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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D. C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ Quarterly Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2024

☐ Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the transition period from to

Commission file number 001-11294

Unum Group
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware
62-1598430
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
1 Fountain Square
Chattanooga, Tennessee
37402
(Address of principal executive offices)(Zip Code)
(423) 294-1011
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)
Not Applicable
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each classTrading Symbol(s)Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock, $0.10 par value
UNM
New York Stock Exchange
6.250% Junior Subordinated Notes due 2058
UNMA
New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes [X] No [ ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes [X] No [ ]



Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
(Check one):
Large Accelerated Filer
xAccelerated filer☐
Non-accelerated filer☐Smaller reporting company ☐
Emerging growth company☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

189,383,214 shares of the registrant's common stock were outstanding as of April 29, 2024.






 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page



Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (the Act) provides a "safe harbor" to encourage companies to provide prospective information, as long as those statements are identified as forward-looking and are accompanied by meaningful cautionary statements identifying important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those included in the forward-looking statements. Certain information contained in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q (including certain statements in the consolidated financial statements and related notes and Management's Discussion and Analysis), or in any other written or oral statements made by us in communications with the financial community or contained in documents filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), may be considered forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Act. Forward-looking statements are those not based on historical information, but rather relate to our outlook, future operations, strategies, financial results, or other developments. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date made. We undertake no obligation to update these statements, even if made available on our website or otherwise. These statements may be made directly in this document or may be made part of this document by reference to other documents filed by us with the SEC, a practice which is known as "incorporation by reference." You can find many of these statements by looking for words such as "will," "may," "should," "could," "believes," "expects," "anticipates," "estimates," "plans," "assumes," "intends," "projects," "goals,” "objectives," or similar expressions in this document or in documents incorporated herein.


1
Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements - Continued

These forward-looking statements are subject to numerous assumptions, risks, and uncertainties, many of which are beyond our control. We caution readers that the following factors, in addition to other factors mentioned from time to time, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contemplated by the forward-looking statements:

•Fluctuation in insurance reserve liabilities and claim payments due to changes in claim incidence, recovery rates, mortality and morbidity rates, and policy benefit offsets due to, among other factors, the rate of unemployment and consumer confidence, the emergence of new diseases, epidemics, or pandemics, new trends and developments in medical treatments, the effectiveness of our claims operational processes, and changes in governmental programs.
•Sustained periods of low interest rates.
•Unfavorable economic or business conditions, both domestic and foreign, that may result in decreases in sales, premiums, or persistency, as well as unfavorable claims activity or unfavorable returns on our investment portfolio.
•The impact of pandemics and other public health issues on our business, financial position, results of operations, liquidity and capital resources, and overall business operations.
•Changes in, or interpretations or enforcement of, laws and regulations.
•A cybersecurity attack or other security breach resulting in compromised data or the unauthorized acquisition of confidential data.
•The failure of our business recovery and incident management processes to resume our business operations in the event of a natural catastrophe, cybersecurity attack, or other event.
•Investment results, including, but not limited to, changes in interest rates, defaults, changes in credit spreads, impairments, and the lack of appropriate investments in the market which can be acquired to match our liabilities.
•Increased competition from other insurers and financial services companies due to industry consolidation, new entrants to our markets, or other factors.
•Ineffectiveness of our derivatives hedging programs due to changes in forecasted cash flows, the economic environment, counterparty risk, ratings downgrades, capital market volatility, changes in interest rates, and/or regulation.
•Changes in our financial strength and credit ratings.
•Actual experience in the broad array of our products that deviates from our assumptions used in pricing, underwriting, and reserving.
•Our ability to hire and retain qualified employees.
•Our ability to develop digital capabilities or execute on our technology systems upgrades or replacements.
•Availability of reinsurance in the market and the ability of our reinsurers to meet their obligations to us.
•Ability to generate sufficient internal liquidity and/or obtain external financing.
•Damage to our reputation due to, among other factors, regulatory investigations, legal proceedings, external events, and/or inadequate or failed internal controls and procedures.
•Disruptions to our business or our ability to leverage data caused by the use and reliance on third party vendors, including vendors providing web and cloud based applications.
•Recoverability and/or realization of the carrying value of our intangible assets, long-lived assets, and deferred tax assets.
•Effectiveness of our risk management program.
•Contingencies and the level and results of litigation.
•Fluctuation in foreign currency exchange rates.
•Our ability to meet environment, social, and governance standards and expectations of investors, regulators, customers, and other stakeholders.

For further discussion of risks and uncertainties which could cause actual results to differ from those contained in the forward-looking statements, see Part 1, Item 1A of our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

All subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to us or any person acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements contained or referred to in this section.
2
PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (UNAUDITED)

Unum Group and Subsidiaries
 
March 31December 31
20242023
 (in millions of dollars)
Assets
Investments
Fixed Maturity Securities - at fair value (amortized cost of $38,385.4; $38,410.6; allowance for credit losses of $2.2; $2.2)
$36,247.8 $36,833.9 
Mortgage Loans (net of allowance for credit losses of $10.7; $10.2)
2,298.8 2,318.2 
Policy Loans3,579.1 3,620.2 
Other Long-term Investments1,619.8 1,579.4 
Short-term Investments1,601.5 1,610.7 
Total Investments45,347.0 45,962.4 
Other Assets
Cash and Bank Deposits279.1 146.0 
Accounts and Premiums Receivable (net of allowance for credit losses of $30.0; $29.5)
1,594.0 1,543.7 
Reinsurance Recoverable (net of allowance for credit losses of $1.7; $1.7)
8,843.6 9,108.4 
Accrued Investment Income660.9 633.9 
Deferred Acquisition Costs2,754.7 2,714.5 
Goodwill349.6 349.9 
Property and Equipment483.9 485.3 
Deferred Income Tax519.2 649.4 
Other Assets1,655.8 1,661.7 
Total Assets$62,487.8 $63,255.2 
    
 See notes to consolidated financial statements.

3
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (UNAUDITED) - Continued

Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31December 31
 20242023
 (in millions of dollars)
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity
Liabilities
Future Policy Benefits$38,624.5 $40,009.4 
Policyholders' Account Balances5,639.0 5,667.7 
Unearned Premiums470.4 380.2 
Other Policyholders’ Funds1,582.4 1,615.7 
Income Tax Payable278.4 190.0 
Deferred Income Tax26.2 27.0 
Long-term Debt3,431.0 3,430.4 
Other Liabilities 2,216.4 2,283.4 
Total Liabilities52,268.3 53,603.8 
Commitments and Contingent Liabilities - Note 13
Stockholders' Equity
Common Stock, $0.10 par
Authorized: 725,000,000 shares
Issued: 195,208,726 and 194,588,625 shares
19.5 19.4 
Additional Paid-in Capital1,548.2 1,547.8 
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss(2,940.0)(3,308.0)
Retained Earnings11,754.1 11,431.5 
Treasury Stock - at cost: 3,755,025 and 1,216,528 shares
(162.3)(39.3)
Total Stockholders' Equity10,219.5 9,651.4 
Total Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity$62,487.8 $63,255.2 

See notes to consolidated financial statements.
4
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (UNAUDITED)

Unum Group and Subsidiaries
 
Three Months Ended March 31
 20242023
 (in millions of dollars, except share data)
Revenue
Premium Income$2,610.3 $2,459.3 
Net Investment Income513.5 508.8 
Net Investment Gain (Loss)(1.2)0.1 
Other Income77.7 67.9 
Total Revenue3,200.3 3,036.1 
Benefits and Expenses
Policy Benefits1,893.0 1,882.1 
Policy Benefits - Remeasurement Gain(107.7)(145.7)
Commissions313.6 293.9 
Interest and Debt Expense49.5 48.1 
Deferral of Acquisition Costs(166.9)(157.7)
Amortization of Deferred Acquisition Costs126.2 115.9 
Compensation Expense305.8 275.0 
Other Expenses291.1 273.2 
Total Benefits and Expenses2,704.6 2,584.8 
Income Before Income Tax 495.7 451.3 
Income Tax Expense
Current87.3 65.6 
Deferred13.2 27.4 
Total Income Tax Expense100.5 93.0 
Net Income$395.2 $358.3 
Net Income Per Common Share
Basic$2.05 $1.81 
Assuming Dilution$2.04 $1.80 

See notes to consolidated financial statements.
5
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (UNAUDITED)

Unum Group and Subsidiaries
 
 Three Months Ended March 31
 20242023
 (in millions of dollars)
Net Income$395.2 $358.3 
Other Comprehensive Income
Change in Net Unrealized Loss on Securities (net of tax expense (benefit) of $(119.2); $219.6)
(441.7)823.2 
Change in the Effect of Discount Rate Assumptions on the Liability for Future Policy Benefits, Net of Reinsurance (net of tax expense (benefit) of $234.1; $(152.9))
873.7 (573.9)
Change in Net Gain (Loss) on Derivatives (net of tax expense (benefit) of $(14.1); $4.7)
(53.3)17.4 
Change in Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment (net of tax expense (benefit) of $0.3; $(0.2))
(11.5)24.7 
Change in Unrecognized Pension and Postretirement Benefit Costs (net of tax expense (benefit) of $9.4; $(1.6))
0.8 (5.4)
Total Other Comprehensive Income368.0 286.0 
Comprehensive Income$763.2 $644.3 

See notes to consolidated financial statements.
6
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (UNAUDITED)

Unum Group and Subsidiaries
     
Three Months Ended March 31
 20242023
 (in millions of dollars)
Common Stock
Balance at Beginning of Year$19.4 $30.8 
Common Stock Activity0.1 0.1 
Balance at End of Period19.5 30.9 
Additional Paid-in Capital
Balance at Beginning of Year1,547.8 2,441.0 
Other Common Stock Activity0.4 (9.2)
Balance at End of Period1,548.2 2,431.8 
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
Balance at Beginning of Year(3,308.0)(3,448.3)
Other Comprehensive Income368.0 286.0 
Balance at End of Period(2,940.0)(3,162.3)
Retained Earnings
Balance at Beginning of Year11,431.5 13,141.3 
Net Income395.2 358.3 
Dividends to Stockholders (per common share: $0.365; $0.330)
(72.6)(69.2)
Balance at End of Period11,754.1 13,430.4 
Treasury Stock
Balance at Beginning of Year(39.3)(3,429.8)
Repurchase of Common Stock(123.0)(53.6)
Balance at End of Period(162.3)(3,483.4)
Total Stockholders' Equity at End of Period$10,219.5 $9,247.4 

See notes to consolidated financial statements.
7
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)

Unum Group and Subsidiaries
 
 Three Months Ended March 31
 20242023
 (in millions of dollars)
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Net Income$395.2 $358.3 
Adjustments to Reconcile Net Income to Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities
Change in Receivables103.5 89.9 
Change in Deferred Acquisition Costs(40.7)(41.8)
Change in Insurance Liabilities(112.3)(119.6)
Change in Income Taxes107.2 76.2 
Change in Other Accrued Liabilities(144.8)(175.1)
Non-cash Components of Net Investment Income(76.6)(64.4)
Net Investment (Gain) Loss1.2 (0.1)
Depreciation30.1 26.8 
Amortization of the Cost of Reinsurance10.4 11.0 
Other, Net25.1 (10.6)
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities298.3 150.6 
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Proceeds from Sales of Fixed Maturity Securities190.1 55.1 
Proceeds from Maturities of Fixed Maturity Securities396.7 387.4 
Proceeds from Sales and Maturities of Other Investments48.5 91.6 
Purchases of Fixed Maturity Securities(575.0)(589.1)
Purchases of Other Investments(59.6)(79.9)
Net Sales and Maturities of Short-term Investments25.7 183.8 
Net Increase (Decrease) in Payables for Collateral on Investments
19.6 (60.3)
Net Purchases of Property and Equipment(28.3)(29.1)
Net Cash Provided (Used) by Investing Activities
17.7 (40.5)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Issuance of Common Stock1.3 1.2 
Repurchase of Common Stock(121.9)(51.2)
Dividends Paid to Stockholders(72.5)(69.2)
Proceeds from Policyholders' Account Deposits34.5 37.7 
Payments for Policyholders' Account Withdrawals(23.9)(24.4)
Other, Net(0.4)(0.3)
Net Cash Used by Financing Activities(182.9)(106.2)
Net Increase in Cash and Bank Deposits133.1 3.9 
Cash and Bank Deposits at Beginning of Year146.0 119.2 
Cash and Bank Deposits at End of Period$279.1 $123.1 

See notes to consolidated financial statements.
8

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 1 - Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements of Unum Group and its subsidiaries (the Company) have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. For further information, refer to the consolidated financial statements and footnotes included in our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

In our opinion, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. Interim results are not necessarily indicative of full year performance.

Note 2 - Accounting Developments

Accounting Updates Adopted in 2023:

ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures

The amendments in this update eliminated the troubled debt restructuring recognition and measurement guidance and instead required that an entity evaluate whether the modification represents a new loan or the continuation of an existing loan. The amendments also enhanced the disclosure requirements related to certain modifications of receivables made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. In addition, the amendments in this update required that an entity disclose current-period gross write-offs by year of origination for financing receivables and net investment in leases.

The amendments in this update were applied prospectively in the period of adoption as of January 1, 2023. The adoption of this update modified our disclosures but did not have an impact on our financial position or results of operations.

ASU 2018-12, Financial Services—Insurance (Topic 944): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts and related amendments

This update significantly amended the accounting and disclosure requirements for long-duration insurance contracts. These changes included a requirement to review, and if necessary, update cash flow assumptions used to measure the liability for future policy benefits for traditional and limited-payment contracts at least annually, with changes recognized in earnings. In addition, an entity is required to update the discount rate assumption at each reporting date using a yield that is reflective of an upper-medium grade fixed-income instrument with changes recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) (OCI). These changes resulted in the elimination of the provision for risk of adverse deviation and premium deficiency (or loss recognition) testing for traditional long-duration insurance contracts. The update also required that an entity measure all market risk benefits associated with deposit contracts at fair value, with changes recognized in earnings except for the portion attributable to a change in the instrument-specific credit risk, which is to be recognized in OCI. This update also simplified the amortization of deferred acquisition costs by requiring amortization on a constant level basis over the expected term of the related contracts. Deferred acquisition costs are required to be written off for unexpected contract terminations, but are no longer subject to an impairment test. Significant additional disclosures are required, which include disaggregated rollforwards of certain liability balances and the disclosure of qualitative and quantitative information about expected cash flows, estimates, and assumptions. We do not have products with market risk benefits.

We adopted this guidance effective January 1, 2023 using the modified retrospective approach with changes applied as of January 1, 2021, also referred to as the transition date. All historically reported information included in our consolidated financial statements and accompanying footnotes were adjusted as of the transition date to reflect the modified retrospective adoption of ASU 2018-12.

Accounting Updates Outstanding:

ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting and related amendments

The amendments in this update provide optional guidance, for a limited period of time, to ease the potential burden in accounting for and recognizing the effects of reference rate reform on financial reporting. The guidance allows for various
9

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 2 - Accounting Developments - Continued
practical expedients and exceptions when applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions affected either by discontinued rates as a direct result of reference rate reform or a market-wide change in interest rates used for discounting, margining or contract price alignment, if certain criteria are met. Specifically, the guidance provides certain practical expedients for contract modifications, fair value hedges, and cash flow hedges, and also provides certain exceptions related to changes in the critical terms of a hedging relationship. The guidance also allows for a one-time election to sell or transfer debt securities that were both classified as held-to-maturity prior to January 1, 2020 and reference a rate affected by the reform.

The adoption of this update is permitted as of the beginning of the interim period that includes March 12, 2020 (the issuance date of the update), or any date thereafter, through December 31, 2024, at which point the guidance will sunset. We have elected practical expedients for contracts impacted by reference rate reform which did not result in a material impact on our financial position or results of operations. We will continue to monitor our contracts and hedging relationships throughout the adoption period.

ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures

The amendments in this update enhance disclosures of significant expenses for reportable segments. Specifically, the update adds a requirement to disclose significant expenses that are regularly provided to the Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM) and are included in each reported measure of segment profit or loss. This update will require the disclosure of the title and position of the CODM as well as an explanation of how they use the reported measure(s) to assess segment performance and make decisions about allocating resources. The update also requires the disclosure of the amount and composition of other segment items, which is the difference between reported segment revenues less the significant segment expenses. The amendments in this update allow for the disclosure of more than one measure of segment profit or loss, provided that at least one of the reported measures includes the segment profit or loss measure that is most consistent with GAAP measurement principles.

We will adopt this update effective for the annual period ended December 31, 2024 and for the interim period beginning January 1, 2025 using a retrospective approach. The adoption of this update will not have an impact on our financial position or results of operations, but will expand our disclosures effective for the annual period ended December 31, 2024 and subsequent interim periods.

ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures

The amendments in this update require greater disaggregation of income tax disclosures related to the income tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. Specifically, the guidance requires additional information that meet a quantitative threshold in specified categories with respect to the reconciliation of the effective tax rate to the statutory tax rate for federal, state, and foreign income taxes. The specified categories are the following: state and local income taxes, foreign tax effects, effect of cross-border tax laws, enactment of new tax laws, nontaxable or nondeductible items, tax credits, changes in valuation allowances, and changes in unrecognized tax benefits. The quantitative threshold for each category is five percent of the amount computed by multiplying income (or loss) from continuing operations before income taxes by the statutory federal income tax rate. In addition, the amendments require additional information pertaining to income taxes paid, net of refunds, to be disaggregated by federal, state and foreign jurisdictions, and further disaggregated for specific jurisdictions to the extent the related amounts exceed a quantitative threshold of five percent of total income taxes paid. The amendments also require disclosures of income (or loss) before income tax expense (or benefit) as domestic or foreign for each annual reporting period.

The amendments eliminate the historic requirement to disclose information regarding unrecognized tax benefits having a reasonable possibility of significantly increasing or decreasing in the twelve months following the reporting date, as well as the requirement to disclose the cumulative temporary differences when a deferred tax liability is not recognized due to certain exceptions under ASC 740.

The adoption of these amendments is permitted on a prospective basis or a retrospective basis. We will adopt this update effective for the annual period beginning January 1, 2025, and the interim period beginning January 1, 2026. The adoption of this update will modify our disclosures but will not have an impact on our financial position or results of operations.

10

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 3 - Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Fair Value Measurements for Financial Instruments Carried at Fair Value

We report fixed maturity securities, which are classified as available-for-sale securities, derivative financial instruments, and unrestricted equity securities at fair value in our consolidated balance sheets. We report our investments in private equity partnerships at our share of the partnerships' net asset value per share or its equivalent (NAV) as a practical expedient for fair value.

The degree of judgment utilized in measuring the fair value of financial instruments generally correlates to the level of pricing observability. Financial instruments with readily available active quoted prices or for which fair value can be measured from actively quoted prices in active markets generally have more pricing observability and less judgment utilized in measuring fair value. An active market for a financial instrument is a market in which transactions for an asset or a similar asset occur with sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis. A quoted price in an active market provides the most reliable evidence of fair value and should be used to measure fair value whenever available. Conversely, financial instruments rarely traded or not quoted have less observability and are measured at fair value using valuation techniques that require more judgment. Pricing observability is generally impacted by a number of factors, including the type of financial instrument, whether the financial instrument is new to the market and not yet established, the characteristics specific to the transaction, and overall market conditions.

We classify financial instruments in accordance with a fair value hierarchy consisting of three levels based on the observability of valuation inputs:

•Level 1 - the highest category of the fair value hierarchy classification wherein inputs are unadjusted and represent quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities at the measurement date.

•Level 2 - valued using inputs (other than prices included in Level 1) that are either directly or indirectly observable for the asset or liability through correlation with market data at the measurement date and for the duration of the instrument's anticipated life.

•Level 3 - the lowest category of the fair value hierarchy and reflects the judgment of management regarding what market participants would use in pricing assets or liabilities at the measurement date. Financial assets and liabilities categorized as Level 3 are generally those that are valued using unobservable inputs to extrapolate an estimated fair value.

Valuation Methodologies of Financial Instruments Measured at Fair Value

Valuation techniques used for assets and liabilities accounted for at fair value are generally categorized into three types. The market approach uses prices and other relevant information from market transactions involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities. The income approach converts future amounts, such as cash flows or earnings, to a single present amount, or a discounted amount. The cost approach is based upon the amount that currently would be required to replace the service capacity of an asset, or the current replacement cost.

We use valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data are available that can be obtained without undue cost and effort. In some cases, a single valuation technique will be appropriate (for example, when valuing an asset or liability using quoted prices in an active market for identical assets or liabilities). In other cases, multiple valuation techniques will be appropriate. If we use multiple valuation techniques to measure fair value, we evaluate and weigh the results, as appropriate, considering the reasonableness of the range indicated by those results. A fair value measurement is the point within that range that is most representative of fair value in the circumstances.

The selection of the valuation method(s) to apply considers the definition of an exit price and depends on the nature of the asset or liability being valued. For assets and liabilities accounted for at fair value, we generally use valuation techniques consistent with the market approach, and to a lesser extent, the income approach. We believe the market approach provides more observable data than the income approach, considering the type of investments we hold. Our fair value measurements could differ significantly based on the valuation technique and available inputs. When using a pricing service, we obtain the vendor's pricing documentation to ensure we understand their methodologies. We periodically review and approve the selection of our
11

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 3 - Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Continued
pricing vendors to ensure we are in agreement with their current methodologies. When markets are less active, brokers may rely more on models with inputs based on the information available only to the broker. Our internal investment management professionals, which include portfolio managers and analysts, monitor securities priced by brokers and evaluate their prices for reasonableness based on benchmarking to available primary and secondary market information. In weighing a broker quote as an input to fair value, we place less reliance on quotes that do not reflect the result of market transactions. We also consider the nature of the quote, particularly whether it is a bid or market quote. If prices in an inactive market do not reflect current prices for the same or similar assets, adjustments may be necessary to arrive at fair value. When relevant market data is unavailable, which may be the case during periods of market uncertainty, the income approach can, in suitable circumstances, provide a more appropriate fair value. During 2024, we have applied valuation approaches and techniques on a consistent basis to similar assets and liabilities and consistent with those approaches and techniques used at year end 2023.

Fixed Maturity and Equity Securities

We use observable and unobservable inputs in measuring the fair value of our fixed maturity and equity securities. For securities categorized as Level 1, fair values equal active Trade Reporting and Compliance Engine (TRACE) pricing or unadjusted market maker prices. For securities categorized as Level 2 or Level 3, inputs that may be used in valuing each class of securities at any given time period are disclosed below. Actual inputs used to determine fair values will vary for each reporting period depending on the availability of inputs which may, at times, be affected by the lack of market liquidity.
Level 2Level 3
InstrumentObservable InputsUnobservable Inputs
United States Government and Government Agencies and Authorities
Valuation MethodPrincipally the market approachNot applicable
Valuation Techniques / InputsPrices obtained from external pricing services
States, Municipalities, and Political Subdivisions
Valuation MethodPrincipally the market approachPrincipally the market approach
Valuation Techniques / InputsPrices obtained from external pricing servicesAnalysis of similar bonds, adjusted for comparability
Relevant reports issued by analysts and rating agencies
Audited financial statements
Foreign Governments
Valuation MethodPrincipally the market approachPrincipally the market approach
Valuation Techniques / InputsPrices obtained from external pricing servicesAnalysis of similar bonds, adjusted for comparability
Non-binding broker quotes
Call provisions
Public Utilities
Valuation MethodPrincipally the market and income approachesPrincipally the market and income approaches
Valuation Techniques / InputsPrices obtained from external pricing servicesChange in benchmark reference
12

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 3 - Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Continued
Level 2Level 3
InstrumentObservable InputsUnobservable Inputs
Public Utilities - Continued
Non-binding broker quotesAnalysis of similar bonds, adjusted for comparability
Benchmark yieldsDiscount for size - illiquidity
Transactional data for new issuances and secondary tradesVolatility of credit
Security cash flows and structuresLack of marketability
Recent issuance / supply
Audited financial statements
Security and issuer level spreads
Security creditor ratings/maturity/capital structure/optionality
Public covenants
Comparative bond analysis
Relevant reports issued by analysts and rating agencies
Mortgage/Asset-Backed Securities
Valuation MethodPrincipally the market and income approachesPrincipally the market approach
Valuation Techniques / InputsPrices obtained from external pricing servicesAnalysis of similar bonds, adjusted for comparability
Non-binding broker quotesPrices obtained from external pricing services
Security cash flows and structures
Underlying collateral
Prepayment speeds/loan performance/delinquencies
Relevant reports issued by analysts and rating agencies
Audited financial statements
All Other Corporate Bonds
Valuation MethodPrincipally the market and income approachesPrincipally the market and income approaches
Valuation Techniques / InputsPrices obtained from external pricing servicesChange in benchmark reference
Non-binding broker quotesDiscount for size - illiquidity
Benchmark yieldsVolatility of credit
Transactional data for new issuances and secondary tradesLack of marketability
Security cash flows and structuresPrices obtained from external pricing services
Recent issuance / supply
Security and issuer level spreads
13

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 3 - Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Continued
Level 2Level 3
InstrumentObservable InputsUnobservable Inputs
All Other Corporate Bonds - Continued
Security creditor ratings/maturity/capital structure/optionality
Public covenants
Comparative bond analysis
Relevant reports issued by analysts and rating agencies
Audited financial statements
Redeemable Preferred Stocks
Valuation MethodPrincipally the market approachPrincipally the market approach
Valuation Techniques / InputsNon-binding broker quotesFinancial statement analysis
Benchmark yields
Comparative bond analysis
Call provisions
Relevant reports issued by analysts and rating agencies
Audited financial statements
Perpetual Preferred and Equity Securities
Valuation MethodPrincipally the market approachPrincipally the market and income approaches
Valuation Techniques / InputsPrices obtained from external pricing servicesFinancial statement analysis
Non-binding broker quotes

The management of our investment portfolio includes establishing pricing policy and reviewing the reasonableness of sources and inputs used in developing pricing. We review all prices that vary between multiple pricing vendors by a threshold that is outside a normal market range for the asset type.  In the event we receive a vendor's market price that does not appear reasonable based on our market analysis, we may challenge the price and request further information about the assumptions and methodologies used by the vendor to price the security. We may change the selected price based on a better data source such as an actual trade. We also review all prices that did not change from the prior month to ensure that these prices are within our expectations. The overall valuation process for determining fair values may include adjustments to valuations obtained from our pricing sources when they do not represent a valid exit price. These adjustments may be made when, in our judgment and considering our knowledge of the financial conditions and industry in which the issuer operates, certain features of the financial instrument require that an adjustment be made to the value originally obtained from our pricing sources. These features may include the complexity of the financial instrument, the market in which the financial instrument is traded, counterparty credit risk, credit structure, concentration, or liquidity. Additionally, an adjustment to the price derived from a model typically reflects our judgment of the inputs that other participants in the market for the financial instrument being measured at fair value would consider in pricing that same financial instrument. In the event an asset is sold, we test the validity of the fair value determined by our valuation techniques by comparing the selling price to the fair value determined for the asset in the immediately preceding month end reporting period.

14

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 3 - Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Continued
Certain of our investments do not have readily determinable market prices and/or observable inputs or may at times be affected by the lack of market liquidity. For these securities, we use internally prepared valuations, including valuations based on estimates of future profitability, to estimate the fair value. Additionally, we may obtain prices from independent third-party brokers to aid in establishing valuations for certain of these securities. Key assumptions used by us to determine fair value for these securities include risk free interest rates, risk premiums, performance of underlying collateral (if any), and other factors involving significant assumptions which may or may not reflect those of an active market.

The parameters and inputs used to validate a price on a security may be adjusted for assumptions about risk and current market conditions on a quarter to quarter basis, as certain features may be more significant drivers of valuation at the time of pricing. Changes to inputs in valuations are not changes to valuation methodologies; rather, the inputs are modified to reflect direct or indirect impacts on asset classes from changes in market conditions.

At March 31, 2024, approximately 25.7 percent of our fixed maturity securities were valued using active trades from TRACE pricing or broker market maker prices for which there was current market activity in that specific security (comparable to receiving one binding quote).  The prices obtained were not adjusted, and the assets were classified as Level 1.

The remaining 74.3 percent of our fixed maturity securities were valued based on non-binding quotes or other observable and unobservable inputs, as discussed below:

•58.5 percent of our fixed maturity securities were valued based on prices from pricing services that generally use observable inputs such as prices for securities or comparable securities in active markets in their valuation techniques. These assets were classified as Level 2. 

•15.1 percent of our fixed maturity securities were valued based on one or more non-binding broker quotes, if validated by observable market data. When only one price is available, it is used if observable inputs and analysis confirms that it is appropriate. These assets, for which we were able to validate the price using other observable market data, were classified as Level 2.

•0.7 percent of our fixed maturity securities were valued based on prices of comparable securities, internal models, or pricing services or other non-binding quotes with no other observable market data. These assets were classified as either Level 2 or Level 3, with the categorization dependent on whether there was other observable market data.

Derivatives

Fair values for derivatives other than embedded derivatives in modified coinsurance arrangements are based on market quotes or pricing models and represent the net amount of cash we would have paid or received if the contracts had been settled or closed as of the last day of the period. Credit risk related to the counterparty and the Company is considered in determining the fair values of these derivatives. However, since we have collateralization agreements in place with each counterparty which limits our exposure, any credit risk is immaterial. Therefore, we determined that no adjustments for credit risk were required as of March 31, 2024 or December 31, 2023.

Fair values for our embedded derivative in a modified coinsurance arrangement are estimated using internal pricing models and represent the hypothetical value of the duration mismatch of assets and liabilities, interest rate risk, and third party credit risk embedded in the modified coinsurance arrangement.

We consider transactions in inactive markets to be less representative of fair value. We use all available observable inputs when measuring fair value, but when significant unobservable inputs are used, we classify these assets or liabilities as Level 3.

Private Equity Partnerships

Our private equity partnerships represent funds that are primarily invested in private credit, private equity, and real assets, as described below. Distributions received from the funds arise from income generated by the underlying investments as well as the liquidation of the underlying investments. There is generally not a public market for these investments.

15

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 3 - Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Continued
The following tables present additional information about our private equity partnerships, including commitments for additional investments which may or may not be funded:

March 31, 2024
Investment CategoryFair ValueRedemption Term / Redemption NoticeUnfunded Commitments
(in millions of dollars)(in millions of dollars)
Private Credit(a)$272.9 Not redeemable$126.3 
51.8 Quarterly / 90 days notice3.0 
Total Private Credit324.7 129.3 
Private Equity(b)524.8 Not redeemable389.7 
29.7 Initial 5.5 year lock on each new investment / Quarterly after 5.5 year lock with 90 days notice15.7 
Total Private Equity554.5 405.4 
Real Assets(c)458.1 Not redeemable244.6 
33.0 Quarterly / 90 days notice— 
Total Real Assets491.1 244.6 
Total Partnerships$1,370.3 $779.3 

December 31, 2023
Investment CategoryFair ValueRedemption Term / Redemption NoticeUnfunded Commitments
(in millions of dollars)(in millions of dollars)
Private Credit(a)$239.1 Not redeemable$128.2 
44.5 Quarterly / 90 days notice8.6 
Total Private Credit283.6 136.8 
Private Equity(b)543.9 Not redeemable410.6 
28.0 Initial 5.5 year lock on each new investment / Quarterly after 5.5 year lock with 90 days notice16.6
Total Private Equity571.9 427.2 
Real Assets(c)437.5 Not redeemable239.1 
33.2 Quarterly / 90 days notice— 
Total Real Assets470.7 239.1 
Total Partnerships$1,326.2 $803.1 
16

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 3 - Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Continued
(a)Private Credit - The limited partnerships described in this category employ various investment strategies, generally providing direct lending or other forms of debt financing including first-lien, second-lien, mezzanine, and subordinated loans. The limited partnerships have credit exposure to corporates, physical assets, and/or financial assets within a variety of industries (including manufacturing, healthcare, energy, business services, technology, materials, and retail) in North America and, to a lesser extent, outside of North America.  As of March 31, 2024, the estimated remaining life of the investments that do not allow for redemptions is approximately 75 percent in the next 3 years, 19 percent during the period from 3 to 5 years, and 6 percent during the period from 5 to 10 years.

(b)Private Equity - The limited partnerships described in this category employ various strategies generally investing in controlling or minority control equity positions directly in companies and/or assets across various industries (including manufacturing, healthcare, energy, business services, technology, materials, and retail), primarily in private markets within North America and, to a lesser extent, outside of North America.  As of March 31, 2024, the estimated remaining life of the investments that do not allow for redemptions is approximately 33 percent in the next 3 years, 29 percent during the period from 3 to 5 years, and 38 percent during the period from 5 to 10 years.

(c)Real Assets - The limited partnerships described in this category employ various strategies, which include investing in the equity and/or debt financing of physical assets, including infrastructure (energy, power, water/wastewater, communications), transportation (including airports, ports, toll roads, aircraft, railcars) and real estate in North America, Europe, South America, and Asia.  As of March 31, 2024, the estimated remaining life of the investments that do not allow for redemptions is approximately 34 percent in the next 3 years, 28 percent during period from 3 to 5 years, 37 percent during the period from 5 to 10 years, and 1 percent during the period from 10 to 15 years.

We record changes in our share of net asset value of the partnerships in net investment income. We receive financial information related to our investments in partnerships and generally record investment income on a one-quarter lag in accordance with our accounting policy. Our partnerships are subject to transfer restrictions which extend over the life of the investment. There are no circumstances in which the transfer restrictions would lapse.
17

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 3 - Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Continued
The following tables present information about financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis by fair value level, based on the observability of the inputs used:

 March 31, 2024
 Level 1Level 2Level 3NAVTotal
(in millions of dollars)
Assets
Fixed Maturity Securities
United States Government and Government Agencies and Authorities$79.7 $498.5 $— $— $578.2 
States, Municipalities, and Political Subdivisions— 3,564.9 — — 3,564.9 
Foreign Governments— 826.8 — — 826.8 
Public Utilities776.1 4,554.1 — — 5,330.2 
Mortgage/Asset-Backed Securities— 670.0 38.7 — 708.7 
All Other Corporate Bonds8,476.4 16,668.8 90.2 — 25,235.4 
Redeemable Preferred Stocks— 3.6 — — 3.6 
Total Fixed Maturity Securities9,332.2 26,786.7 128.9 — 36,247.8 
Other Long-term Investments
Derivatives
Forwards— 36.7 — — 36.7 
Foreign Exchange Contracts— 58.8 — — 58.8 
Embedded Derivative in Modified Coinsurance Arrangement— — 4.6 — 4.6 
Total Derivatives— 95.5 4.6 — 100.1 
Perpetual Preferred and Equity Securities— 10.3 21.6 — 31.9 
Private Equity Partnerships— — — 1,370.3 1,370.3 
Total Other Long-term Investments— 105.8 26.2 1,370.3 1,502.3 
Total Financial Instrument Assets Carried at Fair Value$9,332.2 $26,892.5 $155.1 $1,370.3 $37,750.1 
Liabilities
Other Liabilities
Derivatives
Forwards$— $113.6 $— $— $113.6 
Foreign Exchange Contracts— 33.4 — — 33.4 
Total Derivatives— 147.0 — — 147.0 
Total Financial Instrument Liabilities Carried at Fair Value$— $147.0 $— $— $147.0 

18

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 3 - Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Continued
 December 31, 2023
 Level 1Level 2Level 3NAVTotal
(in millions of dollars)
Assets
Fixed Maturity Securities
United States Government and Government Agencies and Authorities$— $624.8 $— $— $624.8 
States, Municipalities, and Political Subdivisions— 3,678.4 — — 3,678.4 
Foreign Governments— 890.7 — — 890.7 
Public Utilities301.3 5,020.3 — — 5,321.6 
Mortgage/Asset-Backed Securities— 611.2 32.9 — 644.1 
All Other Corporate Bonds3,985.2 21,562.1 123.4 — 25,670.7 
Redeemable Preferred Stocks— 3.6 — — 3.6 
Total Fixed Maturity Securities4,286.5 32,391.1 156.3 — 36,833.9 
Other Long-term Investments
Derivatives
Forwards— 47.5 — — 47.5 
Foreign Exchange Contracts— 52.4 — — 52.4 
Total Derivatives— 99.9 — — 99.9 
Perpetual Preferred and Equity Securities— 10.3 21.6 — 31.9 
Private Equity Partnerships— — — 1,326.2 1,326.2 
Total Other Long-term Investments— 110.2 21.6 1,326.2 1,458.0 
Total Financial Instrument Assets Carried at Fair Value$4,286.5 $32,501.3 $177.9 $1,326.2 $38,291.9 
Liabilities
Other Liabilities
Derivatives
Forwards$— $78.0 $— $— $78.0 
Foreign Exchange Contracts— 38.2 — — 38.2 
Embedded Derivative in Modified Coinsurance Arrangement— — 1.5 — 1.5 
Total Derivatives— 116.2 1.5 — 117.7 
Total Financial Instrument Liabilities Carried at Fair Value$— $116.2 $1.5 $— $117.7 


19

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 3 - Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Continued
Changes in assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) are as follows:

 Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
 Fair Value Beginning of YearTotal Realized
and Unrealized
Investment Gains (Losses) in		 Sales/MaturitiesLevel 3 TransfersFair Value End of PeriodChange in Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Securities Held at the End of Period included in
 EarningsOCIPurchasesIntoOut ofOCIEarnings
(in millions of dollars)
Fixed Maturity Securities
Mortgage/Asset-Backed Securities$32.9 $— $— $5.6 $(0.1)$0.3 $— $38.7 $— $— 
All Other Corporate Bonds123.4 (2.6)2.1 2.3 (127.6)138.4 (45.8)90.2 2.1 — 
Total Fixed Maturity Securities156.3 (2.6)2.1 7.9 (127.7)138.7 (45.8)128.9 2.1 — 
Perpetual Preferred and Equity Securities21.6 — — — — — — 21.6 — — 
Embedded Derivative in Modified Coinsurance Arrangement(1.5)6.1 — — — — — 4.6 — 6.1 
20

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 3 - Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Continued
 Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
Fair Value Beginning of YearTotal Realized
and Unrealized
Investment Gains (Losses) in		Sales/MaturitiesLevel 3 TransfersFair Value End of PeriodChange in Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Securities Held at the End of Period included in
EarningsOCIPurchasesIntoOut ofOCIEarnings
(in millions of dollars)
Fixed Maturity Securities
States, Municipalities, and Political Subdivisions$0.2 $— $(0.1)$— $— $— $— $0.1 $(0.1)$— 
Mortgage/Asset-Backed Securities22.0 — (0.6)7.2 (0.2)0.4 — 28.8 (0.6)— 
All Other Corporate Bonds158.7 — 8.6 1.5 (59.3)84.4 (54.8)139.1 8.6 — 
Total Fixed Maturity Securities180.9 — 7.9 8.7 (59.5)84.8 (54.8)168.0 7.9 — 
Perpetual Preferred and Equity Securities16.2 — — — — — — 16.2 — — 
Embedded Derivative in Modified Coinsurance Arrangement(13.9)0.3 — — — — — (13.6)— 0.3 

Realized and unrealized investment gains and losses presented in the preceding tables represent gains and losses only for the time during which the applicable financial instruments were classified as Level 3. The transfers between levels resulted primarily from a change in observability of three inputs used to determine fair values of the securities transferred: (1) transactional data for new issuance and secondary trades, (2) broker/dealer quotes and pricing, primarily related to changes in the level of activity in the market and whether the market was considered orderly, and (3) comparable bond metrics from which to perform an analysis. For fair value measurements of financial instruments that were transferred either into or out of Level 3, we reflect the transfers using the fair value at the beginning of the period. We believe this allows for greater transparency, as all changes in fair value that arise during the reporting period of the transfer are disclosed as a component of our Level 3 reconciliation.

21

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 3 - Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Continued
The table below provides quantitative information regarding the significant unobservable inputs used in Level 3 fair value measurements derived from internal models. Unobservable inputs for fixed maturity securities are weighted by the fair value of the securities. Certain securities classified as Level 3 are excluded from the table below due to limitations in our ability to obtain the underlying inputs used by external pricing sources.

March 31, 2024
Fair ValueValuation MethodUnobservable InputRange/Weighted Average
(in millions of dollars)
Fixed Maturity Securities
All Other Corporate Bonds - Private$17.7 Market Approach
Volatility of Credit
Market Convention
(a)
(b)
5.00% - 5.00% / 5.00%
Priced at Par Value
Perpetual Preferred and Equity Securities21.6 Market Approach
Market Convention
(b)Priced at Cost, Owner's Equity, or Most Recent Round
Embedded Derivative in Modified Coinsurance Arrangement4.6 Discounted Cash Flows
Projected Liability Cash Flows
Weighted Spread of Swap Curve
(c)
Actuarial Assumptions
0.01%

December 31, 2023
Fair ValueValuation MethodUnobservable InputRange/Weighted Average
(in millions of dollars)
Fixed Maturity Securities
All Other Corporate Bonds - Private$15.9 Market Approach
Volatility of Credit
Market Convention
(a)
(b)

5.00% - 5.00% / 5.00%
Priced at Par Value
Perpetual Preferred and Equity Securities21.6 Market ApproachMarket Convention(b)Priced at Cost, Owner's Equity, or Most Recent Round
Embedded Derivative in Modified Coinsurance Arrangement(1.5)Discounted Cash Flows
Projected Liability Cash Flows
Weighted Spread of Swap Curve
(c)
Actuarial Assumptions
0.2%

(a)Represents basis point adjustments for credit-specific factors
(b)Represents a decision to price based on par value, cost, owner's equity, or the price of the most recent capital funding round when limited data is available
(c)Represents various actuarial assumptions required to derive the liability cash flows. Fair value of embedded derivative is most often driven by the change in the weighted average credit spread to the swap curve for the assets backing the hypothetical loan

Other than market convention, the impact of isolated decreases in unobservable inputs will result in a higher estimated fair value, whereas isolated increases in unobservable inputs will result in a lower estimated fair value. The unobservable input for market convention is not sensitive to input movements. The projected liability cash flows used in the fair value measurement of our Level 3 embedded derivative are based on expected claim payments. If claim payments increase, the projected liability cash flows will increase, resulting in a decrease in the fair value of the embedded derivative. Decreases in projected liability cash flows will result in an increase in the fair value of the embedded derivative.

22

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 3 - Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Continued
Fair Value Measurements for Financial Instruments Not Carried at Fair Value

The methods and assumptions used to estimate fair values of financial instruments not carried at fair value are discussed as follows:

Mortgage Loans: Fair value of newly originated, seasoned performing, or sub-performing but likely to continue cash flowing loans are calculated using a discounted cash flow analysis. Loans’ cash flows are modeled and appropriately discounted by a rate based on current yields and credit spreads. For sub and non-performing loans where there is some probability the loan will not continue to pay, a price based approach would be used to estimate the loan’s value in the open market utilizing current transaction information from similar loans.

Policy Loans: Fair values for policy loans, net of reinsurance ceded, are estimated using discounted cash flow analyses and interest rates currently being offered to policyholders with similar policies. Carrying amounts for ceded policy loans, which equal $3,286.5 million and $3,322.5 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, approximate fair value and are reported on a gross basis in our consolidated balance sheets. A change in interest rates for ceded policy loans will not impact our financial position because the benefits and risks are fully ceded to reinsuring counterparties.

Miscellaneous Long-term Investments: Carrying amounts for tax credit partnerships equal the unamortized balance of our contractual commitments and approximate fair value. Our shares of Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) common stock are carried at cost, which approximates fair value.

Long-term Debt: Fair values for long-term debt are obtained from independent pricing services or discounted cash flow analyses based on current incremental borrowing rates for similar types of borrowing arrangements.

FHLB Funding Agreements: Funding agreements with the FHLB represent cash advances used for the purpose of investing in fixed maturity securities. Carrying amounts approximate fair value.

Unfunded Commitments to Investment Partnerships: Unfunded equity commitments represent amounts that we have committed to fund certain investment partnerships. These commitments are legally binding, subject to the partnerships meeting specified conditions. Carrying amounts of these financial instruments approximate fair value.

23

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 3 - Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Continued
The following table presents the carrying amounts and estimated fair values of our financial instruments not measured at fair value and indicates the level in the fair value hierarchy of the estimated fair value measurement based on the observability of the inputs used:

March 31, 2024
Estimated Fair Value
Level 1Level 2Level 3TotalCarrying Value
(in millions of dollars)
Assets
Mortgage Loans$— $2,021.9 $— $2,021.9 $2,298.8 
Policy Loans— — 3,650.2 3,650.2 3,579.1 
Other Long-term Investments
Miscellaneous Long-term Investments— 17.6 0.3 17.9 17.9 
Total Financial Instrument Assets Not Carried at Fair Value$— $2,039.5 $3,650.5 $5,690.0 $5,895.8 
Liabilities
Long-term Debt$2,628.1 $602.6 $— $3,230.7 $3,431.0 
Other Liabilities
Unfunded Commitments— 0.2 — 0.2 0.2 
Payable for Collateral on FHLB Funding Agreements— 108.2 — 108.2 108.2 
Total Financial Instrument Liabilities Not Carried at Fair Value$2,628.1 $711.0 $— $3,339.1 $3,539.4 

24

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 3 - Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Continued
December 31, 2023
Estimated Fair Value
Level 1Level 2Level 3TotalCarrying Value
(in millions of dollars)
Assets
Mortgage Loans$— $2,070.7 $— $2,070.7 $2,318.2 
Policy Loans— — 3,696.3 3,696.3 3,620.2 
Other Long-term Investments
Miscellaneous Long-term Investments— 15.7 0.3 16.0 16.0 
Total Financial Instrument Assets Not Carried at Fair Value$— $2,086.4 $3,696.6 $5,783.0 $5,954.4 
Liabilities
Long-term Debt$2,629.1 $598.8 $— $3,227.9 $3,430.4 
Other Liabilities
Unfunded Commitments— 0.2 — 0.2 0.2 
Payable for Collateral on FHLB Funding Agreements— 64.5 — 64.5 64.5 
Total Financial Instrument Liabilities Not Carried at Fair Value$2,629.1 $663.5 $— $3,292.6 $3,495.1 

The carrying values of financial instruments such as short-term investments, cash and bank deposits, accounts and premiums receivable, accrued investment income, securities lending agreements, and short-term debt approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of the instruments. As such, these financial instruments are not included in the above chart.

Fair values for insurance contracts other than investment contracts are not required to be disclosed. However, the fair values of liabilities under all insurance contracts are taken into consideration in our overall management of interest rate risk, which seeks to minimize exposure to changing interest rates through the matching of investment maturities with amounts due under insurance contracts.
25

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 4 - Investments
Fixed Maturity Securities

At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, all fixed maturity securities were classified as available-for-sale. The amortized cost and fair values of securities by security type are shown as follows:

 March 31, 2024
 
Amortized
Cost, Gross of ACL1
ACL1
Gross
Unrealized
Gain		Gross
Unrealized
Loss		Fair
Value
(in millions of dollars)
United States Government and Government Agencies and Authorities $585.8 $— $17.4 $25.0 $578.2 
States, Municipalities, and Political Subdivisions3,978.2 — 105.2 518.5 3,564.9 
Foreign Governments932.9 — 22.2 128.3 826.8 
Public Utilities5,496.5 — 163.2 329.5 5,330.2 
Mortgage/Asset-Backed Securities735.4 — 5.0 31.7 708.7 
All Other Corporate Bonds26,652.6 2.2 589.0 2,004.0 25,235.4 
Redeemable Preferred Stocks4.0 — — 0.4 3.6 
Total Fixed Maturity Securities$38,385.4 $2.2 $902.0 $3,037.4 $36,247.8 


December 31, 2023
 
Amortized
Cost, Gross of ACL1
ACL1
Gross
Unrealized
Gain		Gross
Unrealized
Loss		Fair
Value
(in millions of dollars)
United States Government and Government Agencies and Authorities$618.6 $— $25.3 $19.1 $624.8 
States, Municipalities, and Political Subdivisions4,041.3 — 135.3 498.2 3,678.4 
Foreign Governments982.1 — 29.8 121.2 890.7 
Public Utilities5,398.2 — 217.1 293.7 5,321.6 
Mortgage/Asset-Backed Securities658.0 — 10.1 24.0 644.1 
All Other Corporate Bonds26,708.4 2.2 771.8 1,807.3 25,670.7 
Redeemable Preferred Stocks4.0 — — 0.4 3.6 
Total Fixed Maturity Securities$38,410.6 $2.2 $1,189.4 $2,763.9 $36,833.9 
1Allowance for Credit Losses

26

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 4 - Investments - Continued
The following charts indicate the length of time our fixed maturity securities have been in a gross unrealized loss position.

 March 31, 2024
 Less Than 12 Months12 Months or Greater
 Fair
Value		Gross
Unrealized
Loss		Fair
Value		Gross
Unrealized
Loss
(in millions of dollars)
United States Government and Government Agencies and Authorities$112.2 $2.1 $192.9 $22.9 
States, Municipalities, and Political Subdivisions236.8 5.1 2,039.2 513.4 
Foreign Governments116.5 3.2 300.7 125.1 
Public Utilities695.0 17.7 1,769.4 311.8 
Mortgage/Asset-Backed Securities147.4 3.3 340.2 28.4 
All Other Corporate Bonds2,337.2 52.9 14,088.9 1,951.1 
Redeemable Preferred Stocks— — 3.6 0.4 
Total Fixed Maturity Securities$3,645.1 $84.3 $18,734.9 $2,953.1 

 December 31, 2023
 Less Than 12 Months12 Months or Greater
 Fair
Value		Gross
Unrealized
Loss		Fair
Value		Gross
Unrealized
Loss
(in millions of dollars)
United States Government and Government Agencies and Authorities$118.8 $0.7 $197.3 $18.4 
States, Municipalities, and Political Subdivisions128.0 4.0 2,035.1 494.2 
Foreign Governments149.9 3.3 312.9 117.9 
Public Utilities373.7 10.4 1,720.6 283.3 
Mortgage/Asset-Backed Securities60.3 2.5 316.7 21.5 
All Other Corporate Bonds1,483.8 26.8 14,215.2 1,780.5 
Redeemable Preferred Stocks— — 3.6 0.4 
Total Fixed Maturity Securities$2,314.5 $47.7 $18,801.4 $2,716.2 

27

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 4 - Investments - Continued
The following is a distribution of the maturity dates for fixed maturity securities. The maturity dates have not been adjusted for possible calls or prepayments.
 March 31, 2024
 
Amortized Cost, Net of ACL1
Unrealized Gain PositionUnrealized Loss Position
 Gross GainFair ValueGross LossFair Value
(in millions of dollars)
1 year or less$958.1 $0.9 $166.7 $9.7 $782.6 
Over 1 year through 5 years7,744.6 118.0 2,720.4 205.6 4,936.6 
Over 5 years through 10 years9,081.5 296.7 3,679.1 642.5 5,056.6 
Over 10 years19,863.6 481.4 7,080.5 2,147.9 11,116.6 
37,647.8 897.0 13,646.7 3,005.7 21,892.4 
Mortgage/Asset-Backed Securities735.4 5.0 221.1 31.7 487.6 
Total Fixed Maturity Securities$38,383.2 $902.0 $13,867.8 $3,037.4 $22,380.0 
 December 31, 2023
 
Amortized Cost, Net of ACL1
Unrealized Gain PositionUnrealized Loss Position
 Gross GainFair ValueGross LossFair Value
(in millions of dollars)
1 year or less$935.0 $0.9 $140.8 $7.5 $787.6 
Over 1 year through 5 years7,594.4 128.2 2,685.7 179.0 4,857.9 
Over 5 years through 10 years9,430.3 372.1 4,100.0 610.8 5,091.6 
Over 10 years19,790.7 678.1 8,524.4 1,942.6 10,001.8 
37,750.4 1,179.3 15,450.9 2,739.9 20,738.9 
Mortgage/Asset-Backed Securities658.0 10.1 267.1 24.0 377.0 
Total Fixed Maturity Securities$38,408.4 $1,189.4 $15,718.0 $2,763.9 $21,115.9 
1Allowance for Credit Losses

The following chart depicts an analysis of our fixed maturity security portfolio between investment-grade and below-investment-grade categories as of March 31, 2024:

Gross Unrealized Loss
Fair ValueGross Unrealized GainAmountPercent of Total Gross Unrealized Loss
(in millions of dollars)
Investment-Grade$34,759.9 $886.0 $2,943.1 96.9 %
Below-Investment-Grade1,487.9 16.0 94.3 3.1 
Total Fixed Maturity Securities$36,247.8 $902.0 $3,037.4 100.0 %

The unrealized losses on investment-grade fixed maturity securities principally relate to changes in interest rates or changes in market or sector credit spreads which occurred subsequent to the acquisition of the securities. Below-investment-grade fixed maturity securities are generally more likely to develop credit concerns than investment-grade securities. At March 31, 2024, the unrealized losses in our below-investment-grade fixed maturity securities were generally due to credit spreads in certain industries or sectors and, to a lesser extent, credit concerns related to specific securities. For each specific security in an unrealized loss position, we believe that there are positive factors which mitigate credit concerns and that the securities for
28

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 4 - Investments - Continued
which we have not recorded a credit loss will recover in value. We have the ability and intent to continue to hold these securities to recovery of amortized cost less allowance for credit losses.

As of March 31, 2024, we held 903 individual investment-grade fixed maturity securities and 75 individual below-investment-grade fixed maturity securities that were in an unrealized loss position, of which 826 investment-grade fixed maturity securities and 70 below-investment-grade fixed maturity securities had been in an unrealized loss position continuously for over one year.

In determining when a decline in fair value below amortized cost of a fixed maturity security represents a credit loss, we evaluate the following factors:

•Whether we expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the security
•Whether we intend to sell the security or will be required to sell the security before the recovery of its amortized cost basis
•Whether the security is current as to principal and interest payments
•The significance of the decline in value
•Current and future business prospects and trends of earnings
•The valuation of the security's underlying collateral
•Relevant industry conditions and trends relative to their historical cycles
•Market conditions
•Rating agency and governmental actions
•Bid and offering prices and the level of trading activity
•Adverse changes in estimated cash flows for securitized investments
•Changes in fair value subsequent to the balance sheet date
•Any other key measures for the related security

While determining whether a credit loss exists is a judgmental area, we utilize a formal, well-defined, and disciplined process to monitor and evaluate our fixed income investment portfolio, supported by issuer specific research and documentation as of the end of each period. The process results in a thorough evaluation of investments and the recording of credit losses on a timely basis for investments determined to have a credit loss. We calculate the allowance for credit losses of fixed maturity securities based on the present value of our best estimate of cash flows expected to be collected, discounted using the effective interest rate implicit in the security at the date of acquisition. When estimating future cash flows, we analyze the strength of the issuer’s balance sheet, its debt obligations and near-term funding arrangements, cash flow and liquidity, the profitability of its core businesses, the availability of marketable assets which could be sold to increase liquidity, its industry fundamentals and regulatory environment, and its access to capital markets.

The following table presents a rollforward of the allowance for credit losses on available-for-sale fixed maturity securities, which were classified as "all other corporate bonds" during the three months ended March 31, 2023.

Three Months Ended March 31
20242023
(in millions of dollars)
Balance, beginning of period$2.2 $— 
Credit losses on securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded— — 
Balance, end of period$2.2 $— 

At March 31, 2024, we had commitments of $74.5 million to fund private placement fixed maturity securities, the amount of which may or may not be funded. 

Variable Interest Entities

We invest in variable interests issued by variable interest entities. These investments, which are passive in nature, include minority ownership interests in private equity partnerships, tax credit partnerships, and special purpose entities. Our maximum
29

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 4 - Investments - Continued
exposure to loss is limited to the carrying value of these investments in private equity partnerships, tax credit partnerships, and special purpose entities. For those variable interests that are not consolidated in our financial statements, we are not the primary beneficiary because we have neither the power to direct the activities that are most significant to economic performance nor the responsibility to absorb a majority of the expected losses. The determination of whether we are the primary beneficiary is performed at the time of our initial investment and at the date of each subsequent reporting period.

As of March 31, 2024, the carrying amount of our variable interest entity investments that are not consolidated in our financial statements was $1,370.6 million, comprised of $0.3 million of tax credit partnerships and $1,370.3 million of private equity partnerships. At December 31, 2023, the carrying amount of our variable interest entity investments that are not consolidated in our financial statements was $1,326.5 million, comprised of $0.3 million of tax credit partnerships and $1,326.2 million of private equity partnerships.  These variable interest entity investments are reported as other long-term investments in our consolidated balance sheets.

Mortgage Loans

Our mortgage loan portfolio is well diversified by both geographic region and property type to reduce risk of concentration. All of our mortgage loans are collateralized by commercial real estate. When issuing a new loan, our general policy is not to exceed a loan-to-value ratio, or the ratio of the loan balance to the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral, of 75 percent. We update the loan-to-value ratios based on internal valuation of the collateral at least every three years for each loan, and properties undergo a general inspection at least every two years. Our general policy for newly issued loans is to have a debt service coverage ratio greater than 1.25 times on a normalized 25 year amortization period. We update our debt service coverage ratios annually.

We carry our mortgage loans at amortized cost less an allowance for expected credit losses. The amortized cost of our mortgage loans was $2,309.5 million and $2,328.4 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The allowance for expected credit losses was $10.7 million and $10.2 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Interest income is accrued on the principal amount of the loan based on the loan's contractual interest rate. We report accrued interest income for our mortgage loans as accrued investment income on our consolidated balance sheets, and the amount of the accrued income was $7.2 million at both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

30

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 4 - Investments - Continued
The carrying amount of mortgage loans by property type and geographic region are presented below.

March 31, 2024December 31, 2023
(in millions of dollars)
Carrying AmountPercent of TotalCarrying AmountPercent of Total
Property Type
Apartment$681.2 29.6 %$685.8 29.6 %
Industrial701.0 30.5 706.0 30.5 
Office374.4 16.3 379.9 16.4 
Retail499.9 21.8 503.9 21.7 
Other42.3 1.8 42.6 1.8 
Total$2,298.8 100.0 %$2,318.2 100.0 %
Region
New England$54.5 2.4 %$55.1 2.4 %
Mid-Atlantic153.5 6.7 155.1 6.7 
East North Central312.6 13.6 314.4 13.6 
West North Central162.1 7.1 163.5 7.0 
South Atlantic548.2 23.7 553.0 23.8 
East South Central109.8 4.8 110.7 4.8 
West South Central199.2 8.7 200.9 8.7 
Mountain280.5 12.2 282.7 12.2 
Pacific478.4 20.8 482.8 20.8 
Total$2,298.8 100.0 %$2,318.2 100.0 %

The risk in our mortgage loan portfolio is primarily related to vacancy rates. Events or developments, such as economic conditions that impact the ability of the borrowers to ensure occupancy of the property, may have a negative effect on our mortgage loan portfolio, particularly to the extent that our portfolio is concentrated in an affected region or property type. An increase in vacancies increases the probability of default, which would negatively affect our expected losses in our mortgage loan portfolio.

We evaluate each of our mortgage loans individually for impairment and assign an internal quality rating based on a comprehensive rating system used to evaluate the risk of the loan. The factors we use to derive our internal quality ratings may include the following:

•Loan-to-value ratio based on internal valuation of the property
•Debt service coverage ratio based on current operating income
•Property location, including regional economics, trends, and demographics
•Age, condition, and construction quality of property
•Current and historical occupancy of property
•Lease terms relative to market
•Tenant size and financial strength
•Borrower's financial strength
•Borrower's equity in transaction
•Additional collateral, if any

Although all available and applicable factors are considered in our analysis, loan-to-value and debt service coverage ratios are the most critical factors in determining whether we will initially issue the loan and also in assigning values and determining impairment. We assign an overall rating to each loan using an internal rating scale of AA (highest quality) to B (lowest
31

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 4 - Investments - Continued
quality). We review and adjust, as needed, our internal quality ratings on an annual basis. This review process is performed more frequently for mortgage loans deemed to have a higher risk of delinquency.

We estimate an allowance for credit losses that we expect to incur over the life of our mortgage loans using a probability of default method. For each loan, we estimate the probability that the loan will default before its maturity (probability of default) and the amount of the loss if the loan defaults (loss given default). These two factors result in an expected loss percentage that is applied to the amortized cost of each loan to determine the expected credit loss. As we are the original underwriter of the mortgage loans, the amortized cost generally equals the principal amount of the loan. We measure losses on defaults of our mortgage loans as the excess amortized cost of the mortgage loan over the fair value of the underlying collateral in the event that we foreclose on the loan or over the expected future cash flows of the loan if we retain the mortgage loan until payoff. We do not purchase mortgage loans with existing credit impairments.

In estimating the probability of default, we consider historical experience, current market conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts about the future market conditions. We utilize our historical loan experience in combination with a large third-party industry database for a period of time that aligns with the average life of our loans based on the maturity dates of the loans and prepayment experience. Our model utilizes an industry database of the historical loss experience based on our actual portfolio characteristics such as loan-to-value, debt service coverage, collateral type, geography, and late payment history. In addition, because we actively manage our portfolio, we may extend the term of a loan in certain situations and will accordingly extend the maturity date in the estimate of probability of default. In estimating the loss given default, we primarily consider the type and value of collateral and secondarily the expected liquidation costs and time to recovery.

The primary market factors that we consider in our forecast of future market conditions are gross domestic product, unemployment rates, interest rates, inflation, commercial real estate values, household formation, and retail sales. We also forecast certain loan specific factors such as growth in the fair value and net operating income of collateral by property type. We include our estimate of these factors over a two-year period and for the remainder of the loans’ estimated lives, adjusted for estimated prepayments. Past the two-year forecast period, we revert to the historical assumptions ratably by the end of the fifth year of the loan after which we utilize only historical assumptions.

We utilize various scenarios to estimate our allowance for expected losses ranging from a base case scenario that reflects normal market conditions to a severe case scenario that reflects adverse market conditions. We will adjust our allowance each period to utilize the scenario or weighting of the scenarios that best reflects our view of current market conditions.

32

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 4 - Investments - Continued
The following tables present information about mortgage loans by the applicable internal quality indicators:
March 31, 2024December 31, 2023
(in millions of dollars)
Carrying AmountPercent of TotalCarrying AmountPercent of Total
Internal Mortgage Rating
AA$84.4 3.7 %$85.2 3.7 %
A1,010.8 44.0 942.5 40.6 
BBB1,163.9 50.6 1,249.5 53.9 
BB39.7 1.7 41.0 1.8 
Total$2,298.8 100.0 %$2,318.2 100.0 %
Loan-to-Value Ratio1
<= 65%$1,443.9 62.8 %$1,409.9 60.8 %
> 65% <= 75%656.1 28.5 707.0 30.5 
> 75% <= 85%135.5 5.9 136.5 5.9 
> 85%63.3 2.8 64.8 2.8 
Total$2,298.8 100.0 %$2,318.2 100.0 %
1Loan-to-Value Ratio utilizes the most recent internal valuation of the property
33

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 4 - Investments - Continued

There were no gross write-offs for the periods ending March 31, 2024 or December 31, 2023. The following tables present the amortized cost of our mortgage loans by year of origination and internal quality indicators at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. There were no loan originations for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

March 31, 2024
Prior to 20202020202120222023Total
(in millions of dollars)
Internal Mortgage Rating
AA$84.5 $— $— $— $— $84.5 
A730.4 100.2 121.4 23.0 38.0 1,013.0 
BBB788.0 64.1 224.5 64.3 29.1 1,170.0 
BB42.0 — — — — 42.0 
Total Amortized Cost1,644.9 164.3 345.9 87.3 67.1 2,309.5 
Allowance for credit losses(8.2)(0.6)(1.0)(0.5)(0.4)(10.7)
Carrying Amount$1,636.7 $163.7 $344.9 $86.8 $66.7 $2,298.8 
Loan-to-Value Ratio1
<=65%$1,127.0 $121.8 $144.1 $16.0 $38.7 $1,447.6 
>65<=75%355.4 34.3 170.1 71.3 28.4 659.5 
>75%<=85%96.7 8.2 31.7 — — 136.6 
>85%65.8 — — — — 65.8 
Total Amortized Cost1,644.9 164.3 345.9 87.3 67.1 2,309.5 
Allowance for credit losses(8.2)(0.6)(1.0)(0.5)(0.4)(10.7)
Carrying Amount$1,636.7 $163.7 $344.9 $86.8 $66.7 $2,298.8 
1Loan-to-Value Ratio utilizes the most recent internal valuation of the property

34

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 4 - Investments - Continued
December 31, 2023
Prior to 2019
20192020202120222023Total
(in millions of dollars)
Internal Mortgage Rating
AA$74.3 $11.0 $— $— $— $— $85.3 
A589.0 100.3 94.1 100.1 23.2 38.0 944.7 
BBB618.4 224.8 71.4 248.0 64.4 29.2 1,256.2 
BB42.2 — — — — — 42.2 
Total Amortized Cost1,323.9 336.1 165.5 348.1 87.6 67.2 2,328.4 
Allowance for credit losses(6.3)(1.3)(0.6)(1.0)(0.6)(0.4)(10.2)
Carrying Amount$1,317.6 $334.8 $164.9 $347.1 $87.0 $66.8 $2,318.2 
Loan-to-Value Ratio1
<=65%$908.3 $197.7 $116.4 $145.2 $16.2 $30.0 $1,413.8 
>65<=75%252.1 138.4 40.8 171.0 71.4 37.2 710.9 
>75%<=85%97.3 — 8.3 31.9 — — 137.5 
>85%66.2 — — — — — 66.2 
Total Amortized Cost1,323.9 336.1 165.5 348.1 87.6 67.2 2,328.4 
Allowance for credit losses(6.3)(1.3)(0.6)(1.0)(0.6)(0.4)(10.2)
Carrying Amount$1,317.6 $334.8 $164.9 $347.1 $87.0 $66.8 $2,318.2 
1Loan-to-Value Ratio utilizes the most recent internal valuation of the property


35

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 4 - Investments - Continued
The following tables present a roll-forward of allowance for expected credit losses by loan-to-value ratio for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023:
Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
Beginning of YearCurrent Period ProvisionsWrite-OffsRecoveriesEnd of Period
(in millions of dollars)
Loan-to-Value Ratio1
<=65%$3.8 $(0.2)$— $— $3.6 
>65<=75%3.8 (0.4)— — 3.4 
>75%<=85%1.2 — — — 1.2 
>85%1.4 1.1 — — 2.5 
Total$10.2 $0.5 $— $— $10.7 
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
Beginning of YearCurrent Period ProvisionsWrite-OffsRecoveriesEnd of Period
(in millions of dollars)
Loan-to-Value Ratio1
<=65%$3.0 $— $— $— $3.0 
>65<=75%4.7 0.6 — — 5.3 
>75%<=85%1.1 0.1 — — 1.2 
>85%0.5 — — — 0.5 
Total $9.3 $0.7 $— $— $10.0 
1Loan-to-Value Ratio utilizes the most recent internal valuation of the property

There were no troubled debt restructurings during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we held no mortgage loans that were greater than 90 days past due regarding principal and/or interest payments.

We had no loan foreclosures for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

Other than our allowance for expected credit losses, we had no specifically identified impaired mortgage loans during the three months ended March 31, 2024, or 2023, nor did we recognize any interest income on mortgage loans subsequent to impairment.

At March 31, 2024, we had $1.8 million in commitments to fund commercial mortgage loans. Consistent with how we determine the estimate of current expected credit losses for our funded mortgage loans each period, we estimate expected credit losses for loans that have not been funded but we are committed to fund at the end of each period. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, we had a nominal amount of expected credit losses related to unfunded commitments on our consolidated balance sheets. For the year ended December 31, 2023, we had no expected credit losses related to unfunded commitments on our consolidated balance sheets.

Investment Real Estate

Our real estate held for the production of income balance was $63.2 million and $64.4 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and the associated accumulated depreciation was $128.4 million and $127.2 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. We did not recognize any impairments related to our real estate during the quarter ended March 31, 2024 or March 31, 2023.

36

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 4 - Investments - Continued
Our held for sale real estate balance was $40.9 million at both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 and the associated accumulated depreciation was $54.2 million at both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

During the first quarter of 2022, we reclassified property previously held for the production of income to property held for sale. The carrying value of the property was $40.1 million as of both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 and is primarily recorded within our Corporate segment. The estimated fair value less costs to sell is above the carrying value of the property and we expect to close the sale of the property within the next twelve months.

Transfers of Financial Assets

To manage our cash position more efficiently, we may enter into repurchase agreements with unaffiliated financial institutions. We generally use repurchase agreements as a means to finance the purchase of invested assets or for short-term general business purposes until projected cash flows become available from our operations or existing investments. Our repurchase agreements are typically outstanding for less than 30 days. We post collateral through our repurchase agreement transactions whereby the counterparty commits to purchase securities with the agreement to resell them to us at a later, specified date. The fair value of collateral posted is generally 102 percent of the cash received.

Our investment policy also permits us to lend fixed maturity securities to unaffiliated financial institutions in short-term securities lending agreements. These agreements increase our investment income with minimal risk. Our securities lending policy requires that a minimum of 102 percent of the fair value of the securities loaned be maintained as collateral. We may receive cash and/or securities as collateral under these agreements. Cash received as collateral is typically reinvested in short-term investments. If securities are received as collateral, we are not permitted to sell or re-post them.

As of March 31, 2024, the carrying amount of fixed maturity securities loaned to third parties under our securities lending program was $60.2 million, for which we received collateral in the form of cash and securities of $46.9 million and $16.1 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, the carrying amount of fixed maturity securities loaned to third parties under our securities lending program was $72.0 million, for which we received collateral in the form of cash and securities of $63.1 million and $12.5 million, respectively. We had no outstanding repurchase agreements at March 31, 2024 or December 31, 2023.

The remaining contractual maturities of our securities lending agreements disaggregated by class of collateral pledged are as
follows:

March 31, 2024December 31, 2023
Overnight and Continuous
(in millions of dollars)
Borrowings
Public Utilities$4.7 $1.8 
All Other Corporate Bonds42.2 61.3 
Total Borrowings46.9 63.1 
Gross Amount of Recognized Liability for Securities Lending Transactions46.9 63.1 
Amounts Related to Agreements Not Included in Offsetting Disclosure Contained Herein$— $— 

Certain of our U.S. insurance subsidiaries are members of regional FHLBs. Membership, which requires that we purchase a minimum amount of FHLB common stock on which we receive dividends, provides access to low-cost funding. Advances received from the FHLB are used for the purchase of fixed maturity securities. Additional common stock purchases may be
37

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 4 - Investments - Continued
required, based on the amount of funds we borrow from the FHLBs. The carrying value of common stock owned, collateral posted, and advances received are as follows:

March 31, 2024December 31, 2023
(in millions of dollars)
Carrying Value of FHLB Common Stock$17.6 $15.7 
Advances from FHLB108.2 64.5 
Carrying Value of Collateral Posted to FHLB
Fixed Maturity Securities$583.6 $589.0 
Commercial Mortgage Loans979.0 986.8 
Total Carrying Value of Collateral Posted to FHLB$1,562.6 $1,575.8 

Offsetting of Financial Instruments

We enter into master netting agreements with each of our derivative's counterparties. These agreements provide for conditional rights of set-off upon the occurrence of an early termination event. An early termination event is considered a default, and it allows the non-defaulting party to offset its contracts in a loss position against any gain positions or payments due to the defaulting party. Under our agreements, default type events are defined as failure to pay or deliver as contractually agreed, misrepresentation, bankruptcy, or merger without assumption. See Note 5 for further discussion of collateral related to our derivative contracts.

We have securities lending agreements with unaffiliated financial institutions that post collateral to us in return for the use of our fixed maturity securities. A right of set-off exists that allows us to keep and apply collateral received in the event of default by the counterparty. Default within a securities lending agreement would typically occur if the counterparty failed to return the securities borrowed from us as contractually agreed. In addition, if we default by not returning collateral received, the counterparty has a right of set-off against our securities or any other amounts due to us.

38

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 4 - Investments - Continued
Shown below are our financial instruments that either meet the accounting requirements that allow them to be offset in our balance sheets or that are subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement or similar agreement. Our accounting policy is to not offset these financial instruments in our balance sheets. Net amounts disclosed below have been reduced by the amount of collateral pledged to or received from our counterparties.

March 31, 2024
Gross AmountGross Amount Not
of RecognizedGross AmountNet AmountOffset in Balance Sheet
FinancialOffset inPresented inFinancialCashNet
InstrumentsBalance SheetBalance SheetInstrumentsCollateralAmount
(in millions of dollars)
Financial Assets:
Derivatives$95.6 $— $95.6 $(93.2)$(0.9)$1.5 
Securities Lending60.2 — 60.2 (13.3)(46.9)— 
Total$155.8 $— $155.8 $(106.5)$(47.8)$1.5 
Financial Liabilities:
Derivatives$147.0 $— $147.0 $(146.8)$— $0.2 
Securities Lending46.9 — 46.9 (46.9)— — 
Total$193.9 $— $193.9 $(193.7)$— $0.2 

December 31, 2023
Gross AmountGross Amount Not
of RecognizedGross AmountNet AmountOffset in Balance Sheet
FinancialOffset inPresented inFinancialCashNet
InstrumentsBalance SheetBalance SheetInstrumentsCollateralAmount
(in millions of dollars)
Financial Assets:
Derivatives$99.9 $— $99.9 $(91.9)$(6.4)$1.6 
Securities Lending72.0 — 72.0 (8.9)(63.1)— 
Total$171.9 $— $171.9 $(100.8)$(69.5)$1.6 
Financial Liabilities:
Derivatives$116.2 $— $116.2 $(109.4)$— $6.8 
Securities Lending63.1 — 63.1 (63.1)— — 
Total$179.3 $— $179.3 $(172.5)$— $6.8 
39

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 4 - Investments - Continued
Net Investment Income

Net investment income reported in our consolidated statements of income is presented below.

 Three Months Ended March 31
 20242023
 (in millions of dollars)
Fixed Maturity Securities$453.9 $455.1 
Derivatives8.2 11.9 
Mortgage Loans22.5 23.4 
Policy Loans5.4 5.0 
Other Long-term Investments
Perpetual Preferred Securities1
0.2 0.9 
Private Equity Partnerships2
20.3 14.3 
Other2.7 1.8 
Short-term Investments19.9 14.1 
Gross Investment Income533.1 526.5 
Less Investment Expenses16.6 14.7 
Less Investment Income on Participation Fund Account Assets3.0 3.0 
Net Investment Income$513.5 $508.8 

1The net unrealized gain (loss) recognized in net investment income for the three months ended March 31, 2024 related to perpetual preferred securities still held at March 31, 2024 was $(0.1) million. The net unrealized gain (loss) recognized in net investment income for the three months ended March 31, 2023 related to perpetual preferred securities still held at March 31, 2023 was $0.7 million.

2The net unrealized gain recognized in net investment income for the three months ended March 31, 2024 related to private equity partnerships still held at March 31, 2024 was $25.0 million, reduced by net management fees and partnership expenses of $(4.7) million. The net unrealized gain (loss) recognized in net investment income for the three months ended March 31, 2023 related to private equity partnerships still held at March 31, 2023 was $17.8 million, reduced by net management fees and partnership expense of $(3.5) million. See Note 3 for further discussion of private equity partnerships.


40

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 4 - Investments - Continued
Investment Gain and Loss

Investment gains and losses are as follows:

 Three Months Ended March 31
 20242023
 (in millions of dollars)
Fixed Maturity Securities
Gross Gains on Sales$— $0.5 
Gross Losses on Sales(15.8)(0.2)
Mortgage Loans and Other Invested Assets
Gross Gains on Sales— 0.2 
Change in Allowance for Credit Losses(0.5)(0.7)
Embedded Derivative in Modified Coinsurance Arrangement6.1 0.3 
All Other Derivatives1.6 (0.6)
Foreign Currency Transactions(1.9)0.6 
Other
9.3 — 
Net Investment Gain (Loss)$(1.2)$0.1 

Note 5 - Derivative Financial Instruments

Purpose of Derivatives

We are exposed to certain risks relating to our ongoing business operations. The primary risks managed by using derivative instruments are interest rate risk, risk related to matching duration for our assets and liabilities, foreign currency risk, and equity risk. Historically, we have utilized current and forward interest rate swaps, current and forward currency swaps, forward benchmark interest rate locks, currency forward contracts, forward contracts on specific fixed income securities, and total return swaps. Transactions hedging interest rate risk are primarily associated with our individual and group long-term care and individual and group disability products. All other product portfolios are periodically reviewed to determine if hedging strategies would be appropriate for risk management purposes. We do not use derivative financial instruments for speculative purposes.

Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges and used to reduce our exposure to interest rate and duration risk are as follows:

•Interest rate swaps were used to hedge interest rate risks and to improve the matching of assets and liabilities. An interest rate swap is an agreement in which we agree with other parties to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between fixed rate and variable rate interest amounts. We used interest rate swaps to hedge the anticipated purchase of fixed maturity securities thereby protecting us from the potential adverse impact of declining interest rates on the associated policy reserves. We also used interest rate swaps to hedge the potential adverse impact of rising interest rates in anticipation of issuing fixed rate long-term debt.

•Forward benchmark interest rate locks are used to minimize interest rate risk associated with the anticipated purchase or disposal of fixed maturity securities or the anticipated issuance of fixed rate long-term debt. A forward benchmark interest rate lock is a derivative contract without an initial investment where we and the counterparty agree to purchase or sell a specific benchmark interest rate fixed maturity bond at a future date at a predetermined price or yield.

Derivatives designated as either cash flow or fair value hedges and used to reduce our exposure to foreign currency risk are as follows:

•Foreign currency interest rate swaps are used to hedge the currency risk of certain foreign currency-denominated fixed maturity securities owned for portfolio diversification. Under these swap agreements, we agree to pay, at
41

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 5 - Derivative Financial Instruments - Continued
specified intervals, fixed rate foreign currency-denominated principal and interest payments in exchange for fixed rate payments in the functional currency of the operating segment.

Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments and used to reduce our exposure to foreign currency risk and volatility of the underlying deferred assets in our non-qualified defined contribution plan are as follows:

•Foreign currency interest rate swaps previously designated as hedges were used to hedge the currency risk of certain foreign currency-denominated fixed maturity securities owned for portfolio diversification. These derivatives were effective hedges prior to novation to a new counterparty. In conjunction with the novation, these derivatives were de-designated as hedges. We agree to pay, at specified intervals, fixed rate foreign currency-denominated principal and interest payments in exchange for fixed rate payments in the functional currency of the operating segment. We hold offsetting swaps wherein we agree to pay fixed rate principal and interest payments in the functional currency of the operating segment in exchange for fixed rate foreign currency-denominated payments.

•Foreign currency forward contracts are used to minimize foreign currency risk. A foreign currency forward is a derivative without an initial investment where we and the counterparty agree to exchange a specific amount of currencies, at a specific exchange rate, on a specific date. We use these forward contracts to hedge the currency risk arising from foreign-currency denominated investments.

•Total Return Swaps are used to economically hedge a portion of the liability related to our non-qualified defined contribution plan. A total return swap is an agreement in which we pay a floating rate of interest to the counterparty and receive the total return on a portfolio of mutual funds and exchange traded funds. These swaps are cash settled on the last day of every month and the notional is re-established each month based on plan participant actions.

Derivative Risks

The basic types of risks associated with derivatives are market risk (that the value of the derivative will be adversely impacted by changes in the market, primarily changes in interest rates, exchange rates, and equity prices) and credit risk (that the counterparty will not perform according to the terms of the contract). The market risk of the derivatives should generally offset the market risk associated with the hedged financial instrument or liability. To help limit the credit exposure of the derivatives, we enter into master netting agreements with our counterparties whereby contracts in a gain position can be offset against contracts in a loss position. We also typically enter into bilateral, cross-collateralization agreements with our counterparties to help limit the credit exposure of the derivatives. These agreements require the counterparty in a loss position to submit acceptable collateral with the other counterparty in the event the net loss position meets or exceeds an agreed upon amount. Credit exposure on derivatives is limited to the value of those contracts in a net gain position, including accrued interest receivable less collateral held. At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had $1.5 million and $1.6 million credit exposure on derivatives, respectively. The table below summarizes the nature and amount of collateral received from and posted to our derivative counterparties.
March 31, 2024December 31, 2023
(in millions of dollars)
Carrying Value of Collateral Received from Counterparties
Cash$3.2 $11.1 
Fixed Maturity Securities17.3 26.3 
$20.5 $37.4 
Carrying Value of Collateral Posted to Counterparties
Cash$— $— 
Fixed Maturity Securities82.2 39.8 
$82.2 $39.8 

See Note 4 for further discussion of our master netting agreements.

42

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 5 - Derivative Financial Instruments - Continued
All of our derivative instruments contain provisions that require us to maintain specified issuer credit ratings and financial strength ratings. Should our ratings fall below these specified levels, we would be in violation of the provisions, and our derivatives counterparties could terminate our contracts and request immediate payment. The aggregate fair value of all derivative instruments with credit risk-related contingent features that were in a liability position was $147.0 million and $116.2 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Cash Flow Hedges

At both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had $149.5 million notional amount of receive fixed, pay fixed, open current and forward foreign currency interest rate swaps to hedge fixed income foreign currency-denominated securities.

As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had $2,004.0 million and $1,905.0 million, respectively, notional amount of forward benchmark interest rate locks to hedge the anticipated purchase of fixed maturity securities.

As of March 31, 2024, we expect to amortize approximately $13.2 million of net deferred gains on derivative instruments during the next twelve months. This amount will be reclassified from AOCI into earnings and reported on the same income statement line item as the hedged item. The income statement line items that will be affected by this amortization are net investment income and interest and debt expense. Additional amounts that may be reclassified from AOCI into earnings to offset the earnings impact of foreign currency translation of hedged items are not estimable.

As of March 31, 2024, we are hedging the variability of future cash flows associated with forecasted transactions through the year 2063.

Fair Value Hedges

At both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had $642.5 million notional amount of receive fixed, pay fixed, open current and forward foreign currency interest rate swaps to hedge fixed income foreign currency-denominated securities.

The following table summarizes the carrying amount of hedged assets and the related cumulative basis adjustments related to our fair value hedges:
Carrying Amount of Hedged AssetsCumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Included in the Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets
March 31, 2024December 31, 2023March 31, 2024December 31, 2023
(in millions of dollars)
Fixed maturity securities:
Receive fixed functional currency interest, pay fixed foreign currency interest$514.7 $529.2 $(23.6)$(6.1)

For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023, $(9.9) million and $2.5 million, respectively, of the derivative instruments' gain (loss) related to cross-currency basis spread and forward points was excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness. There were no instances wherein we discontinued fair value hedge accounting due to a hedged firm commitment no longer qualifying as a fair value hedge.

Derivatives not Designated as Hedging Instruments

At both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we held $132.0 million notional amount of receive fixed, pay fixed, foreign currency interest rate swaps. These derivatives are not designated as hedges, and as such, changes in fair value related to these derivatives are reported in earnings as a component of net investment gain or loss.

43

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 5 - Derivative Financial Instruments - Continued
As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we held $53.5 million and $52.5 million, respectively, notional amount of foreign currency forwards to mitigate the foreign currency risk associated with specific securities owned. These derivatives are not designated as hedges, and as such, changes in fair value related to these derivatives are reported in earnings as a component of net investment gain or loss.

As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we held $112.5 million and $102.2 million, respectively, notional amount of total return swaps to mitigate the volatility associated with changes in the fair value of the underlying notional assets in our non-qualified defined contribution plan. This derivative is an economic hedge not designated as a hedging instrument, and changes in fair value are reported as a component of other expenses in our income statement.

We have an embedded derivative in a modified coinsurance arrangement for which we include in our net investment gains and losses a calculation intended to estimate the value of the option of our reinsurance counterparty to cancel the reinsurance contract with us. However, neither party can unilaterally terminate the reinsurance agreement except in extreme circumstances resulting from regulatory supervision, delinquency proceedings, or other direct regulatory action. Cash settlements or collateral related to this embedded derivative are not required at any time during the reinsurance contract or at termination of the reinsurance contract. There are no credit-related counterparty triggers, and any accumulated embedded derivative gain or loss reduces to zero over time as the reinsured business winds down.


44

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 5 - Derivative Financial Instruments - Continued
Locations and Amounts of Derivative Financial Instruments

The following tables summarize the notional amounts and fair values of derivative financial instruments, as reported in our consolidated balance sheets. Derivative assets are included in other long-term investments, while derivative liabilities are included in other liabilities within our consolidated balance sheets. The notional amounts represent the basis upon which our counterparty pay and receive amounts are calculated.

 March 31, 2024
 Derivative AssetsDerivative Liabilities
 Notional
Amount		Fair
Value		Fair
Value
(in millions of dollars)
Designated as Hedging Instruments
Cash Flow Hedges
Forward Benchmark Interest Rate Locks$2,004.0 $32.5 $113.6 
Foreign Currency Interest Rate Swaps149.5 15.6 2.7 
Total Cash Flow Hedges2,153.5 48.1 116.3 
Fair Value Hedges
Foreign Currency Interest Rate Swaps642.5 43.2 14.0 
Total Designated as Hedging Instruments$2,796.0 $91.3 $130.3 
Not Designated as Hedging Instruments
Foreign Currency Forwards$53.5 $4.2 $— 
Foreign Currency Interest Rate Swaps132.0 — 16.7 
Total Return Swaps112.5 — — 
Embedded Derivative in Modified Coinsurance Arrangement— 4.6 — 
Total Not Designated as Hedging Instruments$298.0 $8.8 $16.7 
Total Derivatives$3,094.0 $100.1 $147.0 
45

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 5 - Derivative Financial Instruments - Continued
 December 31, 2023
 Derivative AssetsDerivative Liabilities
 Notional
Amount		Fair
Value		Fair
Value
(in millions of dollars)
Designated as Hedging Instruments
Cash Flow Hedges
Forward Benchmark Interest Rate Locks$1,905.0 $44.5 $77.8 
Foreign Currency Interest Rate Swaps149.5 14.2 4.5 
Total Cash Flow Hedges2,054.5 58.7 82.3 
Fair Value Hedges
Foreign Currency Interest Rate Swaps642.5 38.2 16.7 
Total Designated as Hedging Instruments$2,697.0 $96.9 $99.0 
Not Designated as Hedging Instruments
Foreign Currency Forwards$52.5 $3.0 $0.2 
Foreign Currency Interest Rate Swaps132.0 — 17.0 
Total Return Swaps102.2 — — 
Embedded Derivative in Modified Coinsurance Arrangement— — 1.5
Total Not Designated as Hedging Instruments$286.7 $3.0 $18.7 
Total Derivatives$2,983.7 $99.9 $117.7 

46

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 5 - Derivative Financial Instruments - Continued
The following tables summarize the location of gains and losses of derivative financial instruments designated as hedging instruments, as reported in our consolidated statements of income.

 Three Months Ended March 31
20242023
Net Investment IncomeNet Investment Gain (Loss)Interest and Debt ExpenseNet Investment IncomeNet Investment Gain (Loss)Interest and Debt Expense
 (in millions of dollars)
Total Income and Expense Presented in the Consolidated Statements of Income of Which Hedged Items are Recorded$513.5 $(1.2)$49.5 $508.8 $0.1 $48.1 
Gain (Loss) on Cash Flow Hedging Relationships
Interest Rate Swaps:
Hedged items47.6 — 0.7 49.5 — 0.7 
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments6.0 — — 10.4 — — 
Foreign Exchange Contracts:
Hedged items2.2 — — 2.5 — — 
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments(0.5)— — 0.3 — — 
Forward Benchmark Interest Rate Locks:
Hedged items9.0 — — 0.7 — — 
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments(0.2)— — — — — 
Gain (Loss) on Fair Value Hedging Relationships
Foreign Exchange Contracts
Hedged items4.2 (17.6)— 3.2 3.2 — 
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments3.1 17.6 — 1.3 (3.2)— 

The following table summarizes the location of gains and losses of derivative financial instruments designated as cash flow hedging instruments, as reported in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss).

Three Months Ended March 31
 20242023
 (in millions of dollars)
Gain (Loss) Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) on Derivatives
Forwards$(55.1)$29.9 
Foreign Exchange Contracts3.2 (0.2)
Total$(51.9)$29.7 

47

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 5 - Derivative Financial Instruments - Continued
The following table summarizes the location of gains and losses on our derivatives not designated as hedging instruments, as reported in our consolidated statements of income.

 Three Months Ended March 31
 20242023
 (in millions of dollars)
Net Investment Gain (Loss)
Foreign Exchange Contracts$1.6 $(0.6)
Embedded Derivative in Modified Coinsurance Arrangement6.1 0.3 
Total$7.7 $(0.3)
Other Expenses
(Gain) Loss on Total Return Swaps$(7.9)$(4.6)

48

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 6 - Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
Components of our accumulated other comprehensive loss, after tax, and related changes are as follows:

Net Unrealized Loss on Securities
Effect of Change in Discount Rate Assumptions on the LFPB1
Net Gain (Loss) on Derivatives
Foreign Currency Translation AdjustmentUnrecognized Pension and Postretirement Benefit CostsTotal
(in millions of dollars)
Balance at December 31, 2023$(1,919.1)$(648.4)$(73.7)$(321.1)$(345.7)$(3,308.0)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Before Reclassifications(454.1)873.7 (48.9)(11.5)(2.4)356.8 
Amounts Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income or Loss12.4 — (4.4)— 3.2 11.2 
Net Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)(441.7)873.7 (53.3)(11.5)0.8 368.0 
Balance at March 31, 2024$(2,360.8)$225.3 $(127.0)$(332.6)$(344.9)$(2,940.0)
Balance at December 31, 2022$(3,028.4)$313.9 $(9.6)$(390.1)$(334.1)$(3,448.3)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Before Reclassifications823.4 (573.9)25.6 24.7 (6.7)293.1 
Amounts Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income or Loss(0.2)— (8.2)— 1.3 (7.1)
Net Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)823.2 (573.9)17.4 24.7 (5.4)286.0 
Balance at March 31, 2023$(2,205.2)$(260.0)$7.8 $(365.4)$(339.5)$(3,162.3)
1Liability for Future Policy Benefits




49

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 6 - Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss - Continued
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss were recognized in our consolidated statements of income as follows:

Three Months Ended March 31
20242023
(in millions of dollars)
Net Unrealized Loss on Securities
Net Investment Gain (Loss)
Net Gain (Loss) on Sales on Securities
$(15.8)$0.3 
Income Tax Expense (Benefit)(3.4)0.1 
Total$(12.4)$0.2 
Net Gain (Loss) on Derivatives
Net Investment Income
Gain on Interest Rate Swaps and Forwards
$5.8 $10.4 
Loss on Foreign Exchange Contracts
(0.1)— 
Net Investment Gain (Loss)
Loss on Foreign Exchange Contracts(0.1)— 
5.6 10.4 
Income Tax Expense1.2 2.2 
Total$4.4 $8.2 
Unrecognized Pension and Postretirement Benefit Costs
Other Expenses
Amortization of Net Actuarial Loss$(4.2)$(1.8)
Amortization of Prior Service Credit0.1 0.1 
(4.1)(1.7)
Income Tax Benefit(0.9)(0.4)
Total$(3.2)$(1.3)

50

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 7 - Liability for Future Policy Benefits
Liabilities for future policy benefits represent the cost of claims that we estimate we will eventually pay to our policyholders which includes policy liabilities for claims not yet incurred and for claims that have been incurred or are estimated to have been incurred but not yet reported to us. Liabilities for future policy benefits also include the related expenses for our non interest-sensitive life and accident and health products. The liability for future policy benefits is calculated based on the present value of the estimated future policy benefits less the present value of estimated future net premiums collected. Net premiums represent the portion of the gross premium required to provide for all benefits and expenses, excluding acquisition costs or any costs that are required to be charged to expense as incurred. In calculating the liability for future policy benefits, our long-duration contracts are grouped into cohorts by product type and contract issue year.

The calculation of the liability for future policy benefits involves numerous assumptions including assumptions related to discount rate, lapses, mortality, and morbidity.

Cash flow assumptions are reviewed and updated, as needed, at least annually. Assumptions may be updated more frequently if necessary based on trending experience and future expectations. On a quarterly basis, cohort level cash flow measures are updated based on the emergence of actual experience.

The initial, also referred to as the original, discount rate assumptions established for each cohort are used to determine interest accretion. After policy issuance or policy renewal, the discount rate assumptions are updated quarterly and used to update the liability at each reporting date to the current discount rate. The weighted average current discount rate was 5.1 percent at March 31, 2024 compared to 4.8 percent at December 31, 2023, with the increase due primarily to an increase in U.S. Treasury rates. The weighted average current discount rate was 4.8 percent at March 31, 2023 compared to 5.0 percent at December 31, 2022 with the decrease due primarily to a decrease in U.S. Treasury rates.
Actual variance from expected experience during the first three months of 2024 and 2023 was due primarily to the Unum US group disability and Unum US group life and accidental death and dismemberment product lines. During the first three months of 2024 and 2023, the variance in the Unum US group disability product line was primarily due to higher than expected claim resolutions driven by recoveries. During the first three months of 2024, the variance in the Unum US group life and accidental death and dismemberment product line was driven primarily by lower than expected mortality. During the first three months of 2023, the variance in the Unum US group life and accidental death and dismemberment line was driven primarily by lower than expected new claim incidence for waiver of premium benefits.

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, there were certain cohorts within the Closed Block segment, related to our long-term care product line, for which net premiums exceeded gross premiums which had an immaterial impact to income before income tax. For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, there were certain cohorts within the Colonial Life segment, related to our cancer and critical illness product line, for which net premiums exceeded gross premiums which had an immaterial impact to income before income tax. There were no other product lines with cohorts for which net premiums exceeded gross premiums for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.


51

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 7 - Liability for Future Policy Benefits - Continued

The following table presents balances as well as the changes in the liability for future policy benefits for traditional long duration products.
Consolidated
March 31
20242023
(in millions of dollars)
Present Value of Expected Net Premiums
Balance, beginning of year$14,417.8$12,426.2
Beginning balance at original discount rate14,243.2 12,695.3 
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions— — 
Effect of actual variances from expected experience(110.8)(131.9)
Adjusted beginning of year balance14,132.412,563.4
Issuances435.9315.8
Interest accretion163.5138.7
Net premiums collected(426.7)(393.7)
Foreign currency(3.4)3.4
Ending balance at original discount rate14,301.712,627.6
Effect of change in discount rate assumptions(113.1)(27.0)
Balance, end of period$14,188.6$12,600.6
Present Value of Expected Future Policy Benefits
Balance, beginning of year$52,423.6$48,929.4
Beginning balance at original discount rate51,305.7 49,689.0 
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions— — 
Effect of actual variances from expected experience(205.9)(283.4)
Adjusted beginning of year balance51,099.849,405.6
Issuances1
1,187.81,131.4
Interest accretion579.5556.8
Benefit payments(1,598.1)(1,613.2)
Foreign currency(24.2)49.3
Ending balance at original discount rate51,244.849,529.9
Effect of change in discount rate assumptions(377.5)345.3 
Balance, end of period$50,867.3$49,875.2
Net liability for future policy benefits$36,678.7$37,274.6
Other2
1,704.1 1,849.5 
Total liability for future policy benefits38,382.8 39,124.1 
Less: Reinsurance recoverable related to future policy benefits7,504.0 8,148.2 
Net liability for future policy benefits, after reinsurance recoverable$30,878.8$30,975.9
1Issuances include new policy issuances for most product lines. For our Unum US group disability, Unum US group life and AD&D and Closed Block - All Other product lines and certain of our Unum International product lines, this line represents new claim incurrals.
2Other primarily relates to our Closed Block - All Other product line.
52

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 7 - Liability for Future Policy Benefits - Continued

The following tables summarize the amount of gross premiums and interest accretion reflected in the statements of income as well as the undiscounted and discounted expected gross premiums and expected future benefit payments and the weighted average interest rates for traditional long duration products presented in the rollforward activity above.

Consolidated
March 31
20242023
(in millions of dollars)
Amount recognized in the statement of income:
Gross premiums or assessments$2,507.8$2,390.0
Interest accretion$416.0$418.1

Consolidated
March 31
20242023
(in millions of dollars, except weighted average data)
Amount of undiscounted:
Expected future benefit payments$104,905.0 $96,591.0 
Expected future gross premiums$39,072.6 $35,284.9 
Amount of discounted (at interest accretion rate):
Expected future gross premiums$25,772.6 $23,805.9 
Weighted average interest rate:
Interest accretion rate4.9 %4.8 %
Current discount rate5.1 %4.8 %
Weighted average duration of the liability11.5 years10.9 years



















53

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 7 - Liability for Future Policy Benefits - Continued

Unum US Segment

The following table presents the balances and changes in the reserves for future policy benefits for traditional long duration products in the Unum US segment.
March 31, 2024
Group DisabilityGroup Life and AD&DVoluntary Benefits
Individual Disability
Total Unum US
(in millions of dollars)
Present Value of Expected Net Premiums
Balance, beginning of year $—$—$1,134.7$1,296.7$2,431.4
Beginning balance at original discount rate——1,192.51,294.42,486.9
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions—————
Effect of actual variances from expected experience——(80.7)(17.9)(98.6)
Adjusted beginning of year balance——1,111.81,276.52,388.3
Issuances——213.440.8254.2
Interest accretion——10.213.924.1
Net premiums collected——(50.9)(48.9)(99.8)
Ending balance at original discount rate——1,284.51,282.32,566.8
Effect of change in discount rate assumptions——(74.8)(18.2)(93.0)
Balance, end of period$—$—$1,209.7$1,264.1$2,473.8
Present Value of Expected Future Policy Benefits
Balance, beginning of year$5,147.4$922.0$2,334.5$3,348.6$11,752.5
Beginning balance at original discount rate5,277.1936.52,422.03,313.911,949.5
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions—————
Effect of actual variances from expected experience(73.0)(19.1)(95.5)(24.0)(211.6)
Adjusted beginning of year balance5,204.1917.42,326.53,289.911,737.9
Issuances1
386.6211.6219.342.0859.5
Interest accretion46.85.424.538.7115.4
Benefit payments(460.7)(228.9)(61.4)(68.2)(819.2)
Ending balance at original discount rate5,176.8905.52,508.93,302.411,893.6
Effect of change in discount rate assumptions(180.7)(20.0)(156.8)(38.7)(396.2)
Balance, end of period$4,996.1$885.5$2,352.1$3,263.7$11,497.4
Net liability for future policy benefits$4,996.1$885.5$1,142.4$1,999.6$9,023.6
Other0.20.92.626.730.4
Total liability for future policy benefits4,996.3886.41,145.02,026.39,054.0
Less: Reinsurance recoverable related to future policy benefits29.18.713.9154.1205.8
Net liability for future policy benefits, after reinsurance recoverable$4,967.2$877.7$1,131.1$1,872.2$8,848.2
1Issuances include new policy issuances for most product lines. Issuances for Unum US group disability and Unum US group life and AD&D represents new claim incurrals.
54

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 7 - Liability for Future Policy Benefits - Continued

March 31, 2023
Group DisabilityGroup Life and AD&D
Voluntary Benefits
Individual Disability
Total Unum US
(in millions of dollars)
Present Value of Expected Net Premiums
Balance, beginning of year$—$—$868.2$1,202.9$2,071.1
Beginning balance at original discount rate——937.91,228.12,166.0
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions—————
Effect of actual variances from expected experience——(73.6)(24.9)(98.5)
Adjusted beginning of year balance——864.31,203.22,067.5
Issuances——85.748.8134.5
Interest accretion——7.012.319.3
Net premiums collected——(37.8)(44.7)(82.5)
Ending balance at original discount rate——919.21,219.62,138.8
Effect of change in discount rate assumptions——(50.9)(6.3)(57.2)
Balance, end of period$—$—$868.3$1,213.3$2,081.6
Present Value of Expected Future Policy Benefits
Balance, beginning of year $5,533.3$972.6$1,999.5$3,192.8$11,698.2
Beginning balance at original discount rate5,793.1998.52,141.23,244.512,177.3
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions—————
Effect of actual variances from expected experience(107.5)(21.2)(85.9)(36.0)(250.6)
Adjusted beginning of year balance5,685.6977.32,055.33,208.511,926.7
Issuances1
425.3228.492.350.2796.2
Interest accretion52.25.921.341.0120.4
Benefit payments(484.8)(259.2)(49.1)(69.0)(862.1)
Ending balance at original discount rate5,678.3952.42,119.83,230.711,981.2
Effect of change in discount rate assumptions(179.5)(18.8)(90.7)15.2(273.8)
Balance, end of period$5,498.8$933.6$2,029.1$3,245.9$11,707.4
Net liability for future policy benefits$5,498.8$933.6$1,160.8$2,032.6$9,625.8
Other0.50.916.627.545.5
Total liability for future policy benefits5,499.3934.51,177.42,060.19,671.3
Less: Reinsurance recoverable related to future policy benefits42.55.612.5195.2255.8
Net liability for future policy benefits, after reinsurance recoverable$5,456.8$928.9$1,164.9$1,864.9$9,415.5
1Issuances include new policy issuances for most product lines. Issuances for Unum US group disability and Unum US group life and AD&D represents new claim incurrals.


55

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 7 - Liability for Future Policy Benefits - Continued

The following tables summarize the amount of gross premiums and interest accretion reflected in the statements of income as well as the undiscounted and discounted expected gross premiums and expected future benefit payments and the weighted average interest rates for traditional long duration products in the Unum US segment presented in the rollforward activity above.

March 31, 2024
Group DisabilityGroup Life and AD&D
Voluntary Benefits
Individual Disability
Total Unum US
(in millions of dollars)
Amount recognized in the statement of income:
Gross premiums or assessments$754.1$494.4$207.8$165.4$1,621.7
Interest accretion$46.8$5.4$14.3$24.8$91.3

March 31, 2023
Group DisabilityGroup Life and AD&D
Voluntary Benefits
Individual Disability
Total Unum US
(in millions of dollars)
Amount recognized in the statement of income:
Gross premiums or assessments$718.2$462.2$199.3$157.3$1,537.0
Interest accretion$52.2$5.9$14.3$28.7$101.1

March 31, 2024
Group DisabilityGroup Life and AD&D
Voluntary Benefits
Individual Disability
Total Unum US
(in millions of dollars, except weighted average data)
Amount of undiscounted:
Expected future benefit payments$6,251.2 $1,030.5 $5,330.0 $5,297.1 $17,908.8 
Expected future gross premiums$— $— $5,771.9 $5,699.9 $11,471.8 
Amount of discounted (at interest accretion rate):
Expected future gross premiums$— $— $3,896.1 $4,096.1 $7,992.2 
Weighted average interest rate:
Interest accretion rate4.0 %2.3 %5.0 %5.1 %4.2 %
Current discount rate4.9 %2.8 %5.2 %5.1 %4.7 %
Weighted average duration of the liability4.2 years2.6 years18.3 years9.6 years7.0 years

56

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 7 - Liability for Future Policy Benefits - Continued

March 31, 2023
Group DisabilityGroup Life and AD&D
Voluntary Benefits
Individual Disability
Total Unum US
(in millions of dollars, except weighted average data)
Amount of undiscounted:
Expected future benefit payments$6,834.2 $1,085.2 $4,564.8 $5,148.4 $17,632.6 
Expected future gross premiums$— $— $3,941.1 $5,540.1 $9,481.2 
Amount of discounted (at interest accretion rate):
Expected future gross premiums$— $— $2,890.7 $3,973.7 $6,864.4 
Weighted average interest rate:
Interest accretion rate3.8 %2.2 %5.1 %5.1 %4.1 %
Current discount rate4.6 %2.7 %5.0 %4.8 %4.5 %
Weighted average duration of the liability4.3 years2.7 years17.9 years9.4 years6.8 years



57

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 7 - Liability for Future Policy Benefits - Continued

Unum International Segment

The following table presents the balances and changes in the reserves for future policy benefits for traditional long duration products in the Unum International segment.

March 31
20242023
(in millions of dollars)
Present Value of Expected Net Premiums
Balance, beginning of year$270.3$197.1
Beginning balance at original discount rate298.4 246.8 
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions— — 
Effect of actual variances from expected experience7.2 4.5 
Adjusted beginning of year balance305.6251.3
Issuances8.86.3
Interest accretion3.02.2
Net premiums collected(7.3)(5.2)
Foreign currency(3.4)3.4
Ending balance at original discount rate306.7258.0
Effect of change in discount rate assumptions(29.9)(38.4)
Balance, end of period$276.8$219.6
Present Value of Expected Future Policy Benefits
Balance, beginning of year$2,527.4$2,231.4
Beginning balance at original discount rate2,687.1 2,495.5 
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions— — 
Effect of actual variances from expected experience(0.5)2.2 
Adjusted beginning of year balance2,686.62,497.7
Issuances1
113.9105.4
Interest accretion16.915.7
Benefit payments(132.1)(118.6)
Foreign currency(24.2)49.3
Ending balance at original discount rate2,661.12,549.5
Effect of change in discount rate assumptions(206.9)(211.8)
Balance, end of period$2,454.2$2,337.7
Net liability for future policy benefits$2,177.4$2,118.1
Other35.9 30.5 
Total liability for future policy benefits2,213.3 2,148.6 
Less: Reinsurance recoverable related to future policy benefits69.7 74.7 
Net liability for future policy benefits, after reinsurance recoverable$2,143.6$2,073.9
1Issuances for Unum International primarily represents new claim incurrals.
58

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 7 - Liability for Future Policy Benefits - Continued

The following tables summarize the amount of gross premiums and interest accretion reflected in the statements of income as well as the undiscounted and discounted expected gross premiums and expected future benefit payments and the weighted average interest rates for traditional long duration products in the Unum International segment presented in the rollforward activity above.
March 31
20242023
(in millions of dollars)
Amount recognized in the statement of income:
Gross premiums or assessments$230.5$208.5
Interest accretion$13.9$13.5

March 31
20242023
(in millions of dollars, except weighted average data)
Amount of undiscounted:
Expected future benefit payments$4,230.4 $3,988.8 
Expected future gross premiums$1,246.6 $995.8 
Amount of discounted (at interest accretion rate):
Expected future gross premiums$807.5 $657.2 
Weighted average interest rate:
Interest accretion rate4.1 %3.9 %
Current discount rate4.9 %4.8 %
Weighted average duration of the liability8.6 years8.6 years

59

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 7 - Liability for Future Policy Benefits - Continued

Colonial Life Segment

The following table presents the balances and changes in the reserves for future policy benefits for traditional long duration products in the Colonial Life segment.
March 31
20242023
(in millions of dollars)
Present Value of Expected Net Premiums
Balance, beginning of year$3,592.6$3,745.4
Beginning balance at original discount rate3,754.3 4,046.4 
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions— — 
Effect of actual variances from expected experience3.7 (46.3)
Adjusted beginning of year balance3,758.04,000.1
Issuances172.9175.0
Interest accretion35.133.0
Net premiums collected(164.4)(164.1)
Ending balance at original discount rate3,801.64,044.0
Effect of change in discount rate assumptions(213.7)(229.5)
Balance, end of period$3,587.9$3,814.5
Present Value of Expected Future Policy Benefits
Balance, beginning of year$5,566.0$5,581.1
Beginning balance at original discount rate5,925.2 6,163.9 
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions— — 
Effect of actual variances from expected experience(6.1)(39.5)
Adjusted beginning of year balance5,919.16,124.4
Issuances181.4184.9
Interest accretion58.055.4
Benefit payments(161.2)(168.3)
Ending balance at original discount rate5,997.36,196.4
Effect of change in discount rate assumptions(483.1)(460.5)
Balance, end of period$5,514.2$5,735.9
Net liability for future policy benefits$1,926.3$1,921.4
Other24.5 20.7 
Total liability for future policy benefits1,950.8 1,942.1 
Less: Reinsurance recoverable related to future policy benefits1.6 0.8 
Net liability for future policy benefits, after reinsurance recoverable$1,949.2$1,941.3
60

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 7 - Liability for Future Policy Benefits - Continued

The following tables summarize the amount of gross premiums and interest accretion reflected in the statements of income as well as the undiscounted and discounted expected gross premiums and expected future benefit payments and the weighted average interest rates for traditional long duration products in the Colonial Life segment presented in the rollforward activity above.

March 31
20242023
(in millions of dollars)
Amount recognized in the statement of income:
Gross premiums or assessments$430.6$412.2
Interest accretion$22.9$22.4

March 31
20242023
(in millions of dollars, except weighted average data)
Amount of undiscounted:
Expected future benefit payments$9,989.6 $10,121.7 
Expected future gross premiums$12,133.1 $12,359.9 
Amount of discounted (at interest accretion rate):
Expected future gross premiums$8,840.9 $9,030.0 
Weighted average interest rate:
Interest accretion rate4.3 %4.3 %
Current discount rate5.1 %5.0 %
Weighted average duration of the liability17.0 years17.4 years



61

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 7 - Liability for Future Policy Benefits - Continued

Closed Block Segment

The following table presents the balances and changes in the reserves for future policy benefits for traditional long duration products in the Closed Block segment.
March 31, 2024
Long-term CareAll OtherTotal Closed Block
(in millions of dollars)
Present Value of Expected Net Premiums
Balance, beginning of year $8,123.5$—$8,123.5
Beginning balance at original discount rate7,703.6—7,703.6
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions———
Effect of actual variances from expected experience(23.1)—(23.1)
Adjusted beginning of year balance7,680.5—7,680.5
Interest accretion101.3—101.3
Net premiums collected(155.2)—(155.2)
Ending balance at original discount rate7,626.6—7,626.6
Effect of change in discount rate assumptions223.5—223.5
Balance, end of period$7,850.1$—$7,850.1
Present Value of Expected Future Policy Benefits
Balance, beginning of year $24,697.7$7,880.0$32,577.7
Beginning balance at original discount rate22,649.38,094.630,743.9
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions———
Effect of actual variances from expected experience(3.3)15.612.3
Adjusted beginning of year balance22,646.08,110.230,756.2
Issuances1
—33.033.0
Interest accretion300.189.1389.2
Benefit payments(229.0)(256.6)(485.6)
Ending balance at original discount rate22,717.17,975.730,692.8
Effect of change in discount rate assumptions1,070.5(361.8)708.7
Balance, end of period$23,787.6$7,613.9$31,401.5
Net liability for future policy benefits$15,937.5$7,613.9$23,551.4
Other2
22.31,591.01,613.3
Total liability for future policy benefits15,959.89,204.925,164.7
Less: Reinsurance recoverable related to future policy benefits4.27,222.67,226.8
Net liability for future policy benefits, after reinsurance recoverable$15,955.6$1,982.3$17,937.9
1Issuances for Closed Block - All Other represents new claim incurrals.
2Other for Closed Block - All Other primarily includes our closed block group pension products and certain of our ceded closed block individual life products.

62

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 7 - Liability for Future Policy Benefits - Continued

March 31, 2023
Long-term CareAll OtherTotal Closed Block
(in millions of dollars)
Present Value of Expected Net Premiums
Balance, beginning of year $6,412.6$—$6,412.6
Beginning balance at original discount rate6,236.1—6,236.1
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions———
Effect of actual variances from expected experience8.4—8.4
Adjusted beginning of year balance6,244.5—6,244.5
Interest accretion84.2—84.2
Net premiums collected(141.9)—(141.9)
Ending balance at original discount rate6,186.8—6,186.8
Effect of change in discount rate assumptions298.1—298.1
Balance, end of period$6,484.9$—$6,484.9
Present Value of Expected Future Policy Benefits
Balance, beginning of year$21,199.9$8,218.8$29,418.7
Beginning balance at original discount rate20,221.68,630.728,852.3
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions———
Effect of actual variances from expected experience12.6(8.1)4.5
Adjusted beginning of year balance20,234.28,622.628,856.8
Issuances1
—44.944.9
Interest accretion274.790.6365.3
Benefit payments(198.4)(265.8)(464.2)
Ending balance at original discount rate20,310.58,492.328,802.8
Effect of change in discount rate assumptions1,547.8(256.4)1,291.4
Balance, end of period$21,858.3$8,235.9$30,094.2
Net liability for future policy benefits$15,373.4$8,235.9$23,609.3
Other2
25.31,727.51,752.8
Total liability for future policy benefits15,398.79,963.425,362.1
Less: Reinsurance recoverable related to future policy benefits5.67,811.27,816.8
Net liability for future policy benefits, after reinsurance recoverable$15,393.1$2,152.2$17,545.3
1Issuances for Closed Block - All Other represents new claim incurrals.
2Other for Closed Block - All Other primarily includes our closed block group pension products and certain of our ceded closed block individual life products.

63

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 7 - Liability for Future Policy Benefits - Continued

The following tables summarize the amount of gross premiums and interest accretion reflected in the statements of income as well as the undiscounted and discounted expected gross premiums and expected future benefit payments and the weighted average interest rates for traditional long duration products in the Closed Block segment presented in the rollforward activity above.

March 31, 2024
Long-term CareAll OtherTotal Closed Block
(in millions of dollars)
Amount recognized in the statement of income:
Gross premiums or assessments$174.6$50.4$225.0
Interest accretion$198.8$89.1$287.9

March 31, 2023
Long-term CareAll OtherTotal Closed Block
(in millions of dollars)
Amount recognized in the statement of income:
Gross premiums or assessments$175.1$57.2$232.3
Interest accretion$190.5 $90.6$281.1

March 31, 2024
Long-term CareAll OtherTotal Closed Block
(in millions of dollars, except weighted average data)
Amount of undiscounted:
Expected future benefit payments$61,072.6 $11,703.6$72,776.2 
Expected future gross premiums$14,221.1 $—$14,221.1 
Amount of discounted (at interest accretion rate):
Expected future gross premiums$8,132.0 $—$8,132.0 
Weighted average interest rate:
Interest accretion rate5.6 %4.6 %5.2 %
Current discount rate5.3%5.1 %5.2 %
Weighted average duration of the liability16.2 years7.3 years13.1 years

64

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 7 - Liability for Future Policy Benefits - Continued

March 31, 2023
Long-term CareAll OtherTotal Closed Block
(in millions of dollars, except weighted average data)
Amount of undiscounted:
Expected future benefit payments$52,312.2 $12,535.7$64,847.9 
Expected future gross premiums$12,448.0 $—$12,448.0 
Amount of discounted (at interest accretion rate):
Expected future gross premiums$7,254.3 $—$7,254.3 
Weighted average interest rate:
Interest accretion rate5.6 %4.6 %5.2 %
Current discount rate5.0 %4.9 %5.0 %
Weighted average duration of the liability15.3 years7.4 years12.3 years

65

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 7 - Liability for Future Policy Benefits - Continued

Reconciliation

A reconciliation of the liability for future policy benefits reflected in the preceding rollforwards to the related liability balances in the consolidated balance sheets are as follows:

March 31
20242023
(in millions of dollars)
Liability for future policy benefits
Unum US1
$9,054.0 $9,671.3 
Unum International
2,213.3 2,148.6 
Colonial Life1,950.8 1,942.1 
Closed Block1
25,164.7 25,362.1 
Other products1
241.7 227.4 
Total liability for future policy benefits$38,624.5 $39,351.5 

1Unum US excludes dental & vision and medical stop-loss product lines and Closed Block excludes our participating fund account, which represents policies issued by one of our subsidiaries prior to its 1986 conversion from a mutual stock life insurance company. The liabilities associated with these products are included within Other products.
66

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 8 - Policyholders' Account Balances
Policyholders' account balances primarily include our universal life and corporate-owned life insurance products. Policyholders' account balances reflect customer deposits and interest credited less cost of insurance, administration expenses, surrender charges, and customer withdrawals.

The following table presents the balances and changes in the policyholders' account balances:

March 31, 2024
Unum US - Voluntary BenefitsColonial LifeClosed Block - All Other Total
(in millions of dollars, except weighted average data)
Balance, beginning of year    $578.6 $852.9 $4,082.7 $5,514.2 
Premiums received14.0 20.5 5.7 40.2 
Policy charges1
(14.5)(18.3)(27.8)(60.6)
Surrenders and withdrawals(10.2)(9.7)(2.9)(22.8)
Benefit payments(1.9)(2.1)(75.5)(79.5)
Interest credited5.3 8.6 81.7 95.6 
Other2.8 0.1 0.3 3.2 
Balance, end of period574.1 852.0 4,064.2 5,490.3 
Reserves in excess of account balance99.7 16.2 32.8 148.7 
Total policyholders' account balances673.8 868.2 4,097.0 5,639.0 
Less: Reinsurance recoverable related to policyholders' account balances0.9 —4,097.04,097.9
Net policyholders' account balances, after reinsurance recoverable$672.9 $868.2 $— $1,541.1 
Weighted average crediting rate3.7%4.1%8.3%7.2%
Net amount at risk2
$4,393.5 $8,621.0$1,814.0$14,828.5 
Cash surrender value $563.3 $816.6$4,045.3$5,425.2 
1Contracts included in the policyholder account balances are generally charged a premium and/or monthly assessments on the basis of the account balance.
2For those guarantees of benefits that are payable in the event of death, the net amount at risk is generally defined as the current guaranteed minimum death benefit in excess of the current account balance at the balance sheet date.


67

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 8 - Policyholders' Account Balances - Continued
March 31, 2023
Unum US - Voluntary BenefitsColonial LifeClosed Block - All OtherTotal
(in millions of dollars, except weighted average data)
Balance, beginning of year    $586.8$852.4 $4,159.4 $5,598.6 
Premiums received15.422.3 6.3 44.0 
Policy charges1
(15.5)(19.0)(26.3)(60.8)
Surrenders and withdrawals(9.0)(10.2)(5.1)(24.3)
Benefit payments(3.0)(2.2)(65.3)(70.5)
Interest credited5.78.6 79.7 94.0 
Other2.0(0.2)(17.2)(15.4)
Balance, end of period582.4 851.7 4,131.5 5,565.6 
Reserves in excess of account balance94.815.833.4144.0 
Total policyholders' account balances677.2 867.5 4,164.9 5,709.6 
Less: Reinsurance recoverable related to policyholders' account balances1.00.24,164.94,166.1
Net policyholders' account balances, after reinsurance recoverable$676.2$867.3$—$1,543.5
Weighted average crediting rate3.9%4.0%7.9%6.9%
Net amount at risk2
$4,794.7$9,182.6$1,842.7$15,820.0 
Cash surrender value $572.3$805.0$4,036.2$5,413.5 
1Contracts included in the policyholder account balances are generally charged a premium and/or monthly assessments on the basis of the account balance.
2For those guarantees of benefits that are payable in the event of death, the net amount at risk is generally defined as the current guaranteed minimum death benefit in excess of the current account balance at the balance sheet date.
68

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 8 - Policyholders' Account Balances - Continued
The balance of the account values by range of guaranteed minimum crediting rates and the related range of difference, in basis points, between rates being credited to policyholders and the respective guaranteed minimums is as follows.

March 31, 2024
Range of Guaranteed Minimum Crediting RateAt Guaranteed Minimum1 Basis Point - 50 Basis Points Above51 Basis Points - 150 Basis Points AboveGreater than 150 Basis Points AboveTotal
(in millions of dollars)
Unum US - Voluntary Benefits
3.00% - 3.99%
$91.3$—$—$—$91.3
4.00% - 4.99%
223.8191.436.9—452.1
5.00% - 6.00%
30.7———30.7
345.8191.436.9—574.1
Colonial Life
4.00% - 5.00%
845.86.2——852.0
Closed Block - All Other
3.00% - 5.99%
513.91,060.627.1—1,601.6
6.00% - 8.99%
1.324.9——26.2
9.00% - 11.99%
138.52,107.2——2,245.7
12.00% - 15.00%
—190.7——190.7
653.73,383.427.1—4,064.2
Total$1,845.3$3,581.0$64.0$—$5,490.3

69

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 8 - Policyholders' Account Balances - Continued
March 31, 2023
Range of Guaranteed Minimum Crediting RateAt Guaranteed Minimum1 Basis Point - 50 Basis Points Above51 Basis Points - 150 Basis Points AboveGreater than 150 Basis Points AboveTotal
(in millions of dollars)
Unum US - Voluntary Benefits
3.00% - 3.99%
$93.1$—$—$—$93.1
4.00% - 4.99%
270.8185.2——456.0
5.00% - 6.00%
33.3———33.3
397.2185.2——582.4
Colonial Life
4.00% - 5.00%
845.66.1——851.7
Closed Block - All Other
3.00% - 5.99%
1,511.429.36.5— 1,547.2
6.00% - 8.99%
27.0——— 27.0
9.00% - 11.99%
2,371.6——— 2,371.6
12.00% - 15.00%
185.7——— 185.7
4,095.729.36.5—4,131.5
Total$5,338.5$220.6$6.5$—$5,565.6
70

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 9 - Deferred Acquisition Costs
The following tables display the changes in DAC throughout the period:

March 31, 2024
Unum USUnum InternationalColonial LifeTotal
(in millions of dollars)
Balance, beginning of year$1,232.2$46.9$1,435.4$2,714.5
Capitalization83.34.379.3166.9
Amortization expense(69.8)(2.4)(54.0)(126.2)
Foreign currency—(0.5)—(0.5)
Balance, end of period$1,245.7$48.3$1,460.7$2,754.7

March 31, 2023
Unum USUnum InternationalColonial LifeTotal
(in millions of dollars)
Balance, beginning of year$1,185.1$37.0$1,337.9$2,560.0
Capitalization79.03.575.2157.7
Amortization expense(65.8)(1.8)(48.3)(115.9)
Foreign currency—0.6—0.6
Balance, end of period$1,198.3$39.3$1,364.8$2,602.4

March 31, 2024
Group DisabilityGroup Life and AD&D
Voluntary Benefits
Individual Disability
Dental and Vision
Total Unum US
(in millions of dollars)
Balance, beginning of year$63.6$48.9$610.6$497.8$11.3$1,232.2
Capitalization16.510.530.522.03.883.3
Amortization expense (14.4)(6.9)(29.4)(16.1)(3.0)(69.8)
Balance, end of period$65.7$52.5$611.7$503.7$12.1$1,245.7

March 31, 2023
Group DisabilityGroup Life and AD&D
Voluntary Benefits
Individual Disability
Dental and Vision
Total Unum US
(in millions of dollars)
Balance, beginning of year$61.0$49.3$601.0$464.4$9.4$1,185.1
Capitalization14.6 9.830.321.33.079.0
Amortization expense(13.1)(9.8)(27.1)(13.3)(2.5)(65.8)
Balance, end of period$62.5$49.3$604.2$472.4$9.9$1,198.3

71

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 10 - Segment Information
We have three principal operating business segments: Unum US, Unum International, and Colonial Life. Our other segments are Closed Block and Corporate.

Segment information is shown below.
Three Months Ended March 31
20242023
(in millions of dollars)
Premium Income
Unum US
Group Disability
Group Long-term Disability$516.7 $504.7 
Group Short-term Disability263.1 240.3 
Group Life and Accidental Death & Dismemberment
Group Life442.6 413.1 
Accidental Death & Dismemberment45.8 43.5 
Supplemental and Voluntary
Voluntary Benefits222.9 214.5 
Individual Disability142.0 124.2 
Dental and Vision74.3 69.3 
1,707.4 1,609.6 
Unum International
Unum UK
Group Long-term Disability103.5 91.7 
Group Life48.7 39.2 
Supplemental43.1 31.8 
Unum Poland36.4 25.9 
231.7 188.6 
Colonial Life
Accident, Sickness, and Disability243.2 235.7 
Life114.3 105.3 
Cancer and Critical Illness89.4 88.5 
446.9 429.5 
Closed Block
Long-term Care174.5 175.1 
All Other49.8 56.5 
224.3 231.6 
Total Premium Income$2,610.3 $2,459.3 


72

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 10 - Segment Information - Continued
Unum USUnum InternationalColonial LifeClosed BlockCorporateTotal
(in millions of dollars)
Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
Premium Income$1,707.4 $231.7 $446.9 $224.3 $— $2,610.3 
Net Investment Income157.0 26.1 39.3 273.1 18.0 513.5 
Other Income60.6 0.3 3.0 13.1 0.7 77.7 
Adjusted Operating Revenue$1,925.0 $258.1 $489.2 $510.5 $18.7 $3,201.5 
Adjusted Operating Income (Loss)$385.2 $37.4 $113.7 $24.3 $(46.1)$514.5 
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
Premium Income$1,609.6 $188.6 $429.5 $231.6 $— $2,459.3 
Net Investment Income157.3 30.9 37.3 257.2 26.1 508.8 
Other Income53.6 0.4 0.2 13.5 0.2 67.9 
Adjusted Operating Revenue$1,820.5 $219.9 $467.0 $502.3 $26.3 $3,036.0 
Adjusted Operating Income (Loss)$312.5 $38.4 $93.9 $58.2 $(33.5)$469.5 

March 31December 31
20242023
(in millions of dollars)
Assets
Unum US$15,230.2 $15,561.1 
Unum International3,337.1 3,372.9 
Colonial Life4,852.2 4,830.4 
Closed Block34,690.1 35,272.8 
Corporate4,378.2 4,218.0 
Total Assets$62,487.8 $63,255.2 

We measure and analyze our segment performance on the basis of "adjusted operating revenue" and "adjusted operating income" or "adjusted operating loss", which differ from total revenue and income before income tax as presented in our consolidated statements of income due to the exclusion of investment gains and losses, the amortization of the cost of reinsurance, the impact of non-contemporaneous reinsurance, and reserve assumption updates as well as certain other items as specified in the reconciliations below. We believe adjusted operating revenue and adjusted operating income or loss are better performance measures and better indicators of the revenue and profitability and underlying trends in our business. These performance measures are in accordance with GAAP guidance for segment reporting, but they should not be viewed as a substitute for total revenue, income before income tax, or net income. 

Investment gains or losses primarily include realized investment gains or losses, expected investment credit losses, and gains or losses on derivatives. Investment gains or losses depend on market conditions and do not necessarily relate to decisions regarding the underlying business of our segments. Our investment focus is on investment income to support our insurance liabilities as opposed to the generation of investment gains or losses. Although we may experience investment gains or losses which will affect future earnings levels, a long-term focus is necessary to maintain profitability over the life of the business since our underlying business is long-term in nature, and we need to earn the interest rates assumed in calculating our liabilities.
73

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 10 - Segment Information - Continued
Cash flow assumptions used to calculate our liability for future policy benefits are reviewed at least annually and updated, as needed, with the resulting impact reflected in net income. While the effects of these assumption updates are recorded in the reporting period in which the review is completed, these updates reflect experience emergence and changes to expectations spanning multiple periods. We believe that by excluding the impact of reserve assumption updates we are providing a more comparable and consistent view of our quarterly results.

We exited a substantial portion of our Closed Block individual disability product line through the two phases of the reinsurance transaction that were executed in December 2020 and March 2021. As a result, we exclude the amortization of the cost of reinsurance that we recognized upon the exit of the business related to the policies on claim status as well as the impact of non-contemporaneous reinsurance that resulted from the adoption of ASU 2018-12. Due to the execution of the second phase of the reinsurance transaction occurring after January 1, 2021, the transition date of ASU 2018-12, in accordance with the provisions of the ASU related to non-contemporaneous reinsurance, we were required to establish the ceded reserves using an upper-medium grade fixed-income instrument as of the reinsurance transaction date in March 2021 which resulted in higher ceded reserves compared to that which was reported historically. However, the direct reserves for the block reinsured in the second phase were calculated using the original discount rate utilized as of the transition date. Both the direct and ceded reserves are then remeasured at each reporting period using a current discount rate reflective of an upper-medium grade fixed-income instrument, with the changes recognized in OCI. While the total equity impact is neutral, the different original discount rates utilized for direct and ceded reserves result in disproportionate earnings impacts. The impact of non-contemporaneous reinsurance will fluctuate depending on the magnitude of reserve changes during the period. We believe that the exclusion of these items provides a better view of our results from our ongoing businesses.

We may at other times exclude certain other items from our discussion of financial ratios and metrics in order to enhance the understanding and comparability of our operational performance and the underlying fundamentals but this exclusion is not an indication that similar items may not recur and does not replace net income or net loss as a measure of our overall profitability.

A reconciliation of total revenue to "adjusted operating revenue" and income before income tax to "adjusted operating income" is as follows:
Three Months Ended March 31
20242023
(in millions of dollars)
Total Revenue$3,200.3 $3,036.1 
Excluding:
Net Investment Gain (Loss)(1.2)0.1 
Adjusted Operating Revenue$3,201.5 $3,036.0 
Income Before Income Tax$495.7 $451.3 
Excluding:
Net Investment Gain (Loss)(1.2)0.1 
Amortization of the Cost of Reinsurance(10.4)(11.0)
Non-Contemporaneous Reinsurance(7.2)(7.3)
Adjusted Operating Income$514.5 $469.5 

74


NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 11 - Employee Benefit Plans
Defined Benefit Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit (OPEB) Plans

We sponsor several defined benefit pension and OPEB plans for our employees, including non-qualified pension plans. The U.S. qualified and non-qualified defined benefit pension plans comprise the majority of our total benefit obligation and benefit cost. We maintain a separate defined benefit plan for eligible employees in our U.K. operation. The U.S. defined benefit pension plans were closed to new entrants on December 31, 2013, the OPEB plan was closed to new entrants on December 31, 2012, and the U.K. plan was closed to new entrants on December 31, 2002.

The following table provides the components of the net periodic benefit cost (credit) for the defined benefit pension and OPEB plans.
Three Months Ended March 31
 Pension Benefits  
 U.S. PlansU.K. PlanOPEB
 202420232024202320242023
(in millions of dollars)
Service Cost$2.3 $2.3 $— $— $— $— 
Interest Cost20.7 22.0 1.9 1.9 1.0 1.1 
Expected Return on Plan Assets(22.8)(23.0)(2.1)(2.1)(0.1)(0.1)
Amortization of:
   Net Actuarial (Gain) Loss 3.7 3.8 0.7 0.6 (0.2)(2.6)
   Prior Service Credit— — — — (0.1)(0.1)
Total Net Periodic Benefit Cost (Credit)$3.9 $5.1 $0.5 $0.4 $0.6 $(1.7)

The service cost component of net periodic pension and postretirement benefit cost (credit) is included as a component of compensation expense in our consolidated statements of income. All other components of net periodic pension and postretirement benefit cost (credit) are included in other expenses.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 12 - Stockholders' Equity and Earnings Per Common Share
Earnings Per Common Share

Net income per common share is determined as follows:
 Three Months Ended March 31
 20242023
 (in millions of dollars, except share data)
Numerator
Net Income$395.2 $358.3 
Denominator (000s)
Weighted Average Common Shares - Basic192,550.2 198,111.2 
Dilution for Assumed Exercises of Nonvested Stock Awards716.9 1,408.9 
Weighted Average Common Shares - Assuming Dilution193,267.1 199,520.1 
Net Income Per Common Share
Basic$2.05 $1.81 
Assuming Dilution$2.04 $1.80 

We compute basic earnings per share by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. In computing earnings per share assuming dilution, we include potential common shares that are dilutive (those that reduce earnings per share). We use the treasury stock method to account for the effect of nonvested stock success units, and nonvested restricted stock units on the computation of diluted earnings per share. Under this method, the potential common shares from nonvested stock success units and nonvested restricted stock units will each have a dilutive effect, as individually measured, when the average market price of Unum Group common stock during the period exceeds the grant price of the nonvested stock success units and nonvested restricted stock units. The outstanding nonvested stock success units and nonvested restricted stock units have grant prices ranging from $18.78 to $52.11. Potential common shares not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share because the impact would be antidilutive, approximated 0.5 million and 0.7 million potential common shares for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Common Stock

As part of our capital deployment strategy, we may repurchase shares of Unum Group's common stock, as authorized by our board of directors. The timing and amount of repurchase activity is based on market conditions and other considerations, including the level of available cash, alternative uses for cash, and our stock price.

Our board of directors has authorized the following repurchase programs:
October 2023 Authorization
December 2022 Authorization1
(in millions)
Effective Date
January 1, 2024
January 1, 2023
Expiration Date
None
December 31, 2023
Authorized Repurchase Amount
$500.0 $250.0 
Cost of Shares Repurchased Under Repurchase Program
121.9 250.0 
Remaining Repurchase Amount at March 31, 2024
$378.1 $— 
1 In February 2023, the December 2022 program was modified to increase the authorized repurchase amount from $200.0 million to $250.0 million.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 12 - Stockholders' Equity and Earnings Per Common Share - Continued
In August 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act was signed into law in the U.S. and imposes a one percent excise tax on corporate stock repurchases effective January 1, 2023. This excise tax is recorded as part of the cost basis of treasury stock and is assessed on the fair market value of stock repurchases reduced by the fair market value of any shares issued during the period.

Common stock repurchases, which are accounted for using the cost method and classified as treasury stock until otherwise retired, were as follows:
Three Months Ended March 31
20242023
(in millions)
Shares Repurchased2.5 1.3 
Cost of Shares Repurchased1
$123.0 $53.6 
1Includes a de minimis amount of commissions for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. Also includes $1.1 million and $0.1 million of excise taxes for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

As a part of our share repurchase program, we periodically enter into accelerated share repurchase agreements (ASR). Under the terms of these agreements, we make a prepayment to a financial counterparty for which we receive an initial delivery of approximately 75 percent of the total Unum Group common stock to be delivered under the agreement. We simultaneously enter into a forward contract indexed to the price of Unum Group common stock, which subjects the transactions to a future price adjustment. Under the terms of the agreements, we are to receive, or be required to pay, a price adjustment based on the volume weighted average price of Unum Group common stock during the term of the agreement, less a discount. Any price adjustment payable to us is settled in shares of Unum Group common stock. Any price adjustment we would be required to pay may be settled in either cash or common stock at our option. Details of our ASRs are as follows:

Prepayment DatePrepayment AmountInitial Share DeliveryForward Contract Settlement DateShares Delivered to Settle Forward Contract
(in millions)
April 2024$125.01.7
June 2024
Not yet settled
January 2024$100.01.6March 20240.5
July 2023$50.00.8September 20230.2

Preferred Stock

Unum Group has 25.0 million shares of preferred stock authorized with a par value of $0.10 per share. No preferred stock has been issued to date.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 13 - Commitments and Contingent Liabilities

Commitments

See Notes 3 and 4 for further discussion on certain of our investment commitments.

Contingent Liabilities

We are a defendant in a number of litigation matters that have arisen in the normal course of business, including the matters discussed below. Further, state insurance regulatory authorities and other federal and state authorities regularly make inquiries and conduct investigations concerning our compliance with applicable insurance and other laws and regulations. Given the complexity and scope of our litigation and regulatory matters, it is not possible to predict the ultimate outcome of all pending investigations or legal proceedings or provide reasonable estimates of potential losses, except if noted in connection with specific matters.

In some of these matters, no specified amount is sought. In others, very large or indeterminate amounts, including punitive and treble damages, are asserted. There is a wide variation of pleading practice permitted in the United States courts with respect to requests for monetary damages, including some courts in which no specified amount is required and others which allow the plaintiff to state only that the amount sought is sufficient to invoke the jurisdiction of that court. Further, some jurisdictions permit plaintiffs to allege damages well in excess of reasonably possible verdicts. Based on our extensive experience and that of others in the industry with respect to litigating or resolving claims through settlement over an extended period of time, we believe that the monetary damages asserted in a lawsuit or claim bear little relation to the merits of the case, or the likely disposition value. Therefore, the specific monetary relief sought is not stated.

Unless indicated otherwise in the descriptions below, reserves have not been established for litigation and contingencies. An estimated loss is accrued when it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated.

Claim Handling Matters

We and our insurance subsidiaries, in the ordinary course of our business, are engaged in claim litigation where disputes arise as a result of a denial or termination of benefits. Most typically these lawsuits are filed on behalf of a single claimant or policyholder, and in some of these individual actions punitive damages are sought, such as claims alleging bad faith in the handling of insurance claims. For our general claim litigation, we maintain reserves based on experience to satisfy judgments and settlements in the normal course. We expect that the ultimate liability, if any, with respect to general claim litigation, after consideration of the reserves maintained, will not be material to our consolidated financial condition. Nevertheless, given the inherent unpredictability of litigation, it is possible that an adverse outcome in certain claim litigation involving punitive damages could, from time to time, have a material adverse effect on our consolidated results of operations in a period, depending on the results of operations for the particular period.

From time to time class action allegations are pursued where the claimant or policyholder purports to represent a larger number of individuals who are similarly situated. Since each insurance claim is evaluated based on its own merits, there is rarely a single act or series of actions which can properly be addressed by a class action. Nevertheless, we monitor these cases closely and defend ourselves appropriately where these allegations are made.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
March 31, 2024
Note 14 - Other

Allowance for Expected Credit Losses on Premiums Receivable

At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the allowance for expected credit losses on premiums receivables was $30.0 million and $29.5 million, respectively, on gross premiums receivable of $676.9 million and $612.4 million, respectively. The increase in the allowance of $0.5 million during the three months ended March 31, 2024 was driven primarily by an increase in premium due to be collected in the Unum US segment.

At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the allowance for expected credit losses on premiums receivables was $31.6 million and $32.5 million, respectively, on gross premiums receivable of $635.6 million and $557.6 million, respectively. The decrease in the allowance of $0.9 million during the three months ended March 31, 2023 was driven primarily by improvements in the age of premiums receivable.
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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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Executive Summary

Unum Group, a Delaware general business corporation, and its insurance and non-insurance subsidiaries, which collectively with Unum Group we refer to as the Company, operate in the United States, the United Kingdom, Poland, and, to a limited extent, in certain other countries. The principal operating subsidiaries in the United States are Unum Life Insurance Company of America (Unum America), Provident Life and Accident Insurance Company, The Paul Revere Life Insurance Company, Colonial Life & Accident Insurance Company, Unum Insurance Company, Starmount Life Insurance Company, in the United Kingdom, Unum Limited, and in Poland, Unum Zycie TUiR S.A. (Unum Poland). We are a leading provider of financial protection benefits in the United States and the United Kingdom. Our products include disability, life, accident, critical illness, dental and vision, and other related services. We market our products primarily through the workplace.

We have three principal operating business segments: Unum US, Unum International, and Colonial Life. Our other segments are the Closed Block and Corporate segments. These segments are discussed more fully under "Segment Results" included herein in this Item 2.

The benefits we provide help the working world thrive throughout life's moments and protect people from the financial hardship of illness, injury, or loss of life. As a leading provider of employee benefits, we offer a broad portfolio of products and services through the workplace that provide support when it is needed most.

Specifically, we offer group, individual, voluntary, and dental and vision products as well as provide certain fee-based services. These products and services, which can be sold stand-alone or combined with other coverages, help employers of all sizes attract and retain the talented and capable workforce they need to succeed while protecting the incomes and livelihood of their employees. We believe employer-sponsored benefits are the most effective way to provide workers with access to information and options to protect their financial stability. Working people and their families, particularly those at lower and middle incomes, are perhaps the most vulnerable in today's economy yet are often overlooked by many providers of financial products and services. For many of these workers and families, employer-sponsored benefits are the primary defense against the potentially catastrophic financial impact of death, illness, or injury.

We have established a corporate culture consistent with the social value of our products and services. Because we see important links between the obligations we have to all of our stakeholders, we place a strong emphasis on operating with integrity and contributing to positive change in our communities. Accordingly, we are committed not only to meeting the needs of our customers who depend on us, but also to being accountable for our actions through sound and consistent business practices, a strong internal compliance program, a comprehensive risk management strategy, and an engaged employee workforce.

This discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto in Part I, Item 1 contained in this Form 10-Q and with the "Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" included below the Table of Contents, as well as the discussion, analysis, and consolidated financial statements and notes thereto in Part I, Items 1 and 1A, and Part II, Items 7, 7A, and 8 of our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Operating Performance and Capital Management

For the first quarter of 2024, we reported net income of $395.2 million, or $2.04 per diluted common share, compared to net income of $358.3 million, or $1.80 per diluted common share, in the first quarter of 2023.

Included in our results for the first quarter of 2024 are:

•A net investment loss of $1.2 million before tax and $0.8 million after tax, with a de minimis impact on earnings per diluted common share;
•Amortization of the cost of reinsurance of $10.4 million before tax and $8.2 million after tax, or $0.04 per diluted common share; and,
•Non-contemporaneous reinsurance of $7.2 million before tax and $5.7 million after tax, or $0.04 per diluted common share.

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Included in our results for the first quarter of 2023 are:

•A net investment gain of $0.1 million before tax and $0.1 million after tax, with a de minimis impact on earnings per diluted common share;
•Amortization of the cost of reinsurance of $11.0 million before tax and $8.7 million after tax, or $0.04 per diluted common share; and,
•Non-contemporaneous reinsurance of $7.3 million before tax and $5.7 million after tax, or $0.03 per diluted common share.

Excluding these items, after-tax adjusted operating income for the first quarter of 2024 was $409.9 million, or $2.12 per diluted common share compared to $372.6 million, or $1.87 per diluted common share, for the first quarter of 2023. See "Reconciliation of Non-GAAP and Other Financial Measures" contained herein in this Item 2 for further discussion and a reconciliation of these items.

Our Unum US segment reported adjusted operating income of $385.2 million in the first quarter of 2024 compared to $312.5 million the same period of 2023, due primarily to higher premium income and favorable benefits experience across all product lines, partially offset by higher operating expenses and commissions. The benefit ratio for our Unum US segment was 56.8 percent in the first quarter of 2024, compared to 60.8 percent in first quarter of 2023. Unum US sales decreased 0.9 percent in first quarter 2024 compared to the same period of 2023.

Our Unum International segment reported adjusted operating income of $37.4 million in the first quarter of 2024 compared to $38.4 million the same period of 2023. Our Unum UK line of business reported adjusted operating income of £28.2 million in the first quarter of 2024 compared to £31.0 million the same period of 2023 due to lower net investment income and higher operating expenses, partially offset by higher premium income and favorable benefits experience. The benefit ratio for our Unum UK line of business was 68.1 percent in the first quarter of 2024, compared to 68.5 percent in the same period of 2023. Unum International sales, as measured in U.S. dollars, decreased 0.4 percent in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period of 2023. Unum UK sales, as measured in local currency, decreased 3.3 percent in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period of 2023.

Our Colonial Life segment reported adjusted operating income of $113.7 million in the first quarter of 2024 compared to $93.9 million the same period of 2023, due primarily to higher premium income and favorable benefits experience, partially offset by higher commissions and amortization of deferred acquisition cost. The benefit ratio for Colonial Life was 48.6 percent in the first quarter of 2024, compared to 53.0 percent in the same period of 2023. Colonial Life sales decreased 3.6 percent in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period of 2023.

Our Closed Block segment reported income before income tax and net investment gains and losses of $6.7 million in the first quarter of 2024 compared to $39.9 million in the same period of 2023, which include the amortization of the cost of reinsurance and the impact of non-contemporaneous reinsurance related to the Closed Block individual disability reinsurance transaction. Excluding these items, our Closed Block segment reported adjusted operating income of $24.3 million in the first quarter of 2024, compared to $58.2 million in the same period of 2023, due to unfavorable benefit experience and higher operating expenses, partially offset by higher net investment income. The net premium ratio for long-term care increased to 93.8 percent at March 31, 2024 from 85.3 percent at March 31, 2023.

A rising interest rate environment could positively impact our yields on new investments, but could also increase unrealized losses in our current holdings. Alternatively, a declining interest rate environment could negatively impact our yields on new investments, but could also reduce unrealized losses in our current holdings. As of March 31, 2024, we do not hold any securities with a decline in fair value below amortized cost which we intend to sell nor any securities for which it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell before recovery in amortized cost. The net unrealized loss on our fixed maturity securities was $2.1 billion at March 31, 2024, compared to $1.6 billion at December 31, 2023, with the increase due primarily to an increase in U.S. Treasury rates. The earned book yield on our investment portfolio was 4.35 percent for the first three months of 2024 compared to a yield of 4.45 percent for full year 2023.

Additionally, a rising interest rate environment could result in reserve decreases while a declining interest rate environment could result in reserve increases, specific to our liability for future policy benefits, as the reserve discount rate assumptions used in the calculation of our liability are updated at each reporting date using a yield that is reflective of an upper-medium grade fixed income instrument, which is generally equivalent to a single-A interest rate matched to the duration of certain of our insurance liabilities. The change in discount rate assumptions on the liability for future policy benefits, net of reinsurance, due
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primarily to the increase in U.S. Treasury rates during the first quarter of 2024, resulted in a decrease to the liability for future policy benefits, net of reinsurance, of approximately $1.1 billion.

We believe our capital and financial positions are strong. At March 31, 2024, the risk-based capital (RBC) ratio for our traditional U.S. insurance subsidiaries, calculated on a weighted average basis using the NAIC Company Action Level formula, was approximately 440 percent, which is in line with our expectation. We repurchased 2.5 million shares and 1.3 million shares of Unum Group common stock under our share repurchase program during the first quarter of 2024 and 2023, respectively, at a cost of $123.0 million and $53.6 million, respectively, including commissions and excise tax. Our weighted average common shares outstanding, assuming dilution, equaled 193.3 million and 199.5 million for the first quarter of 2024 and 2023, respectively. As of March 31, 2024, Unum Group and our intermediate holding companies had available holding company liquidity of $1,406 million that was held primarily in bank deposits, commercial paper, money market funds, corporate bonds, municipal bonds, and asset backed securities. See Note 12 of the "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements" contained herein in Item 1.

Inflation Reduction Act

In August 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) was signed into law in the U.S. and includes certain corporate tax provisions effective January 1, 2023. The IRA imposes a new 15 percent corporate alternative minimum tax (CAMT) on adjusted financial statement income (AFSI) on corporations that have average AFSI over $1.0 billion in any prior three-year period, starting with years 2020 to 2022. Our company is an applicable corporation. We have not recorded any CAMT as of March 31, 2024. We do not expect that any CAMT incurred would impact earnings since it would be offset with a credit toward regular income tax in subsequent years. The IRA also imposes a one percent excise tax on the fair market value of corporate stock repurchases after December 31, 2022. This excise tax is recorded as part of the cost basis of treasury stock and is assessed on the fair market value of stock repurchases, reduced by the fair value of any shares issued during the period. We have recorded $1.1 million and $0.1 million of excise tax in stockholders' equity, as part of the cost basis of treasury stock, as of March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023, respectively.

U.K. Tax Law Change

In June 2021, the Finance Act 2021 was enacted, resulting in a U.K. tax rate increase from 19 percent to 25 percent, effective April 1, 2023.

Global Minimum Tax

The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has established model rules to ensure a minimum level of tax of 15 percent (Pillar Two) for multinational companies. Several jurisdictions, including the United Kingdom and Ireland, have adopted Pillar Two beginning on or after December 31, 2023. We have not recorded Pillar Two taxes as of March 31, 2024, and we do not expect material impacts in 2024. We will continue to monitor legislative developments and refine our estimates as necessary.

Consolidated Company Outlook

We believe our strategy of providing financial protection products at the workplace puts us in a position of strength. We continue to fulfill our corporate purpose of helping the working world thrive throughout life’s moments by providing excellent service to people at their time of need. Our strategy remains centered on growing our core businesses, through investing and transforming our operations and technology to anticipate and respond to the changing needs of our customers, expanding into new adjacent markets through meaningful partnerships and effective deployment of our capital across our portfolio.

In 2023, we experienced increased earnings driven by the underlying strength of our business and expect positive operating trends in our core businesses to continue in 2024. The products and services we provide deliver significant value to employers, employees and their families, and we believe this will help drive sales and premium growth in 2024.

A rising interest rate environment could continue to positively impact our yields on new investments, but could also continue to create unrealized losses in our current holdings. A declining interest rate environment could negatively impact our yields on new investments but could also reduce unrealized losses in our current holdings. We also may continue to experience further volatility in miscellaneous investment income primarily related to changes in partnership net asset values as well as bond calls.

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As part of our discipline in pricing and reserving, we continuously monitor emerging claim trends and interest rates. We will continue to take appropriate pricing actions on new business and renewals that are reflective of the current environment and may continue to utilize derivative financial instruments to manage interest rate risk.

Our business is well-diversified by geography within our markets, industry exposures and case size, and we continue to analyze and employ strategies that we believe will help us navigate the current environment. These strategies allow us to maintain financial flexibility to support the needs of our businesses, while also returning capital to our shareholders. We have strong core businesses that have a track record of generating significant free cash flow, and we will continue to invest in our operations and expand into adjacent markets where we can best leverage our expertise and capabilities to capture market growth opportunities as those opportunities emerge. We believe that consistent operating results, combined with the implementation of strategic initiatives and the effective deployment of capital, will allow us to meet our financial objectives.

Further discussion is included in the "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements" contained herein in Item 1 and in "Reconciliation of Non-GAAP and Other Financial Measures," "Consolidated Operating Results," "Segment Results," "Investments," and "Liquidity and Capital Resources" contained herein in this Item 2.

Reconciliation of Non-GAAP and Other Financial Measures

We analyze our performance using non-GAAP financial measures. A non-GAAP financial measure is a numerical measure of a company's performance, financial position, or cash flows that excludes or includes amounts that are not normally excluded or included in the most directly comparable measure calculated and presented in accordance with U.S generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). The non-GAAP financial measure of "after-tax adjusted operating income" differs from net income as presented in our consolidated operating results and income statements prepared in accordance with GAAP due to the exclusion of investment gains or losses, the amortization of the cost of reinsurance, the impact of non-contemporaneous reinsurance, and reserve assumption updates as well as certain other items as specified in the reconciliations below. Investment gains or losses primarily include realized investment gains or losses, expected investment credit losses, and gains or losses on derivatives. We believe after-tax adjusted operating income is a better performance measure and better indicator of the profitability and underlying trends in our business.

Investment gains or losses depend on market conditions and do not necessarily relate to decisions regarding the underlying business of our segments. Our investment focus is on investment income to support our insurance liabilities as opposed to the generation of investment gains or losses. Although we may experience investment gains or losses which will affect future earnings levels, a long-term focus is necessary to maintain profitability over the life of the business since our underlying business is long-term in nature, and we need to earn the interest rates assumed in calculating our liabilities.

Cash flow assumptions used to calculate our liability for future policy benefits are reviewed at least annually and updated, as needed, with the resulting impact reflected in net income. While the effects of these assumption updates are recorded in the reporting period in which the review is completed, these updates reflect experience emergence and changes to expectations spanning multiple periods. We believe that by excluding the impact of reserve assumption updates we are providing a more comparable and consistent view of our quarterly results.

We exited a substantial portion of our Closed Block individual disability product line through the two phases of the reinsurance transaction that were executed in December 2020 and March 2021. As a result, we exclude the amortization of the cost of reinsurance that we recognized upon the exit of the business related to the policies on claim status as well as the impact of non-contemporaneous reinsurance that resulted from the adoption of ASU 2018-12. Due to the execution of the second phase of the reinsurance transaction occurring after January 1, 2021, the transition date of ASU 2018-12, in accordance with the provisions of the ASU related to non-contemporaneous reinsurance, we were required to establish the ceded reserves using an upper-medium grade fixed-income instrument as of the reinsurance transaction date in March 2021 which resulted in higher ceded reserves compared to that which was reported historically. However, the direct reserves for the block reinsured in the second phase were calculated using the original discount rate utilized as of the transition date. Both the direct and ceded reserves are then remeasured at each reporting period using a current discount rate reflective of an upper-medium grade fixed-income instrument, with the changes recognized in OCI. While the total equity impact is neutral, the different original discount rates utilized for direct and ceded reserves result in disproportionate earnings impacts. The impact of non-contemporaneous reinsurance will fluctuate depending on the magnitude of reserve changes during the period. We believe that the exclusion of these items provides a better view of our results from our ongoing businesses.

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We may at other times exclude certain other items from our discussion of financial ratios and metrics in order to enhance the understanding and comparability of our operational performance and the underlying fundamentals, but this exclusion is not an indication that similar items may not recur and does not replace net income or net loss as a measure of our overall profitability.

A reconciliation of GAAP financial measures to our non-GAAP financial measures is as follows:
Three Months Ended March 31
20242023
(in millions)per share *(in millions)per share *
Net Income$395.2 $2.04 $358.3 $1.80 
Excluding:
Net Investment Gain (Loss) (net of tax benefit of $0.4; $—)
(0.8)— 0.1 — 
Amortization of the Cost of Reinsurance (net of tax benefit of $2.2; $2.3)
(8.2)(0.04)(8.7)(0.04)
Non-Contemporaneous Reinsurance (net of tax benefit of $1.5; $1.6)
(5.7)(0.04)(5.7)(0.03)
After-tax Adjusted Operating Income$409.9 $2.12 $372.6 $1.87 
*Assuming Dilution

We measure and analyze our segment performance on the basis of "adjusted operating revenue" and "adjusted operating income" or "adjusted operating loss", which differ from total revenue and income before income tax as presented in our consolidated statements of income due to the exclusion of investment gains and losses, the amortization of the cost of reinsurance, the impact of non-contemporaneous reinsurance, reserve assumption updates, as well as certain other items as specified in the reconciliations below. These performance measures are in accordance with GAAP guidance for segment reporting, but they should not be viewed as a substitute for total revenue, income before income tax, or net income.  

A reconciliation of total revenue to "adjusted operating revenue" and income before income tax to "adjusted operating income" is as follows:
Three Months Ended March 31
20242023
(in millions of dollars)
Total Revenue$3,200.3 $3,036.1 
Excluding:
Net Investment Gain (Loss)(1.2)0.1 
Adjusted Operating Revenue$3,201.5 $3,036.0 
Income Before Income Tax$495.7 $451.3 
Excluding:
Net Investment Gain (Loss)(1.2)0.1 
Amortization of the Cost of Reinsurance(10.4)(11.0)
Non-Contemporaneous Reinsurance(7.2)(7.3)
Adjusted Operating Income$514.5 $469.5 

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Critical Accounting Estimates

We prepare our financial statements in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect amounts reported in our financial statements and accompanying notes. Estimates and assumptions could change in the future as more information becomes known, which could impact the amounts reported and disclosed in our financial statements.

The accounting estimates deemed to be most critical to our financial position and results of operations are those related to the liability for future policy benefits, valuation of investments, pension and postretirement benefit plans, income taxes, and contingent liabilities. There have been no significant changes in our critical accounting estimates during the three months ended March 31, 2024.

For additional information, refer to our significant accounting policies in Note 1 of the "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements" in Part II, Item 8, and "Critical Accounting Estimates" in Part II, Item 7 of our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Accounting Developments

For information on new accounting standards and the impact, if any, on our financial position or results of operations, see Note 2 of the "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements" contained herein in Item 1 for further information.
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Consolidated Operating Results
(in millions of dollars)
 Three Months Ended March 31
 2024% Change2023
Revenue
Premium Income$2,610.3 6.1 %$2,459.3 
Net Investment Income513.5 0.9 508.8 
Net Investment Gain (Loss)(1.2)N.M0.1 
Other Income77.7 14.4 67.9 
Total Revenue3,200.3 5.4 3,036.1 
Benefits and Expenses
Policy Benefits1,893.0 0.6 1,882.1 
Policy Benefits - Remeasurement Gain(107.7)(26.1)(145.7)
Commissions313.6 6.7 293.9 
Interest and Debt Expense49.5 2.9 48.1 
Deferral of Acquisition Costs(166.9)5.8 (157.7)
Amortization of Deferred Acquisition Costs126.2 8.9 115.9 
Compensation Expense305.8 11.2 275.0 
Other Expenses291.1 6.6 273.2 
Total Benefits and Expenses2,704.6 4.6 2,584.8 
Income Before Income Tax 495.7 9.8 451.3 
Income Tax100.5 8.1 93.0 
Net Income$395.2 10.3 $358.3 

Fluctuations in exchange rates, particularly between the British pound sterling and the U.S. dollar for our U.K. operations, have an effect on our consolidated financial results. In periods when the pound weakens relative to the preceding period, translating pounds into dollars decreases current period results relative to the prior period. In periods when the pound strengthens, translating pounds into dollars increases current period results relative to the prior period.

The weighted average pound/dollar exchange rate for our Unum UK line of business was 1.266 and 1.213 for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. If the first quarter 2023 results for our U.K. operations had been translated at the higher exchange rate of 2024, our adjusted operating revenue and adjusted operating income by segment would have both been higher by approximately $8 million and $2 million, respectively, in the first quarter of 2023. However, it is important to distinguish between translating and converting foreign currency. Except for a limited number of transactions, we do not actually convert pounds into dollars. As a result, we view foreign currency translation as a financial reporting item and not a reflection of operations or profitability in the U.K.

Premium income increased in the first quarter of 2024 relative to the same period of 2023 in each of our principal operating business segments, primarily due to favorable persistency and higher prior period sales. Premium income continues to decline, as expected, in our Closed Block segment.

Net investment income was slightly higher in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period of 2023 with an increase in the level of invested assets and higher miscellaneous investment income, primarily related to larger increases in the net asset values (NAV) on our private equity partnerships, mostly offset by lower investment income from inflation index-linked bonds held by Unum UK.

We did not recognize any credit losses on fixed maturity securities during the first quarters of 2024 or 2023. Included in net investment gains and losses were changes in the fair value of an embedded derivative in a modified coinsurance arrangement, which resulted in gains of $6.1 million and $0.3 million in the first quarter of 2024 and 2023, respectively. The changes in the
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embedded derivative are primarily driven by movements in credit spreads in the overall investment market. See Note 4 in the "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements" contained herein in Item 1 for further information on investment gains and losses.

Other income is primarily comprised of fee-based service products in the Unum US segment, which include leave management services and administrative services only (ASO) business, and the underlying results and associated net investment income of certain assumed blocks of reinsured business in the Closed Block segment.

Overall benefits experience in the first quarter of 2024 was favorable relative to the same period of 2023 with a consolidated benefit ratio, which includes the remeasurement gain or loss, of 68.4 percent and 70.6 percent, respectively. Excluding the impact of non-contemporaneous reinsurance, the consolidated benefit ratios were 68.1 percent and 70.3 percent in the first quarter of 2024 and 2023, respectively. The benefit ratio, which includes the remeasurement gain or loss, for each of our operating business segments is discussed more fully in "Segment Results" as follows.

Commissions and the deferral of acquisition costs were higher during the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period of 2023 primarily driven by higher prior period sales and in-force block growth in our principal operating business segments. The increase in amortization of deferred acquisition costs in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period of 2023 is due primarily to growth in the level of the deferred asset in our Unum US supplemental and voluntary product line and in our Colonial Life segment.

Other expenses and compensation expense, on a combined basis, increased in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period of 2023 due primarily to an increase in employee-related costs, an increase in operational investments in our business, and growth in our fee-based service products.

Our effective income tax rate for the first quarter of 2024 was 20.3 percent, compared to 20.6 percent for the same prior year period. Our effective income tax rate differed from the U.S. statutory rate of 21 percent for the first quarter of 2024 primarily due to prior year state taxes. Our effective income tax rate differed from the U.S. statutory rate of 21 percent for the first quarter of 2023 primarily due to foreign tax rate differential.
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Consolidated Sales Results
 
Shown below are sales results for our three principal operating business segments.
(in millions)
Three Months Ended March 31
 2024% Change2023
Unum US$274.1 (0.9)%$276.6 
Unum International$45.6 (0.4)%$45.8 
Colonial Life$103.0 (3.6)%$106.8 

Sales shown in the preceding chart generally represent the annualized premium income on new sales which we expect to receive and report as premium income during the next 12 months following or beginning in the initial quarter in which the sale is reported, depending on the effective date of the new sale. Sales do not correspond to premium income reported as revenue in accordance with GAAP. This is because new annualized sales premiums reflect current sales performance and what we expect to recognize as premium income over a 12-month period, while premium income reported in our financial statements is reported on an "as earned" basis rather than an annualized basis and also includes renewals and persistency of in-force policies written in prior years as well as current new sales.

Sales, persistency of the existing block of business, employment and salary growth, and the effectiveness of a renewal program are indicators of growth in premium income. Trends in new sales, as well as existing market share, also indicate the potential for growth in our respective markets and the level of market acceptance of price levels and new product offerings. Sales results may fluctuate significantly due to case size and timing of sales submissions.

See "Segment Results" as follows for a discussion of sales by segment.

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Segment Results

Our reporting segments are comprised of the following: Unum US, Unum International, Colonial Life, Closed Block, and Corporate.

In describing our results, we may at times note certain items and exclude the impact on financial ratios and metrics to enhance the understanding and comparability of our operational performance and the underlying fundamentals, but this exclusion is not an indication that similar items may not recur. We also measure and analyze our segment performance on the basis of "adjusted operating revenue" and "adjusted operating income" or "adjusted operating loss", which differ from total revenue and income before income tax as presented in our consolidated statements of income due to the exclusion of investment gains and losses and certain other items. These performance measures are in accordance with GAAP guidance for segment reporting, but they should not be viewed as a substitute for total revenue, income before income tax, or net income. See "Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures" contained herein in this Item 2.

Unum US Segment

The Unum US segment is comprised of the group disability, group life and accidental death and dismemberment, and supplemental and voluntary lines of business. The group disability line of business includes long-term and short-term disability, medical stop-loss, and fee-based service products. The supplemental and voluntary line of business includes voluntary benefits, individual disability, and dental and vision products.

Unum US Operating Results

Shown below are financial results for the Unum US segment. In the sections following, financial results and key ratios are also presented for the major lines of business within the segment.
(in millions of dollars, except ratios)
 Three Months Ended March 31
 2024% Change2023
Adjusted Operating Revenue
Premium Income$1,707.4 6.1 %$1,609.6 
Net Investment Income157.0 (0.2)157.3 
Other Income60.6 13.1 53.6 
Total1,925.0 5.7 1,820.5 
Benefits and Expenses
Policy Benefits1,081.7 (4.2)1,129.4 
Policy Benefits - Remeasurement Gain(112.4)(25.6)(151.0)
Commissions182.2 7.9 168.9 
Deferral of Acquisition Costs(83.3)5.4 (79.0)
Amortization of Deferred Acquisition Costs69.8 6.1 65.8 
Other Expenses401.8 7.5 373.9 
Total1,539.8 2.1 1,508.0 
Adjusted Operating Income$385.2 23.3 $312.5 
Operating Ratios (% of Premium Income):
Benefit Ratio 56.8 %60.8 %
Other Expense Ratio1
22.8 %22.5 %
Adjusted Operating Income Ratio22.6 %19.4 %
1Ratio of Other Expenses to Premium Income plus Unum US Group Disability Other Income, which is primarily related to fee-based services.
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Unum US Group Disability Operating Results

Shown below are financial results and key performance indicators for Unum US group disability.
(in millions of dollars, except ratios)
 Three Months Ended March 31
 2024% Change2023
Adjusted Operating Revenue
Premium Income
Group Long-term Disability$516.7 2.4 %$504.7 
Group Short-term Disability263.1 9.5 240.3 
Total Premium Income779.8 4.7 745.0 
Net Investment Income77.8 (4.1)81.1 
Other Income58.7 11.6 52.6 
Total916.3 4.3 878.7 
Benefits and Expenses
Policy Benefits521.6 (5.9)554.5 
Policy Benefits - Remeasurement Gain(73.0)(32.1)(107.5)
Commissions61.8 5.8 58.4 
Deferral of Acquisition Costs(16.5)13.0 (14.6)
Amortization of Deferred Acquisition Costs14.4 9.9 13.1 
Other Expenses243.2 6.2 229.1 
Total751.5 2.5 733.0 
Adjusted Operating Income$164.8 13.1 $145.7 
Operating Ratios (% of Premium Income):
Benefit Ratio57.5 %60.0 %
Other Expense Ratio1
29.0 %28.7 %
Adjusted Operating Income Ratio21.1 %19.6 %
Persistency:
Group Long-term Disability93.1 %90.6 %
Group Short-term Disability91.3 %87.2 %
1Ratio of Other Expenses to Premium Income plus Other Income, which is primarily related to fee-based services.

Premium income was higher in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period of 2023 driven by favorable persistency and higher prior period sales. Net investment income was lower in the first quarter of 2024 relative to the same period of 2023 due to a lower level of invested assets, partially offset by an increase in the yield on invested assets. Other income increased in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period of 2023 due to growth in our fee-based service products.

The benefit ratio was favorable in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period of 2023 due to favorable claims incidence in the long-term and short-term disability product lines.

Commissions and the deferral of acquisition costs were higher in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period of 2023 due primarily to higher prior period sales. The amortization of deferred acquisition costs increased in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period of 2023 primarily due to growth in the level of the deferred asset. The other expense ratio, which includes other income that is primarily related to fee-based service products, was generally consistent in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period of 2023.

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Unum US Group Life and Accidental Death and Dismemberment Operating Results

Shown below are financial results and key performance indicators for Unum US group life and accidental death and dismemberment.
(in millions of dollars, except ratios) 
 Three Months Ended March 31
 2024% Change2023
Adjusted Operating Revenue
Premium Income
Group Life$442.6 7.1 %$413.1 
Accidental Death & Dismemberment45.8 5.3 43.5 
Total Premium Income488.4 7.0 456.6 
Net Investment Income22.0 (2.7)22.6 
Other Income1.0 150.0 0.4 
Total511.4 6.6 479.6 
Benefits and Expenses
Policy Benefits352.3 (3.1)363.5 
Policy Benefits - Remeasurement Gain(19.1)(9.9)(21.2)
Commissions41.7 5.0 39.7 
Deferral of Acquisition Costs(10.5)7.1 (9.8)
Amortization of Deferred Acquisition Costs6.9 (29.6)9.8 
Other Expenses61.3 6.6 57.5 
Total432.6 (1.6)439.5 
Adjusted Operating Income$78.8 96.5 $40.1 
Operating Ratios (% of Premium Income):
Benefit Ratio 68.2 %75.0 %
Other Expense Ratio12.6 %12.6 %
Adjusted Operating Income Ratio16.1 %8.8 %
Persistency:
Group Life91.7 %88.8 %
Accidental Death & Dismemberment91.4 %87.6 %

Premium income was higher in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period of 2023 due to favorable persistency and higher prior period sales. Net investment income was generally consistent in the first quarter of 2024 relative to the same period of 2023.

The benefit ratio in the first quarter of 2024 was favorable compared to the same period of 2023 due to favorable incidence in the group life product line.

Commissions and deferral of acquisition costs were higher in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period of 2023 due to higher prior period sales. The amortization of deferred acquisition costs in the first quarter of 2024 was decreased compared to the same period of 2023 due to favorable persistency. The other expense ratio was consistent in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period of 2023.
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Unum US Supplemental and Voluntary Operating Results

Shown below are financial results and key performance indicators for Unum US supplemental and voluntary product lines.
(in millions of dollars, except ratios)
 Three Months Ended March 31
 2024% Change2023
Adjusted Operating Revenue
Premium Income
Voluntary Benefits$222.9 3.9 %$214.5 
Individual Disability142.0 14.3 124.2 
Dental and Vision74.3 7.2 69.3 
Total Premium Income439.2 7.6 408.0 
Net Investment Income57.2 6.7 53.6 
Other Income0.9 50.0 0.6 
Total497.3 7.6 462.2 
Benefits and Expenses
Policy Benefits207.8 (1.7)211.4 
Policy Benefits - Remeasurement Gain(20.3)(9.0)(22.3)
Commissions78.7 11.2 70.8 
Deferral of Acquisition Costs(56.3)3.1 (54.6)
Amortization of Deferred Acquisition Costs48.5 13.1 42.9 
Other Expenses97.3 11.5 87.3 
Total355.7 6.0 335.5 
Adjusted Operating Income$141.6 11.8 $126.7 
Operating Ratios (% of Premium Income):
Benefit Ratios:
Voluntary Benefits33.8 %36.0 %
Individual Disability41.1 %45.3 %
Dental and Vision72.4 %80.2 %
Other Expense Ratio22.2 %21.4 %
Adjusted Operating Income Ratio32.2 %31.1 %
Persistency:
Voluntary Benefits75.7 %74.2 %
Individual Disability89.2 %89.2 %
Dental and Vision80.5 %76.9 %

Premium income was higher in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period of 2023 due to continued impacts from the partial recapture of a previously ceded block of business in the individual disability product line as well as higher prior period sales and favorable persistency. Net investment income was higher in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period of 2023 primarily due to an increase in the yield on invested assets.

The benefit ratio for voluntary benefits was favorable in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period of 2023 primarily driven by the critical illness product line. The benefit ratio for individual disability was favorable in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period of 2023 due primarily to favorable recoveries. The benefit ratio for dental and vision was favorable in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period of 2023 due primarily to lower claims incidence and average claim size.

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Commissions and deferral of acquisition costs were higher for the first quarter of 2024 relative to the same period of 2023 due primarily to higher prior period sales in the individual disability product line. The amortization of deferred acquisition costs increased in the first quarter of 2024 relative to the same period of 2023 due to growth in the level of the deferred asset. The other expense ratio increased in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period of 2023 due primarily to an increase in employee-related costs and an increase in operational investments in our business.

Sales
(in millions of dollars)
 Three Months Ended March 31
 2024% Change2023
Sales by Product
Group Disability and Group Life and AD&D
Group Long-term Disability$54.6 1.3 %$53.9 
Group Short-term Disability35.9 (3.0)37.0 
Group Life and AD&D42.8 9.5 39.1 
Subtotal133.3 2.5 130.0 
Supplemental and Voluntary
Voluntary Benefits107.9 (2.7)110.9 
Individual Disability21.2 (20.6)26.7 
Dental and Vision11.7 30.0 9.0 
Subtotal140.8 (4.0)146.6 
Total Sales$274.1 (0.9)$276.6 
Sales by Market Sector
Group Disability and Group Life and AD&D
Core Market (< 2,000 employees)$77.3 (8.0)%$84.0 
Large Case Market56.0 21.7 46.0 
Subtotal133.3 2.5 130.0 
Supplemental and Voluntary140.8 (4.0)146.6 
Total Sales$274.1 (0.9)$276.6 

Group sales increased during the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period of 2023 due to higher sales to new customers in both the large case market, which we define as employee groups with more than 2,000 employees, and the core market, partially offset by lower sales to existing customers in the core market. The sales mix in the group market sector for the first three months of 2024 was approximately 58 percent core market and 42 percent large case market.

Voluntary benefits sales decreased during the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period of 2023 due primarily to lower sales to new and existing customers in the large case market, partially offset by higher sales to new customers in the core market. Individual disability sales, which are primarily concentrated in the multi-life market, decreased in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period of 2023 due to lower sales to both new and existing customers. Dental and vision sales increased in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period of 2023 due to higher sales to new customers.

Segment Outlook

We remain committed to offering consumers a broad set of financial protection benefit products at the worksite. During 2024, we will continue to invest in a unique customer experience defined by simplicity, empathy, and deep industry expertise through the increased utilization of digital capabilities and technology to enhance enrollment, underwriting, the client administration experience, and claims processing. In addition, we will focus on strategically driven sales by enhancing the connectivity, alignment, and support for brokers and technology partners. With respect to smaller employers, we will continue to provide a comprehensive set of consumer-focused products, enhance our distribution model, and utilize our digital tools to bring industry leading enrollment capabilities and a fully integrated customer experience. Our differentiated offerings and market leading leave management services provide substantial growth opportunities, particularly with larger employers, and stronger
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persistency in our core products. We believe our active client management, integrated customer experience across our product lines, and strong risk management, will enable us to continue to grow our market over the long-term.

We expect strong adjusted operating income in 2024 with continued premium growth and claim experience in line with 2023. We expect premium growth to be driven by improved persistency in most lines as well as continued strong sales momentum. We expect the group disability market to remain competitive which may impact our pricing and renewal premium levels. We expect favorable group disability claim experience to continue in 2024, driven by strong operational performance. We also expect group life and voluntary benefits claim experience to be mostly stable. We expect a stable operating expense ratio as our investments in our people and capabilities are offset by efficiencies gained from our strategic initiatives.

A rising interest rate environment could continue to positively impact our yields on new investments but could also continue to create further unrealized losses in our current holdings. A declining interest rate environment could negatively impact yields on new investments but could also reduce unrealized losses in our current holdings. Our net investment income may continue to be impacted by volatility in miscellaneous investment income.

As part of our discipline in pricing and reserving, we continuously monitor emerging claim trends and interest rates. We will continue to take appropriate pricing actions on new business and renewals that are reflective of the current environment.

We continuously monitor key indicators to assess our risks and adjust our business plans accordingly.
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Unum International Segment

The Unum International segment is comprised of our operations in both the United Kingdom and Poland. Our Unum UK products include insurance for group long-term disability, group life, and supplemental lines of business, which includes dental, critical illness, and individual disability products. Our Unum Poland products include insurance for individual and group life with accident and health riders. Unum International's products are sold primarily through field sales personnel and independent brokers and consultants.

Operating Results

Shown below are financial results and key performance indicators for the Unum International segment.
(in millions of dollars, except ratios)
 Three Months Ended March 31
 2024% Change2023
Adjusted Operating Revenue
Premium Income
Unum UK
Group Long-term Disability$103.5 12.9 %$91.7 
Group Life48.7 24.2 39.2 
Supplemental43.1 35.5 31.8 
Unum Poland36.4 40.5 25.9 
Total Premium Income231.7 22.9 188.6 
Net Investment Income26.1 (15.5)30.9 
Other Income0.3 (25.0)0.4 
Total258.1 17.4 219.9 
Benefits and Expenses
Policy Benefits163.9 24.3 131.9 
Policy Benefits - Remeasurement Gain(8.0)81.8 (4.4)
Commissions19.6 18.1 16.6 
Deferral of Acquisition Costs (4.3)22.9 (3.5)
Amortization of Deferred Acquisition Costs2.4 33.3 1.8 
Other Expenses47.1 20.5 39.1 
Total220.7 21.6 181.5 
Adjusted Operating Income $37.4 (2.6)$38.4 

Foreign Currency Translation

The functional currencies of Unum UK and Unum Poland are the British pound sterling and Polish zloty, respectively. Premium income, net investment income, claims, and expenses are received or paid in the functional currency, and we hold functional currency-denominated assets to support functional currency-denominated policy liabilities. We translate functional currency-denominated financial statement items into dollars for our consolidated financial reporting. We translate income statement items using an average exchange rate for the reporting period, and we translate balance sheet items using the exchange rate at the end of the period. We report unrealized foreign currency translation gains and losses in accumulated other comprehensive income in our consolidated balance sheets.
 
Fluctuations in exchange rates impact Unum International's reported financial results and our consolidated financial results. In periods when the functional currency strengthens relative to the preceding period, translation increases current period results relative to the prior period. In periods when the functional currency weakens, translation decreases current period results relative to the prior period.

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Unum UK Operating Results

Shown below are financial results and key performance indicators for the Unum UK product lines in functional currency.
(in millions of pounds, except ratios)
 Three Months Ended March 31
 2024% Change2023
Adjusted Operating Revenue
Premium Income
Group Long-term Disability£81.6 8.1 %£75.5 
Group Life38.4 18.9 32.3 
Supplemental34.0 30.3 26.1 
Total Premium Income154.0 15.0 133.9 
Net Investment Income18.4 (22.4)23.7 
Other Income0.1 100.0 — 
Total172.5 9.5 157.6 
Benefits and Expenses
Policy Benefits111.6 16.9 95.5 
Policy Benefits - Remeasurement Gain(6.8)78.9 (3.8)
Commissions9.4 5.6 8.9 
Deferral of Acquisition Costs(1.1)10.0 (1.0)
Amortization of Deferred Acquisition Costs1.4 27.3 1.1 
Other Expenses29.8 15.1 25.9 
Total144.3 14.0 126.6 
Adjusted Operating Income£28.2 (9.0)£31.0 
Weighted Average Pound/Dollar Exchange Rate1.266 1.213 
Operating Ratios (% of Premium Income):
Benefit Ratio68.1 %68.5 %
Other Expense Ratio19.4 %19.3 %
Adjusted Operating Income Ratio18.3 %23.2 %
Persistency:
Group Long-term Disability92.7 %90.1 %
Group Life88.3 %81.5 %
Supplemental87.7 %88.9 %

Premium income was higher in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period of 2023 due primarily to in-force block growth.

Net investment income was lower in the first quarter of 2024 relative to the same period of 2023 due to lower investment income from inflation index-linked bonds. Our investments in inflation index-linked bonds support the claim liabilities associated with certain group policies that provide for inflation-linked increases in policy benefits. The change in net investment income attributable to these index-linked bonds is partially offset by a change in policy benefits related to the inflation index-linked group long-term disability and group life policies.

The benefit ratio was favorable in the first quarter of 2024 relative to the same period of 2023 due to lower mortality in the group life product line and lower inflation-linked experience in benefits, partially offset by unfavorable experience in the supplemental product line due to higher claims incidence.
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Commissions were higher in the first quarter of 2024 relative to the same period of 2023 due primarily to in-force block growth. The deferral of acquisition costs, the amortization of deferred acquisition costs, and the other expense ratio were generally consistent during the first quarter of 2024 with the same prior year period.

Sales
(in millions of dollars and pounds)
Three Months Ended March 31
 2024% Change2023
Unum International Sales by Product
Unum UK
Group Long-term Disability$15.1 64.1 %$9.2 
Group Life9.9 (38.9)16.2 
Supplemental12.6 5.9 11.9 
Unum Poland8.0 (5.9)8.5 
Total Sales$45.6 (0.4)$45.8 
Unum International Sales by Market Sector
Unum UK
Group Long-term Disability and Group Life
Core Market (< 500 employees)$9.3 (25.6)%$12.5 
Large Case Market15.7 21.7 12.9 
Subtotal25.0 (1.6)25.4 
Supplemental12.6 5.9 11.9 
Unum Poland8.0 (5.9)8.5 
Total Sales$45.6 (0.4)$45.8 
Unum UK Sales by Product
Group Long-term Disability£11.9 58.7 %£7.5 
Group Life7.8 (41.4)13.3 
Supplemental9.9 1.0 9.8 
Total Sales£29.6 (3.3)£30.6 
Unum UK Sales by Market Sector
Group Long-term Disability and Group Life
Core Market (< 500 employees)£7.4 (27.5)%£10.2 
Large Case Market12.3 16.0 10.6 
Subtotal19.7 (5.3)20.8 
Supplemental9.9 1.0 9.8 
Total Sales£29.6 (3.3)£30.6 

The following discussion of sales results relates only to our Unum UK product lines and is based on functional currency.

Group long-term disability sales increased in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period of 2023, driven by higher sales to new and existing customers in the large case market, which we define as employee groups with greater than 500 employees, partially offset by lower sales to new and existing customers in the core market.

Group life sales decreased in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period of 2023 driven primarily by lower sales to new customers in the large case market.

Supplemental sales were generally consistent in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period of 2023 with higher sales in the dental product line mostly offset by lower sales in the group critical illness product line.
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Segment Outlook

We are committed to driving growth in the Unum International segment and will build on the capabilities that we believe will generate growth and profitability in our businesses over the long term. In 2024, we will focus on scaling our business and broadening our product portfolio. For our Unum UK line of business, achieving growth remains a priority, and we will continue to focus on delivering a best in class health and wellbeing service to improve retention of our key customers and drive growth across our product offerings. We will also accelerate premium growth by focusing on both the broker experience and customer engagement, while maintaining our disciplined approach to pricing. Within our Unum Poland line of business, we will drive growth by expanding our distribution and the direct to employer channel. We will also continue to invest in digital capabilities, technology, and product enhancements which we believe will drive sustainable growth over the long term.

In 2024, we expect sales and premium growth to continue, alongside stable claim experience. We recognize that 2023 earnings benefited from inflation linked income, which we expect will continue to decrease in 2024 and could pressure earnings growth. We may see impacts to net investment income and fluctuations in our benefit ratio as inflation continues to moderate. We continuously monitor key indicators to assess our risks and adjust our business plans accordingly.

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Colonial Life Segment

The Colonial Life segment includes insurance for accident, sickness, and disability products, which includes dental and vision products, life products, and cancer and critical illness products. These products are marketed to employees, on both a group and an individual basis, at the workplace through an independent contractor agent sales force and brokers.

Operating Results

Shown below are financial results and key performance indicators for the Colonial Life segment.
(in millions of dollars, except ratios)  
 Three Months Ended March 31
 2024% Change2023
Adjusted Operating Revenue
Premium Income
Accident, Sickness, and Disability$243.2 3.2 %$235.7 
Life114.3 8.5 105.3 
Cancer and Critical Illness89.4 1.0 88.5 
Total Premium Income446.9 4.1 429.5 
Net Investment Income39.3 5.4 37.3 
Other Income3.0 N.M0.2 
Total489.2 4.8 467.0 
Benefits and Expenses
Policy Benefits226.7 2.6 220.9 
Policy Benefits - Remeasurement Loss (Gain)(9.6)N.M6.8 
Commissions95.2 6.6 89.3 
Deferral of Acquisition Costs(79.3)5.5 (75.2)
Amortization of Deferred Acquisition Costs54.0 11.8 48.3 
Other Expenses88.5 6.6 83.0 
Total375.5 0.6 373.1 
Adjusted Operating Income$113.7 21.1 $93.9 
Operating Ratios (% of Premium Income):
Benefit Ratio 48.6 %53.0 %
Other Expense Ratio19.8 %19.3 %
Adjusted Operating Income Ratio 25.4 %21.9 %
Persistency:
Accident, Sickness, and Disability73.7 %72.5 %
Life85.1 %84.1 %
Cancer and Critical Illness82.2 %81.7 %
N.M. = not a meaningful percentage

Premium income increased in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period of 2023 due to higher prior period sales and favorable persistency. Net investment income was higher in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period of 2023 due to an increase in the yield on invested assets and an increase in the level of invested assets.

The benefit ratio in the first quarter of 2024 was favorable relative to the same period of 2023 primarily due to favorable benefit experience in the cancer and critical illness and accident, sickness, and disability product lines.

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Commissions and the deferral of acquisition costs were higher in the first quarter of 2024 relative to the same period of 2023 due to higher prior period sales. The amortization of deferred acquisition costs in the first quarter of 2024 was higher relative to the same period of 2023 due to growth in the level of the deferred asset. The other expense ratio was higher in the first quarter of 2024 relative to the same period of 2023 due primarily to an increase in employee-related costs and an increase in operational investments in our business.

Sales
(in millions of dollars)
 Three Months Ended March 31
 2024% Change2023
Sales by Product
Accident, Sickness, and Disability$64.6 (2.9)%$66.5 
Life24.8 (5.3)26.2 
Cancer and Critical Illness13.6 (3.5)14.1
Total Sales$103.0 (3.6)$106.8 
Sales by Market Sector
Commercial
Core Market (< 1,000 employees)$71.7 (2.3)%$73.4 
Large Case Market9.2 (8.9)10.1 
Subtotal 80.9 (3.1)83.5 
Public Sector22.1 (5.2)23.3 
Total Sales$103.0 (3.6)$106.8 

Commercial market sales decreased during the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period of 2023 due to lower sales to existing customers in the core market and to new customers in the large case market, which we define as accounts with more than 1,000 employees, partially offset by higher sales to new customers in the core market. Public sector market sales decreased in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period of 2023 due to lower sales to new and existing customers.

Segment Outlook

We remain committed to providing employees and their families with simple, modern, and personal benefit solutions. During 2024, we will continue to utilize our strong distribution system of independent agents, benefit counselors and broker partnerships. We will also continue to invest in solutions and digital capabilities to expand our reach and effectiveness, driving growth and improving productivity while enhancing the customer experience. In 2024, we will continue to bring an enhanced engagement and enrollment platform to market, enabling deeper connections with employees through the enrollment process as well as maintaining stronger relationships throughout the customer lifecycle. We believe our distribution system, customer service capabilities, digital and virtual tools, and ability to serve all market sizes position us well for future growth.

In 2024, we expect strong growth in adjusted operating income for the full year with sales and premium growth increasing from the prior year. We expect improved claim experience in 2024 but could continue to experience some level of claims volatility. While we believe our underlying profitability will remain strong, current economic conditions and increasing competition in the voluntary workplace market are risks to achievement of our business plans. We continuously monitor key indicators to assess our risks and adjust our business plans accordingly.

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Closed Block Segment

The Closed Block segment consists of group and individual long-term care and other insurance products no longer actively marketed. We discontinued offering individual long-term care in 2009 and group long-term care in 2012. Other insurance products include individual disability, group pension, individual life and corporate-owned life insurance, reinsurance pools and management operations, and other miscellaneous product lines.

Operating Results

Shown below are financial results and key performance indicators for the Closed Block segment.
(in millions of dollars, except ratios)  
 Three Months Ended March 31
 2024% Change2023
Adjusted Operating Revenue
Premium Income
Long-term Care $174.5 (0.3)%$175.1 
All Other 49.8 (11.9)56.5 
Total Premium Income224.3 (3.2)231.6 
Net Investment Income273.1 6.2 257.2 
Other Income13.1 (3.0)13.5 
Total510.5 1.6 502.3 
Benefits and Expenses
Policy Benefits420.7 5.2 399.9 
Policy Benefits - Remeasurement Loss
22.3 N.M2.9 
Commissions16.6 (13.1)19.1 
Other Expenses44.2 9.1 40.5 
Total503.8 9.0 462.4 
Income Before Income Tax and Net Investment Gains and Losses6.7 (83.2)39.9 
Amortization of the Cost of Reinsurance10.4 (5.5)11.0 
Non-Contemporaneous Reinsurance7.2 (1.4)7.3 
Adjusted Operating Income$24.3 (58.2)$58.2 
Long-term Care Net Premium Ratio
93.8 %85.3 %
Operating Ratios (% of Premium Income):
Other Expense Ratio 1
15.1 %12.7 %
Income Ratio 3.0 %17.2 %
Adjusted Operating Income Ratio 10.8 %25.1 %
Long-term Care Persistency
95.3 %95.4 %
1Excludes amortization of the cost of reinsurance.
N.M. = not a meaningful percentage

Premium income for the long-term care product line in the first quarter of 2024 was generally consistent with the same period of 2023. Premium income for our "All Other" product line continues to decline as expected due to policyholder lapses.

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Net investment income was higher during the first quarter of 2024 relative to the same period of 2023 primarily due to an increase in the level of invested assets and higher miscellaneous investment income, primarily related to larger increases in the NAV on our private equity partnerships.

Other income primarily includes the underlying results and associated net investment income of certain assumed blocks of business.

The net premium ratio for long-term care increased to 93.8 percent at March 31, 2024 from 85.3 percent at March 31, 2023 due primarily to the impacts of the reserve assumption updates in the third quarter of 2023. Benefits were unfavorable during the first quarter of 2024 relative to the same period of 2023 driven primarily by the increase in current period benefit expense resulting from the higher net premium ratio. With respect to our third quarter 2023 reserve assumption updates, see "Critical Accounting Estimates" in Item 7 and Note 6 of the "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements" in Item 8 of our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

The other expense ratio, excluding the amortization of the cost of reinsurance related to the Closed Block individual disability reinsurance transaction, was higher in the first quarter of 2024 due primarily to an increase in employee related costs, operational investments in our business and a decline in expense allowances related to the ceded block of individual disability business.

Individual Disability Reinsurance Transaction

As shown in the chart above, we exclude from income before income tax and net investment gains and losses, the amortization of the cost of reinsurance and the impact of non-contemporaneous reinsurance related to the Closed Block individual disability reinsurance transaction, where we ceded a significant portion of this business. The cost of reinsurance continues to be amortized over a period of approximately 22 years, on a declining trajectory generally consistent with the expected run-off pattern of the ceded reserves. As a result of the execution of the second phase of the reinsurance transaction occurring after January 1, 2021, the transition date of ASU 2018-12, in accordance with the provisions of the ASU related to non-contemporaneous reinsurance, we were required to establish the ceded reserves using an upper-medium grade fixed-income instrument as of the reinsurance transaction date in March 2021 which resulted in higher ceded reserves compared to that which was reported historically. However, the direct reserves for the block reinsured in the second phase were calculated using the original discount rate utilized as of the transition date. Both the direct and ceded reserves are then remeasured at each reporting period using a current discount rate reflective of an upper-medium grade fixed-income instrument, with the changes recognized in OCI. While the total equity impact is neutral, the different original discount rates utilized for direct and ceded reserves result in disproportionate earnings impacts. The impact of non-contemporaneous reinsurance will fluctuate depending on the magnitude of reserve changes during the period. The effects of non-contemporaneous reinsurance treatment in the first three months of 2024 compared to 2023 were generally consistent.

Segment Outlook

We will continue to execute on our well-defined strategy of implementing long-term care premium rate increases, efficient capital management, improved financial analysis, and operational effectiveness. We will continue to explore structural options to enhance financial flexibility. We continue to file requests with various state insurance departments for premium rate increases on certain of our individual and group long-term care policies which reflect assumptions as of the date of filings. In states for which a rate increase is submitted and approved, we routinely provide customers options for coverage changes or other approaches that might fit their current financial and insurance needs. Despite continued anticipated premium rate increases in our long-term care business, we expect overall premium income and adjusted operating revenue to decline over the long term as these closed blocks of business wind down. We will likely experience volatility in net investment income due to fluctuations of miscellaneous investment income, driven by the allocation towards alternative assets, primarily private equity partnership investments, in the long-term care product line portfolio. We record changes in our share of the NAV of the partnerships in net investment income. We receive financial information related to our investments in partnerships and generally record investment income on a one-quarter lag in accordance with our accounting policy. As these net asset values are volatile and can fluctuate materially with changes in market economic conditions, there may possibly be significant movements up or down in future periods as conditions change. We continuously monitor key indicators to assess our risks and adjust our business plans, including utilization of derivative financial instruments to manage interest rate risk.

Profitability of our long-tailed products is affected by claims experience related to mortality and morbidity, resolutions, investment returns, premium rate increases, and persistency. The net premium ratio represents the ratio of future expected benefits and related expenses to future expected gross premiums using the original discount rate. The long-term care benefits experience may continue to have quarterly volatility, particularly in the near term as our claim block matures and as we
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continue the implementation of premium rate increases. Claim resolution rates which reflect the probability that a disability or long-term care claim will close due to recovery or death of the insureds, are very sensitive to operational and external factors and can be volatile. Our claim resolution rate assumption used in determining reserves is our expectation of the resolution rate we will experience over the life of the block of business and will vary from actual experience in any one period. It is possible that variability in any of our reserve assumptions, including, but not limited to, mortality, morbidity, resolutions, premium rate increases, benefit change elections, and persistency, could result in a material impact to our reserves.

As a result of the execution of the reinsurance transaction related to our Closed Block individual disability line of business, we have fully ceded a significant portion of this business. We expect that earnings will continue to be impacted by the amortization of the cost of reinsurance and the impacts of non-contemporaneous reinsurance, but we anticipate these impacts will decline over time with the run-off pattern of the reserves.

For further discussion of ASU 2018-12, see Note 2 of the “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements” contained herein in Item 1.
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Corporate Segment

The Corporate segment includes investment income on corporate assets not specifically allocated to a line of business, interest expense on corporate debt, and certain other corporate income and expenses not allocated to a line of business.

Operating Results
(in millions of dollars)  
 Three Months Ended March 31
 2024% Change2023
Adjusted Operating Revenue
Net Investment Income$18.0 (31.0)%$26.1 
Other Income0.7 N.M0.2 
Total18.7 (28.9)26.3 
Interest and Other Expenses64.8 8.4 59.8 
Adjusted Operating Loss$(46.1)37.6 $(33.5)
N.M. = not a meaningful percentage

Adjusted operating loss increased in the first quarter of 2024 relative to the same period of 2023 due primarily to decreased net investment income, which was caused by increased allocation to our lines of business. Also impacting the comparison is an increase in retirement plan expenses during the first quarter of 2024.

Segment Outlook

We expect to continue to generate excess capital on an annual basis through the statutory earnings in our insurance subsidiaries and believe we are well positioned with flexibility to preserve our capital strength while also returning capital to our shareholders. We may experience volatility in net investment income due to changes in the prevailing interest rates as well as both the composition and level of invested assets.

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Investments

Overview

Investment activities are an integral part of our business, and profitability is significantly affected by investment results. We segment our invested assets into portfolios that support our various product lines. Generally, our investment strategy for our portfolios is to match the effective asset cash flows and durations with related expected liability cash flows and durations to consistently meet the liability funding requirements of our businesses and to manage interest rate risk. We seek to earn investment income while assuming credit risk in a prudent and selective manner, subject to constraints of quality, liquidity, diversification, and regulatory considerations. Our overall investment philosophy is to invest in a portfolio of high quality assets that provide investment returns consistent with that assumed in the pricing of our insurance products. Assets are invested predominantly in fixed maturity securities.

We may redistribute investments among our different lines of business or sell selected securities and reinvest the proceeds, when necessary, to adjust the cash flow and/or duration of the asset portfolios to better match the cash flow and duration of the liability portfolios. Asset and liability portfolio modeling is updated on a quarterly basis and is used as part of the overall interest rate risk management strategy. Cash flows from the in-force asset and liability portfolios are projected at current interest rate levels and at levels reflecting an increase and a decrease in interest rates to obtain a range of projected cash flows under the different interest rate scenarios. These results enable us to assess the impact of projected changes in cash flows and duration resulting from potential changes in interest rates. Testing the asset and liability portfolios under various interest rate scenarios enables us to choose what we believe to be the most appropriate investment strategy, as well as to limit the risk of disadvantageous outcomes. Although we test the asset and liability portfolios under various interest rate scenarios as part of our modeling, the majority of our liabilities related to insurance contracts are not interest rate sensitive, and we therefore have minimal exposure to policy withdrawal risk. Our determination of investment strategy relies on long-term measures such as asset adequacy analysis and the relationship between the portfolio yields supporting our various product lines and the aggregate discount rate assumptions embedded in the reserves. We also use this analysis in determining hedging strategies and utilizing derivative financial instruments for managing interest rate risk and the risk related to matching duration for our assets and liabilities. We do not use derivative financial instruments for speculative purposes.

Our investment portfolio is well diversified by type of investment and industry sector. We have established an investment strategy that we believe will provide for adequate cash flows from operations and allow us to hold our securities through periods where significant decreases in fair value occur. We believe our emphasis on risk management in our investment portfolio has positioned us well and generally reduced the volatility in our results.

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Fixed Maturity Securities

The fair values and associated unrealized gains and losses of our fixed maturity securities portfolio, by industry classification, are as follows:

Fixed Maturity Securities - By Industry Classification
As of March 31, 2024
(in millions of dollars)
ClassificationFair ValueNet Unrealized Gain (Loss)Fair Value with Gross Unrealized LossGross Unrealized LossFair Value with Gross Unrealized GainGross Unrealized Gain
Basic Industry$2,538.6 $(137.8)$1,715.2 $181.8 $823.4 $44.0 
Capital Goods3,256.2 (121.6)1,898.3 209.6 1,357.9 88.0 
Communications2,233.5 (81.1)1,125.2 179.0 1,108.3 97.9 
Consumer Cyclical1,397.4 (90.9)971.2 116.6 426.2 25.7 
Consumer Non-Cyclical6,365.5 (400.4)4,124.2 551.1 2,241.3 150.7 
Energy2,555.8 7.9 1,045.1 99.9 1,510.7 107.8 
Financial Institutions3,810.5 (346.8)3,163.0 380.4 647.5 33.6 
Mortgage/Asset-Backed708.7 (26.7)487.6 31.7 221.1 5.0 
Sovereigns826.8 (106.1)417.2 128.3 409.6 22.2 
Technology1,439.8 (126.8)1,233.4 138.1 206.4 11.3 
Transportation1,641.7 (117.9)1,154.1 147.9 487.6 30.0 
U.S. Government Agencies and Municipalities4,143.1 (420.9)2,581.1 543.5 1,562.0 122.6 
Public Utilities5,330.2 (166.3)2,464.4 329.5 2,865.8 163.2 
Total$36,247.8 $(2,135.4)$22,380.0 $3,037.4 $13,867.8 $902.0 

The following two tables show the length of time our investment-grade and below-investment-grade fixed maturity securities portfolios had been in a gross unrealized loss position as of March 31, 2024 and at the end of the prior four quarters. The relationships of the current fair value to amortized cost are not necessarily indicative of the fair value to amortized cost relationships for the securities throughout the entire time that the securities have been in an unrealized loss position nor are they necessarily indicative of the relationships after March 31, 2024. The increase in the net unrealized loss on fixed maturity securities during the first quarter of 2024 was due primarily to an increase in U.S. Treasury rates.
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Unrealized Loss on Investment-Grade Fixed Maturity Securities
Length of Time in Unrealized Loss Position
(in millions of dollars)
 20242023
 March 31December 31September 30June 30March 31
Fair Value < 100% >= 70% of Amortized Cost
<= 90 days$48.0 $8.3 $242.2 $89.7 $38.2 
> 90 <= 180 days8.3 3.5 152.4 45.9 14.2 
> 180 <= 270 days4.5 16.4 79.2 21.0 169.2 
> 270 days <= 1 year22.3 18.9 5.5 234.9 461.9 
> 1 year <= 2 years518.7 1,536.4 2,307.7 2,203.2 1,678.1 
> 2 years <= 3 years1,721.0 675.6 195.4 58.3 64.8 
> 3 years63.7 22.4 6.8 2.1 1.9 
Sub-total2,386.5 2,281.5 2,989.2 2,655.1 2,428.3 
Fair Value < 70% >= 40% of Amortized Cost
<= 90 days— — — 28.2 — 
> 90 <= 180 days— — — — 5.5 
> 180 <= 270 days— — — 10.0 — 
> 270 days <= 1 year— — 34.9 — 24.1 
> 1 year <= 2 years34.1 99.5 1,180.0 547.0 367.1 
> 2 years <= 3 years439.5 232.3 157.5 58.1 51.7 
> 3 years56.9 22.0 15.7 — — 
Sub-total530.5 353.8 1,388.1 643.3 448.4 
Fair Value <= 40% of Amortized Cost
> 1 year <= 2 years23.3 22.3 26.7 16.5 — 
> 2 years <= 3 years2.8 2.7 — — — 
Sub-total26.1 25.0 26.7 16.5 — 
Total$2,943.1 $2,660.3 $4,404.0 $3,314.9 $2,876.7 

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Unrealized Loss on Below-Investment-Grade Fixed Maturity Securities
Length of Time in Unrealized Loss Position
(in millions of dollars)
 20242023
 March 31December 31September 30June 30March 31
Fair Value < 100% >= 70% of Amortized Cost
<= 90 days$0.2 $0.3 $3.7 $2.7 $1.5 
> 90 <= 180 days0.8 — 2.4 1.2 — 
> 180 <= 270 days— 0.2 1.4 — 6.3 
> 270 days <= 1 year0.2 0.1 — 5.8 31.8 
> 1 year <= 2 years7.2 51.6 106.7 112.2 82.9 
> 2 years <= 3 years45.6 7.3 3.9 — — 
> 3 years0.1 0.1 2.7 2.9 2.5 
Sub-total54.1 59.6 120.8 124.8 125.0 
Fair Value < 70% >= 40% of Amortized Cost
 
> 1 year <= 2 years13.9 26.4 27.7 1.3 — 
> 2 years <= 3 years13.5 — — — — 
> 3 years12.5 12.9 15.1 13.8 13.7 
Sub-total39.9 39.3 42.8 15.1 13.7 
Fair Value < 40% of Amortized Cost
 
> 270 days <= 1 year— — — 0.1 — 
> 1 year <= 2 years0.1 4.5 10.5 9.5 11.2 
> 3 years0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 — 
Sub-total0.3 4.7 10.7 9.8 11.2 
Total$94.3 $103.6 $174.3 $149.7 $149.9 
At March 31, 2024, we held 46 investment-grade fixed maturity securities with a gross unrealized loss of $10.0 million or greater as shown in the chart below.

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Gross Unrealized Losses $10 Million or Greater on Investment-Grade Fixed Maturity Securities
As of March 31, 2024
(in millions of dollars)
ClassificationFair ValueGross Unrealized LossNumbers of Issuers
Basic Industry$207.1 $(48.3)4 
Capital Goods42.5 (14.1)1 
Communications439.6 (81.4)6 
Consumer Cyclical179.5 (43.1)3 
Consumer Non-Cyclical293.4 (64.8)5 
Energy94.4 (11.5)1 
Financial Institutions765.9 (100.0)8 
Sovereigns389.3 (119.3)2 
Technology295.5 (45.6)4 
Transportation204.1 (46.3)4 
U.S. Government Agencies and Municipalities138.9 (22.9)2 
Public Utilities366.3 (89.0)6 
Total$3,416.5 $(686.3)46 

At March 31, 2024, we held one below investment-grade fixed maturity security with a gross unrealized loss greater than $10.0 million. The security is a utilities company and had a fair value of $28.3 million and a gross unrealized loss of $17.0 million.

Unrealized losses on investment-grade fixed maturity securities principally relate to changes in interest rates or changes in market or sector credit spreads which occurred subsequent to the acquisition of the securities. Below-investment-grade fixed maturity securities are generally more likely to develop credit concerns than investment-grade securities. At March 31, 2024, the unrealized losses in our below-investment-grade fixed maturity securities were generally due to higher interest rates, credit spreads in certain industries or sectors and, to a lesser extent, credit concerns related to specific securities. For each specific security in an unrealized loss position, we believe that there are positive factors which mitigate credit concerns and that the securities for which we have not recorded a credit loss will recover in value. We have the ability and intent to continue to hold these securities to recovery of amortized cost less allowance for credit losses.

We had no individual net investment losses of $10.0 million or greater from credit losses or sales of fixed maturity securities during the first quarter of 2024 or 2023.

As of March 31, 2024, the amortized cost net of allowance for credit losses and fair value of our below-investment-grade fixed maturity securities was $1,566.2 million and $1,487.9 million, respectively, and our below-investment-grade fixed maturity securities as a percentage of our total investment portfolio was 3.3 percent at both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 on a fair value basis. Below-investment-grade securities are inherently riskier than investment-grade securities since the risk of default by the issuer, by definition and as exhibited by bond rating, is higher. Also, the secondary market for certain below-investment-grade issues can be highly illiquid. Additional downgrades may occur, but we do not anticipate any liquidity problems resulting from our investments in below-investment-grade securities, nor do we expect these investments to adversely affect our ability to hold our other investments to maturity.

Fixed Maturity Securities - Foreign Exposure

Our investments in issuers in foreign countries are chosen for specific portfolio management purposes, including asset and liability management and portfolio diversification across geographic lines and sectors to minimize non-market risks. In our approach to investing in fixed maturity securities, specific investments within approved countries and industry sectors are evaluated for their market position and specific strengths and potential weaknesses.  For each security, we consider the political, legal, and financial environment of the sovereign entity in which an issuer is domiciled and operates. The country of domicile is based on consideration of the issuer's headquarters, in addition to location of the assets and the country in which the majority of sales and earnings are derived.  We do not have exposure to foreign currency risk, as the cash flows from these investments
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are either denominated in currencies or hedged into currencies to match the related liabilities. We continually evaluate our foreign investment risk exposure.

Mortgage Loans

The carrying value of our mortgage loan portfolio was $2,298.8 million and $2,318.2 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Our investments in mortgage loans are carried at amortized cost less an allowance for expected credit losses which was $10.7 million and $10.2 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Our mortgage loan portfolio is comprised entirely of commercial mortgage loans. Our mortgage loan portfolio is well diversified geographically and among property types.

Due to conservative underwriting, the incidence of non-performing mortgage loans and foreclosure activity continues to be low. Other than our allowance for expected credit losses, we held no specifically identified impaired mortgage loans at March 31, 2024 or December 31, 2023. See Note 4 in the "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements" contained herein in Item 1 for further discussion of our mortgage loan portfolio and the allowance for expected credit losses.
Private Equity Partnerships

The carrying value of our investments in private equity partnerships was $1,370.3 million and $1,326.2 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. These partnerships are passive in nature and represent funds that are primarily invested in private credit, private equity, and real assets. The carrying value of the partnerships is based on our share of the partnership's NAV and changes in the carrying value are recorded as a component of net investment income. We receive financial information related to our investments in partnerships and generally record investment income on a one-quarter lag in accordance with our accounting policy. We recorded net investment income totaling $20.3 million for the partnerships in the first quarter of 2024 reflecting the market conditions of the fourth quarter of 2023. The majority of our investments in partnerships are not redeemable. Distributions received from the funds arise from income generated by the underlying investments as well as the liquidation of the underlying investments. There is generally not a public market for these investments. We had $779.3 million of commitments for additional investments in the partnerships at March 31, 2024 which may or may not be funded. See Note 3 in the "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements" contained herein in Item 1 for further discussion of our private equity partnerships.

Derivative Financial Instruments

We use derivative financial instruments primarily to manage interest rate risk, risk related to matching duration for our assets and liabilities, foreign currency risk, and equity risk. Historically, we have utilized current and forward interest rate swaps, current and forward currency swaps, forward benchmark interest rate locks, currency forward contracts, forward contracts on specific fixed income securities, and total return swaps. During the first quarter of 2024, we entered into $165.0 million of notional forward U.S. Treasury interest rate locks in our long-term care product line to manage our reinvestment risk. Credit exposure on derivatives is limited to the value of those contracts in a net gain position, including accrued interest receivable less collateral held. Our credit exposure was $1.5 million at March 31, 2024. The carrying value of fixed maturity securities and cash collateral received from our counterparties was $17.3 million and $3.2 million, respectively, at March 31, 2024. The carrying value of fixed maturity securities posted as collateral to our counterparties was $82.2 million at March 31, 2024. We believe that our credit risk is mitigated by our use of multiple counterparties, all of which have an investment-grade credit rating, and by our use of cross-collateralization agreements. See Note 5 in the "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements" contained herein in Item 1 for further discussion of our derivatives.

For further information see "Investments" in Part I, Item 1 and "Critical Accounting Estimates" and "Investments" in Part II, Item 7 of our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, and Notes 3, 4, and 5 of the "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements" contained herein in Item 1.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

Overview

Our liquidity requirements are met primarily by cash flows provided from operations, principally in our insurance subsidiaries. Premium and investment income, as well as maturities and sales of invested assets, provide the primary sources of cash. Debt and/or securities offerings provide additional sources of liquidity. Cash is applied to the payment of policy benefits, costs of acquiring new business (principally commissions), operating expenses, and taxes, as well as purchases of new investments.

We have established an investment strategy that we believe will provide for adequate cash flows from operations. We attempt to match our asset cash flows and durations with expected liability cash flows and durations to meet the funding requirements of our business. However, deterioration in the credit market may delay our ability to sell our positions in certain of our fixed maturity securities in a timely manner and adversely impact the price we receive for such securities, which may negatively impact our cash flows. Furthermore, if we experience defaults on securities held in the investment portfolios of our insurance subsidiaries, this will negatively impact statutory capital, which could reduce our insurance subsidiaries' capacity to pay dividends to our holding companies. A reduction in dividends to our holding companies could force us to seek external financing to avoid impairing our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders or meet our debt and other payment obligations.

Our policy benefits are primarily in the form of claim payments, and we have minimal exposure to the policy withdrawal risk associated with deposit products such as individual life policies or annuities. A decrease in demand for our insurance products or an increase in the incidence of new claims or the duration of existing claims could negatively impact our cash flows from operations. However, our historical pattern of benefits paid to revenues is generally consistent, even during cycles of economic downturns, which serves to minimize liquidity risk.

The liquidity requirements of the holding company Unum Group include common stock dividends, interest and debt service, and ongoing investments in our businesses.  Unum Group's liquidity requirements are met by assets held by Unum Group and our intermediate holding companies, dividends from primarily our insurance subsidiaries, and issuance of common stock, debt, or other capital securities and borrowings from our existing credit facility, as needed. As of March 31, 2024, Unum Group and our intermediate holding companies had available holding company liquidity of $1,406 million that was held primarily in bank deposits, commercial paper, money market funds, corporate bonds, municipal bonds, and asset-backed securities.  No significant restrictions exist on our ability to use or access funds in any of our U.S. or foreign intermediate holding companies. Dividends repatriated from our foreign subsidiaries are eligible for 100 percent exemption from U.S. income tax but may be subject to withholding tax and/or tax on foreign currency gain or loss.

As part of our capital deployment strategy, we may repurchase shares of Unum Group's common stock, as authorized by our board of directors. The timing and amount of repurchase activity is based on market conditions and other considerations, including the level of available cash, alternative uses for cash, and our stock price. During the first three months of 2024, we repurchased 2.5 million shares at a cost of $121.9 million excluding commissions and excise tax.

Our board of directors has authorized the following repurchase programs:

October 2023 Authorization
(in millions)
Effective Date
January 1, 2024
Expiration Date
None
Authorized Repurchase Amount
$500.0 
Cost of Shares Repurchased Under Repurchase Program121.9 
Remaining Repurchase Amount at March 31, 2024$378.1 

See Note 12 of the "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements" contained herein in Item 1.



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Cash Available from Subsidiaries

Unum Group and certain of its intermediate holding company subsidiaries depend on payments from subsidiaries to pay dividends to stockholders, to pay debt obligations, and/or to pay expenses. These payments by our insurance and non-insurance subsidiaries may take the form of dividends, operating and investment management fees, and/or interest payments on loans from the parent to a subsidiary.

Restrictions under applicable state insurance laws limit the amount of dividends that can be paid to a parent company from its insurance subsidiaries in any 12-month period without prior approval by regulatory authorities. For life insurance companies domiciled in the U.S., that limitation generally equals, depending on the state of domicile, either ten percent of an insurer's statutory surplus with respect to policyholders as of the preceding year end or the statutory net gain from operations, excluding realized capital gains and losses, of the preceding year. The payment of dividends to a parent company from a life insurance subsidiary is generally further limited to the amount of unassigned funds.

In connection with a financial examination of Unum America, which closed at the end of the second quarter of 2020, the Maine Bureau of Insurance (MBOI) concluded that Unum America’s long-term care statutory reserves were deficient by $2,100 million as of December 31, 2018, the financial statement date of the examination period. The amount reserves are deficient may increase or decrease over time based on changes in assumed reinvestment rates, policyholder inventories, premium rate increase activity, and the underlying growth in the locked in statutory reserve basis as well as updates to other long term actuarial assumptions. The MBOI granted permission to Unum America on May 1, 2020, to phase in the additional statutory reserves over seven years beginning with year-end 2020 and ending with year-end 2026. The calculation of the premium deficiency reserve (PDR) reflects specific assumptions set by MBOI and results in significant margin above Unum America’s best estimate assumptions. As of December 31, 2023, the PDR calculated under the basis resulting from the MBOI examination was $1,604 million, which has been fully recognized. Our long-term care reserves and financial results reported under generally accepted accounting principles were not affected by the MBOI’s examination conclusion.

Unum America cedes blocks of long-term care business to Fairwind Insurance Company (Fairwind), which is an affiliated captive reinsurance subsidiary domiciled in the United States. The ability of Fairwind to pay dividends to Unum Group will depend on its satisfaction of applicable regulatory requirements and on the performance of the business reinsured by Fairwind. Fairwind did not pay dividends in 2023 nor do we anticipate that Fairwind will pay dividends in 2024. Unum Group did not make any capital contributions to Fairwind during the first quarter of 2024, nor do we expect to make capital contributions for the remainder of the year.

The ability of Unum Group and certain of its intermediate holding company subsidiaries to continue to receive dividends from their insurance subsidiaries also depends on additional factors such as RBC ratios and capital adequacy and/or solvency requirements, funding growth objectives at an affiliate level, and maintaining appropriate capital adequacy ratios to support desired ratings. The RBC ratios for our U.S. insurance subsidiaries at March 31, 2024 are in line with our expectations and are significantly above the level that would require state regulatory action.

Unum Group and/or certain of its intermediate holding company subsidiaries may also receive dividends from our U.K. subsidiaries, the payment of which may be subject to applicable insurance company regulations and capital guidance in the U.K. Unum Limited is subject to the requirements of Solvency II, a European Union (EU) directive that is part of retained UK law pursuant to the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018, which prescribes capital requirements and risk management standards for the European insurance industry. Our U.K. holding company is also subject to the Solvency II requirements relevant to insurance holding companies while, together with certain of its subsidiaries including Unum Limited, the group (the Unum UK Solvency II Group) is subject to group supervision under Solvency II. The Unum UK Solvency II Group received approval from the U.K. Prudential Regulation Authority (PRA) to use its own internal model for calculating regulatory capital and also received approval for certain associated regulatory permissions including transitional relief as the Solvency II capital regime continues to be implemented. In connection with the U.K.’s exit from the EU, the U.K. government is reviewing the regulatory framework of financial services companies and the PRA is consulting with industry on proposed changes. Certain changes have already been finalized, which have improved the solvency position of our U.K. business at March 31, 2024. Additionally, the remaining pending proposals may lead to future changes in the solvency position of our U.K. business.

The payment of dividends to the parent company from our subsidiaries also requires the approval of the individual subsidiary's board of directors.

During 2024, we intend to maintain a level of capital in our insurance subsidiaries above the applicable capital adequacy requirements and minimum solvency margins.
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Insurance regulatory restrictions do not limit the amount of dividends available for distribution from non-insurance subsidiaries except where the non-insurance subsidiaries are held directly or indirectly by an insurance subsidiary and only indirectly by Unum Group, which does not apply to our current entity structure.

Funding for Employee Benefit Plans

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, we made contributions of $23.0 million and £1.2 million to our U.S. and U.K. defined contribution plans, respectively, and expect to make additional contributions of approximately $55 million and £4 million during the remainder of 2024. We had no regulatory contribution requirements for our U.S. and U.K. qualified defined benefit pension plans and made no voluntary contributions during the three months ended March 31, 2024. We do not expect to have regulatory contribution requirements for our U.S. and U.K. qualified defined benefit pension plans during the remainder of 2024, but we reserve the right to make voluntary contributions during the remainder of 2024. We have met all minimum pension funding requirements set forth by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act. We have estimated our future funding requirements under the Pension Protection Act of 2006 and under applicable U.K. law and do not believe that any future funding requirements will cause a material adverse effect on our liquidity. See Note 11 of the "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements" of our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 for further discussion.

Debt, Term Loan Facility, Credit Facilities, and Other Sources of Liquidity

There are no significant financial covenants associated with any of our debt obligations other than those described below. We continually monitor our debt covenants to ensure we remain in compliance. We have not observed any current trends that would cause a breach of any debt covenants.

Our long-term debt balance at March 31, 2024 was $3,431.0 million, net of deferred debt issuance costs of $30.0 million, and is comprised of our unsecured senior notes, unsecured medium-term notes, unsecured term loan facility, and junior subordinated debt securities.

We have a 20-year facility agreement that is set to expire in August 2041 with a Delaware trust (the P-Caps Trust) that gives us the right to issue and to sell to the trust, on one or more occasions, up to $400.0 million of 4.046% senior notes in exchange for U.S. Treasury securities held by the P-Caps Trust. These senior notes will not be issued unless and until the issuance right is exercised. As the amount we receive upon exercise of the issuance right is contingent upon the value of the U.S. Treasury securities, a decline in the value of the U.S. Treasury securities reduces the amount we would receive upon exercise of the issuance right. The exercise of the issuance right triggers recognition of the senior notes on our consolidated balance sheets. We pay a semi-annual facility fee to the trust at a rate of 2.225% per year on the unexercised portion of the maximum amount of senior notes that we could issue and sell to the trust and we reimburse the trust for its expenses.

The issuance right will be exercised automatically in full upon our failure to make certain payments to the trust, such as paying the facility fee or reimbursing the trust for its expenses, if the failure to pay is not cured within 30 days, or upon certain bankruptcy events involving the company. We are also required to exercise the issuance right in full if our consolidated stockholders’ equity, excluding accumulated other comprehensive income, falls below $2.0 billion, subject to adjustment from time to time in certain cases, and upon certain other events described in the facility agreement.

We have a five-year $500 million senior unsecured revolving credit facility with a syndicate of lenders which is currently scheduled to expire in April 2027. We may request that the lenders’ aggregate commitments of $500.0 million under the facility be increased by up to an additional $200.0 million. Certain of our traditional U.S. life insurance subsidiaries may also borrow under the credit facility, subject to an unconditional guarantee by Unum Group. At March 31, 2024, there were no borrowed amounts outstanding under the revolving credit facility and letters of credit totaling $0.4 million had been issued.

We have a five-year £75 million senior unsecured standby letter of credit facility with a different syndicate of lenders, pursuant to which a syndicated letter of credit was issued in favor of Unum Limited (as beneficiary), our U.K. insurance subsidiary, and is available for drawings up to £75 million until its scheduled expiration in July 2026. We have an additional five-year, £75 million senior standby letter of credit facility pursuant to which a standby letter of credit was issued in favor of Unum Limited (as beneficiary), our U.K. insurance subsidiary, and is available for drawings up to £75.0 million until its scheduled expiration in December 2028. In connection with and as security for the senior standby letter of credit facility, we granted to the issuer of the standby letter of credit the right to exercise, if an event of default has occurred and is continuing, the issuance right in our 20-year facility agreement with the P-Caps Trust, up to a maximum of $200.0 million. At March 31, 2024, no amounts have been borrowed under the standby credit facilities or letters of credit.
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Borrowings under the term loan facility and the credit facilities are subject to financial covenants, negative covenants, and events of default that are customary. The term loan facility and each credit facility include financial covenants based on our leverage ratio and consolidated net worth as well as covenants that limit subsidiary indebtedness.
See "Debt, Term Loan Facility, Credit Facilities and Other Sources of Liquidity" and Note 10 of the "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements" contained in Part II, Items 7 and 8, respectively, of our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 for further discussion.

Shelf Registration

We maintain a shelf registration with the Securities and Exchange Commission to issue various types of securities, including common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, depository shares, stock purchase contracts, units and warrants. The shelf registration enables us to raise funds from the offering of any securities covered by the shelf registration as well as any combination thereof, subject to market conditions and our capital needs.

Commitments

As of March 31, 2024, we had commitments of $74.5 million to fund certain investments in private placement fixed maturity securities and $779.3 million to fund certain private equity partnerships. In addition, we had $1.8 million of commercial mortgage loan commitments.

With respect to our commitments and off-balance sheet arrangements, see the discussion under "Cash Requirements" in Part II, Item 7 of our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. During the first three months of 2024, there were no substantive changes in our commitments, contractual obligations, or other off-balance sheet arrangements other than the changes noted herein.

Transfers of Financial Assets

Our investment policy permits us to lend fixed maturity securities to unaffiliated financial institutions in short-term securities lending agreements, which increases our investment income with minimal risk. We account for all of our securities lending agreements and repurchase agreements as secured borrowings. As of March 31, 2024, we held $46.9 million of cash collateral from securities lending agreements. The average cash collateral balance during the first three months of 2024 was $84.5 million, and the maximum amount outstanding at any month end was $133.0 million. As of March 31, 2024, we held $16.1 million of off-balance sheet securities lending agreements which were collateralized by securities that we were neither permitted to sell nor control. The average balance of these off-balance sheet transactions during the first three months of 2024 was $15.8 million, and the maximum amount outstanding at any month end was $16.1 million.

To manage our cash position more efficiently, we may enter into securities repurchase agreements with unaffiliated financial institutions. We generally use securities repurchase agreements as a means to finance the purchase of invested assets or for short-term general business purposes until projected cash flows become available from our operations or existing investments. We had no securities repurchase agreements outstanding at March 31, 2024, nor did we utilize any securities repurchase agreements during the first three months of 2024. Our use of securities repurchase agreements and securities lending agreements can fluctuate during any given period and will depend on our liquidity position, the availability of long-term investments that meet our purchasing criteria, and our general business needs.

Certain of our U.S. insurance subsidiaries are members of regional FHLBs. As of March 31, 2024, we owned $17.6 million of FHLB common stock and had outstanding advances of $108.2 million from the regional FHLBs which were used for the purpose of investing in fixed maturity securities. As of March 31, 2024, we have additional borrowing capacity of approximately $875.0 million from the FHLBs.

See Note 4 of the "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements" contained herein in Item 1 for further information.

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Consolidated Cash Flows
(in millions of dollars)
Three Months Ended March 31
20242023
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities$298.3 $150.6 
Net Cash Provided (Used) by Investing Activities17.7 (40.5)
Net Cash Used by Financing Activities(182.9)(106.2)
Net Change in Cash and Bank Deposits$133.1 $3.9 

Operating Cash Flows

Operating cash flows are primarily attributable to the receipt of premium and investment income, offset by payments of claims, commissions, expenses, and income taxes. Premium income growth is dependent not only on new sales, but on policy renewals and growth of existing business, renewal price increases, and persistency. Investment income growth is dependent on the growth in the underlying assets supporting our insurance liabilities and capital and on the earned yield. The level of commissions and operating expenses is attributable to the level of sales and the first year acquisition expenses associated with new business as well as the maintenance of existing business. The level of paid claims is affected partially by the growth and aging of the block of business and also by the general economy, as previously discussed in the operating results by segment.

Investing Cash Flows

Investing cash inflows consist primarily of the proceeds from the sales and maturities of investments.  Investing cash outflows consist primarily of payments for purchases of investments.  Our investment strategy is to match the cash flows and durations of our assets with the cash flows and durations of our liabilities to meet the funding requirements of our business. When market opportunities arise, we may sell selected securities and reinvest the proceeds to improve the yield and credit quality of our portfolio. We may at times also sell selected securities and reinvest the proceeds to improve the duration matching of our assets and liabilities and/or re-balance our portfolio. As a result, sales before maturity may vary from period to period. The sale and purchase of short-term investments is influenced by proceeds received from FHLB funding advances, issuance of debt, our securities lending program, and by the amount of cash which is at times held in short-term investments to facilitate the availability of cash to fund the purchase of appropriate long-term investments, repay maturing debt, and/or to fund our capital deployment program.

See Note 4 of the "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements" contained herein in Item 1 for further information.

Financing Cash Flows

Financing cash flows consist primarily of borrowings and repayments of debt, dividends paid to stockholders, repurchases of common stock, and policyholders' account deposits and withdrawals.

Cash used to repurchase shares of Unum Group's common stock during the first three months of 2024 and 2023 was $121.9 million and $51.2 million, respectively. In connection with the repurchases made during the first three months of 2024 and 2023, we recognized $1.1 million and $0.1 million, respectively, of excise tax which has not been settled as of March 31, 2024. During the first three months of 2024 and 2023, we paid dividends of $72.5 million and $69.2 million, respectively, to holders of Unum Group's common stock.

Ratings

AM Best, Fitch Ratings (Fitch), Moody's Investors Service (Moody's), and Standard & Poor's Rating Services (S&P) are among the third parties that assign issuer credit ratings to Unum Group and financial strength ratings to our insurance subsidiaries. Issuer credit ratings reflect an agency's opinion of the overall financial capacity of a company to meet its senior debt obligations. Financial strength ratings are specific to each individual insurance subsidiary and reflect each rating agency's view of the overall financial strength (capital levels, earnings, growth, investments, business mix, operating performance, and market position) of the insuring entity and its ability to meet its obligations to policyholders. Both the issuer credit ratings and financial strength ratings incorporate quantitative and qualitative analyses by rating agencies and are routinely reviewed and updated on an ongoing basis.

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We compete based in part on the financial strength ratings provided by rating agencies. A downgrade of our financial strength ratings can be expected to adversely affect us and could potentially, among other things, adversely affect our relationships with distributors of our products and services and retention of our sales force, negatively impact persistency and new sales, particularly large case group sales and individual sales, and generally adversely affect our ability to compete. A downgrade in the issuer credit rating assigned to Unum Group can be expected to adversely affect our cost of capital or our ability to raise additional capital.

The table below reflects the outlook as well as the senior unsecured debt ratings for Unum Group and the financial strength ratings for each of our traditional insurance subsidiaries as of the date of this filing.

AM BestFitchMoody'sS&P
Outlook
Stable
Stable
Stable
Stable
Senior Unsecured Debt Ratings
bbb+
BBB
Baa3BBB
Financial Strength Ratings
Provident Life and Accident Insurance CompanyA
A
A3A
Unum Life Insurance Company of AmericaA
A
A3A
First Unum Life Insurance CompanyA
A
A3A
Colonial Life & Accident Insurance CompanyA
A
A3A
The Paul Revere Life Insurance CompanyA
A
A3A
Unum Insurance Company
A
A
A3
NR
Provident Life and Casualty Insurance Company
A
A
NR
NR
Starmount Life Insurance CompanyANRNRNR
Unum LimitedNRNRNRA-

NR = not rated

We maintain an ongoing dialogue with the four rating agencies that evaluate us in order to inform them of progress we are making regarding our strategic objectives and financial plans as well as other pertinent issues. A significant component of our communications involves our annual review meeting with each of the four agencies. We hold other meetings throughout the year regarding our business, including, but not limited to, quarterly updates.

There have been no changes in the rating agencies' outlooks or ratings during 2024 prior to the date of this filing.

Agency ratings are not directed toward the holders of our securities and are not recommendations to buy, sell, or hold our securities. Each rating is subject to revision or withdrawal at any time by the assigning rating organization, and each rating should be regarded as an independent assessment, not conditional on any other rating. Given the dynamic nature of the ratings process, changes by these or other rating agencies may or may not occur in the near-term. We have ongoing dialogue with the rating agencies concerning our insurance risk profile, our financial flexibility, our operating performance, and the quality of our investment portfolios. The rating agencies provide specific criteria and, depending on our performance relative to the criteria, will determine future negative or positive rating agency actions.

See our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 for further information regarding our debt, issuer credit ratings and financial strength ratings and the risks associated with rating changes.

ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

We are subject to various market risk exposures including interest rate risk and foreign exchange rate risk. With respect to our exposure to market risk, see the discussion under "Investments" in Item 2 of this Form 10-Q and in Part II, Item 7A of our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. During the first three months of 2024, there was no substantive change to our market risk or the management of this risk.

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ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we have evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as of the end of the period covered by this report. We evaluated those controls based on the 2013 Internal Control - Integrated Framework from the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on that evaluation, these officers concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of March 31, 2024.

There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, during the quarter ended March 31, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II - OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

Refer to Part I, Item 1, Note 13 of the "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements" for information on legal proceedings.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

There have been no material changes from the risk factors disclosed in our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

The following table provides information about our share repurchase activity for the first quarter of 2024.
(a) Total
Number of
Shares
Purchased
(b) Average
Price Paid
per Share (1) (3)
(c) Total Number of
Shares Purchased
as Part of Publicly
Announced
Program (2)
(d) Approximate Dollar
Value of Shares that
May Yet Be
Purchased Under
the Program (1) (2) (3)
January 1 - January 31, 2024
1,828,321 $47.80 1,828,321 $391,356,440 
February 1 - February 29, 2024
148,498 48.39 148,498 384,170,462 
March 1 - March 31, 2024
561,678 48.71 561,678 378,069,219 
        Total2,538,497 2,538,497 

(1) Excludes the cost of commissions and excise taxes.

(2) In October 2023, our board of directors authorized the repurchase of up to $500.0 million of Unum Group's outstanding common stock beginning January 1, 2024. This share repurchase program has no scheduled termination date.

(3) In January 2024, we entered into an accelerated repurchase agreement. As part of this transaction, we paid $100.0 million to a financial counterparty, which resulted in an immediate, corresponding reduction to the remaining authorized repurchase amount, and received an initial delivery of 1,641,138 shares of our common stock, which represented approximately 75 percent of the total delivery under the agreement. The final price adjustment settlement, along with the delivery of the remaining shares, occurred in March 2024, resulting in the delivery of 443,042 additional shares. In total, we repurchased 2,084,180 shares pursuant to the January 2024 accelerated share repurchase agreement. The remaining shares repurchased during the first quarter of 2024 were purchased in open market transactions.

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, no director or officer of the Company adopted or terminated a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement.
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ITEM 6. EXHIBITS
Index to Exhibits
(10.1)
(31.1)
(31.2)
(32.1)
(32.2)
(101)
The instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the inline XBRL document.
(104)
Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Unum Group
(Registrant)
Date: May 1, 2024By:/s/ Steven A. Zabel
Steven A. Zabel
Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
Date: May 1, 2024By:/s/ Walter L. Rice, Jr.
Walter L. Rice, Jr.
Senior Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer

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