10-Q 1 ssbk-20240630.htm 10-Q ssbk-20240630
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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
_____________________________
FORM 10-Q
_____________________________
☒Quarterly report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the quarterly period ended: June 30, 2024
or
☐Transition report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the transition period from                      to                     
Commission File Number: 001-40727
_____________________________
Logo.jpg
Southern States Bancshares, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
_____________________________
Alabama
26-2518085
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)
(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)
615 Quintard Ave., Anniston, AL
36201
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)(Zip Code)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (256) 241-1092
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each classTrading Symbol(s)Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $5.00 par value per shareSSBKThe Nasdaq Stock Market, LLC
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes x    No  o
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes  x   No  o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer oAccelerated filero
Non-accelerated filer ☒Smaller reporting company☒
Emerging growth company☒
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐    No  x
As of August 12, 2024, the registrant had 8,916,472 shares of common stock, $5 par value per share, issued and outstanding. 

 
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page

1
CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Southern States Bancshares, Inc. (“Southern States” or the “Company”) contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), which reflect our current expectations and beliefs with respect to, among other things, future events and our financial performance. These forward-looking statements are not historical facts, and are based on current expectations, estimates and projections about our industry, management’s beliefs and certain assumptions made by management, many of which, by their nature, are inherently uncertain and beyond our control. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in such forward-looking statements are reasonable as of the dates made, we cannot give any assurance that such expectations will prove correct and actual results may prove to be materially different from the results expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Accordingly, we caution you that any such forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to risks, assumptions and uncertainties that are difficult to predict.
These statements are often, but not always, made through the use of words or phrases such as “may,” “can,” “should,” “could,” “to be,” “predict,” “potential,” “believe,” “will likely result,” “expect,” “continue,” “will,” “likely,” “anticipate,” “seek,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “target,” “project,” “would” and “outlook,” or the negative version of those words or other similar words or phrases of a future or forward-looking nature. Forward-looking statements appear in a number of places in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and may include statements about business strategy and prospects for growth, operations, ability to pay dividends, competition, regulation and general economic conditions.
There are or may be important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those indicated in these forward-looking statements, including, but not limited to, the following:

•our ability to execute and prudently manage our growth and execute our strategy, including expansion activities;
•our ability to adequately measure and limit our credit risk;
•business, market and economic conditions generally and in the financial services industry, nationally and within our local markets;
•factors that can impact the performance of our loan portfolio, including real estate values and liquidity in our markets and the financial health of our commercial borrowers;
•the failure of assumptions and estimates, as well as differences in, and changes to, economic, market, and credit conditions, including changes in borrowers’ credit risks and payment behaviors;
•compliance with governmental and regulatory requirements, including the Dodd-Frank Act and others relating to banking, consumer protection, securities and tax matters, and our ability to maintain licenses required in connection with mortgage origination, sale and servicing operations;
•compliance with the Bank Secrecy Act, Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”) rules and anti-money laundering laws and regulations;
•governmental monetary and fiscal policies;
•the effectiveness of our risk management framework, including internal controls;
•the composition of and future changes in our management team and our ability to attract and retain key personnel;
•geographic concentration of our business in certain Alabama and Georgia markets;
•our ability to attract and retain customers;
•the risks of changes in interest rates on the levels, composition and costs of deposits, loan demand, and the values and liquidity of loan collateral, securities, and interest-sensitive assets and liabilities, and the risks and uncertainty of the amounts realizable;
•changes in the availability and cost of credit and capital in the financial markets, and the types of instruments that may be included as capital for regulatory purposes;
•changes in the prices, values and sales volumes of residential and commercial real estate;
•the effects of competition from a wide variety of local, regional, national and other providers of financial, investment, trust and other wealth management services and insurance services, including the disruption effects of financial technology and other competitors who are not subject to the same regulations as the Company and Southern States Bank (“the Bank”);
•the failure of assumptions and estimates underlying the establishment of allowances for possible credit losses and other asset impairments, losses, valuations of assets and liabilities and other estimates;
•the risks of mergers, acquisitions and divestitures, including, without limitation, the related time and costs of implementing such transactions, integrating operations as part of these transactions and possible failures to achieve expected gains, revenue growth and/or expense savings from such transactions;
•changes in technology or products that may be more difficult, costly, or less effective than anticipated;

2
•systems failures or interruptions involving our risk management framework, our information technology and telecommunications systems or third-party servicers;
•unauthorized data access, cyber-crime and other threats to data security and customer privacy;
•our ability to maintain our historical rate of growth;
•our ability to identify potential candidates for, consummate, and achieve synergies resulting from, potential future acquisitions;
•deterioration of our asset quality or the value of collateral securing loans;
•changes in the laws, rules, regulations, interpretations or policies relating to financial institutions, accounting, tax, trade, monetary and fiscal matters and appropriate compliance with applicable law and regulation;
•operational risks associated with our business;
•volatility and direction of market interest rates and the shape of the yield curve;
•our ability to maintain important deposit customer relationships, maintain our reputation or otherwise avoid liquidity risks;
•the obligations associated with being a public company;
•the commencement and outcome of litigation and other legal proceedings against us or to which we may become subject;
•natural disasters and adverse weather, acts of terrorism, an outbreak of hostilities (such as the conflict between Russia and Ukraine or Israel and Hamas) or other international or domestic calamities as well as national and international economic conditions and health issues and other matters beyond our control; and
•other factors that are discussed in the sections titled “Risk Factors” in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in our Annual Report on Form 10-K and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”
The foregoing factors should not be construed as exhaustive and should be read together with the other cautionary statements and the “Risk Factors” included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and our Annual Report on Form 10-K. If one or more events related to these or other risks or uncertainties materialize, or if our underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect, actual results may differ materially from what we anticipate. Accordingly, you should not place undue reliance on any such forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date it is made, and we do not undertake any obligation to publicly update or review any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise. New factors emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict which will arise. In addition, we cannot assess the impact of each factor on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements.

3
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements
SOUTHERN STATES BANCSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION
(In thousands, except share amounts)
June 30, 2024
(Unaudited)
December 31, 2023
(Audited)
Assets
Cash and due from banks$21,598 $19,710 
Interest-bearing deposits in banks140,440 134,846 
Federal funds sold76,334 96,095 
Total cash and cash equivalents238,372 250,651 
Securities available for sale, at fair value ($195,770 amortized cost, $0 allowance for credit losses at June 30, 2024; $190,322 amortized cost, $0 allowance for credit losses at December 31, 2023)
184,510 179,000 
Securities held to maturity, at amortized cost ($16,059 at fair value, $0 allowance for credit losses at June 30, 2024; $16,233 at fair value, $0 allowance for credit losses at December 31, 2023)
19,621 19,632 
Other equity securities, at fair value3,658 3,649 
Restricted equity securities, at cost4,633 5,684 
Loans held for sale1,716 450 
Loans, net of unearned income2,015,434 1,884,508 
Less allowance for credit losses25,828 24,378 
Loans, net1,989,606 1,860,130 
Premises and equipment, net26,192 26,426 
Accrued interest receivable9,654 8,711 
Bank owned life insurance33,000 29,884 
Annuities15,918 15,036 
Foreclosed assets33 33 
Goodwill16,862 16,862 
Core deposit intangible735 899 
Other assets27,501 29,616 
Total assets$2,572,011 $2,446,663 
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity
Liabilities:
Deposits:
Noninterest-bearing$416,068 $437,959 
Interest-bearing1,759,610 1,580,230 
Total deposits2,175,678 2,018,189 
Other borrowings8,000 26,994 
FHLB advances42,000 70,000 
Subordinated notes86,873 86,679 
Accrued interest payable2,024 1,519 
Other liabilities26,855 28,318 
Total liabilities2,341,430 2,231,699 

4
Stockholders' equity:
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value, 2,000,000 shares authorized; 0 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023
— — 
Common stock, $5 par value, 30,000,000 shares authorized; 8,908,130 and 8,841,349 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively
44,813 44,479 
Capital surplus79,248 78,361 
Retained earnings117,233 102,523 
Accumulated other comprehensive loss
(8,333)(8,379)
Unvested restricted stock(826)(466)
Vested restricted stock units(1,554)(1,554)
Total stockholders' equity230,581 214,964 
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity$2,572,011 $2,446,663 
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

5
SOUTHERN STATES BANCSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (UNAUDITED)
(In thousands, except per share amounts)
For the Three Months Ended
For the Six Months Ended
June 30,
2024		June 30,
2023		June 30,
2024		June 30,
2023
Interest income:
Loans, including fees$35,421 $27,630 $69,049 $52,965 
Taxable securities2,039 1,641 4,020 3,024 
Nontaxable securities231 228 460 519 
Other interest and dividends3,316 2,686 6,214 4,376 
Total interest income41,007 32,185 79,743 60,884 
Interest expense:
Deposits17,511 10,998 33,417 18,766 
Other borrowings1,917 1,755 3,908 3,140 
Total interest expense19,428 12,753 37,325 21,906 
Net interest income21,579 19,432 42,418 38,978 
Provision for credit losses1,067 1,557 2,303 2,738 
Net interest income after provision for credit losses20,512 17,875 40,115 36,240 
Noninterest income:
Service charges on deposit accounts462 456 925 906 
Swap fees
4 173 19 169 
SBA/USDA fees58 66 122 200 
Mortgage origination fees92 188 188 288 
Net gain (loss) on securities
20 (45)8 469 
Employee retention credit— 5,100 — 5,100 
Other operating income732 924 1,374 1,516 
Total noninterest income1,368 6,862 2,636 8,648 
Noninterest expenses:
Salaries and employee benefits6,112 7,863 12,343 14,174 
Equipment and occupancy expenses667 694 1,356 1,377 
Data processing fees686 646 1,329 1,239 
Regulatory assessments375 180 735 522 
Professional fees related to ERC— 1,243 — 1,243 
Other operating expenses3,571 2,806 6,023 5,035 
Total noninterest expenses11,411 13,432 21,786 23,590 
Income before income taxes10,469 11,305 20,965 21,298 
Income tax expense2,271 2,549 4,648 4,871 
Net income$8,198 $8,756 $16,317 $16,427 
Basic earnings per share$0.91 $1.00 $1.82 $1.87 
Diluted earnings per share$0.90 $0.98 $1.80 $1.82 
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

6
SOUTHERN STATES BANCSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (UNAUDITED)
(In thousands)
For the Three Months Ended
June 30,
2024		June 30,
2023
Net income$8,198 $8,756 
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Unrealized holding gains (losses) on securities available for sale arising during the period, net of (tax) benefit of ($24) and $335, respectively
68 (953)
Reclassification adjustment for gains on securities available for sale realized in net income, net of tax of $0
— — 
Other comprehensive income (loss)
68 (953)
Comprehensive income
$8,266 $7,803 
For the Six Months Ended
June 30,
2024		June 30,
2023
Net income$16,317 $16,427 
Other comprehensive income:
Unrealized holding gains on securities available for sale arising during the period, net of tax $16 and $84, respectively
46 240 
Reclassification adjustment for losses on securities available for sale realized in net income, net of benefit of $0 and $3, respectively
— 9 
Other comprehensive income
46 249 
Comprehensive income
$16,363 $16,676 
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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SOUTHERN STATES BANCSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (UNAUDITED)
(In thousands, except share amounts)
Preferred StockCommon StockCapital
Surplus		Retained
Earnings
Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)
Unvested
Restricted
Stock		Vested Restricted Stock UnitsTotal
Stockholders'
Equity
SharesPar ValueSharesPar Value
Balance, December 31, 2023
— $— 8,841,349 $44,479 $78,361 $102,523 $(8,379)$(466)$(1,554)$214,964 
Net income— — — — — 16,317 — — — 16,317 
Issuance of common stock— — 2,421 12 51 — — — — 63 
Exercise of common stock options— — 40,018 200 109 — — — — 309 
Issuance of restricted stock— — 27,567 138 590 — — (728)— — 
Forfeiture of restricted stock— — (3,225)(16)(67)— — 83 — — 
Stock-based compensation— — — — 204 — — 285 — 489 
Common stock dividends— — — — — (1,607)— — — (1,607)
Other comprehensive income
— — — — — — 46 — — 46 
Balance, June 30, 2024
— $— 8,908,130 $44,813 $79,248 $117,233 $(8,333)$(826)$(1,554)$230,581 
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

8
SOUTHERN STATES BANCSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)
(In thousands)
For the Six Months Ended June 30,
20242023
OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net income$16,317 $16,427 
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and software amortization594 584 
Net loss on securities available for sale— 12 
Net gain on other equity securities
(8)(481)
Net amortization of securities253 319 
Amortization of core deposit intangible164 163 
Provision for credit losses2,303 2,738 
Deferred income taxes15 47 
(Gain) loss on sale of foreclosed assets(3)7 
Stock-based compensation489 474 
Net increase in loans held for sale(1,266)(542)
Income from bank owned life insurance(416)(335)
Increase in interest receivable(943)(409)
Increase in interest payable505 479 
Net other operating activities 648 773 
Net cash provided by operating activities18,652 20,256 
INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Purchase of securities available for sale(23,944)(23,992)
Proceeds from sale of securities available for sale1,281 10,532 
Proceeds from sale of other equity securities— 703 
Proceeds from maturities, calls, and paydowns of securities available for sale16,972 5,933 
Net redemption (purchase) of restricted equity securities1,051 (728)
Purchase of annuities(909)— 
Purchase of bank owned life insurance(2,700)— 
Net increase in loans (131,779)(130,804)
Proceeds from sale of foreclosed assets3 — 
Purchase of premises, equipment and software(360)(196)
Net cash used in investing activities(140,385)(138,552)
FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Net increase in deposits157,489 203,168 
Proceeds from issuance of common stock372 585 
Proceeds from restricted stock units— 363 
Repurchase of common stock— (979)
Net repayment of FHLB advances(28,000)— 
Net (repayment) proceeds of other borrowings(18,994)14,006 
Net proceeds of subordinated notes194 171 
Common stock dividends paid(1,607)(1,588)
Net cash provided by financing activities109,454 215,726 
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents(12,279)97,430 
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year250,651 168,499 
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year$238,372 $265,929 
SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE
Cash paid during the year for:
Interest$36,820 $21,427 
Income taxes$5,643 $5,070 
NONCASH TRANSACTIONS
Internally financed sale of foreclosed assets$— $53 
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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SOUTHERN STATES BANCSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(in thousands, except per share amounts)

NOTE 1.    SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Nature of Business
Southern States Bancshares, Inc. (the “Company”) is a bank holding company whose principal activity is the ownership and management of its wholly owned subsidiary, Southern States Bank (the “Bank”). The Bank is a commercial bank headquartered in Anniston, Calhoun County, Alabama. As of June 30, 2024, the Bank also operates branch offices in Birmingham, Opelika, Auburn, Huntsville, Sylacauga, Wedowee, and Roanoke, Alabama as well as Columbus, Carrollton, Dallas, and Newnan, Georgia. The Bank also has two loan production offices (LPO) located in Atlanta, Georgia. The Bank provides a full range of banking services in its primary market areas and the surrounding areas.
Basis of Presentation and Accounting Estimates
The unaudited consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiary. Significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.
In preparing the unaudited consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the balance sheet date and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change in the near term relate to the determination of the allowance for credit losses, the valuation of foreclosed assets, financial instruments, deferred taxes and investment securities. In connection with the determination of the estimated losses on loans and the valuation of foreclosed assets, management obtains independent appraisals for significant collateral.
The determination of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses is based on estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant changes in the economic environment and market conditions.
The Company’s loans are generally secured by specific items of collateral including real property, consumer assets, and business assets. Although the Company has a diversified loan portfolio, a substantial portion of its borrowers’ ability to honor their contracts is dependent on local economic conditions.
While management uses available information to recognize losses on loans, further reductions in the carrying amounts of loans may be necessary based on changes in local economic conditions.
In addition, regulatory agencies, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review the estimated losses on loans. Such agencies may require the Company to recognize additional losses based on their judgments about information available to them at the time of their examination. Because of these factors, it is reasonably possible that the estimated losses on loans may change materially in the near term. However, the amount of the change that is reasonably possible cannot be estimated.
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Cash Flows
For purposes of reporting cash flows, cash and cash equivalents includes cash on hand, cash items in process of collection, amounts due from banks, interest-bearing deposits in banks and federal funds sold. Cash flows from loans held for sale, loans, restricted equity securities, and deposits are reported net.
The Company maintains amounts due from banks which, at times, may exceed federally insured limits. The Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts.
The Bank is required to maintain reserve balances in cash or on deposit with the Federal Reserve Bank. On March 15, 2020, the Federal Reserve System Board announced an interim final rule amending Regulation D to lower all transaction account reserve requirement ratios to zero percent, thereby eliminating all reserve requirements as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

10
SOUTHERN STATES BANCSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
NOTE 1.    SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued)


Securities
The Company classifies its debt securities into one of two categories based upon management’s intent and ability to hold the securities: (i) securities held to maturity or (ii) securities available for sale. Securities classified as held to maturity are stated at cost adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts. Purchase premiums and discounts are recognized in interest income using the interest method over the terms of the securities. The Company has the ability, and it is management’s intention, to hold such securities to maturity. Securities classified as available for sale are recorded at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses excluded from earnings and reported in other comprehensive income (loss). Purchase premiums and discounts are recognized in interest income using the interest method over the terms of the securities. Gains and losses on the sale of securities available for sale are recorded on the trade date and are determined using the specific identification method.
Management uses a systematic methodology to determine its allowance for credit losses for held to maturity debt securities. The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on the held to maturity portfolio. Management considers the effects of past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts on the collectability of the portfolio. The Company’s estimate of its allowance for credit losses involves a high degree of judgment; therefore, management’s process for determining expected credit losses may result in a range of expected credit losses. Management monitors the held to maturity portfolio to determine whether a valuation account would need to be recorded. As of June 30, 2024, the Company had $19,621 of held to maturity securities and no related valuation account.
For available for sale debt securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company will first assess whether (i) it intends to sell or (ii) it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the debt security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either case is applicable, any previously recognized allowances are charged off and the debt security’s amortized cost is written down to fair value through income. If neither case is applicable, the debt security is evaluated to determine whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, the Company considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the debt security by a rating agency and any adverse conditions specifically related to the debt security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the debt security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the debt security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount by which the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any impairment that has not been recorded through allowance for credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax. Adjustments to the allowance are reported in the income statement as a component of credit loss expense. Available for sale debt securities are charged off against the allowance or, in the absence of any allowance, written down through income when deemed uncollectible by the Company or when either of the aforementioned criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met.
The Company excludes the accrued interest receivable balance from the amortized cost basis in measuring expected credit losses on debt securities and does not record an allowance for credit losses on accrued interest receivable. The accrued interest receivable on securities was $1,145 and $1,147 at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
Other Equity Securities
The mutual funds owned by the Company are classified as equity securities and are carried at fair value with any periodic changes in value recorded through the statement of income.
Restricted Equity Securities
Restricted equity securities are investments that are restricted in marketability. The Company, as a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) system, is required to maintain an investment in capital stock of the FHLB based upon its assets or outstanding advances. The Company has also purchased stock in First National Banker’s Bankshares, Inc. (FNBB), and Pacific Coast Banker’s Bank (PCBB), both correspondent banks. These securities are carried at cost and periodically evaluated for impairment based on ultimate recoverability of par value.


11
SOUTHERN STATES BANCSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
NOTE 1.    SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued)


Loans Held For Sale
Loans originated and intended for sale in the secondary market are carried at the lower of cost or fair value (LOCOM). For loans carried at LOCOM, gains and losses on loan sales (sales proceeds minus carrying value) are recorded in noninterest income, and direct loan origination costs and fees are deferred at origination of the loan and are recognized in noninterest income upon sale of the loan. The estimated fair value of loans held for sale is based on independent third party quoted prices.
Loans
Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or pay-off are reported at their outstanding principal balances less deferred fees and costs on originated loans and the allowance for credit losses. Interest income is accrued on the outstanding principal balance. Loan origination fees, net of certain direct origination costs, are deferred and recognized as an adjustment of the related loan yield over the life of the loan, using the straight-line method without anticipating prepayments.
The accrual of interest on loans is discontinued when, in management’s opinion, the borrower may be unable to meet payments as they become due, or at the time the loan is 90 days past due, unless the loan is well-secured and in the process of collection. In all cases, loans are placed on nonaccrual or charged off at an earlier date if collection of principal and interest is considered doubtful. All interest accrued but not collected for loans that are placed on nonaccrual or charged off is reversed against interest income or charged to the allowance; unless management believes that the accrual of interest is recoverable through the liquidation of collateral. Interest income on nonaccrual loans is recognized on the cash basis, until the loans are returned to accrual status. Loans are returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and the loan has been performing according to the contractual terms generally for a period of not less than six months.
Allowance for Credit Losses
As described below under Recent Accounting Pronouncements, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (CECL) effective January 1, 2023.
The allowance for credit losses is based on the Company’s evaluation of the loan portfolios, past loan loss experience, current asset quality trends, known and inherent risks in the portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrower’s ability to repay (including the timing of future payment), the estimated value of any underlying collateral, composition of the loan portfolio, economic conditions, industry and peer bank loan quality indications and other pertinent factors, including regulatory recommendations. The process is inherently subjective and subject to significant change as it requires material estimates. The allowance is increased by a provision for credit losses, which is charged to expense, and reduced by charge offs, net of recoveries. In addition, various regulatory agencies, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review the allowance for credit losses. Such agencies may require the Company to recognize adjustments to the allowance based on their judgments about information available to them at the time of their examination.
Loans with similar risk characteristics are evaluated in pools and, depending on the nature of each identified pool, the Company utilizes a discounted cash flow, probability of default / loss given default, or remaining life method. The historical loss experience estimate by pool is then adjusted by forecast factors that are quantitatively related to the Company’s historical credit loss experience, such as national unemployment rates and gross domestic product. Losses are predicted over a period of time determined to be reasonable and supportable, and at the end of the reasonable and supportable period losses are reverted to long term historical averages. The reasonable and supportable period and reversion period are re-evaluated each quarter by the Company and are dependent on the current economic environment among other factors.
The estimated credit losses for each loan pool are then adjusted for changes in qualitative factors not inherently considered in the quantitative analyses. The qualitative adjustments either increase or decrease the quantitative model estimation. The Company considers factors that are relevant within the qualitative framework which include the following: changes in lending policies and quality of loan reviews, changes in nature and volume of loans, changes in volume and trends of problem loans, changes in concentration risk, trends in underlying collateral values, changes in competition, legal and regulatory environment and changes in economic conditions.

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SOUTHERN STATES BANCSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
NOTE 1.    SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued)


Allowance for Credit Losses (Continued)
Credit losses for loans that no longer share similar risk characteristics with the collectively evaluated pools are excluded from the collective evaluation and estimated on an individual basis. Specific allowances are estimated based on one of several methods, including the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral, observable market value of similar debt or the present value of expected cash flows.
The Company measures expected credit losses over the contractual term of a loan, adjusted for estimated prepayments. The contractual term excludes expected extensions, renewals and modifications unless there is a reasonable expectation that a loan modification will be executed. Credit losses are estimated on the amortized cost basis of loans. Accrued interest receivable on loans is excluded from the estimate of credit losses. The accrued interest receivable on loans was $8,332 and $7,377 at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposure
The Company also has off-balance sheet financial instruments, which include unfunded loan commitments and letters of credit. The Company minimizes these risks through underwriting guidelines and prudent risk management techniques. For off-balance sheet instruments, the allowance for credit losses is calculated in accordance with Topic 326, representing expected credit losses over the contractual period for which the Company is exposed to credit risk resulting from a contractual obligation to extend credit. No allowance is recognized if the Company has the unconditional right to cancel the obligation. The allowance is reported as a component of other liabilities within the consolidated balance sheets. Adjustments to the allowance for credit losses for unfunded commitments are reported in the income statement as a component of other operating expense. The allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet financial instruments was $1,206 and $1,239 at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty
The Company periodically provides modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. These modifications include either payment deferrals, term extensions, interest rate reductions, principal forgiveness or combinations of modification types. The determination of whether the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty is made on the date of the modification. When principal forgiveness is provided, the amount of principal forgiveness is charged off against the allowance for credit losses with a corresponding reduction in the amortized cost basis of the loan. A modified loan is tracked for at least 12 months following the modifications granted.
Premises and Equipment
Land is carried at cost. Premises and equipment are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation computed on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets or the expected terms of the leases, if shorter. Expected terms include lease option periods to the extent that the exercise of such options is reasonably assured. Maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred while major additions and improvements are capitalized. Gains and losses on dispositions are reflected in income. The estimated useful lives are as follows:
Years
Buildings
10-39
Furniture and equipment
3-7
Transfers of Financial Assets
Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales, when control over the assets has been surrendered. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when (1) the assets have been isolated from the Company - put presumptively beyond the reach of the transferor and its creditors, even in bankruptcy or other receivership, (2) the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and (3) the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity or the ability to unilaterally cause the holder to return specific assets.

13
SOUTHERN STATES BANCSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
NOTE 1.    SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued)


Foreclosed Assets
Assets acquired through, or in lieu of, loan foreclosure are held for sale and are initially recorded at fair value less estimated selling costs. Any write-down to fair value at the time of transfer to foreclosed assets is charged to the allowance for credit losses. Subsequent to foreclosure, valuations are periodically performed by management and the assets are carried at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less estimated costs to sell. Costs of improvements are capitalized, whereas costs related to holding foreclosed assets and subsequent write-downs to the value are expensed. Any gains and losses realized at the time of disposal are reflected in income.
Goodwill
Goodwill represents the excess of the amount paid over the fair value of the net assets at the date of acquisition. Goodwill is subject to an annual evaluation of impairment. If desired, the Company can assess qualitative factors to determine if comparing the carrying value of the reporting unit to its fair value is necessary. Should the fair value be less than the carrying value, an impairment write-down would be taken. Based on its assessment of qualitative factors, the Company determined that no impairment existed at June 30, 2024.
Goodwill is not amortized but is evaluated for impairment on a quarterly basis or whenever an event occurs or circumstances change to indicate that it is more likely than not that an impairment loss has been incurred (i.e., a triggering event). The Company performed a goodwill impairment test in June 2024. The qualitative factors considered in determining if fair value of the unit was less than the carrying amount were economic conditions related to the change in the interest rate environment. A quantitative assessment of goodwill impairment included determining the estimated fair value of Company using a market-based approach. It was determined there was no impairment.
Core Deposit Intangible
A core deposit intangible is initially recognized based on a valuation, of acquired deposits, performed as of the acquisition date. The core deposit intangible is amortized over the average remaining life of the acquired customer deposits, or approximately 7 years. The intangible asset is reviewed annually for events or circumstances that could negatively impact the recoverability of the intangible. These events could include loss of core deposits, increased competition, or adverse changes in the economy. To the extent this intangible asset is deemed unrecoverable, an impairment charge would be recorded. The Company maintains steady deposit growth across our markets and continues to attract new customer deposits. The intangible asset was evaluated for impairment as of June 30, 2024 and based on that evaluation there was no impairment.
Accounting Policy for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities
Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging (ASC 815), provides the disclosure requirements for derivatives and hedging activities with the intent to provide users of financial statements with an enhanced understanding of: (a) how and why an entity uses derivative instruments, (b) how the entity accounts for derivative instruments and related hedged items, and (c) how derivative instruments and related hedged items affect an entity’s financial position, financial performance, and cash flows. Further, qualitative disclosures are required that explain the Company’s objectives and strategies for using derivatives, as well as quantitative disclosures about the fair value of and gains and losses on derivative instruments, and disclosures about credit-risk-related contingent features in derivative instruments.










14
SOUTHERN STATES BANCSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
NOTE 1.    SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued)


Accounting Policy for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities (Continued)
As required by ASC 815, the Company records all derivatives on the balance sheet at fair value.  The accounting for changes in the fair value of derivatives depends on the intended use of the derivative, whether the Company has elected to designate a derivative in a hedging relationship and apply hedge accounting and whether the hedging relationship has satisfied the criteria necessary to apply hedge accounting. Derivatives designated and qualifying as a hedge of the exposure to changes in the fair value of an asset, liability, or firm commitment attributable to a particular risk, such as interest rate risk, are considered fair value hedges. Derivatives designated and qualifying as a hedge of the exposure to variability in expected future cash flows, or other types of forecasted transactions, are considered cash flow hedges. Derivatives may also be designated as hedges of the foreign currency exposure of a net investment in a foreign operation. Hedge accounting generally provides for the matching of the timing of the hedged asset or liability that are attributable to the hedged risk in a fair value hedge or the earnings effect of the hedged forecasted transactions in a cash flow hedge. The Company may enter into derivative contracts that are intended to economically hedge certain of its risks, even though hedge accounting does not apply or the Company elects not to apply hedge accounting.
In accordance with the FASB’s fair value measurement guidance in ASU 2011-04, the Company made an accounting policy election to measure the credit risk of its derivative financial instruments that are subject to master netting agreements on a net basis by counterparty portfolio.
Income Taxes
Income tax accounting guidance results in two components of income tax expense: current and deferred. Current income tax expense reflects taxes to be paid or refunded for the current period by applying the provisions of the enacted tax law to the taxable income or excess of deductions over revenues. The Company determines deferred income taxes using the liability (or balance sheet) method. Under this method, the net deferred tax asset or liability is based on the tax effects of the differences between the book and tax bases of assets and liabilities, and enacted changes in tax rates and laws are recognized in the period in which they occur.
Deferred income tax expense results from changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities between periods. Deferred tax assets are recognized if it is more likely than not, based on the technical merits, that the tax position will be realized or sustained upon examination. The term more likely than not means a likelihood of more than 50 percent; the terms examined and upon examination also include resolution of the related appeals or litigation processes, if any. A tax position that meets the more likely than not recognition threshold is initially and subsequently measured as the largest amount of tax benefit that has a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. The determination of whether or not a tax position has met the more likely than not recognition threshold considers the facts, circumstances, and information available at the reporting date and is subject to management’s judgment. Deferred tax assets may be reduced by deferred tax liabilities and a valuation allowance if, based on the weight of evidence available, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. Management believes that the Company will generate sufficient operating earnings to realize the deferred tax benefits.
Stock Compensation Plans
Stock compensation accounting guidance requires that the compensation cost relating to share-based payment transactions be recognized in financial statements. That cost will be measured based on the grant date fair value of the equity or liability instruments issued. The stock compensation accounting guidance covers a wide range of share-based compensation arrangements including stock options and warrants, restricted stock plans, performance-based awards, share appreciation rights, and employee share purchase plans.
The stock compensation accounting guidance requires that compensation cost for all stock awards be calculated and recognized over the employees’ service period, generally defined as the vesting period. For awards with graded-vesting, compensation cost is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the entire award. A Black-Scholes model is used to estimate the fair value of stock options, while the estimated market price of the Company’s common stock at the date of grant is used for restricted stock awards, restricted stock units and stock grants.

15
SOUTHERN STATES BANCSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
NOTE 1.    SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued)
Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Accounting principles generally require that recognized revenue, expenses, gains and losses be included in net income. Although certain changes in assets and liabilities, such as unrealized gains and losses on available for sale securities, are reported as a separate component of the equity section of the balance sheet, such items, along with net income, are components of comprehensive income (loss).
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Fair values of financial instruments are estimates using relevant market information and other assumptions, as more fully disclosed in Note 12. Fair value estimates involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment. Changes in assumptions or in market conditions could significantly affect the estimates.
Revenue Recognition
On January 1, 2019, the Company adopted ASC 606 and all subsequent amendments (collectively ASC 606) which (1) creates a single framework for recognizing revenue from contracts with customers that fall within its scope and (2) revises when it is appropriate to recognize a gain (loss) from the transfer of nonfinancial assets, such as foreclosed assets. The majority of the Company’s revenues come from interest income and other sources, including loans and securities that are outside the scope of ASC 606. With the exception of gains/losses on sale of foreclosed assets, the Company’s services that fall within the scope of ASC 606 are presented within noninterest income and are recognized as revenue as the Company satisfies its obligations to the customer. Services within the scope of ASC 606 reported in noninterest income include service charges on deposit accounts, bank card services and interchange fees, and ATM fees.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
On January 1, 2023, the Company adopted ASU 2022-02, “Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures”, this standard eliminated the previous accounting guidance for troubled debt restructurings and added additional disclosure requirements for gross charge offs by year of origination. It also prescribes guidance for reporting modifications of loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. The Company adopted these standards as required on January 1, 2023 using the modified retrospective method for all financial assets measured at amortized cost and off-balance sheet credit exposures.
In June 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The ASU introduces a new credit loss methodology, Current Expected Credit Losses (CECL), which requires earlier recognition of credit losses, while also providing additional transparency about credit risk. Since its original issuance in 2016, the FASB has issued several updates to the original ASU. The CECL methodology utilizes a lifetime “expected credit loss” measurement objective for the recognition of credit losses for loans, off-balance sheet credit exposures, and other receivables at the time the financial asset is originated or acquired. The expected credit losses are adjusted each period for changes in expected lifetime credit losses. The methodology replaces the multiple existing impairment methods in current GAAP, which generally require that a loss be incurred before it is recognized. For available for sale securities where fair value is less than cost, credit-related impairment, if any, is recognized through an allowance for credit losses and adjusted each period for changes in credit risk. The Company adopted ASU 2016-13 on January 1, 2023 with no material impact on the consolidated financial statements.










16
SOUTHERN STATES BANCSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(in thousands, except per share amounts)

NOTE 2.    EARNINGS PER SHARE






Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted earnings per share reflect additional potential common shares that would have been outstanding if dilutive potential common shares had been issued, as well as any adjustment to income that would result from the assumed issuance. Potential common shares that may be issued by the Company relate to outstanding stock options issued and the vesting of restricted stock units, as well as any adjustment to income that would result from the assumed issuance. Potential common shares that may be issued by the Company relate to outstanding stock options and restricted stock units.
For the Three Months Ended
June 30,
For the Six Months Ended June 30,
2024202320242023
Basic Earnings Per Share:
Net Income$8,198 $8,756 $16,317 $16,427 
Weighted average common shares outstanding8,957,608 8,763,635 8,935,542 8,763,046 
Basic earnings per share$0.91 $1.00 $1.82 $1.87 
Diluted Earnings Per Share:
Net income allocated to common shareholders$8,190 $8,750 $16,306 $16,418 
Weighted average common shares outstanding8,957,608 8,763,635 8,935,542 8,763,046 
Net dilutive effect of:
Assumed exercises of stock options and vesting of restricted stock units
112,960 187,212 127,006 238,554 
Average shares and dilutive potential common shares9,070,568 8,950,847 9,062,548 9,001,600 
Dilutive earnings per share$0.90 $0.98 $1.80 $1.82 

NOTE 3.    SECURITIES
The amortized cost and fair value of securities at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 are summarized as follows:
Amortized
Cost		Gross
Unrealized
Gains		Gross
Unrealized
Losses		Fair Value
June 30, 2024
Securities Available for Sale
U.S. Treasury securities$9,699 $— $(1,005)$8,694 
U.S. Government Sponsored Enterprises (GSEs)2,282 26 (212)2,096 
State and municipal securities45,661 13 (4,775)40,899 
Corporate debt securities12,513 — (1,080)11,433 
Asset based securities16,934 133 (437)16,630 
Mortgage-backed GSE residential/multifamily and non-GSE108,681 141 (4,064)104,758 
Total securities available for sale$195,770 $313 $(11,573)$184,510 
Securities Held to Maturity
State and municipal securities19,621 — (3,562)16,059 
Total securities held to maturity$19,621 $— $(3,562)$16,059 
Total securities$215,391 $313 $(15,135)$200,569 

17
SOUTHERN STATES BANCSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
NOTE 3.    SECURITIES (Continued)
Amortized
Cost		Gross
Unrealized
Gains		Gross
Unrealized
Losses		Fair Value
December 31, 2023
Securities Available for Sale
U.S. Treasury securities$9,721 $— $(949)$8,772 
U.S. Government Sponsored Enterprises (GSEs)2,446 37 (215)2,268 
State and municipal securities45,220 21 (4,172)41,069 
Corporate debt securities12,517 — (1,258)11,259 
Asset based securities19,112 54 (479)18,687 
Mortgage-backed GSE residential/multifamily and non-GSE101,306 164 (4,525)96,945 
Total securities available for sale$190,322 $276 $(11,598)$179,000 
Securities Held to Maturity
State and municipal securities19,632 — (3,399)16,233 
Total securities held to maturity$19,632 $— $(3,399)$16,233 
Total securities$209,954 $276 $(14,997)$195,233 
Securities with a carrying value of $25,441 and $27,477 at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, were pledged to secure public deposits and for other purposes as required or permitted by law.
The amortized cost and fair value of securities available for sale and securities held to maturity as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 by contractual maturity are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities in mortgage-backed securities because the mortgages underlying the securities may be called or repaid with or without penalty. Therefore, these securities are not included by maturity in the following summary:
June 30, 2024December 31, 2023
Amortized
Cost
Fair
Value
Amortized
Cost
Fair
Value
Securities Available for Sale
Due in less than one year$2,133 $2,091 $482$476
Due from one year to five years10,953 10,049 11,67110,855
Due after five to ten years22,158 19,959 22,53720,439
Due after ten years51,845 47,653 54,32650,285
Mortgage-backed securities108,681 104,758 101,30696,945
Total securities available for sale$195,770 $184,510 $190,322 $179,000 
Securities Held to Maturity
Due in less than one year$— $— $—$—
Due from one year to five years— — ——
Due after five to ten years10,785 8,911 7,7436,483
Due after ten years8,836 7,148 11,8899,750
Mortgage-backed securities— — ——
Total securities held to maturity$19,621 $16,059 $19,632 $16,233 
Total securities$215,391 $200,569 $209,954 $195,233 

18
SOUTHERN STATES BANCSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
NOTE 3.    SECURITIES (Continued)
Gains and losses on sales and change in value of securities available for sale and other equity securities held at fair value for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and June 30, 2023 consist of the following:
For the Three Months Ended
For the Six Months Ended
June 30, 2024
June 30, 2023
June 30, 2024
June 30, 2023
Gross gains$32 $16 $32 $678 
Gross losses(12)(61)(24)(209)
Net realized gain (loss)
$20 $(45)$8 $469 
Restricted equity securities as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 consist of the following:
June 30, 2024December 31, 2023
Federal Home Loan Bank stock$3,708 $4,759 
First National Banker’s Bankshares, Inc. stock675 675 
Pacific Coast Banker’s Bank stock250 250 
Total restricted equity securities$4,633 $5,684 
The following table shows the gross unrealized losses and fair value of securities, aggregated by category and length of time that securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.
Less Than Twelve MonthsOver Twelve Months
Gross
Unrealized
Losses		Fair ValueGross
Unrealized
Losses		Fair ValueTotal
Unrealized
Losses
June 30, 2024
Securities Available for Sale
U.S. Treasury securities$— $— $(1,005)$8,694 $(1,005)
U.S. Government Sponsored Enterprises (GSEs)— — (212)1,340 (212)
State and municipal securities(15)970 (4,760)39,526 (4,775)
Corporate debt securities— — (1,080)11,433 (1,080)
Asset based securities(5)1,435 (432)4,761 (437)
Mortgage-backed GSE residential/multifamily and non-GSE(267)31,582 (3,797)52,599 (4,064)
Total securities available for sale$(287)$33,987 $(11,286)$118,353 $(11,573)
Securities Held to Maturity
State and municipal securities— — (3,562)16,059 (3,562)
Total securities held to maturity$— $— $(3,562)$16,059 $(3,562)
Total securities$(287)$33,987 $(14,848)$134,412 $(15,135)

19
SOUTHERN STATES BANCSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
NOTE 3.    SECURITIES (Continued)
Less Than Twelve MonthsOver Twelve Months
Gross
Unrealized
Losses		Fair ValueGross
Unrealized
Losses		Fair ValueTotal
Unrealized
Losses
December 31, 2023
Securities Available for Sale
U.S. Treasury securities$— $— $(949)$8,772 $(949)
U.S. Government Sponsored Enterprises (GSEs)— — (215)1,451 (215)
State and municipal securities— — (4,172)40,663 (4,172)
Corporate debt securities— — (1,258)11,259 (1,258)
Asset based securities(11)1,102 (468)6,904 (479)
Mortgage-backed GSE residential/multifamily and non-GSE(268)24,708 (4,257)56,083 (4,525)
Total securities available for sale$(279)$25,810 $(11,319)$125,132 $(11,598)
Securities Held to Maturity
State and municipal securities— — (3,399)16,233 (3,399)
Total securities held to maturity$— $— $(3,399)$16,233 $(3,399)
Total securities$(279)$25,810 $(14,718)$141,365 $(14,997)
The unrealized losses on 238 securities at June 30, 2024 were caused by interest rate changes. Because the Company does not intend to sell the securities and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the securities before recovery of the amortized cost bases, at maturity, the Company does not consider these securities to be credit impaired at June 30, 2024.
At June 30, 2024, no allowance for credit losses has been recognized on available for sale debt securities in an unrealized loss position as the Company does not believe any of the debt securities are credit impaired. This is based on the Company’s analysis of the risk characteristics, including credit ratings, and other qualitative factors related to available for sale debt securities. The issuers of these debt securities continue to make timely principal and interest payments under the contractual terms of the securities. The Company does not intend to sell these debt securities and it is more likely than not that the Company will not be required to sell the debt securities before recovery of their amortized cost, which may be at maturity. The unrealized losses are due to increases in market interest rates over the yields available at the time the debt securities were purchased. Management measures expected credit losses on held to maturity securities on a collective basis by major security type with each type sharing similar risk characteristics and considers historical credit loss information that is adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. With regard to securities issued by states and political subdivisions, management considers (i) issuer bond ratings, (ii) historical loss rates for given bond ratings, (iii) whether issuers continue to make timely principal and interest payments under the contractual terms of the securities, and (iv) internal forecasts. Historical loss rates associated with securities having similar grades as those in our portfolio have generally not been significant. Furthermore, as of June 30, 2024, there were no past due principal or interest payments associated with these securities. Based upon (i) the issuer’s strong bond ratings and (ii) a zero historical loss rate, no allowance for credit losses has been recorded for held to maturity state and municipal securities as such amount is not material at June 30, 2024. All debt securities in an unrealized loss position as of June 30, 2024 continue to perform as scheduled and the Company does not believe there is a possible credit loss or that an allowance for credit loss on these debt securities is necessary.







20
SOUTHERN STATES BANCSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(in thousands, except per share amounts)

NOTE 4.    LOANS


Portfolio Segments and Classes
The composition of loans, excluding loans held for sale, is summarized as follows:
June 30, 2024December 31, 2023
Amount% of
Total		Amount% of
Total
Real estate mortgages:
Construction and development$242,57312.0%$242,96012.9%
Residential249,49812.3%224,60311.9%
Commercial1,222,73960.5%1,144,86760.5%
Commercial and industrial297,50114.7%269,96114.3%
Consumer and other9,5660.5%8,2860.4%
Gross Loans2,021,877100.0%1,890,677100.0%
Deferred loan fees(6,443)(6,169)
Allowance for credit losses(25,828)(24,378)
Loans, net$1,989,606$1,860,130
For purposes of the disclosures required pursuant to ASC 310, the loan portfolio was disaggregated into segments and then further disaggregated into classes for certain disclosures. A portfolio segment is defined as the level at which an entity develops and documents a systematic method for determining its allowance for credit losses. There are three loan portfolio segments that include real estate, commercial and industrial, and consumer and other. A class is generally determined based on the initial measurement attribute, risk characteristic of the loan, and an entity’s method for monitoring and assessing credit risk. Commercial and industrial is a separate commercial loan class. Classes within the real estate portfolio segment include construction and development, residential mortgages, and commercial mortgages. Consumer loans and other are a class in itself.
The following describe risk characteristics relevant to each of the portfolio segments and classes:
Real estate - As discussed below, the Company offers various types of real estate loan products. All loans within this portfolio segment are particularly sensitive to the valuation of real estate:
•Loans for real estate construction and development are repaid through cash flow related to the operations, sale or refinance of the underlying property. This portfolio class includes extensions of credit to real estate developers or investors where repayment is dependent on the sale of the real estate or income generated from the real estate collateral.
•Residential mortgages include 1-4 family first mortgage loans which are repaid by various means such as a borrower’s income, sale of the property, or rental income derived from the property. Also included in residential mortgages are real estate loans secured by farmland, second liens, or open end real estate loans, such as home equity lines. These loans are typically repaid in the same means as 1-4 family first mortgages.
•Commercial real estate mortgage loans include both owner-occupied commercial real estate loans and other commercial real estate loans such as commercial loans secured by income producing properties. Owner-occupied commercial real estate loans made to operating businesses are long-term financing of land and buildings and are repaid by cash flows generated from business operations. Real estate loans for income-producing properties such as apartment buildings, hotels, office and industrial buildings, and retail shopping centers are repaid by cash flows from rent income derived from the properties.
Commercial and industrial - The commercial loan portfolio segment includes commercial and industrial loans. These loans include those loans to commercial customers for use in normal business operations to finance working capital needs, equipment purchases, leases, or expansion projects. Loans are repaid by business cash flows. Collection risk in this portfolio is driven by the creditworthiness of the underlying borrower, particularly cash flows from the borrowers’ business operations.


21
SOUTHERN STATES BANCSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(in thousands, except per share amounts)

NOTE 4.    LOANS (Continued)


Portfolio Segments and Classes (Continued)
Consumer and other - The consumer loan portfolio segment includes direct consumer installment loans, overdrafts and other revolving credit loans. Loans in this portfolio are sensitive to unemployment and other key consumer economic measures which affects borrowers’ incomes and cash for repayment.
Credit Risk Management
The Chief Credit Officer, Officers Loan Committee and Directors Loan Committee are each involved in the credit risk management process and assess the accuracy of risk ratings, the quality of the portfolio and the estimation of inherent credit losses in the loan portfolio. This comprehensive process also assists in the prompt identification of problem credits. The Company has taken a number of measures to manage the portfolios and reduce risk, particularly in the more problematic portfolios.
The Company employs a credit risk management process with defined policies, accountability and routine reporting to manage credit risk in the loan portfolio segments. Credit risk management is guided by a comprehensive Loan Policy that provides for a consistent and prudent approach to underwriting and approvals of credits. Within the Board approved Loan Policy, procedures exist that elevate the approval requirements as credits become larger and more complex. All loans are individually underwritten, risk-rated, approved, and monitored.
Responsibility and accountability for adherence to underwriting policies and accurate risk ratings lies in each portfolio segment. For the consumer portfolio segment, the risk management process focuses on managing customers who become delinquent in their payments. For the commercial and real estate portfolio segments, the risk management process focuses on underwriting new business and, on an ongoing basis, monitoring the credit of the portfolios. To ensure problem credits are identified on a timely basis, several specific portfolio reviews occur each year to assess the larger adversely rated credits for proper risk rating and accrual status.
Credit quality and trends in the loan portfolio segments are measured and monitored regularly. Detailed reports, by product, collateral, accrual status, etc., are reviewed by the Chief Credit Officer and reported to the Board of Directors.
A description of the general characteristics of the risk categories used by the Company is as follows:
•Pass - A pass loan is a strong credit with no existing or known potential weaknesses deserving of management’s close attention.
•Special Mention - A loan that has potential weaknesses that deserve management's close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the loan or in the institution's credit position at some future date. These loans are not adversely classified and do not expose an institution to sufficient risk to warrant adverse classification.
•Substandard - Substandard loans are inadequately protected by the current sound worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans so classified must have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the institution will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.
•Doubtful - Loans classified Doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified Substandard with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently known facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable.
•Loss - Loans classified Loss are considered uncollectible and of such little value that their continuance as bankable assets is not warranted. This classification does not mean that the loan has absolutely no recovery or salvage value but rather it is not practical or desirable to defer writing off this basically worthless asset even though partial recovery may be effected in the future.




22
SOUTHERN STATES BANCSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(in thousands, except per share amounts)

NOTE 4.    LOANS (Continued)


Credit Risk Management (Continued)
The following tables summarizes the risk category of the Company’s loan portfolio based upon the most recent analysis on the year of origination as of June 30, 2024:
20242023202220212020PriorRevolving LoansTotal
Real Estate Mortgages:
  Construction and development
    Pass$36,972 $52,211 $119,865 $14,506 $1,691 $5,562 $7,374 $238,181 
    Special Mention— — — — — 4,392 — 4,392