regardless of success or merit, could cause us to incur substantial expenses, reduce our sales, and divert the efforts of our management and other personnel. In the event we receive an adverse result in any litigation, we could be required to pay substantial damages, seek licenses from third parties, which may not be available on reasonable terms or at all, cease sale of products, expend significant resources to develop alternative technology, or discontinue the use of processes requiring the relevant technology.
In addition, our commercial success depends upon our ability to manufacture and sell our products without infringing, misappropriating, or otherwise violating the intellectual property rights of others. Claims that our products, processes, or technology infringe, misappropriate, or otherwise violate third-party intellectual property rights, regardless of their merit or resolution, could be costly to defend or settle and could divert the efforts and attention of our management and other personnel. We may in the future, particularly as a public company with an increased profile and visibility, receive communications from others alleging our infringement, misappropriation, or other violation of patents, trade secrets, or other intellectual property rights. We cannot assure you that, if made, these claims will not be successful, and lawsuits resulting from such allegations, even if we believe they are invalid, could subject us to significant liability for damages, invalidate our proprietary rights, and prevent us from selling specific products. Moreover, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions, or other interim proceedings or developments and if securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the price of our common stock.
Intellectual property claims could also harm our relationships with our customers or distributors and might deter future customers from doing business with us. We do not know whether we will prevail in any such proceedings given the complex technical issues and inherent uncertainties in intellectual property litigation. If any future proceedings result in an adverse outcome, we could be required to:
•cease the manufacture, use or sale of the applicable products, processes, or technology;
•pay substantial damages for infringement by us or our customers;
•expend significant resources to develop non-infringing products, processes, or technology, which may not be successful;
•license technology from the third-party claiming infringement, which license may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all;
•cross-license our technology to a competitor to resolve an infringement claim, which could weaken our ability to compete with that competitor;
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•lose the opportunity to license our technology to others or to collect royalty payments based upon successful protection and assertion of our intellectual property rights against others; or
•pay substantial damages to our customers or end users to discontinue their use of or to replace infringing technology sold to them with non-infringing technology, if available.
Any of the foregoing results could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Any potential dispute involving patents or other intellectual property could affect our customers, which could trigger our indemnification obligations to them and result in substantial expense to us.
In any potential dispute involving patents or other intellectual property, our customers could also become the target of litigation. Our agreements with customers and other third-parties generally include indemnification or other provisions under which we agree to indemnify or otherwise be liable to them for losses suffered or incurred as a result of claims of intellectual property infringement, damages caused by us to property or persons, or other liabilities relating to or arising from our solutions included in their products. Large indemnity payments or damage claims from contractual breach could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations. From time to time, customers may require us to indemnify or otherwise be liable to them for breach of confidentiality or failure to implement adequate security measures with respect to their intellectual property and trade secrets. Although we normally contractually limit our liability with respect to such obligations, we may still incur substantial liability related to them. Any litigation against our customers could trigger technical support and indemnification obligations under some of our agreements, which could result in substantial expense to us.
In addition, other customers, or end customers with whom we do not have formal agreements requiring us to indemnify them may ask us to indemnify them if a claim is made as a condition to awarding future design wins to us. Because some of our customers are larger than we are and have greater resources than we do, they may be more likely to be the target of an infringement claim by third parties than we would be, which could increase our chances of becoming involved in a future lawsuit. If any such claims were to succeed, we might be forced to pay damages on behalf of our customers that could increase our expenses, disrupt our ability to sell our solutions and reduce our revenue and profit. Any dispute with a customer with respect to such obligations could have adverse effects on our relationship with that customer and other current and prospective customers and reduce demand for our solutions. In addition to the time and expense required for us to supply support or indemnification to our customers, any such litigation could severely disrupt or shut down the business of our customers, which in turn could hurt our relations with our customers and cause the sale of our products to decrease. Any of the foregoing could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Risks Related to MegaChips Corporation’s Ownership Position in Our Common Stock
As long as MegaChips holds a significant amount of our stock, our other shareholders’ ability to influence matters requiring stockholder approval will be limited.
MegaChips owns 4,700,000 shares of our common stock, representing approximately 20.7% of our outstanding common stock as of December 31, 2023. For so long as MegaChips or its successors in interest continue to hold the largest ownership position in our outstanding common stock, we expect MegaChips to continue to hold at least one out of eight seats on our board of directors, and to be influential in electing members of our board of directors. As long as MegaChips continues to be our largest stockholder, it will continue to have significant influence over us.
For example, as long as MegaChips continues to hold a significant or the largest ownership position in our outstanding common stock, MegaChips may have the ability to affect the outcome of any stockholder vote during this period. As a result, MegaChips will have the ability to exert significant influence over many matters affecting us, either through its board representative or as a stockholder, including:
•determinations with respect to our business plans and policies, including the appointment and removal of our officers;
•any determinations with respect to mergers and other business combinations;
•our acquisition or disposition of assets;
•our financing activities;
•the allocation of business opportunities that may be suitable for us and MegaChips;
•the payment of dividends on our common stock; and
•the number of shares available for issuance under our stock plans.
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MegaChips’ significant ownership position may discourage transactions involving a change of control of us, including transactions in which other holders of our common stock might otherwise receive a premium for their shares over the then current market price. In addition, as a result of this voting control and representations on our board of directors, persons who we would like to invite to join our board of directors may decline to do so.
Our inability to resolve any disputes that arise between us and MegaChips with respect to our past and ongoing relationships may adversely affect our operating results.
Disputes may arise between MegaChips and us in a number of areas relating to our past and ongoing relationships, including:
•sales or distributions by MegaChips of all or any portion of its ownership interest in us; and
•business opportunities that may be attractive to both MegaChips and us.
We may not be able to resolve any potential conflicts, and even if we do, the resolution may be less favorable than if we were dealing with an unaffiliated party.
We have entered into an integration and purchase agreement with MegaChips for the sale of resonators by us to MegaChips. The agreements we entered into with MegaChips may be amended upon agreement between the parties. Because MegaChips is a major stockholder with representatives on our board of directors, we may not have the leverage to negotiate amendments to these agreements on terms as favorable to us compared to those we would negotiate with an unaffiliated third party.
There could be potential conflicts of interest between us and affiliates of MegaChips, which could impact our business and operating results.
Some of our directors have or had affiliations with MegaChips. Affiliations of directors with MegaChips could create, or appear to create, conflicts of interest with respect to matters involving both us and MegaChips. For example, corporate opportunities may arise that concern both of our businesses, such as the potential acquisition of a particular business or technology that is complementary to both of our businesses. Our Board has adopted a Related Persons Transactions Policy to address actual or perceived conflicts of interest of directors, officers and greater than 5% stockholders on a case-by-case basis. If any corporate opportunity arises and if our directors and officers do not pursue it on our behalf, we may not become aware of, and may potentially lose, a significant business opportunity.
Risks Related to Our Common Stock
Substantial future sales of our common stock could cause the market price of our common stock to decline.
The market price of our common stock could decline as a result of substantial sales of our common stock, particularly sales by our directors, executive officers, and significant stockholders, including MegaChips, or the perception in the market that holders of a large number of shares intend to sell their shares.
Anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of us more difficult, limit attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management and limit the market price of our common stock.
Provisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control or changes in our management. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws include provisions that:
•authorize our board of directors to issue, without further action by the stockholders, shares of undesignated preferred stock with terms, rights, and preferences determined by our board of directors that may be senior to our common stock;
•require that any action to be taken by our stockholders be effected at a duly called annual or special meeting and not by written consent;
•specify that special meetings of our stockholders can be called only by our board of directors, the Chairman of our board of directors, or our Chief Executive Officer;
•establish an advance notice procedure for stockholder proposals to be brought before an annual meeting, including proposed nominations of persons for election to our board of directors;
•establish that our board of directors is divided into three classes, with each class serving three-year staggered terms;
•prohibit cumulative voting in the election of directors;
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•provide that our directors may be removed only for cause;
•provide that vacancies on our board of directors may be filled by a majority of directors then in office, even if less than a quorum; and
•require the approval of our board of directors or the holders of at least 66 2/3% of our outstanding shares of capital stock to amend our bylaws and certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation.
These provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our board of directors, which is responsible for appointing the members of our management. In addition, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which generally prohibits a Delaware corporation from engaging in any of a broad range of business combinations with any interested stockholder for a period of three years following the date on which the stockholder became an interested stockholder. Any delay or prevention of a change of control transaction or changes in our management could cause our stock price to decline.
Our bylaws designate the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware as the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by our stockholders, and federal district courts will be the sole and exclusive forum for Securities Act claims, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain what they believe to be a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or other employees.
Our bylaws provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, to the fullest extent permitted by law, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware shall be the sole and exclusive forum for (a) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (b) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers, or other employees to us or our stockholders, (c) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law, our certificate of incorporation or our bylaws, or (d) any action asserting a claim against us governed by the internal affairs doctrine. Section 27 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or the Exchange Act, creates exclusive federal jurisdiction over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. As a result, the exclusive forum provision will not apply to suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. Our bylaws further provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts are the sole and exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act.
Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in our capital stock shall be deemed to have notice of and consented to the provisions of our bylaws described above. This choice of forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or other employees, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our directors, officers, or other employees. Alternatively, if a court were to find these provisions of our bylaws inapplicable to, or unenforceable in respect of, one or more of the specified types of actions or proceedings, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters in other jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations and result in a diversion of the time and resources of our management and board of directors.
Our stock price may be volatile and may decline, resulting in a loss of some or all of our stockholder investment.
The trading price and volume of our common stock is likely to be volatile and could fluctuate significantly in response to numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control, including:
•macroeconomic conditions,
•actual or anticipated fluctuations in our results of operations due to, among other things, changes in customer demand, product life cycles, pricing, ordering patterns, and unforeseen operating costs;
•the financial projections we may provide to the public, any changes in these projections, or our failure to meet these projections;
•failure of securities analysts to initiate or maintain coverage of us, changes in financial estimates or ratings by any securities analysts who follow us, or our failure to meet these estimates or the expectations of investors;
•announcements by our significant customers of changes to their product offerings, business plans, or strategies;
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•announcements by us or our competitors of significant technical innovations, acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures, or capital commitments;
•changes in operating performance and stock market valuations of other technology companies generally, or those in the semiconductor industry;
•timing and seasonality of the end-market demand;
•cyclical fluctuations in the semiconductor market;
•price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market from time to time, including as a result of trends in the economy as a whole;
•actual or anticipated developments in our business or our competitors’ businesses or the competitive landscape generally;
•new laws or regulations or new interpretations of existing laws or regulations applicable to our business;
•any major change in our management;
•lawsuits threatened or filed against us; and
•other events or factors, including those resulting from geopolitical activities, war, incidents of terrorism, natural disasters, pandemics, or responses to these events.
In addition, the market for technology stocks and the stock markets in general have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations. Stock prices of many technology companies have fluctuated in a manner unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. In the past, stockholders have instituted securities class action litigation following periods of market volatility. If we were to become involved in securities litigation, it could subject us to substantial costs, divert resources and the attention of management from our business, and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.
None
Item 1C. Cybersecurity
Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy
We have established policies and processes for assessing, identifying, and managing material risks from cybersecurity threats. These policies and processes are intended to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our critical information systems and our critical data, including intellectual property and confidential information that is proprietary, strategic, or competitive in nature (“Information Systems and Data”).
Our IT management team, with oversight by our board of directors (“Board”) and audit committee of the Board (“Audit Committee”), helps identify, assess, and manage risks from cybersecurity threats by monitoring and evaluating threats through our cybersecurity risk management program, which leverages the National Institute of Standards and Technology Cybersecurity Framework.
Our cybersecurity risk management program incorporates a variety of methods to manage and mitigate material risks from cybersecurity threats to our Information Systems and Data, including:
•risk assessments designed to help identify cybersecurity risks to our Information Systems and Data;
•a team principally responsible for managing (1) our cybersecurity risk assessment processes, (2) our security controls, and (3) our response to cybersecurity incidents;
•annual training of our employees at all levels and in all departments regarding cybersecurity awareness and protection of confidential information; and
•a cybersecurity incident response plan that includes procedures for detecting and responding to cybersecurity incidents.
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Additionally, our cybersecurity risk management program incorporates a variety of tools and services to assess, identify, and manage material risks from cybersecurity threats, including regular network and endpoint monitoring, vulnerability assessments, and penetration testing.
Our cybersecurity risk management program is integrated in our overall enterprise risk management program. For example, our IT team works with management to prioritize our risk management processes and mitigate cybersecurity threats that are more likely to lead to a material impact on our business.
Our cybersecurity risk management program also seeks to manage cybersecurity risks associated with our use of third-party service providers through risk assessments and imposition of contractual obligations.
For a description of risks from cybersecurity threats that may materially affect the Company and how they may do so, see Item 1A “Risk Factors” in this annual report on form 10-K, including the risk factors entitled “Security breaches, cyberattacks, and other disruptions to information technology systems owned or maintained by us or third parties, such as vendors or suppliers, could disrupt our operations, compromise the confidentiality of private customer data or our intellectual property, and adversely affect our business, reputation, operations, and financial results” and “Our business may be impacted by information technology system failures or network disruptions, and lack of redundancy.”
Cybersecurity Governance
Our Board considers cybersecurity risk as part of its overall risk oversight function and has delegated to the Audit Committee oversight of cybersecurity matters and other policies and internal controls regarding information security risks. The Audit Committee oversees management’s implementation of our cybersecurity risk management program.
The Audit Committee receives quarterly reports from management on our cybersecurity risks. In addition, management will update the Audit Committee, as necessary, regarding any significant cybersecurity incidents. The Audit Committee reports to the full Board regarding its activities, including those related to cybersecurity. The full Board also receives a briefing from management on our cyber risk management program at least annually.
Our management team, including our IT management team, are responsible for day-to-day implementation, assessment, and management of our cybersecurity risk assessment and management processes. The IT management team has primary responsibility for our overall cybersecurity risk management program, including monitoring the prevention, detection, mitigation, and remediation of cybersecurity incidents, and works in partnership with our other business leaders, including our Chief Legal Officer. Our IT management team supervises both our internal cybersecurity personnel and any retained external cybersecurity consultants. Our Senior Director of IT has served in various roles in information technology and information security for over 25 years.
Our cybersecurity incident response plan is designed to escalate certain cybersecurity incidents to a team of business leaders, including, but not limited to, our Chief Legal Officer, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, Executive Vice President of Engineering and Technology, and Executive Vice President of Operations. This team of business leaders works with our incident response team to help determine the severity of the impact of a cybersecurity incident, as well as to help mitigate and remediate cybersecurity incidents of which they are notified.
Item 2. Properties.
Our principal executive offices are located in a leased facility in Santa Clara, California, consisting of approximately 50,400 square feet of office space under lease that expires in March 2027. This facility accommodates our principal engineering, sales, marketing, operations, finance, and administrative activities. Outside of the United States, we also lease facilities in various international locations that are used for research and development, sales, business development, operations, and administrative support. These international facilities are mainly located in Japan, Malaysia, the Netherlands, Taiwan, and Ukraine. We do not own any real property. We believe that our leased facilities are adequate to meet our current needs and that additional facilities will be available on commercially reasonable terms for lease to meet future needs.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings.
From time to time, we may become involved in legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business. We are not currently a party to any legal proceedings the outcome of which, if determined adversely to us, would individually or in the aggregate have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
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Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.
Not applicable
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PART II
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.
Market Information for Common Stock
Our common stock has been quoted on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol “SITM” since our initial public offering in November 2019. Prior to that time, there was no public market for our common stock.
As of February 15, 2024, there were 28 holders of record (not including beneficial holders of stock held in street names) of our common stock.
Dividend Policy
We have never paid any cash dividends on our common stock. Our board of directors currently intends to retain any future earnings to support operations and to finance the growth and development of our business and does not intend to pay cash dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable future. Any future determination related to our dividend policy will be made at the discretion of our board.
Stock Performance Graph
The following information shall not be deemed to be soliciting material or to be filed with the SEC, or subject to Regulations 14A or 14C under the Exchange Act or to the liabilities of Section 18 of the Exchange Act nor shall such information be incorporated by reference into any future filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, except to the extent that we specifically incorporate it by reference into such filing.
The following line graph compares for the period beginning November 21, 2019, the initial trading date of our common stock on the Nasdaq Global Market, and ending on December 31, 2023, the last day of our fiscal year, the cumulative total stockholder return for our common stock, the Nasdaq Composite Index and Philadelphia Semiconductor Index and assumes reinvestment of any dividends. The stockholder return shown in the graph below is not necessarily indicative of, nor is it intended to forecast, the potential future performance of our common stock, and we do not make or endorse any predictions as to future stockholder returns.
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| Company Name/Index | Base Period 11/21/2019 | December 31, 2019 | December 31, 2020 | December 31, 2021 | December 31, 2022 | December 31, 2023 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SiTime Corporation | 100.00 | 150.89 | 662.31 | 1,731.01 | 601.30 | 722.37 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nasdaq composite index | 100.00 | 105.22 | 151.13 | 183.46 | 122.73 | 176.03 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Philadelphia Semiconductor index | 100.00 | 109.24 | 165.10 | 233.06 | 149.55 | 246.61 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Item 6. [Reserved]
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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
The Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and the notes thereto included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The MD&A contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Exchange Act that involve risks and uncertainties, which are discussed under Part I, Item 1A.
Overview
The ability to accurately measure and reference time has been essential to many of humankind’s greatest inventions and technological advances. Timing technology has continued to evolve over centuries, forming a critical aspect of broader technological evolution. Timing is the heartbeat of digital electronic systems, ensuring that the system runs smoothly and reliably by providing and distributing clock signals to various critical components such as central processing units, communication and interface ICs, and radio frequency components. As electronics evolve to deliver higher performance levels, even in increasingly challenging environments, while also being more complex and size-constrained, we believe they will require more semiconductor-based sophisticated timing solutions that cannot be developed in legacy quartz crystal-based technologies. Precision timing, a category that we created (“Precision Timing”), fills this need with the performance, power, size, and cost that is required by these new applications.
We are a leading provider of Precision Timing solutions to the global electronics industry. Our Precision Timing solutions are the heartbeat of our customers’ electronic systems, providing the timing functionality that is needed for electronics to operate reliably and correctly. We provide Precision Timing solutions that are differentiated by high performance, high resilience, and high reliability, along with programmability, small size, and low power consumption. Our products have been designed into over 300 applications across our target markets, including communications, datacenter and enterprise, automotive, industrial, aerospace, mobile, IoT and consumer.
Our current solutions include various types of oscillators, as well as clock integrated circuits ("ICs"), and resonators. Our all-silicon solutions are based on three fundamental areas of expertise: micro-electro-mechanical systems (“MEMS”), analog mixed-signal design capabilities, and advanced system-level integration expertise.
At the heart of our Precision Timing solutions are our MEMS, analog/mixed-signal, and systems technologies. We have a deep understanding of mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties of materials, which is a key requirement for developing our proprietary MEMS processes. To maximize MEMS first-silicon success, we have also developed our own MEMS simulation tools. Our analog/mixed-signal die are developed using industry-standard processes and deliver high levels of performance using programmable phase-locked loops, temperature sensors, regulators, data converters, drivers and other building blocks.
In 2023, we advanced our technology and expanded our product portfolio, including with the closing of an agreement with Aura Semiconductor Pvt. Ltd. and certain of its affiliated entities (together, “Aura”) in December 2023 for the acquisition of certain assets and an exclusive license to certain intellectual property from Aura. The agreement provides that the intellectual property underlying the license from Aura will be delivered on an ongoing and periodic basis through July 2025. The purchase price for the transaction is approximately $148 million in cash, and we paid approximately $36 million at closing in December 2023. The remaining purchase price for the transaction will be paid on a periodic basis upon Aura delivering products that meet certain specified criteria and contain the licensed intellectual property. The consideration payable to Aura for the transaction also includes potential earnout payments based on agreed multiples of net revenue generated by sales by us of products containing licensed intellectual property through calendar year 2028, up to a maximum aggregate amount of $120 million. The agreement with Aura contains certain covenants and restrictions, including certain geographic restrictions providing that for five years following closing of the transaction we are prohibited from selling products containing certain intellectual property licensed from Aura to entities with group headquarters of the design win customer located in the People's Republic of China ("PRC"), and Aura is prohibited from selling products containing certain intellectual property licensed to us to entities with group headquarters of the design win customer located outside the PRC.
Historically, our revenue has been substantially delivered from sales of oscillator systems across our target end markets. In addition to oscillators, we have expanded our product portfolio to include clock IC and timing sync solutions. We seek to expand our presence in our end markets across all product categories.
We sell our products primarily through distributors, who in turn sell to our end customers. We also sell products directly to some of our end customers. We leverage our global network of distributors to address the broad set of end markets we serve. For our largest accounts, dedicated sales personnel work with the end customer to ensure that our solutions fully address the end customer’s timing needs. Our smaller customers can select the optimum timing solution for
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their needs by working directly with our sales personnel or our distributors or by shopping on our online store, SiTimeDirect™.
We operate a fabless business model, allowing us to focus on the design, sales, and marketing of our products, quickly scale production, and significantly reduce our capital expenditures by using the semiconductor industry manufacturing infrastructure. A fabless infrastructure gives us production flexibility and the ability to scale capacity up and down quickly to meet demand. Our programmable architecture also plays a key role in ensuring optimal production flexibility, as it allows us to offer shorter lead times and the ability to meet custom requirements more easily.
In 2020 and 2021 there were a number of industry-wide supply constraints affecting the supply of analog circuits manufactured by certain foundries, including Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, and affecting outsourced semiconductor assembly and test providers. We believe that the effects of the industry-wide supply constraints on other timing device suppliers contributed in part to our revenue and gross margin growth in 2021 and the first half of 2022. In 2022 and 2023 macroeconomic events such as rising inflation, fear of recession, equity market volatility, geopolitical tensions, war, decreased consumer spending, lower demand for electronic products following a period of strong demand during the COVID-19 pandemic, supply chain disruptions, and the COVID-19 pandemic measures implemented in China, harmed sales of our products and results of operations. We believe that some of our customers built up inventory of our products in 2022 to overcome the industry-wide supply constraints that occurred in the previous periods and that the macroeconomic events in 2022 and 2023 led to reduced demand for our customers' products, which led to an inventory buildup at some of our customers and their affiliates, partners and contract manufacturers, which has adversely affected sales of our products. We believe that this inventory buildup will negatively impact the sales of our products until such inventory buildup is reduced and could result in decreases in our sales and margins, and could materially harm our results of operations. The future effects of macroeconomic events on our business and results of operations, including inventory levels at our customer and their affiliates, partners, and contract manufacturers as well as demand for our products, are uncertain and difficult to predict. For additional discussion please see Part I, Item 1A "Risk Factors" of this report, especially the risk factor titled “Global macroeconomic conditions have harmed and may continue to harm our business” and “Our revenue and operating results may fluctuate from period to period, which could cause our stock price to fluctuate.”
Impact of COVID-19 on our Business
The COVID-19 pandemic impacted our workforce and the operations of our customers and suppliers during 2022, however in 2023 it did not have a material impact on our workforce or, to our knowledge, the operations of our customers or suppliers.
Key Factors Affecting Our Performance
Customer Orders and Forecasts
Because our sales are made pursuant to standard purchase orders, orders may be cancelled, reduced, or rescheduled with little or no notice and without penalty. Cancellations of orders could result in the loss of anticipated sales without allowing us sufficient time to reduce our inventory and operating expenses. In addition, changes in forecasts or the timing of orders from customers exposes us to the risks of inventory shortages or excess inventory. We may not be able to fulfill increased demand, at least in the short term, as we do not intend to acquire excess inventory to pre-build custom products.
Design Wins with New and Existing Customers
Our solutions enable our customers to differentiate their product offerings and position themselves to gain market share. We work closely with our customers to understand their product roadmaps and strategies. Our end customers continuously develop new products in existing and new application areas. We also consider design wins critical to our future success and anticipate being increasingly dependent on revenue from new design wins for our new higher-end products with higher average selling prices (“ASPs”). The selection process is typically lengthy and may require us to incur significant design and development expenditures in pursuit of a design win with no assurance that our solutions will be selected. As a result, the loss of any key design win or any significant delay in the ramp of volume production of the customer’s products into which our product is designed could adversely affect our business.
Customer Demand and Product Life Cycles
Once customers design our Precision Timing solutions into their products, we closely monitor all aspects of their demand cycle, including the initial design phase, prototype production, volume production, and inventories, as well as end-
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market demand, including seasonality, cyclicality, and the competitive landscape. Given our customer relationships and the long-term aspects of our solutions, we benefit from visibility into customer demand. This in turn provides an opportunity for us to monitor and refine our business fundamentals.
Product Adoption within New Markets and Applications
As we evaluate new market opportunities and bring new products to market, we pay particular attention to forecasts by industry analysts and the adoption curve of technology. We also analyze in detail potential competing forces that could hinder such adoption. If we fail to anticipate or respond to technological shifts or market demands, or to timely develop new or enhanced products or technologies in response to the same, it could result in decreased revenue and the loss of our design wins to our competitors.
Pricing, Product Cost, and Product Mix
The ASPs of our products vary significantly. While the ASP of any individual product generally decreases over time, our average ASPs have historically remained relatively flat as we continue to introduce new higher-end products with higher ASPs. Our pricing and margins depend on customer demand as well as the volumes and the features of the timing devices we provide to our customers. We continually monitor and work to reduce the cost of our products and improve the potential value our solutions provide to our customers as we target new design win opportunities and manage the product life cycles of our existing customer designs. Since we rely on third-party wafer foundries and assembly and test contractors to manufacture, assemble, and test our products, we maintain a close relationship with our suppliers to improve quality and increase yields.
Gross margin, or gross profit as a percentage of revenue, has been, and will continue to be, affected by a variety of factors, including ASPs, and product mix in a given period, material costs, yields, inventory write-downs and manufacturing operations costs. We believe the primary driver of gross margin is the ASPs negotiated between us and our customers relative to material costs and yield improvement. As our products mature and unit volumes increase, we expect their ASPs to decline. These declines often coincide with improvements in manufacturing yields and lower wafer, assembly, and testing costs, which offset some or all of the margin reduction that results from lower ASPs. However, we expect our gross margin to fluctuate on a quarterly basis as a result of changes in ASPs due to new product introductions, existing product transitions into high-volume manufacturing, manufacturing costs, and our product mix.
Cyclical Nature of the Semiconductor Industry
The semiconductor industry is highly cyclical and is characterized by constant and rapid technological change, rapid product obsolescence, price erosion, evolving standards, short product life cycles, and wide fluctuations in product supply and demand. From time to time, these factors, together with changes in macroeconomic conditions, can cause significant upturns and downturns in the semiconductor industry, and in our business. Downturns in the semiconductor industry have been characterized by diminished product demand, production overcapacity, high inventory levels, and accelerated erosion of average selling prices. Any prolonged or significant downturn in the semiconductor industry generally could adversely affect our business and reduce demand for our products and otherwise harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. Any significant upturn in the semiconductor industry could result in increased competition for access to third-party foundry and assembly capacity. We are dependent on the availability of this capacity to manufacture and assemble our products and we can provide no assurance that adequate capacity will be available to us in the future. We cannot predict the duration or timing of any downturn or upturn in the semiconductor industry.
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Results of Operations
The following table summarizes our results of operations for the periods presented.
| Year Ended December 31, | Change 2023 vs 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | $ | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands, except percentage) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Revenue | $ | 143,993 | $ | 283,605 | $ | 218,808 | $ | (139,612) | (49 | %) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Cost of revenue | 61,905 | 100,643 | 79,346 | (38,738) | (38 | %) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gross profit | 82,088 | 182,962 | 139,462 | (100,874) | (55 | %) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating expenses: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Research and development | 97,589 | 90,288 | 52,104 | 7,301 | 8 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative | 83,971 | 76,532 | 54,515 | 7,439 | 10 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Acquisition related costs | 7,728 | — | — | 7,728 | n/a | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total operating expenses | 189,288 | 166,820 | 106,619 | 22,468 | 13 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income (loss) from operations | (107,200) | 16,142 | 32,843 | (123,342) | (764 | %) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest income | 26,958 | 7,291 | — | 19,667 | 270 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other expense, net | (141) | (97) | (488) | (44) | 45 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income (loss) before income taxes | (80,383) | 23,336 | 32,355 | (103,719) | (444 | %) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income tax expense | (152) | (82) | (78) | (70) | 85 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders and comprehensive income | $ | (80,535) | $ | 23,254 | $ | 32,277 | $ | (103,789) | (446 | %) | |||||||||||||||||||
A discussion of changes in our results of operations from fiscal 2021 to fiscal 2022 has been omitted from this Annual Report on Form 10-K, but may be found in “Part II, Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of our Form 10-K for fiscal 2022 filed with the SEC on February 27, 2023.
Revenue
We derive revenue primarily from sales of Precision Timing solutions to distributors who in turn sell to our end customers. We also sell products directly to some of our end customers. Our sales are made pursuant to standard purchase orders which may be cancelled, reduced, or rescheduled, with little or no notice. We recognize product revenue upon shipment when we satisfy our performance obligations as evidenced by the transfer of control of our products to customers. We measure revenue based on the amount of consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for products.
| Year Ended December 31, | Change 2023 vs 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | $ | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands except percentage) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Revenue | $ | 143,993 | $ | 283,605 | $ | 218,808 | $ | (139,612) | (49 | %) | |||||||||||||||||||
Revenue decreased by $139.6 million, or 49%, for 2023 compared to 2022. The decrease was primarily related to a decrease in sales volume by 47% as well as decrease in ASPs. Lower sales volume was driven by lower demand for our products due to macroeconomic conditions, and excess inventory buildup at many of our customers and end-customers, distributors and their affiliates, partners, and contract manufacturers. Lower ASPs of our products was primarily related to change in mix of the products we shipped.
Our top ten direct customers, including distributors, accounted for approximately 82%, 74% and 76% of net revenues in 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. Four customers in 2023 and three customers each in 2022, and 2021, which are distributors of our products, each accounted for more than 10% of our net revenues. International sales represented approximately 86%, 88%, and 94% of net revenues in 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.
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Cost of Revenue, Gross Profit, and Gross Margin
Cost of revenue consists of wafers acquired from third-party foundries, assembly, packaging, and test cost of our products paid to third-party contract manufacturers, and personnel and other costs associated with our manufacturing operations. Cost of revenue also includes depreciation of production equipment, inventory write-downs, amortization of internally developed software, shipping and handling costs, and allocation of overhead and facility costs. We also include credits for rebates received from foundries to cost of revenue.
| Year Ended December 31, | Change 2023 vs 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | $ | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands except percentage) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cost of Revenue | $ | 61,905 | $ | 100,643 | $ | 79,346 | $ | (38,738) | (38 | %) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Gross Profit | 82,088 | 182,962 | 139,462 | (100,874) | (55 | %) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gross Margin | 57 | % | 65 | % | 64 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Gross profit decreased by $100.9 million in the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022. Gross profit decreased $104.2 million mainly from lower revenue. This decrease was partially offset by lower other manufacturing and overhead costs of $3.3 million.
Gross margin was lower by 8% in the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022. Of the decrease, 6% was mainly due to lower sales volume causing an unfavorable absorption of our manufacturing overhead costs and the additional 2% decline was contributed by lower ASP for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Gross margin may fluctuate from time to time due to a variety of factors. For additional discussion please see Part I, Item 1A "Risk Factors" of this report, especially the risk factor titled “Our gross margins may fluctuate due to a variety of factors, which could negatively impact our results of operations and our financial condition.”
Operating Expenses
Our operating expenses consist of research and development, sales and marketing, general and administrative expenses, and acquisition related costs. Personnel costs are the most significant component of our operating expenses and consist of salaries, benefits, bonuses, stock-based compensation, and commissions. Our operating expenses also include consulting costs, allocated costs of facilities, information technology, and depreciation.
| Year Ended December 31, | Change 2023 vs 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | $ | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands except percentage) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating Expenses: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Research and development | $ | 97,589 | $ | 90,288 | $ | 52,104 | $ | 7,301 | 8 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative | 83,971 | 76,532 | 54,515 | 7,439 | 10 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Acquisition related costs | 7,728 | — | — | 7,728 | n/a | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total operating expenses | $ | 189,288 | $ | 166,820 | $ | 106,619 | $ | 22,468 | 13 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
Research and Development
Our research and development efforts are focused on the design and development of Precision Timing solutions. Our research and development expense consists primarily of personnel costs, which include stock-based compensation, as well as pre-production engineering mask costs, software license and intellectual property expenses, design tools and prototype-related expenses, facility costs, supplies, professional and consulting fees, and allocated overhead costs, which may be offset by non-recurring engineering contra-expenses recorded in certain periods. There is no assurance that we will have non-recurring engineering contra-expense from period to period. We expense research and development costs as incurred. We believe that continued investment in our products and services is important for our future growth and acquisition of new customers and, as a result, we expect our research and development expenses to continue to increase in absolute dollars. However, we expect our research and development expense to fluctuate as a percentage of revenue from period to period depending on the timing of these expenses.
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Research and development expense increased by $7.3 million, or 8%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022, primarily due to an increase in stock-based compensation expense of $7.7 million, a decrease in non-recurring engineering contra-expense recognized of $5.1 million, an increase in depreciation and amortization of lab equipment and licenses of $2.7 million, and higher personnel costs of $1.4 million due to increased headcount, partially offset by lower engineering spend towards ongoing new product development of $9.5 million.
There is no guarantee we will enter into a non-recurring engineering arrangement or recognize such contra-expense in any future period. Based on our current contracts, we expect the non-recurring engineering contra-expense to decline in future periods.
Sales, General and Administrative
Sales, general and administrative expense consists of personnel costs, including stock-based compensation, professional and consulting fees, accounting and audit fees, legal costs, field application engineering support, travel costs, advertising expenses, and allocated overhead costs. We expect sales, general and administrative expense to continue to increase in absolute dollars as we increase our personnel and grow our operations, although it may fluctuate as a percentage of revenue from period to period depending on the timing of these expenses.
Selling, general and administrative expense increased by $7.4 million, or 10%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022, primarily due to higher stock-based compensation expense of $10.8 million, higher personnel costs of $1.0 million related to increased headcount, partially offset by $2.4 million reduction in sales commission payouts due to lower sales, lower consulting fees of $1.0 million, and lower advertising spend of $0.7 million.
Acquisition related costs
Acquisition related costs include legal, regulatory, and other costs incurred towards the acquisition closed during the fiscal year. We expect these costs to be dependent on the occurrence of future acquisitions and to be non-recurring. The acquisition related costs incurred for the year ended December 31, 2023 were related to the completion of the Aura transaction. We may incur incremental costs in 2024 and beyond related to the Aura transaction.
Interest Income and Other Expense, net
Interest income and other expense consists primarily of interest income on our cash balances, and foreign exchange gains and losses.
| Year Ended December 31, | Change 2023 vs 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | $ | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands except percentage) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest income | $ | 26,958 | $ | 7,291 | $ | — | $ | 19,667 | 270% | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Other expense, net | (141) | (97) | (488) | (44) | 45 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total interest income and other expense, net | $ | 26,817 | $ | 7,194 | $ | (488) | $ | 19,623 | 273% | ||||||||||||||||||||
Interest income and other expense, net increased $19.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022, primarily related to higher interest income earned on short term investments and net unrealized loss on foreign exchange rates due to increased activities in our foreign subsidiaries and unfavorable exchange rate fluctuations.
Income Tax Expense
Income tax expense consists primarily of state income taxes and income taxes in certain foreign jurisdictions in which we conduct business. The income tax expense in foreign jurisdictions was higher due to increased operational activities in our foreign entities. We have a full valuation allowance for deferred tax assets as the realization of the full amount of our deferred tax asset is uncertain, including net operation losses (NOL), carryforwards, and tax credits related primarily to research and development. We expect to maintain this full valuation allowance until realization of the deferred tax assets becomes more likely than not. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had federal NOL carry-forwards of approximately $230.2 million and $213.3 million, respectively, state NOL carry-forwards of approximately $83.7 million
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and $65.3 million, respectively, and foreign NOL carry-forwards of approximately $1.7 million and $1.7 million, respectively. These federal, state, and foreign net operating loss carry-forwards will expire beginning in 2028. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had research and development tax credit carryforwards of approximately $3.9 million and $3.9 million, respectively for U.S. federal income tax purposes and $3.6 million and $3.6 million, respectively for state income tax purposes. The research and development credit carryforwards for federal tax purposes will begin to expire in 2025, and state tax credits carry forward indefinitely.
| Year Ended December 31, | Change 2023 vs 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | $ | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands except percentage) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income tax expense | $ | (152) | $ | (82) | $ | (78) | $ | (70) | 85% | ||||||||||||||||||||
Liquidity and Capital Resources
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had cash and cash equivalents of $9.5 million and $34.6 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2023 we also held $518.7 million of short-term investments in held-to-maturity securities which consisted of Treasury Bills. Our principal use of cash is to fund our operations, to support growth through capital investments, and to acquire complementary businesses, products, services, or technologies in the future.
In February 2021, we completed a follow-on public offering, in which we issued and sold 1,500,000 shares of our common stock, resulting in net proceeds to us of $181.6 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering costs.
In November 2021, we completed a follow-on public offering, in which we issued and sold 1,300,000 shares of our common stock, resulting in net proceeds to us of $279.0 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering costs.
In May 2022, we entered into a Sales Agreement ("Sales Agreement") with Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, Incorporated ("Stifel"), under which we may offer and sell from time to time at our sole discretion, up to an aggregate of 800,000 shares of our common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, through Stifel as our sales agent. The Company used the net proceeds from the shares of common stock offered and sold to replenish funds expended to satisfy tax withholding and remittance obligations related to the net settlement upon vesting of restricted stock unit awards (“RSU”) granted to employees under the equity incentive plans. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we sold 400,000 shares of our common stock under the Sales Agreement at a weighted average price of $115.06 per share resulting in net proceeds to us of $44.8 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering costs.
Our purchase obligations primarily include design and simulation licenses. For information about our contractual obligations refer to "Note 5 - Lease" and “Note 6 – Commitments and Contingencies” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
We expect to continue our investing activities to support growth, primarily through the purchase of property and equipment, intellectual property licenses, and capitalized software, to support research and development, sales and marketing, product support, and administrative staff.
We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents and our short-term investments will be sufficient to meet our cash needs for at least the next 12 months. Over the longer term, our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including our growth rate, the timing and extent of our sales and marketing and research and development expenditures, and the continuing market acceptance of our solutions. In the event that we need to borrow funds or issue additional equity, we cannot provide any assurance that any such additional financing will be available on terms acceptable to us, if at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital when we need it, it would harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.
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The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods indicated:
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 8,056 | $ | 39,752 | $ | 59,078 | |||||||||||
| Net cash used in investing activities | (36,660) | (560,088) | (33,788) | ||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | 3,469 | (4,522) | 460,646 | ||||||||||||||
| Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | $ | (25,135) | $ | (524,858) | $ | 485,936 | |||||||||||
Operating Activities
In 2023, net cash provided by operating activities of $8.1 million was primarily due to net loss of $80.5 million and a change in operating assets and liabilities of $4.3 million, offset by depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation expense, net change in unrealized interest on held to maturity securities, change in fair value of sales based earnout liability and acquisition consideration payable for a total of $92.9 million. The changes in operating assets and liabilities resulted in cash provided primarily due to lower accounts receivable due to timing of shipments offset by an increase in inventories as we managed our inventory levels, higher prepaid expenses and other assets, lower accrued expenses and other liabilities due to timing of payments and a decrease in accounts payable.
In 2022, net cash provided by operating activities of $39.8 million was primarily due to net income of $23.3 million and depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation expense, and net change in unrealized interest on held to maturity investments of $67.5 million, partially offset by a change in operating assets and liabilities of $51.0 million. The changes in operating assets and liabilities resulted in cash provided primarily due to higher accounts receivable due to timing of shipments, an increase in inventories as we managed our inventory levels, higher prepaid expenses and other assets related to advance payments to suppliers for inventory and royalties, offset by an increase in accounts payable and lower accrued expenses and other liabilities due to timing of payments.
Investing Activities
Our investing activities consist primarily of purchase of short-term investments, capital expenditures for property and equipment purchases. Our capital expenditures for property and equipment have primarily been for general business purposes, including machinery and equipment, leasehold improvements, acquired software, internally developed software used in production and support of our products, computer equipment used internally, and production masks to manufacture our products.
In 2023, cash used in investing activities was $36.7 million. We paid $1,046.4 million to purchase short-term investments in held-to-maturity securities and $39.0 million for the acquisition of certain assets and the exclusive license to certain intellectual property from Aura. We paid $8.9 million largely to purchase test and other manufacturing equipment to support our operations and other property and equipment for general business purposes. We paid $3.3 million to purchase intangible assets in software licenses. All such payments were partially offset by $1,061.0 million proceeds from the maturity of held to maturity investments.
In 2022, cash used in investing activities was $560.1 million. We paid $673.4 million to purchase short-term investments in held-to-maturity securities. We paid $31.8 million largely to purchase test and other manufacturing equipment to support the increase in demand of our products and other property and equipment for general business purposes. We paid $3.9 million to purchase intangible assets in software licenses. All such payments were offset by $149.0 million proceeds from the maturity of held to maturity investments.
Financing Activities
Our financing activities have primarily consisted of proceeds from issuance of shares and withholding of taxes on restricted stock units.
During the year ended December 31, 2023, we sold 400,000 shares of our common stock under the Sales Agreement resulting in net proceeds to us of $44.8 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of $0.9 million and offering costs of $0.3 million. The net proceeds from the Sales Agreement were offset by tax withholdings paid on behalf of employees for net share settlement of $41.3 million.
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During the year ended December 31, 2022, we sold 225,334 shares of our common stock under the Sales Agreement resulting in net proceeds to us of $33.0 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of $0.7 million and offering costs of $0.2 million. The net proceeds from the Sales Agreement were offset by tax withholdings paid on behalf of employees for net share settlement of $37.6 million.
Critical Accounting Estimates
Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses, and related disclosures. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Actual results may differ from these estimates. To the extent that there are material differences between these estimates and our actual results, our future financial statements will be affected.
The critical accounting policies requiring estimates, assumptions, and judgments that we believe have the most significant impact on our consolidated financial statements are described below.
Revenue Recognition
We derive our revenue from product sales primarily to distributors, who in turn sell to original equipment manufacturers or other end customers. We recognize product revenue, at a point in time, upon shipment when we satisfy our performance obligations as evidenced by the transfer of control of our products to customers. We measure revenue based on the amount of consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for products. Variable consideration is estimated and reflected as an adjustment to the transaction price. Depending on the terms of the contract, variable consideration is estimated using either the expected value approach or the most likely value approach. We determine variable consideration at the end of each reporting period, which consists primarily of price adjustments and product returns by estimating the amount of consideration we expect to receive from our customers based on historical experience. Adjustments for the variable consideration has been in the range of 2% to 4% on a quarterly basis for the current year. Our customers have limited return rights under our contracts with them. If variable considerations are anticipated to exceed historical experience, we may adjust our sales returns allowance accordingly to properly reflect our net revenue. Since our performance obligations relate to contracts with a duration of less than one year, we do not disclose the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to performance obligations that are unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied at the end of the reporting period.
Business Combinations
We apply the provisions of ASC 805, Business Combinations (ASC 805), in accounting for our acquisitions. ASC 805 requires that we evaluate whether a transaction pertains to an acquisition of assets, or to an acquisition of a business. A business is defined as an integrated set of assets and activities that is capable of being conducted and managed for the purpose of providing a return to investors. Asset acquisitions are accounted for by allocating the cost of the acquisition to the individual assets and liabilities assumed on a relative fair value basis; whereas the acquisition of a business requires us to recognize separately from goodwill the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed at the acquisition date fair values, including in-process research and development. Goodwill as of the acquisition date is measured as the excess of consideration transferred over the net of the acquisition date fair values of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed.
Our valuation of acquired assets and assumed liabilities requires significant estimates, especially with respect to intangible assets, that were derived using valuation techniques and models such as the income approach. Such models require use of significant estimates including future expected revenue, expenses, capital expenditures, and other costs, and discount rates. The approach to estimating an initial contingent consideration associated with the purchase price also uses similar unobservable factors such as revenue projections over the term of the contingent earn-out period, discounted for the period over which the initial contingent consideration is measured, and expected volatility. Based upon these assumptions, the initial contingent consideration is then valued using a Monte Carlo simulation.
We have used third-party qualified specialists to assist management in determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed. This includes assistance with the determination of economic useful lives and valuation of identifiable intangibles.
We estimate the fair value based upon assumptions we believe to be reasonable, but which are inherently uncertain and unpredictable and, as a result, actual results may differ from our estimates. Estimates associated with the
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accounting for acquisitions may change as additional information becomes available regarding the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. As a result, during the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the business acquisition date, we record certain adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed with the corresponding offset to goodwill. Contingent consideration which are compensatory will be expensed over the required service period.
All acquisition-related costs are accounted for as expenses in the period in which they are incurred. Contingent consideration is remeasured each reporting period using Level 3 inputs, and the change in fair value, including accretion for the passage of time, is recognized in acquisition related costs in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.
Inventories
Inventories consist of raw materials, work-in-process, and finished goods and are stated at the lower of standard cost, determined using first-in first out method or market net realizable value. We review and set standard costs to approximate actual manufacturing costs. We perform detailed reviews of the net realizable value of inventories, both on hand as well as for inventories that we are committed to purchase at the end of each reporting period. We write-down the inventory value for estimated deterioration, excess, obsolete and other factors based on management’s assessment of future demand of our inventory. These estimates may include uncertain elements such as our demand forecast. These forecasts are developed based on current backlogs, inputs from our customers, and internal analyses which may consist of customer historical purchasing trends and level of inventory in the distributor channel, actual and anticipated design wins, market and economic conditions, technology changes, new product introductions, changes in strategic direction and other factors. If our demand forecast for specific products is greater than actual demand and we fail to reduce manufacturing output accordingly, we could be required to write down additional inventory, which would have a negative impact on our gross margin. Once written-down, inventory write-downs are not reversed until the inventory is sold or scrapped.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements under Part II, Item 8 for information regarding recently issued accounting pronouncements.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
Foreign Currency Risk
Substantially all of our revenue is denominated in U.S. dollars. Our expenses are generally denominated in the currencies in which our operations are located, which is primarily in the United States and, to a lesser extent, in Malaysia, the Netherlands, France, Taiwan, Japan, Finland, Korea, Germany, Ukraine, and India. Our results of operations and cash flows are, therefore, subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates and may be adversely affected in the future due to changes in foreign exchange rates. As of December 31, 2023, the effect of a hypothetical 10% change in foreign currency exchanges rates applicable to our business would not have had a material impact on our historical consolidated financial statements. We do not currently have a hedging policy with respect to foreign currency exchange risk.
Interest Rate Risk
We had cash and cash equivalents of $9.5 million as of December 31, 2023 consisting of bank deposits, money market funds, and Treasury Bills. We also had short-term investments in held-to-maturity securities of $518.7 million consisting of Treasury Bills as of December 31, 2023. Such interest-earning instruments carry a degree of interest rate risk. During the year ended December 31, 2023 we generated $27.0 million in interest income due to higher cash, cash equivalents and short-term investment balances, and rising interest rates.
We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes and have not used any derivative financial instruments to manage our interest rate risk exposure. As of December 31, 2023, a hypothetical 10% increase or decrease in market interest rates would change the fair value and related interest income on our interest-earning instruments of $518.7 million, by an increase or decrease of approximately $2.7 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023.
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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
Index to Consolidated Financial Statements and Financial Statement Schedule
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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Shareholders and Board of Directors
SiTime Corporation
Santa Clara, California
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of SiTime Corporation (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss), stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the accompanying index (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”) and our report dated February 26, 2024 expressed an adverse opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Aura Acquisition – Valuation of Certain Acquired Intangible Assets and Sales Based Earnout Liability
As described in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, on December 1, 2023, the Company acquired an exclusive license to certain intellectual property relating to Aura’s timing business and clock products, and an assembled workforce for total purchase consideration of $259.2 million, which included the sales based earnout liability based upon the achievement of certain earnout conditions with an initial estimated fair value of $102.3 million. The acquisition qualified as a business combination. Accordingly, the purchase consideration was allocated to the assets acquired based on their respective estimated fair values as of the date of acquisition, including developed technology of $96.7 million and in-process research and development (“IPR&D”) of $69.5 million. The Company estimated the fair values of the developed technology and IPR&D using the multi-period excess earnings method, which required management to make significant assumptions including revenue projections and the selection of the discount rates. The initial fair value of the sales based earnout liability was estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation using significant unobservable inputs such as revenue projections over the term of the contingent earn-out period and discount rates.
56
We identified the valuation of the developed technology and IPR&D intangible assets and the sales based earnout liability as a critical audit matter due to the significant management judgments required to determine the fair values of the developed technology and IPR&D intangible assets and the sales based earnout liability. Auditing management assumptions related to the revenue projections and discount rates for the developed technology and IPR&D intangible assets, and the revenue projections over the term of the contingent earn-out period, and discount rates for the sales based earnout liability, involved especially challenging and subjective auditor judgment due to the nature and extent of audit effort required to address this matter, including the involvement of professionals with specialized skill or knowledge.
The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included:
•Testing the design and operating effectiveness of controls relating to the valuation of the developed technology and IPR&D intangible assets and the sales based earnout liability, including management’s controls over revenue projections and selection of discount rates.
•Evaluating the reasonableness of management’s significant assumptions used in the revenue projections through: (i) comparing estimates of future volume demand of the related products for certain customers against market data and historical sales of existing products, and (ii) comparing estimates of average selling prices of the related products against market data and historical selling prices of comparable products.
•Utilizing personnel with specialized knowledge and skill in valuation to assist in: (i) assessing the appropriateness of the valuation methodologies used by management in these fair value measurements; (ii) evaluating the reasonableness of the discount rates used for the developed technology and IPR&D intangible assets, and the discount rates for the sales based earnout liability; and (iii) developing independent estimates of the discount rates and comparing those to the discount rates selected by management.
/s/ BDO USA, P.C.
We have served as the Company's auditor since 2019.
February 26, 2024
57
SiTime Corporation
Consolidated Balance Sheets
(In thousands, except per share amounts)
| As of | |||||||||||
| December 31, 2023 | December 31, 2022 | ||||||||||
| Assets: | |||||||||||
| Current assets: | |||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Short-term investments in held-to-maturity securities | |||||||||||
| Accounts receivable, net | |||||||||||
| Inventories | |||||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | |||||||||||
| Total current assets | |||||||||||
| Property and equipment, net | |||||||||||
| Intangible assets, net | |||||||||||
| Right-of-use assets, net | |||||||||||
| Goodwill | |||||||||||
| Other assets | |||||||||||
| Total assets | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity: | |||||||||||
| Current liabilities: | |||||||||||
| Accounts payable | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | |||||||||||
| Total current liabilities | |||||||||||
| Other non-current liabilities | |||||||||||
| Total liabilities | |||||||||||
| Commitments and contingencies (Note 6) | |||||||||||
| Stockholders’ equity: | |||||||||||
Common stock, $ | |||||||||||
| Additional paid-in capital | |||||||||||
| Accumulated deficit | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Total stockholders’ equity | |||||||||||
| Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | $ | |||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
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SiTime Corporation
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)
(In thousands, except per share amounts)
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||||
| Revenue | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
| Cost of revenue | |||||||||||||||||
| Gross profit | |||||||||||||||||
| Operating expenses: | |||||||||||||||||
| Research and development | |||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative | |||||||||||||||||
| Acquisition related costs | |||||||||||||||||
| Total operating expenses | |||||||||||||||||
| Income (loss) from operations | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Interest income | |||||||||||||||||
| Other expense, net | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Income (loss) before income taxes | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Income tax expense | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) | $ | ( | $ | $ | |||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders and comprehensive income (loss) | $ | ( | $ | $ | |||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders, basic | $ | ( | $ | $ | |||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders, diluted | $ | ( | $ | $ | |||||||||||||
| Weighted-average shares used to compute basic net income (loss) per share | |||||||||||||||||
| Weighted-average shares used to compute diluted net income (loss) per share | |||||||||||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
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SiTime Corporation
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity
(In thousands)
| Common Stock | Additional Paid-in Capital | Accumulated Deficit | Total Stockholders' Equity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares | Amount | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balances at December 31, 2020 | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation expense | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock upon follow-on public offering net of underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering costs | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of shares upon vesting of restricted stock units | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balances at December 31, 2021 | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation expense | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock in connection with At-The-Market offering net of underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering costs | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of shares upon vesting of restricted stock units, net of tax withholdings | — | ( | — | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balances at December 31, 2022 | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation expense | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss | — | — | — | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock in connection with At-The-Market offering net of underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering costs | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of shares upon vesting of restricted stock units, net of tax withholdings | — | ( | — | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balances at December 31, 2023 | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
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SiTime Corporation
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(In thousands)
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||||
| Cash flows from operating activities: | |||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) | $ | ( | $ | $ | |||||||||||||
| Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities | |||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization expense | |||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation expense | |||||||||||||||||
| Net change in unrealized interest on held to maturity securities | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
| Change in fair value of sales based earnout liability | |||||||||||||||||
| Change in fair value of acquisition consideration payable | |||||||||||||||||
| Inventory write-down | |||||||||||||||||
| Other, net | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Changes in assets and liabilities: | |||||||||||||||||
| Accounts receivable, net | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
| Related party accounts receivable | |||||||||||||||||
| Inventories | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other assets | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Accounts payable | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Accrued expenses and other liabilities | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by operating activities | |||||||||||||||||
| Cash flows from investing activities | |||||||||||||||||
| Purchase of held to maturity securities | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from maturity of held to maturity securities | |||||||||||||||||
| Acquisition of business | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Purchase of property and equipment | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Cash paid for intangibles | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Net cash used in investing activities | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Cash flows from financing activities | |||||||||||||||||
| Tax withholding paid on behalf of employees for net share settlement | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from public offering | |||||||||||||||||
| Payments for offering costs | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | |||||||||||||||||
| Beginning of period | |||||||||||||||||
| End of period | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
| Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information | |||||||||||||||||
| Income taxes paid | |||||||||||||||||
| Supplemental disclosure of noncash flow information | |||||||||||||||||
| Unpaid property and equipment | |||||||||||||||||
| Unpaid intangibles, net | |||||||||||||||||
| Right-of-use assets acquired under operating leases | |||||||||||||||||
| Settlement of pre-existing arrangement in connection with acquisition | |||||||||||||||||
| Acquisition consideration payable at acquisition date | |||||||||||||||||
| Fair value of sales based earnout liability at acquisition date | |||||||||||||||||
61
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
62
SiTime Corporation
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
63
1. The Company and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
SiTime Corporation (the “Company”) was incorporated in the State of Delaware in December 2003. The Company is a leading provider of Precision Timing solutions to the global electronics industry, providing the timing functionality that is needed for electronics to operate reliably and correctly. The Company's products have been designed to address a wide range of applications across a broad array of end markets. The Company operates a fabless business model and leverages its global network of distributors to address the broad set of end markets that it serves.
Coronavirus Disease ("COVID-19")
The COVID-19 pandemic impacted the Company's workforce and the operations of its customers and suppliers during 2022, however, the COVID-19 pandemic has not had a significant impact on the Company in 2023.
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). The consolidated financial statements include all adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of our annual results. The Company’s fiscal year begins on January 1 of the year stated and ends on December 31 of the same year. The Company reports its results on a calendar year basis.
Principles of Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. The significant areas requiring the use of management estimates and assumptions include revenue recognition, fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in business combinations, estimate of reserve for excess and obsolete inventories, and sales reserves. Actual results could differ materially from such estimates. Management believes that the estimates, and judgments upon which they rely, are reasonable based upon information available to them at the time that these estimates and judgments are made.
Foreign Currency Remeasurement
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash balances in the Company’s bank checking and savings accounts and liquid short-term investments with original maturities of 90 days or less at the date of purchase, readily convertible to known amounts of cash.
Fair Value Measurements
The Company determines fair value measurements used in its consolidated financial statements based upon the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value hierarchy distinguishes between (i) market participant assumptions developed based on market data obtained from independent sources (observable inputs), and (ii) an entity’s own assumptions about market participant assumptions developed based on the best information available in the circumstances (unobservable inputs).
64
The fair value hierarchy consists of three broad levels, which gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are described below:
Level 1: Valuations based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the entity has the ability to access.
Level 2: Valuations based on quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.
Level 3: Valuations based on inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.
Cash equivalents
At December 31, 2023 and 2022, highly liquid money market funds of $0.4 million and $3.0 million, respectively, were valued using Level 1, of the fair value hierarchy, quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and are included in cash equivalents.
Short-term investments in held-to-maturity securities
As of December 31, 2023, the Company had purchased Treasury Bills with maturities ranging from 3 to 12 months, which the Company intends to hold until maturity and has classified as held-to-maturity securities. The held-to-maturity securities are recorded at amortized cost totaling $518.7 million including gross accrued interest of $8.9 million. As of December 31, 2023, the fair value and gross unrealized gain on the held-to-maturity securities was $519.0 million and $0.3 million respectively. The carrying value of the Company's investments is reviewed quarterly for changes in circumstances or the occurrence of events that suggests an investment may not be fully recoverable. These Treasury Bills were valued using Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy, quoted prices in active markets for identical assets, and are included in short-term investments.
As of December 31, 2022, the Company had purchased Treasury Bills with maturities ranging from 3 to 6 months, which the Company held until maturity and classified as held-to-maturity securities. The held-to-maturity securities were recorded at amortized cost totaling $529.5 million including gross accrued interest of $5.1 million. As of December 31, 2022, the fair value and gross unrealized loss on the held-to-maturity securities was $529.2 million and $0.3 million respectively. The carrying value of the Company's investments is reviewed quarterly for changes in circumstances or the occurrence of events that suggests an investment may not be fully recoverable. These Treasury Bills were valued using Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy, quoted prices in active markets for identical assets, and are included in short-term investments.
Sales based earnout liability
The estimated fair value of the sales based earnout liability is determined using a Monte Carlo simulation model using significant unobservable fair value inputs and is therefore classified as a Level 3 measurement. The assumptions used in the calculation are based on the revenue projections over the term of the contingent earn-out period, expected volatility, and discount rate. The estimates of fair value are uncertain and changes in any of the estimated inputs used as of the date of this report could have resulted in significant adjustments to the fair value. As of the date of acquisition, the Company used a volatility rate of 25 %, risk-free rate ranging from 4.10 % to 5.47 %, and an expected term ranging from 0.04 years to 4.96 years. There were no material changes to the assumptions as of December 31, 2023.
The following table sets forth a summary of the changes in the fair value of the Company’s Level 3 financial liabilities:
| Amount | |||||
| Fair value as of January 1, 2023 | $ | ||||
| Initial fair value of sales based earnout liability | |||||
| Fair value as of December 31, 2023 | $ | ||||
There were no transfers between Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3 categories during any of the periods presented.
65
Accounts Receivable and Allowances for Credit Losses
Trade accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount, net of allowances for credit losses. An allowance for credit losses is recorded when it is probable that amounts will not be collected based on historical collection trends, age of outstanding receivables, specific customer circumstances, existing economic conditions and future forecasted information. The Company performs periodic credit evaluations of its customers’ financial condition and generally requires no collateral from its customers. Losses have not been significant in any of the periods presented.
Concentration of Credit Risk
Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments and accounts receivable. Substantially all of the Company's cash and cash equivalents balances are in excess of Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insurance limits with financial institutions. Investment policies have been implemented that limit purchases of marketable debt securities to investment-grade securities.
The following table discloses these customers’ percentage of revenue for the respective periods:
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||||
| Customer | |||||||||||||||||
| Pernas Electronics Co. Ltd. | |||||||||||||||||
| Arrow Electronics, Inc. | |||||||||||||||||
| Quantek Technology Corporation | |||||||||||||||||
| Sabre Technologies Pte. Ltd | |||||||||||||||||
Revenue from sales to one end customer through multiple distributors accounted for 21 %, 20 % and 22 % of consolidated revenues for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. No other distributors or end customers accounted for 10% or more of the Company's consolidated revenues for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.
At December 31, 2023 and 2022 these customers accounted for 10% or more of accounts receivable:
| As of December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||
| Customer | |||||||||||
| Pernas Electronics Co. Ltd. | |||||||||||
| Quantek Technology Corporation | |||||||||||
| Sabre Technologies Pte. Ltd | |||||||||||
| Arrow Electronics, Inc. | |||||||||||
Inventories
Inventories are stated at the lower of standard cost (which approximates actual cost on a first-in, first-out basis) or net realizable value. The Company establishes provisions for excess and obsolete inventories to reduce such inventories to their estimated net realizable value based on management’s assessment of future demand and market conditions. Inventory reserve write-downs, once established, are not released until the related inventory has been sold or scrapped. Rebates from the Company’s foundries are recorded as a reduction of inventory cost and are recognized in cost of revenue over the inventory turnover days of the Company.
66
Property and Equipment
Property and equipment are recorded at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation of property and equipment is recognized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets as follows:
| Lab and manufacturing equipment | |||||
| Computer equipment | |||||
| Furniture and fixtures | |||||
| Leasehold improvements | Shorter of remaining lease term or estimated useful lives of the assets | ||||
The Company capitalizes the costs of purchased mask sets that are utilized during the photolithography phase of manufacturing its products, when technological feasibility and marketability have been established. The capitalization occurs upon the completion of a detailed design, the absence of significant development uncertainties and the determination of market acceptance. Such amounts are included in property and equipment in the consolidated balance sheets and are amortized to cost of revenue over their estimated useful life of 5 to 7 years. However, if significant uncertainties exist regarding the future utility of a particular mask set, then its related costs are expensed to research and development at the time the significant uncertainties are identified.
Maintenance and repair costs are charged to expense as incurred, and expenditures that extend the useful lives of assets are capitalized. Upon retirement or sale of the property and equipment, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the balance sheet and the resulting gain or loss is recorded in operating expenses.
Intangible Assets
Purchased intangible assets with finite lives are carried at cost, less accumulated amortization. Amortization is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets of 3 to 10 years. Acquisition-related in-process research and development represents the fair value of incomplete research and development projects that have not reached technological feasibility as of the date of acquisition. Initially, these assets are not subject to amortization. Assets related to projects that have been completed are transferred to developed technology, which are subject to amortization.
Intangible assets also include the costs related to software internally developed, or modified solely to meet the Company’s internal requirements, with no substantive plans to market such software at the time of development. The Company develops proprietary design automation software for its MEMS-based resonators. Costs incurred during the preliminary planning and evaluation stage of the project and during post implementation operational stage are expensed as incurred. Costs incurred during the application development stage of the software are capitalized. The Company defines the configuration and coding process as the application development stage. Capitalized internal use software costs are amortized, on a straight-line basis under cost of revenue over the estimated useful life of 2 to 3 years.
Leases
The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Lease classification is evaluated at commencement and, as necessary, at modification. Operating lease related balances are included in right-of-use (“ROU”), assets, accrued expenses and other current liabilities, and other non-current liabilities in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The Company currently does no t have any finance leases.
Operating lease right-of-use assets represent the Company's right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and operating lease liabilities represent the present value of the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities are recognized at the present value of the future lease payments at the lease commencement date. The interest rate used to determine the present value of the future lease payments is the incremental borrowing rate of the Company, because the interest rates implicit in most of its leases are not readily determinable. The incremental borrowing rate is estimated to approximate the interest rate on a collateralized basis with similar terms and payments, and in economic environments where the leased asset is located. Operating lease right-of-use assets also include adjustments related to lease incentives, prepaid or accrued rent and initial direct lease costs. Operating lease right-of-use assets are subject to evaluation for impairment or disposal on a basis consistent with other long-lived assets.
67
Lease terms may include periods under options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. The Company generally uses the base, non-cancelable lease term when determining the lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities. Operating lease cost is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
The Company has elected the practical expedient within ASC Topic 842 to account for lease and non-lease components as a single lease component. Additionally, the Company has elected the short-term lease exception for all classes of assets and does not recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for leases with a term of 12 months or less and recognizes lease payments for short-term leases as expense either straight-line over the lease term or as incurred depending on whether the lease payments are fixed or variable. These elections are applied consistently for all leases. Payments under the Company's lease arrangements are primarily fixed, however, certain lease agreements contain variable payments, which are expensed as incurred and not included in the operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities. Variable lease payments are primarily comprised of common area maintenance charges and utility costs.
Business Combinations
The Company applies the provisions of ASC 805, Business Combinations (ASC 805), in accounting for acquisitions. ASC 805 requires that the Company evaluates whether a transaction pertains to an acquisition of assets, or to an acquisition of a business. A business is defined as an integrated set of assets and activities that is capable of being conducted and managed for the purpose of providing a return to investors. Asset acquisitions are accounted for by allocating the cost of the acquisition to the individual assets and liabilities assumed on a relative fair value basis; whereas the acquisition of a business requires the Company to recognize separately from goodwill the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed at the acquisition date fair values. Goodwill as of the business acquisition date is measured as the excess of consideration transferred over the net of the acquisition date fair values of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed. The Company also evaluates all contingent consideration arrangements to determine if the arrangements are compensatory in nature. No liability is recognized at the acquisition date for arrangements concluded to be compensatory. While the Company uses its best estimates and assumptions to accurately value assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the business acquisition date as well as any contingent consideration, where applicable, the estimates are inherently uncertain and subject to refinement. Estimates and assumptions relevant to the determination of the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed include, but are not limited to, revenue projections, discount rates, and other assumptions. The approach to estimating an initial contingent consideration associated with the purchase price also uses similar unobservable factors such as revenue projections over the term of the contingent earn-out period, discounted for the period over which the initial contingent consideration is measured and expected volatility. Based upon these assumptions, the initial contingent consideration is then valued using a Monte Carlo simulation. As a result, during the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the business acquisition date, the Company may record certain adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed with the corresponding offset to goodwill. Upon the conclusion of a business acquisition’s measurement period or final determination of the values of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to the consolidated statements of operations. In the event an acquisition involves an entity with which the Company has a preexisting relationship, the Company will recognize a gain or loss, if any, to settle that relationship as of the acquisition date within the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss .All acquisition-related costs are accounted for as expenses in the period in which they are incurred. Changes in the fair value of contingent consideration arrangements that are not measurement period adjustments are recognized in earnings.
Impairment of Goodwill, Intangible Assets, and Other Long-Lived Assets
Goodwill is evaluated for impairment on an annual basis in the fourth quarter of the Company's fiscal year, and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of goodwill may not be recoverable. The Company has elected to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of its single reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the Company determines that it is more likely than not that the fair value is less than its carrying amount, then the quantitative impairment test will be performed. Under the quantitative impairment test, if the carrying amount exceeds its fair value, the Company will recognize an impairment loss in an amount equal to that excess but limited to the total amount of goodwill.
The Company evaluates events and changes in circumstances that could indicate carrying amounts of purchased intangible assets and other long-lived assets may not be recoverable. When such events or changes in circumstances occur, it assesses the recoverability of these assets or asset groups by determining whether or not the carrying amount will be recovered through undiscounted expected future cash flows. If the total of the future undiscounted cash flows is less than the carrying amount of an asset or asset group, the Company records an impairment loss for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair value of the asset or asset group.
68
The Company did not recognize any impairment losses on its goodwill, intangible assets, or other long-lived assets during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.
Warranty
Income Taxes
Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the carrying amounts in the consolidated financial statements of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards, using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in earnings in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance is provided in order to reduce the deferred tax assets to a level which, more likely than not, will be realized.
While the Company believes it has adequately reserved for its uncertain tax positions, no assurance can be given that the final tax outcome of these matters will not be different. The Company adjusts these reserves in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as the closing of a tax audit. To the extent that the final tax outcome of these matters is different than the amounts recorded, such differences will impact the provision for income taxes and the effective tax rate in the period in which such determination is made.
The Company recognizes tax positions in the consolidated financial statements only when it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination by the relevant taxing authority. Liabilities are established for differences between positions taken in a tax return and amounts recognized in the consolidated financial statements. The Company reports interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions, if any, in the provision for income taxes in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). To the extent that accrued interest and penalties do not ultimately become payable, amounts accrued will be reduced and reflected as a reduction of the overall provision for income taxes in the period that such determination is made.
Revenue Recognition
The Company derives revenue from its product sales primarily to distributors, who in turn sell to original equipment manufacturers or other end customers. The Company recognizes product revenue, at a point in time, upon shipment when it satisfies its performance obligations as evidenced by the transfer of control of its products to customers. The Company measures revenue based on the amount of consideration it expects to be entitled to in exchange for products. Variable consideration is estimated and reflected as an adjustment to the transaction price. Depending on the terms of the contract, variable consideration is estimated using either the expected value approach or the most likely value approach. The Company determines variable consideration, which consists primarily of price adjustments and product returns by estimating the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive from its customers based on historical experience of price adjustments and product returns. Changes to the Company’s estimated variable consideration were not material for the periods presented. Since the Company’s performance obligations relate to contracts with a duration of less than one year, it does not disclose the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to performance obligations that are unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied at the end of the reporting period.
The Company’s payment terms vary by contract type and type of customer and generally range from 30 to 60 days from shipment. The Company has also elected to recognize the cost for freight and shipping when control over the products sold passes to customers and revenue is recognized.
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As a practical expedient, the Company records the incremental costs of obtaining a contract, consisting primarily of sales commissions, when incurred because the amortization period is one year or less. These costs are recorded within selling, general, and administrative expenses. The Company had a distribution agreement with MegaChips, whereby the Company appointed MegaChips as the exclusive distributor of its products in Japan. The Company recognized revenue upon shipment derived from sales of products through MegaChips in the amount of expected payments from parties which purchased the products as adjusted for estimated price concessions and product returns. In connection with the Company's efforts to contract directly with distributors in Japan, the Company and MegaChips mutually terminated the Distribution Agreement effective November 3, 2021.
Cost of Revenue
Cost of revenue consists of wafers acquired from third-party foundries, assembly, packaging, and test cost of the Company’s products paid to third-party contract manufacturers, and personnel and other costs associated with the manufacturing operations of the Company. Cost of revenue also includes depreciation of production equipment, inventory write-downs, amortization of internally developed software, shipping and handling costs, and allocation of overhead and facility costs. The Company also includes credits for rebates received from foundries in cost of revenue.
Research and Development Expenses
Research and development costs consist primarily of personnel cost, material cost, and facilities related expenses, incurred in the course of planned research and development of new products. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred.
Non-recurring engineering services
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses
Stock-Based Compensation
The Company grants restricted stock unit awards (“RSUs”) of its own common stock. Compensation expense related to share-based transactions is measured at fair value on the grant date. The Company recognizes share-based compensation expense for awards with only service conditions on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period.
Stock-based compensation expense for performance-based restricted stock unit awards ("PRSU") is recognized when it becomes probable that the performance conditions will be met. The Company amortizes stock-based compensation expense for PRSUs using the graded-vesting method over the requisite performance period. The Company recognizes the expense related to the multi-year performance based restricted stock unit awards ("MYPSU") on a graded-vesting method over the requisite service period.
The Company recognizes forfeitures as they occur.
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Net Income (Loss) Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders
Comprehensive Income (Loss)
The Company has no components of other comprehensive income loss. Therefore, net income (loss) equals comprehensive income (loss) for all periods presented.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
There are currently no new accounting pronouncements with a future effective date that are considered material, or could be material, to us.
2. Acquisitions
On October 30, 2023, the Company entered into an agreement with Aura to acquire certain assets and an exclusive license to certain intellectual property ("IP") relating to Aura's timing business and clock products, and an assembled workforce. The agreement with Aura contains certain covenants and restrictions, including certain geographic restrictions providing that for five years following December 1, 2023 the Company is prohibited from selling products containing certain IP to entities with group headquarters of the design win customer located in the People's Republic of China, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, or the Macau Special Administrative Region and Aura is prohibited from selling products containing certain IP to entities with group headquarters of the design win customer located outside the People's Republic of China, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, or the Macau Special Administrative Region. The transaction closed and had an effective date of December 1, 2023.
The acquisition qualified as a business combination in accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations and, accordingly, total consideration was first allocated to the fair value of assets acquired as of the date of acquisition, with the excess being recorded as goodwill. The acquisition date fair value of the purchase consideration was $259.2 million, which was comprised of the following:
| Estimated Fair Value | |||||
| (in thousands) | |||||
| Fixed consideration | $ | ||||
| Fair value of sales based earnout liability | |||||
| Settlement of pre-existing arrangement | |||||
| Total purchase consideration | $ | ||||
Total fixed consideration of $148.0 million, recorded at fair value of $139.9 million, includes payments for deliverables on the closing date of $36.0 million and acquisition consideration payable of $103.9 million for future deliveries of related assets. The acquisition consideration payable has been recorded within accrued expenses and other current liabilities and other non-current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. The accretion of the acquisition consideration payable for the passage of time was recorded within acquisition related costs on the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss.
Contingent consideration includes earnout payments paid based on various multiples of future revenues to be generated from the acquired IP from 2023 through 2028. The range of the undiscounted amounts that the Company could pay under the contingent consideration agreement is between zero and $120.0 million. The estimated fair value of the sales based earnout liability of $102.3 million is determined using the Monte Carlo simulation mode using significant unobservable fair value inputs and is therefore classified as a Level 3 financial instrument.
The Company had a royalty and supply agreement with Aura for $18.0 million prior to the acquisition. As part of the acquisition, the Company acquired the license rights to the IP associated with this royalty and supply agreement and settled this pre-existing contract. The pre-existing arrangement was determined to be carried at fair value as at December 1, 2023, for an amount of $17.0 million, which was included in the purchase consideration of the Aura acquisition. Of the
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total amount recorded, $10.0 million has been paid prior to the acquisition date. The fair value of the effective settlement of the pre-existing arrangement was concluded to be at market using a build vs buy approach.
The preliminary purchase consideration allocation to the assets acquired based on their respective estimated fair values as of the date of acquisition is as follows:
| Estimated Fair Value (Preliminary) | Estimated Useful Life | Financial Statement Line Item | |||||||||
| (in thousands) | (in years) | ||||||||||
| Developed Technology | $ | Intangible assets, net | |||||||||
| In-process research and development | Indefinite | Intangible assets, net | |||||||||
| Goodwill | Indefinite | Goodwill | |||||||||
| Assumed customer agreements | Intangible assets, net | ||||||||||
| Total assets acquired | $ | ||||||||||
The fair value of developed technology and in-process research and development was estimated under the Multi-Period Excess Earnings Method and the fair value of the assumed customer agreements was estimated under the Discounted Cash Flow method. The fair value estimates for intangible assets include significant assumptions in the prospective financial information which include, but are not limited to, the revenue projections, and the discount rates. The Company used a discount rate ranging from 20.0 % to 22.0 %.
Goodwill is primarily attributed to the assembled workforce and expected synergies from acquiring the underlying IP. Goodwill from this business combination is deductible for income tax purposes.
In addition to the assets acquired, the Company also entered into a support services agreement with Aura for a period of five years , with $0.4 million payable each year. Costs for the support services will be recognized in cost of sales and research and development expenses in the periods in which services are received. Company will recognize the cost of these services ratably over the five-year service period. The Company concluded that the agreement was entered at market terms using a cost buildup approach.
Total acquisition-related costs incurred in connection with the business combination were $5.8 million and change in the fair value of acquisition related payables and sales based earnout liability was $1.9 million. All these costs are included in acquisition related costs in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss.
Since the date of acquisition, the net impact of the Aura acquisition on the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income was revenue and operating loss of $0.1 million and $2.2 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Following are the supplemental consolidated financial results of the Company on an unaudited pro forma basis, as if the acquisition had been consummated on January 1, 2022:
| For the year ended | |||||||||||
| Unaudited proforma information | December 31, 2023 | December 31, 2022 | |||||||||
| (in thousands) | |||||||||||
| Revenue | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Net income (loss) | $ | ( | $ | ( | |||||||
The supplemental pro forma information presents the combined results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, as if the acquisition was completed on January 1, 2022, the first day of the fiscal year of 2022. The supplemental pro forma financial information presented above is not necessarily indicative of the financial position or results of operations that would have been realized if the acquisition had been completed on the date indicated. The supplemental pro forma financial information does not reflect synergies that might have been achieved, nor is it indicative of future operating results or financial position. The proforma financial information includes a $5.8 million nonrecurring adjustment related to third party transaction costs.
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3. Net Income (Loss) Per Share
The following table summarizes the computation of basic and diluted net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders of the Company:
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||||
| (in thousands, except per share data) | |||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders | $ | ( | $ | $ | |||||||||||||
| Weighted-average shares outstanding | |||||||||||||||||
| Weighted average shares used to compute basic net income per share | |||||||||||||||||
| Dilutive effect of employee equity incentive plans | |||||||||||||||||
| Weighted average shares used to compute diluted net income (loss) per share | |||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders per share, basic | $ | ( | $ | $ | |||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders per share, diluted | $ | ( | $ | $ | |||||||||||||
Potential dilutive securities include dilutive common shares from share-based awards attributable to the assumed exercise of vested restricted stock units using the treasury stock method. Under the treasury stock method, potential common shares outstanding are not included in the computation of diluted net income per share if their effect is anti-dilutive.
Anti-dilutive potential shares from share-based awards are excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share if either their exercise price exceeded the average market price during the period or the share-based awards were determined to be anti-dilutive based on applying the treasury stock method. During the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 the Company had 1,078,089 , 309,963 , and 3,955 potential shares from share-based awards that are anti-dilutive, respectively. Anti-dilutive potential shares from share-based awards are excluded from the calculation of diluted loss per share for the year ended December 31, 2023 due to the net losses reported in this period.
4. Balance Sheets Components
Accounts Receivable, net
Accounts receivable, net consisted of the following:
| As of | ||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2023 | December 31, 2022 | December 31, 2021 | ||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||||||||
| Accounts receivable, gross | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||
| Allowance for credit losses | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||
| Accounts receivable, net | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||
Inventory
Inventory consisted of the following:
| As of | |||||||||||
| December 31, 2023 | December 31, 2022 | ||||||||||
| (in thousands) | |||||||||||
| Raw materials | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Work in progress | |||||||||||
| Finished goods | |||||||||||
| Total inventories | $ | $ | |||||||||
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Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets
Prepaid expenses and other current assets consisted of the following:
| As of | |||||||||||
| December 31, 2023 | December 31, 2022 | ||||||||||
| (in thousands) | |||||||||||
| Prepaid expenses | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Other current assets | |||||||||||
| Total prepaid expenses and other current assets | $ | $ | |||||||||
Property and Equipment, Net
Property and equipment, net consisted of the following:
| As of | |||||||||||
| December 31, 2023 | December 31, 2022 | ||||||||||
| (in thousands) | |||||||||||
| Lab and manufacturing equipment | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Computer equipment | |||||||||||
| Furniture and fixtures | |||||||||||
| Construction in progress | |||||||||||
| Leasehold improvements | |||||||||||
| Accumulated depreciation | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Total property and equipment, net | $ | $ | |||||||||
Depreciation expense related to property and equipment was $13.3 million, $10.1 million, and $5.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.
Intangible Assets, Net
Intangible assets, net consisted of the following:
| As of | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2023 | December 31, 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gross Assets | Accumulated Amortization | Net Assets | Gross Assets | Accumulated Amortization | Net Assets | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Developed technology | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Contract based royalty asset | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Internal use software | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Purchased software | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total amortizable intangible assets | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In-process research and development | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total intangible assets | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Amortization expense for intangible assets was $2.9 million, $1.7 million, and $2.2 million, for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.
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The estimated aggregate future amortization expense for intangible assets and subject to amortization as of December 31, 2023 is summarized as below:
| (in thousands) | |||||
| 2024 | $ | ||||
| 2025 | |||||
| 2026 | |||||
| 2027 | |||||
| 2028 | |||||
| 2029 and beyond | |||||
| $ | |||||
Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consisted of the following:
| As of | |||||||||||
| December 31, 2023 | December 31, 2022 | ||||||||||
| (in thousands) | |||||||||||
| Accrued payroll and related benefits | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Revenue reserves | |||||||||||
| Sales based earnout liability, current | |||||||||||
| Acquisition consideration payable, current | |||||||||||
| Deferred non-recurring engineering services | |||||||||||
| Accrued customer rebates | |||||||||||
| Other accrued expenses | |||||||||||
| Total accrued expenses and other current liabilities | $ | $ | |||||||||
As of December 31, 2021 and through June 30, 2022, the Company had recorded $2.7 2.7 million of accrued customer rebate as revenue.
Other Non-current Liabilities
Other non-current liabilities consisted of the following:
| As of | |||||||||||
| December 31, 2023 | December 31, 2022 | ||||||||||
| (in thousands) | |||||||||||
| (in thousands) | |||||||||||
| Sales based earnout liability, non-current | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Acquisition consideration payable, non-current | |||||||||||
| Other long term liabilities | |||||||||||
| Total other non-current liabilities | $ | $ | |||||||||
5. Leases
The Company leases real estate property under operating leases. The Company leases office space in California, Michigan, Malaysia, Japan, Taiwan, the Netherlands, Finland, and Ukraine all under non-cancellable operating leases with various expiration dates through May 2029.
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In January 2021, the Company signed an amendment to its Santa Clara office space lease where the lessor provided the Company lease incentives of $0.4 million and extended the term of the lease by three months . The amendment was accounted as a single modified lease and the remaining payments were remeasured using an updated discount rate. The agreement provides for an option to renew for an additional 5 years and for monthly rent payments through the term of the lease. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company did not commence any new operating leases.
The remaining lease terms vary from a few months to 6 years. For certain of its leases, the Company has options to extend the lease term for periods varying from to 5 years. These renewal options are not considered in the remaining lease term unless it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise such options. The Company also has variable lease payments that are primarily composed of common area maintenance and utility charges.
The table below presents the lease-related assets and liabilities recorded on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:
| As of | |||||||||||
| December 31, 2023 | December 31, 2022 | ||||||||||
| (in thousands) | |||||||||||
| Right-of-use assets | $ | $ | |||||||||
| L | |||||||||||
| Lease liabilities included in other non-current liabilities | |||||||||||
| Total operating lease liabilities | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Weighted-average remaining lease term (years) | |||||||||||
| Weighted-average discount rate | % | % | |||||||||
The table below presents certain information related to the lease costs for operating leases for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021:
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||
| Operating lease cost | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
| Short-term lease cost | |||||||||||||||||
| Variable lease cost | |||||||||||||||||
| Total lease cost | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
Cash paid for operating lease liabilities was $3.1 million, $2.5 million, and $1.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 respectively.
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Operating Lease Cash Flows
The table below reconciles the undiscounted cash flows for each of the first five years and total of the remaining years to the operating lease liabilities recorded on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023:
| (in thousands) | |||||
| 2024 | $ | ||||
| 2025 | |||||
| 2026 | |||||
| 2027 | |||||
| 2028 | |||||
| 2029 and beyond | |||||
| Total minimum lease payments | |||||
| Less: amount of lease payments representing interest | ( | ||||
| Present value of future minimum lease payments | |||||
| Less: current obligations under leases | ( | ||||
| Long-term lease liabilities | $ | ||||
6. Commitments and Contingencies
Purchase Commitments
The Company purchases components from a variety of suppliers and uses several contract manufacturers to provide manufacturing services for its products. During the normal course of business, in order to manage manufacturing lead times and to help ensure adequate component supply, the Company enters into agreements with the Company’s contract manufacturers and suppliers that allow them to procure inventory based upon criteria as defined by the Company. In addition, the Company has a multi-year agreement to purchase minimum quantities of MEMS wafers and is responsible for research and development, tooling, and samples cost under the agreement. A portion of the Company’s reported purchase commitments arising from these agreements consists of firm, non-cancelable purchase commitments. In certain instances, these agreements allow the Company the option to cancel, reschedule, and adjust the Company’s requirements based on its business needs prior to when production starts. However, in situations where the Company is unable to cancel, reschedule, or adjust the purchase commitment due to changing customer demand, excess inventories could result in material inventory provisions. Total future non-cancelable purchase commitments as of December 31, 2023 were as follows:
| (in thousands) | |||||
| 2024 | $ | ||||
| 2025 | |||||
| 2026 | |||||
| 2027 | |||||
| 2028 | |||||
| 2029 and beyond | |||||
| Total | $ | ||||
Indemnification
The Company is a party to a variety of agreements pursuant to which it may be obligated to indemnify other parties to such agreements with respect to certain matters. Typically, these obligations arise in the context of contracts that the Company has entered into, under which the Company customarily agrees to hold the other party harmless against losses arising from a breach of representations and covenants or terms and conditions related to such matters as the sale and/or delivery of its products, title to assets sold, certain intellectual property claims, defective products, specified environmental matters, and certain income taxes. Further, the Company’s obligations under these agreements may be limited in terms of time, amount, or the scope of its responsibility and in some instances, the Company may have recourse against third parties
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for certain payments made under these agreements. It is not possible to predict the maximum potential amount of future payments under these agreements due to the conditional nature of the Company’s obligations and the unique facts and circumstances involved in each particular agreement. Historically, the Company has had no material indemnification claims under these agreements.
Legal Matters
From time to time, the Company may be a party to various litigation claims in the normal course of business. Legal fees and other costs associated with such actions are expensed as incurred. The Company assesses, in conjunction with legal counsel, the need to record a liability for litigation and contingencies. Accrual estimates are recorded when and if it is determined that such a liability for litigation and contingencies are both probable and reasonably estimable.
7. Stockholders’ Equity
The Company’s certificate of incorporation, as amended and currently in effect, authorizes the Company to issue 200,000,000 shares of common stock and 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.0001 per share. Each share of common stock is entitled to one vote. The holders of common stock are also entitled to receive dividends whenever funds are legally available and when and if declared by the board of directors, subject to the prior rights of holders of all classes of preferred stock outstanding. The Company has never declared any dividends. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, there were no
Follow-on Public Offerings
On February 22, 2021, the Company completed a follow-on public offering, in which it issued and sold 1,500,000 shares of its common stock, resulting in net proceeds to the Company of $181.6 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of $8.6 million and offering costs of $0.3 million.
On November 10, 2021 the Company completed a follow-on public offering, in which it issued and sold 1,300,000 shares of its common stock, resulting in net proceeds to the Company of $279.0 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of $13.2 million and offering costs of $0.3 million.
At-The-Market offering
On May 4, 2022, the Company entered into a Sales Agreement ("Sales Agreement"), with Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, Incorporated ("Stifel"), under which the Company may offer and sell from time to time at its sole discretion, up to an aggregate of 800,000 shares of its common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, through Stifel as its sales agent. The Company used the net proceeds from the shares of common stock offered and sold to replenish funds expended to satisfy tax withholding and remittance obligations related to the net settlement upon vesting of restricted stock unit awards (“RSU”) granted to employees under the equity incentive plans. The Company has filed a prospectus supplement pursuant to the Sales Agreement for the offer and sale of up to an aggregate of 800,000 shares of its common stock. Subject to the terms and conditions of the Sales Agreement, Stifel will sell the common stock from time to time, based upon instructions from the Company. The Company agreed to pay Stifel a commission of up to 3 % of the gross sales proceeds of any common stock sold through Stifel under the Sales Agreement. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company sold 400,000 shares of its common stock to Stifel under the Sales Agreement at a weighted average price of $115.06 per share resulting in net proceeds to the Company of $44.8 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of $0.9 million and offering costs of $0.3 million. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company sold 225,334 shares of its common stock to Stifel under the Sales Agreement at a weighted average price of $150.78 per share resulting in net proceeds to the Company of $33.0 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of $0.7 million and offering costs of $0.2 million.
8. Stock-based Compensation
SiTime Corporation 2019 Stock Incentive Plan
Upon completion of its IPO in November 2019, the Company adopted the SiTime Corporation 2019 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2019 Plan”). The 2019 Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options, non-statutory stock options, restricted stock awards, restricted stock unit awards, stock appreciation rights, performance stock awards, and other forms of equity compensation (collectively, “stock awards”), and cash awards, all of which may be granted to employees (including officers), directors, and consultants or affiliates. Awards granted under the 2019 Plan vest at the rate specified by the plan administrator, for restricted stock unit awards primarily within the quarter up to five years . As of December 31, 2023, 1.3 million shares were available for future issuance.
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SiTime Corporation 2022 Inducement Award Plan
In February 2022, the Company adopted the SiTime Corporation 2022 Inducement Award Plan (the "2022 Plan"), which initially reserved 250,000 shares of the Company's common stock. The 2022 Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options, non-statutory stock options, restricted stock awards, restricted stock unit awards, stock appreciation rights, and other forms of equity compensation and cash awards, all of which may be granted to employees (including officers). Awards granted under the 2022 Plan vest at the rate specified by the plan administrator, for restricted stock unit awards primarily over to four years . In February 2023, the Company amended and restated the 2022 Plan to reserve an additional 250,000 shares of the Company's common stock. As of December 31, 2023, 204,439 shares were available for future issuance.
Bonus and Retention Plans
On August 4, 2020, the Compensation Committee of the Company adopted and approved the Executive Bonus and Retention Plan (the "Bonus and Retention Plan"). In each of January and July 2021, the Compensation Committee approved target bonus amounts and performance goals for the first half and second half, respectively, of the fiscal year 2021 (the “2021 Goals”). In January and August 2022, the Compensation Committee approved target bonus amounts and performance goals for the first half and second half, respectively, of the fiscal year 2022 (the “2022 Goals”). In January 2023, the Compensation Committee approved target bonus amounts and performance goals for the fiscal year 2023 (the “2023 Goals”). The 2021 Goals, 2022 Goals, and 2023 Goals are based on the achievement of revenue and Non-GAAP operating profit, as well as individual performance goals. The awards for the actual payouts are granted in the quarter following the end of the performance period. The target bonuses were granted based on a fixed dollar amount to be settled in RSUs on the vesting date and hence the awards have been classified as liability-based awards until settled. Such expense is included in the non-cash adjustment within stock-based compensation expense on the consolidated cash flow statements. The liability of $1.0 million for the 2023 Goals was recorded as accrued expenses and other current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023. Actual payouts ranged from 76 % to 150 % of target for the 2021 Goals, ranged from 44 % to 130 % of target for the 2022 Goals, and ranged from 0 % to 45 % of target for the 2023 Goals, in each case based on performance.
In April 2022, the Company adopted a bonus plan for certain employees. The target bonuses are granted based on a fixed dollar amount to be settled in RSUs in the quarter following the end of the performance period. Due to the fixed dollar amount targets, the awards have been classified as liability-based awards until settled. Once settled, these awards are reflected as RSU granted in the table below. Such expense is included in the non-cash adjustment within stock-based compensation expense on the consolidated cash flow statements and was $2.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The liability of $0.8 million was recorded as accrued expenses and other current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023.
In December 2021, the Compensation Committee of the Company approved performance based restricted stock unit awards ("PRSU") with performance goals for the year 2022 (the “PRSU 2022 Goals”). The PRSU 2022 Goals were based on the achievement of a revenue goal. These grants were not earned and were cancelled in February 2023.
In February 2022, the Compensation Committee of the Company approved and granted to certain of the Company’s executive officers MYPSUs with vesting based on achievement of stock price targets, which are measured based on the 60-trading day average per share closing price of the Company’s common stock on the Nasdaq Global Market during the performance periods of up to six years from the date of grant, subject to the continued service of the grantee through the vest date. The grant-date fair value of each MYPSU was determined using a Monte Carlo simulation model. The assumptions used in the Monte Carlo simulation included expected volatility of 44.4 %, risk free rate of 1.83 %, no expected dividend yield, expected term of six years and possible future stock prices over the performance period based on historical stock and market prices. The Company recognizes the expense related to the MYPSUs on a graded-vesting method over the requisite service period. To date, no MYPSUs have vested.
In the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company granted CRSUs as part of an employee bonus plan. The Company ended this program effective April 1, 2021. Generally, such units were granted quarterly and fully vested at the end of the quarter they were granted except units granted to new hires that had a one-year cliff vesting. Such awards were classified as liability-based awards.
In February 2023 and March 2023, the Compensation Committee of the Company approved PRSUs for the year 2023 with performance goals based on the achievement of revenue over a one year performance period (the “PRSU 2023 Goals”) and achievement of relative total stockholder return with a two year performance period (the "2023 TSR PRSU Goals"). The grant-date fair value of each PRSU with 2023 TSR PRSU Goals was determined using a Monte Carlo simulation model. The assumptions used in the Monte Carlo simulation included expected volatility of 84.0 % and 83.8 %, risk free rate of 4.67 % and 4.05 %, no 1.9 years and 1.8 years for the awards
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approved in February 2023 and March 2023, respectively. The Company recognizes the expense related to the PRSUs with PRSU 2023 Goals and PRSUs with 2023 TSR PRSU Goals on a graded-vesting method over the requisite performance period. These grants are included in the PRSU awards granted in the table below.
The following table summarizes the RSU, PRSU, and MYPSU awards activity for the year ended December 31, 2023:
| RSU | PRSU | MYPSU | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Number of Shares | Grant Date Fair Value per share | Number of Shares | Grant Date Fair Value per share | Number of Shares | Grant Date Fair Value per share | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Unvested at December 31, 2022 | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Granted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vested | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Forfeited | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Unvested at December 31, 2023 | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The difference between the number of RSUs vested and the shares of common stock issued during the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 is the result of RSUs withheld in satisfaction of minimum tax withholding obligations associated with the vesting. The weighted-average grant date fair value for RSUs granted for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 was $120.1 , $188.3 , and $128.6 per share, respectively. The weighted-average grant date fair value for PRSUs granted for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2021 was $145.5 and $261.4 per share, respectively. The weighted-average grant date fair value for MYPSUs granted for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $88.6 per share. No PRSUs were granted for the year ended December 31, 2022. No 55.6 million, $40.8 million, and $24.4 million, respectively.
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Total stock-based compensation expense for employees recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) was as follows:
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||
| Equity based awards | |||||||||||||||||
| Cost of revenue | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
| Research and development | |||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative | |||||||||||||||||
| $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||
| Liability based awards - to be settled in equity | |||||||||||||||||
| Cost of revenue | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
| Research and development | |||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative | |||||||||||||||||
| $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||
| Total stock-based compensation - equity and liability based | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
| Liability-based awards - cash settled | |||||||||||||||||
| Cost of revenue | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
| Research and development | |||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative | |||||||||||||||||
| $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||
| Total stock-based compensation expense | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation expense recorded to additional paid-in capital | |||||||||||||||||
| Equity based awards | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
| Liability based awards - settled in equity | |||||||||||||||||
| Total stock-based compensation expense recorded to additional paid-in capital | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
The following table presents the unrecognized compensation costs and related weighted average period of recognition as of December 31, 2023:
| As of December 31, 2023 | |||||||||||
| Unrecognized Compensation Costs (in thousands) | Weighted Average Period of Recognition (in years) | ||||||||||
| RSUs | $ | ||||||||||
| PRSUs | |||||||||||
| MYPSUs | |||||||||||
| Liability-based awards | |||||||||||
| Total unrecognized compensation costs | $ | ||||||||||
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9. Income Taxes
The components of income (loss) before income taxes were as follows:
| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||
| United States | $ | ( | $ | $ | |||||||||||||
| Foreign | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| $ | ( | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
The components of income tax expense were as follows:
| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||
| Current Provision: | |||||||||||||||||
| Federal | $ | $ | $ | ( | |||||||||||||
| State | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Foreign | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Total current provision | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Total deferred provision | |||||||||||||||||
| Total income tax provision | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | |||||||||||
The material components of the deferred tax assets and liabilities consisted of net operating loss carry-forwards, Section 174 costs and tax credit carry-forwards.
| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||
| Deferred tax assets (liabilities): | |||||||||||||||||
| Deferred tax assets: | |||||||||||||||||
| Accrual, write-down and other | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
| Acquired assets | |||||||||||||||||
| Capitalized research and development | |||||||||||||||||
| Credits | |||||||||||||||||
| Net operating loss and credits carry forwards | |||||||||||||||||
| Gross deferred tax assets | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
| Deferred tax liabilities: | |||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Gross deferred tax liabilities | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | |||||||||||
| Total gross deferred tax assets (liabilities) | |||||||||||||||||
| Valuation allowance | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Total net deferred tax assets | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
The net valuation allowance increased by $23.1 million and $13.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 respectively.
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A reconciliation of the Company’s effective tax rate to the statutory U.S. federal rate is as follows:
| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||||
| US Federal Rate | % | % | % | ||||||||||||||
| RSU excess tax expense (benefit) | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
| Permanent differences and others | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Change in valuation allowance | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| ( | % | % | % | ||||||||||||||
The reported amount of income tax expense differs from an expected amount based on statutory rates primarily due to the Company’s valuation allowance.
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, based on the available objective evidence, management believes it is more likely than not that the net deferred tax assets will not be realized. Accordingly, management has applied a full valuation allowance against its net deferred tax assets at December 31, 2023 and 2022.
At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company has federal net operating loss carry-forwards of approximately $230.2 million and $213.3 million, respectively, and state net operating loss carry-forwards of approximately $83.7 million and $65.3 million, respectively. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company has net operating loss carryforwards for foreign income tax purposes of approximately $1.7 million and $1.7 million, respectively. These federal, state, and foreign net operating loss carry-forwards will expire beginning in 2028.
At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company also has federal research and development tax credit carry-forwards of approximately $3.9 million and $3.9 million, respectively, and state research and development tax credit carry-forwards of approximately $3.6 million and $3.6 million, respectively. The federal tax credits begin to expire in 2025, and the California tax credits carry forward indefinitely.
Utilization of the net operating loss carry-forwards and credits may be subject to a substantial annual limitation due to the ownership change limitations provided by the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (“the Code”), and similar state provisions. The annual limitation may result in the expiration of net operating losses and credits before utilization.
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had $2.3 million and $2.3 million of total unrecognized tax benefits. The Company currently has a full valuation allowance against its net deferred tax assets which would impact the timing of the effective tax rate benefit should any of these uncertain tax positions be favorably settled in the future. If the Company is able to eventually recognize these uncertain tax positions, none of the unrecognized benefit would reduce the Company’s effective tax rate due to full valuation allowance of the Company’s deferred tax assets. The Company’s policy is to record interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as income tax expense. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had immaterial amounts related to the accrual of interest and penalties.
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending unrecognized tax benefit amount is as follows:
| December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||
| (in thousands) | |||||||||||
| Beginning balance | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Increase (decrease) in balance related to tax position taken during prior periods | |||||||||||
| Increase (decrease) in balance related to tax position taken during the current period | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Ending balance | $ | $ | |||||||||
These amounts are related to certain deferred tax assets with a corresponding valuation allowance. As of December 31, 2023, the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits, if recognized, that would affect the effective tax rate is $0.7 million. The Company does not anticipate a material change to our unrecognized tax benefits over the next twelve
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months. Unrecognized tax benefits may change during the next twelve months for items that arise in the ordinary course of business.
The Company does not have any tax positions for which it is reasonably possible the total amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits will increase or decrease within 12 months of the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.
The Company files tax returns as prescribed by the tax laws of the jurisdictions in which it operates. In the normal course of business, the Company is subject to examination by federal, state, local, and foreign jurisdictions, where applicable. Due to the Company’s net losses, its federal, state and local, and foreign tax returns since inception are subject to audit.
10. 401(k) Plan
The Company has a 401(k) retirement plan for the U.S. based employees that qualifies as a defined contribution plan. All U.S. based employees are eligible to participate on the first day of the month following their hire date with the Company. Under the defined contribution plan, employees may contribute up to the lesser of 90 % of their pre-tax salaries per year or the maximum contribution allowed under the Code. The Company may make discretionary matching contributions, if deferral contributions are made by the employees. The Company’s matching contributions for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 resulted in expense of $1.3 million, $1.3 million, and $1.0 million respectively.
11. Segment Information and Operations by Geographic Area
The Company operates in one reportable segment related to the design, development, and sale of silicon timing systems solutions. The chief operating decision maker for the Company is the Chief Executive Officer. The Company’s Chief Executive Officer reviews operating results on an aggregate basis and manages the Company’s operations as a whole for the purpose of evaluating financial performance and allocating resources. Accordingly, the Company has determined that it has a single reportable and operating segment structure.
Revenue by geographic area is presented based upon the ship-to location of the original equipment manufacturers, the contract manufacturers, or the distributors who purchased the Company’s products. For sales to the distributors, their geographic location may be different from the geographic locations of the ultimate end customers. The following table sets forth revenue by country for countries with 10% or more of the Company’s revenue during any of the periods presented:
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||
| Taiwan | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
| Hong Kong | |||||||||||||||||
| United States | |||||||||||||||||
| Singapore | |||||||||||||||||
| Other | |||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
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The following table sets forth the Company’s total property and equipment attributable to operations by country for countries with 10% or more of the Company’s net property and equipment as of the periods presented:
| As of | |||||||||||
| December 31, 2023 | December 31, 2022 | ||||||||||
| (in thousands) | |||||||||||
| United States | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Malaysia | |||||||||||
| Taiwan | |||||||||||
| Other | |||||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | |||||||||
12. Related Party Transactions
The Company entered into an agreement with MegaChips Corporation ("MegaChips"), whereby the Company appointed MegaChips as a non-exclusive sales representative of its products in Japan. The Company sold products through MegaChips to distributors, resellers, or direct customers in Japan. The Company paid MegaChips a fixed percentage of the revenue as sales commission, which was recorded as commission expense and included in sales and marketing in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. In connection with the Company's efforts to contract directly with distributors in Japan, the Company entered into a termination agreement with MegaChips pursuant to which the Company and MegaChips mutually terminated the Distribution Agreement effective November 3, 2021. The Company sold $8.2 million through the distribution agreement for the year ended December 31, 2021 and paid sales commissions of $0.3 million to MegaChips for such sales for the year ended December 31, 2021.
The Company also entered into a service and secondment agreement with MegaChips LSI USA Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of MegaChips, in 2020 that terminated on August 31, 2021. The Company paid $0.1 million in consulting fees for such service and secondment agreement in the year ended December 31, 2021.
MegaChips has been the largest stockholder of the Company and held approximately 20.7 % and 23.0 % of the Company’s outstanding common stock as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
In May 2021, the Company signed a consulting agreement with Akira Takata, a member of the Board of Directors of the Company. As a consultant, Mr. Takata provided sales consulting services through December 31, 2021, for which he received monthly cash fees of $5,000 , reimbursement of expenses, and an equity award of 500 RSUs that fully vested on November 20, 2021. In December 2021, the Company signed an amendment to extend the consulting agreement with Akira Takata through December 31, 2022, for which he received monthly cash fees, reimbursement of expenses, and an equity award of 300 RSUs that fully vested on November 20, 2022.
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Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.
None.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures.
We maintain “disclosure controls and procedures,” as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15 (e) and 15d – 15(e) under the Exchange Act, that are designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer) and Chief Financial Officer (principal financial officer), as appropriate, to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Based on their evaluation as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective at the reasonable assurance level as a result of the material weakness in internal control over financial reporting as described below.
Material Weakness in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Management identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting due to a deficiency in our review control over the classification of cash flows from investments within the statements of cash flows in accordance with applicable accounting guidance for the periods ended March, 31, 2023, June 30, 2023, and September 30, 2023.
Remediation Plan
The Company's management, under the oversight of the Audit Committee, has implemented additional review procedures to enhance our internal control over financial reporting with respect to the statement of cash flows. These review procedures include a review checklist to ensure that we apply the applicable accounting guidance under ASC 230, Statement of Cash Flows.
Management is committed to a strong internal control environment and believes that the measures described above remediate the material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. Based on the additional procedures, which were implemented and operated effectively for the fourth fiscal quarter, we concluded that the control operated effectively as of the fiscal 2023 year-end. However, the remediation is not considered complete until such controls operate effectively for multiple periods. Therefore, we expect the remediation of this material weakness to be completed prior to the end of fiscal year 2024.
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting; Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm.
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP. Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that: (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets, (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors, and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on our financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting
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as of December 31, 2023 based on the criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, or COSO. Based on our evaluation under the criteria set forth in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO, our management concluded our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2023 due to the material weakness in internal control over financial reporting described above. Our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of December 31, 2023.
The effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 has been audited by BDO USA, P.C., an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report and is incorporated herein by reference.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended December 31, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting, other than as described above under the caption “Remediation Plan.”
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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Shareholders and Board of Directors
SiTime Corporation
Santa Clara, CA
Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited SiTime Corporation’s (the “Company’s”) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the “COSO criteria”). In our opinion, the Company did not maintain, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on the COSO criteria.
We do not express an opinion or any other form of assurance on management’s statements referring to any corrective actions taken by the Company after the date of management’s assessment.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss), stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes and financial statement schedule (collectively referred to as “the financial statements”) and our report dated February 26, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Item 9A, Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit of internal control over financial reporting in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. A material weakness regarding management’s failure to design and maintain controls over the classification of cash flows from investments within the statement of cash flows, has been identified and described in management’s assessment. This material weakness was considered in determining the nature, timing, and extent of audit tests applied in our audit of the 2023 financial statements, and this report does not affect our report dated February 26, 2024 on those financial statements.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
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Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ BDO USA, P.C.
San Jose, California
February 26, 2024
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Item 9B. Other Information.
Appointment of Chief Accounting Officer
On February 24, 2024, SiTime Corporation (the “Company”) promoted Samsheer Ahmad, 49, and appointed him Senior Vice President, Finance and Chief Accounting Officer. Mr. Ahmad joined the Company in May 2015 and has held various positions, most recently serving as Vice President of Finance and Accounting of the Company since July 2017. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Ahmad worked at Guavus Inc. from 2014 to 2015 as Corporate Controller. From 2009 to 2014, Mr. Ahmad held various positions at TiVo Corporation, including Senior Director of Accounting. Mr. Ahmad holds a bachelor's degree in accounting and information systems from the University of the South Pacific. In connection with Mr. Ahmad’s promotion, subject to approval of the compensation committee of the board of directors, the Company will grant Mr. Ahmad a restricted stock unit award for 5,000 shares of the Company’s common stock under the Company’s 2019 Equity Incentive Plan pursuant to the Company’s standard form RSU agreement and Mr. Ahmad's salary will be increased to $330,000. Mr. Ahmad will also participate in the Bonus and Retention Plan with his annual target bonus amount set by the compensation committee of the board of directors. This equity award will vest quarterly over two years subject to his continued service on each vest date. In connection with his appointment, Mr. Ahmad will enter into the Company’s standard form of Indemnification Agreement, which is attached as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on February 16, 2021 (File No. 001-39135).
Trading Arrangements
During the Company's last fiscal quarter, the Company's directors and officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) under the Exchange Act) adopted or terminated
| Name of the Director or Officer | Designation of Director or Officer | Action | Adoption/Termination Date | Rule 10b5-1* | Expiration Date | Number of securities to be sold | ||||||||||||||
X | November 14, 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||
X | December 1, 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||
X | February 28, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||
X | May 31, 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||
*The actual number of securities that will be sold under the Rule 10b5-1 trading plan will be reduced by the number of securities sold in accordance with an existing plan prior to its expiration.
Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.
Not applicable.
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PART III
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.
The information required by this item will be set forth under the captions “Election of Directors – Directors and Nominees” and “Election of Directors – Executive Officers, Directors and Director Nominees” in our definitive proxy statement to be filed with the SEC, in connection with our 2024 annual meeting of stockholders (the “Proxy Statement”), which is expected to be filed not later than 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, and is incorporated in this report by reference.
Information regarding Section 16(a) beneficial reporting compliance, if any, will be set forth under the section entitled “Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports” in the Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.
We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to all of our officers and employees, including our chief executive officer, chief financial officer, corporate controller, and other employees who perform financial or accounting functions. The Code of Business Conduct and Ethics sets forth the basic principles that guide the business conduct of our employees and is available on our website at www.sitime.com. We have also adopted a Code of Ethics for Senior Financial Officers that specifically applies to our chief executive officer (our principal executive officer), chief financial officer (our principal financial officer), and chief accounting officer (our principal accounting officer). Stockholders may request a free copy of our Code of Ethics for Senior Financial Officers by contacting us at SiTime Corporation, Attention: Investor Relations, 5451 Patrick Henry Drive, Santa Clara, California 95054.
To date, there have been no waivers under our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics or Code of Ethics for Senior Financial Officers. We will disclose on our website amendments to, or waivers from, our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, in accordance with applicable laws and regulations.
The information concerning our Audit Committee and Audit Committee financial expert is incorporated by reference herein to the information set forth under the caption “Corporate Governance – Board Committee – Audit Committee” in our Proxy Statement.
Information regarding procedures by which stockholders may recommend nominees to our board of directors is set forth under the caption “Corporate Governance - Director Nominations” in the Proxy Statement.
Item 11. Executive Compensation.
The information required by this item will be set forth under the captions “Executive Compensation,” “Non-Employee Director Compensation,” "Corporate Governance," "Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation," and "Compensation Committee Report" in the Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.
The information required by this item will be set forth under the caption “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” and “Equity Compensation Plan Information,” in the Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.
Equity Compensation Plan Information
The following table summarizes our equity compensation plan information as of December 31, 2023. Information is included for equity compensation plans approved by our stockholders as well as our 2022 Amended and Restated Inducement Award Plan (the “Inducement Plan”) adopted by our compensation committee without approval of our stockholders. The Inducement Plan provides for the grant of equity or equity-based awards in the form of non-qualified stock options, restricted stock units, and other stock-based awards. The Inducement Plan’s terms are substantially similar to the terms of SiTime’s 2019 Stock Incentive Plan, with the addition of certain terms and conditions intended to comply with the Nasdaq inducement award exception. Awards under the Inducement Plan may be granted only to employees who satisfy the standards for inducement grants under Rule 5635(c)(4) of the Nasdaq Listing Rules, and only when the award is
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an inducement material to such individual’s entering into employment with us, our subsidiaries or our affiliates within the meaning of Rule 5635(c)(4) of the Nasdaq Listing Rules.
| Plan Category | Number of Securities to be Issued Upon Exercise of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights | Weighted Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights(1) | Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans (Excluding Securities Reflected in the first Column) | |||||||||||||||||
Equity compensation plans approved by stockholders(1) | 1,387,465 | $ | — | 1,344,878 | ||||||||||||||||
Equity compensation plans not approved by stockholders(2) | 245,454 | - | 204,439 | |||||||||||||||||
| Total | 1,632,919 | $ | - | 1,549,317 | ||||||||||||||||
(1)Consists solely of our 2019 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2019 Stock Plan”). The 2019 Stock Plan contains an “evergreen” provision, pursuant to which the number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance pursuant to awards under such plan shall be increased on the first day of each year beginning in 2020, equal to the lesser of (i) 3% of the number of shares of common stock outstanding on the last day of the immediately preceding year, or (ii) if our Board acts prior to the first day of the year, such lesser amount that our Board determines for purposes of the annual increase of the year such number as determined by the plan administrator. As of January 1, 2024, the 2019 Stock Plan was increased by 680,764 shares pursuant to such evergreen provision. We have only granted RSUs from the 2019 Stock Plan, which have no exercise price.
(2)Consists solely of our Inducement Plan. We have only granted RSUs from the Inducement Plan, which have no exercise price.
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.
The information required by this item will be set forth under the captions “Certain Relationships and Related Person Transactions” and “Corporate Governance — Director Independence” in the Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services.
The information required by this item will be set forth under the caption “Ratification of the Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accountants — Principal Accounting Fees and Services” in the Proxy and is incorporated herein by reference.
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PART IV
Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules.
(a)The following documents are filed as a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K:
1.Financial Statements:
2.Financial Statement Schedule (Valuation and Qualifying Accounts) for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021:
3.Exhibits:
The documents listed below are filed (or furnished, as noted) as exhibits to this Annual Report on Form 10-K:
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Exhibit Index
| Incorporation by Reference | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Exhibit Number | Exhibit Description | Form | File Number | Exhibit/Appendix Reference | Filing Date | Filed Herewith | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3.1 | 8-K | 001-39135 | 3.1 | 11/26/2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3.2 | 8-K | 001-39135 | 3.2 | 6/29/2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4.1 | S-1 | 333-234305 | 4.1 | 10/23/2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4.2 | 10-K | 001-39135 | 4.2 | 2/16/2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.1+ | 10-K | 001-39135 | 10.1 | 2/16/2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.2+ | S-1 | 333-234305 | 10.2 | 10/23/2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.3+ | S-1 | 333-234305 | 10.3 | 10/23/2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.4+ | S-1 | 333-234305 | 10.4 | 10/23/2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.5+ | S-1 | 333-234305 | 10.5 | 10/23/2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.6+ | S-1 | 333-234305 | 10.6 | 10/23/2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.7+ | S-1 | 333-234305 | 10.7 | 10/23/2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.8+ | S-1 | 333-234305 | 10.8 | 10/23/2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.9+ | S-1 | 333-234305 | 10.9 | 10/23/2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| 10.12 | S-1 | 333-234305 | 10.16 | 10/23/2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.13 | S-1 | 333-234305 | 10.17 | 10/23/2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.14* | S-1 | 333-234305 | 10.18 | 10/23/2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.15* | S-1 | 333-234305 | 10.19 | 10/23/2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.16* | S-1 | 333-234305 | 10.20 | 10/23/2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.18* | 10-Q | 001-39135 | 10.2 | 5/7/2020 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.19+ | 8-K | 001-39135 | 10.1 | 6/9/2020 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.20+ | 10-Q | 001-39135 | 10.2 | 8/6/2020 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.21* | 10-Q | 001-39135 | 10.3 | 8/6/2020 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.22+ | 10-K | 001-39135 | 10.22 | 2/16/2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.23+ | 10-Q | 001-39135 | 10.2 | 5/4/2023 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.24+ | 8-K | 001-39135 | 10.1 | 4/5/2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.25+ | X | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.26+ | X | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.27 | 10-Q | 001-39135 | 10.1 | 11/4/2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| 10.28+ | 10-K | 001-39135 | 10.28 | 2/25/2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.29+ | 10-K | 001-39145 | 10.29 | 2/27/2023 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.30+ | X | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
10.31+ | 10-K | 001-39145 | 10.29 | 2/27/2023 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.32 | 8-K | 001-39135 | 1.1 | 5/4/2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.33 | 8-K | 001-39135 | 10.1 | 11/1/2023 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
10.34+ | X | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 21.1 | X | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 23.1 | X | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 24.1 | X | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 31.1 | X | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 31.2 | X | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 32.1# | X | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| 32.2# | X | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 97.1 | X | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 101.INS | XBRL Instance Document | X | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 101.SCH | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document | X | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 101.CAL | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document | X | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 101.DEF | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document | X | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 101.LAB | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document | X | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 101.PRE | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document | X | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
All references in the table above to previously filed documents or descriptions are incorporating those documents and descriptions by reference thereto.
All references to documents filed as exhibits to periodic reports are to periodic reports of SiTime Corporation, SEC File No. 001-39135.
______________
+ Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan.
* Portions of this exhibit have been omitted in accordance with Item 601 of Regulation S-K.
# In accordance with Item 601(b)(32)(ii) of Regulation S‑K and SEC Release No. 34‑47986, the certifications furnished in Exhibits 32.1 and 32.2 hereto are deemed to accompany this Form 10‑K and will not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act or deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing under the Exchange Act or the Securities Act of 1933 except to the extent that the Company specifically incorporates it by reference.
Item 16. Form 10-K Summary.
None
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SCHEDULE II
VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS
| Valuation and Qualifying Accounts | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at Beginning of Period | Additions Charged to Expenses or Other Accounts | Deductions Credited to Expenses or Other Accounts | Balance at End of Period | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Allowance for credit losses | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Year Ended December 31, 2023 | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Year Ended December 31, 2022 | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Year Ended December 31, 2021 | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Deferred tax valuation allowance | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Year Ended December 31, 2023 | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Year Ended December 31, 2022 | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Year Ended December 31, 2021 | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
| SiTime Corporation | ||||||||
Date: February 26, 2024 | By: | /s/ Elizabeth A. Howe | ||||||
Elizabeth A. Howe | ||||||||
| Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer | ||||||||
POWER OF ATTORNEY
KNOW ALL BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Rajesh Vashist and Elizabeth A. Howe, and each of them, as his or her true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents, each with the full power of substitution, for him or her and in his or her name, place, or stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments to this Report, and to file the same, with exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in and about the premises, as fully to all intents and purposes as he or she might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents, or his or her substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
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Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
| Name | Title | Date | ||||||||||||
| Chief Executive Officer and Director | ||||||||||||||
| /s/ Rajesh Vashist | (Principal Executive Officer) | February 26, 2024 | ||||||||||||
| Rajesh Vashist | ||||||||||||||
| Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer | ||||||||||||||
/s/ Elizabeth A. Howe | (Principal Financial Officer) | February 26, 2024 | ||||||||||||
Elizabeth A. Howe | ||||||||||||||
Senior Vice President, Finance and Chief Accounting Officer | ||||||||||||||
/s/ Samsheer Ahmad | (Principal Accounting Officer) | February 26, 2024 | ||||||||||||
Samsheer Ahmad | ||||||||||||||
| /s/ Raman K. Chitkara | Director | February 26, 2024 | ||||||||||||
| Raman K. Chitkara | ||||||||||||||
| /s/ Edward H. Frank | Director | February 26, 2024 | ||||||||||||
| Edward H. Frank | ||||||||||||||
| /s/ Torsten G. Kreindl | Director | February 26, 2024 | ||||||||||||
| Torsten G. Kreindl | ||||||||||||||
| /s/ Katherine E. Schuelke | Director | February 26, 2024 | ||||||||||||
| Katherine E. Schuelke | ||||||||||||||
| /s/ Akira Takata | Director | February 26, 2024 | ||||||||||||
| Akira Takata | ||||||||||||||
| /s/ Christine Heckart | Director | February 26, 2024 | ||||||||||||
| Christine Heckart | ||||||||||||||
| /s/ Tom D. Yiu | Director | February 26, 2024 | ||||||||||||
| Tom D. Yiu | ||||||||||||||
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