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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D. C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ Quarterly Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2024

☐ Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the transition period from to

Commission file number 001-11294

Unum Group
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware
62-1598430
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
1 Fountain Square
Chattanooga, Tennessee
37402
(Address of principal executive offices)(Zip Code)
(423) 294-1011
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)
Not Applicable
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each classTrading Symbol(s)Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock, $0.10 par value
UNM
New York Stock Exchange
6.250% Junior Subordinated Notes due 2058
UNMA
New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes [X] No [ ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes [X] No [ ]



Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
(Check one):
Large Accelerated Filer
xAccelerated filer☐
Non-accelerated filer¨Smaller reporting company ☐
Emerging growth company☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

182,611,898 shares of the registrant's common stock were outstanding as of October 28, 2024.






 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page



Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (the Act) provides a "safe harbor" to encourage companies to provide prospective information, as long as those statements are identified as forward-looking and are accompanied by meaningful cautionary statements identifying important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those included in the forward-looking statements. Certain information contained in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q (including certain statements in the consolidated financial statements and related notes and Management's Discussion and Analysis), or in any other written or oral statements made by us in communications with the financial community or contained in documents filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), may be considered forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Act. Forward-looking statements are those not based on historical information, but rather relate to our outlook, future operations, strategies, financial results, or other developments. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date made. We undertake no obligation to update these statements, even if made available on our website or otherwise. These statements may be made directly in this document or may be made part of this document by reference to other documents filed by us with the SEC, a practice which is known as "incorporation by reference." You can find many of these statements by looking for words such as "will," "may," "should," "could," "believes," "expects," "anticipates," "estimates," "plans," "assumes," "intends," "projects," "goals,” "objectives," or similar expressions in this document or in documents incorporated herein.

1
Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements - Continued

These forward-looking statements are subject to numerous assumptions, risks, and uncertainties, many of which are beyond our control. We caution readers that the following factors, in addition to other factors mentioned from time to time, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contemplated by the forward-looking statements:

•Fluctuation in insurance reserve liabilities and claim payments due to changes in claim incidence, recovery rates, mortality and morbidity rates, and policy benefit offsets due to, among other factors, the rate of unemployment and consumer confidence, the emergence of new diseases, epidemics, or pandemics, new trends and developments in medical treatments, the effectiveness of our claims operational processes, and changes in governmental programs.
•Sustained periods of low interest rates.
•Unfavorable economic or business conditions, both domestic and foreign, that may result in decreases in sales, premiums, or persistency, as well as unfavorable claims activity or unfavorable returns on our investment portfolio.
•The impact of pandemics and other public health issues on our business, financial position, results of operations, liquidity and capital resources, and overall business operations.
•Changes in, or interpretations or enforcement of, laws and regulations.
•A cybersecurity attack or other security breach resulting in compromised data or the unauthorized acquisition of confidential data.
•The failure of our business recovery and incident management processes to resume our business operations in the event of a natural catastrophe, cybersecurity attack, or other event.
•Investment results, including, but not limited to, changes in interest rates, defaults, changes in credit spreads, impairments, and the lack of appropriate investments in the market which can be acquired to match our liabilities.
•Increased competition from other insurers and financial services companies due to industry consolidation, new entrants to our markets, or other factors.
•Ineffectiveness of our derivatives hedging programs due to changes in forecasted cash flows, the economic environment, counterparty risk, ratings downgrades, capital market volatility, changes in interest rates, and/or regulation.
•Changes in our financial strength and credit ratings.
•Actual experience in the broad array of our products that deviates from our assumptions used in pricing, underwriting, and reserving.
•Our ability to hire and retain qualified employees.
•Our ability to develop digital capabilities or execute on our technology systems upgrades or replacements.
•Availability of reinsurance in the market and the ability of our reinsurers to meet their obligations to us.
•Ability to generate sufficient internal liquidity and/or obtain external financing.
•Damage to our reputation due to, among other factors, regulatory investigations, legal proceedings, external events, and/or inadequate or failed internal controls and procedures.
•Disruptions to our business or our ability to leverage data caused by the use and reliance on third party vendors, including vendors providing web and cloud based applications.
•Recoverability and/or realization of the carrying value of our intangible assets, long-lived assets, and deferred tax assets.
•Effectiveness of our risk management program.
•Contingencies and the level and results of litigation.
•Fluctuation in foreign currency exchange rates.
•Our ability to meet environment, social, and governance standards and expectations of investors, regulators, customers, and other stakeholders.

For further discussion of risks and uncertainties which could cause actual results to differ from those contained in the forward-looking statements, see Part 1, Item 1A of our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

All subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to us or any person acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements contained or referred to in this section.
2
PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (UNAUDITED)

Unum Group and Subsidiaries
 
September 30December 31
20242023
 (in millions of dollars)
Assets
Investments
Fixed Maturity Securities - at fair value (amortized cost of $38,822.6; $38,410.6; allowance for credit losses of $2.9; $2.2)
$37,783.5 $36,833.9 
Mortgage Loans (net of allowance for credit losses of $16.5; $10.2)
2,238.9 2,318.2 
Policy Loans3,625.6 3,620.2 
Other Long-term Investments1,682.8 1,579.4 
Short-term Investments1,990.8 1,610.7 
Total Investments47,321.6 45,962.4 
Other Assets
Cash and Bank Deposits163.4 146.0 
Accounts and Premiums Receivable (net of allowance for credit losses of $27.1; $29.5)
1,495.7 1,543.7 
Reinsurance Recoverable (net of allowance for credit losses of $1.7; $1.7)
8,637.6 9,108.4 
Accrued Investment Income786.8 633.9 
Deferred Acquisition Costs2,823.5 2,714.5 
Goodwill352.0 349.9 
Property and Equipment495.2 485.3 
Deferred Income Tax431.9 649.4 
Other Assets1,632.8 1,661.7 
Total Assets$64,140.5 $63,255.2 
    
 See notes to consolidated financial statements.
3
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (UNAUDITED) - Continued

Unum Group and Subsidiaries
September 30December 31
 20242023
 (in millions of dollars)
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity
Liabilities
Future Policy Benefits$39,444.5 $40,009.4 
Policyholders' Account Balances5,661.3 5,667.7 
Unearned Premiums474.7 380.2 
Other Policyholders’ Funds1,507.7 1,615.7 
Income Tax Payable137.7 190.0 
Deferred Income Tax28.5 27.0 
Long-term Debt3,470.4 3,430.4 
Other Liabilities 2,464.3 2,283.4 
Total Liabilities53,189.1 53,603.8 
Commitments and Contingent Liabilities - Note 13
Stockholders' Equity
Common Stock, $0.10 par
Authorized: 725,000,000 shares
Issued: 195,419,352 and 194,588,625 shares
19.5 19.4 
Additional Paid-in Capital1,563.3 1,547.8 
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss(2,729.7)(3,308.0)
Retained Earnings12,642.4 11,431.5 
Treasury Stock - at cost: 10,918,177 and 1,216,528 shares
(544.1)(39.3)
Total Stockholders' Equity10,951.4 9,651.4 
Total Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity$64,140.5 $63,255.2 

See notes to consolidated financial statements.
4
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (UNAUDITED)

Unum Group and Subsidiaries
 
Three Months Ended September 30Nine Months Ended September 30
 2024202320242023
 (in millions of dollars, except share data)
Revenue
Premium Income$2,628.8 $2,525.9 $7,866.3 $7,494.3 
Net Investment Income527.8 526.0 1,586.4 1,565.9 
Net Investment Loss(12.9)(31.0)(24.5)(30.0)
Other Income73.3 71.6 222.5 210.6 
Total Revenue3,217.0 3,092.5 9,650.7 9,240.8 
Benefits and Expenses
Policy Benefits1,864.6 1,778.6 5,624.2 5,498.6 
Policy Benefits - Remeasurement Loss (Gain)(402.7)168.4 (567.5)(61.6)
Commissions315.1 289.7 947.8 869.7 
Interest and Debt Expense49.2 48.6 148.6 145.6 
Deferral of Acquisition Costs(163.3)(153.3)(495.3)(467.5)
Amortization of Deferred Acquisition Costs133.8 129.1 387.9 358.7 
Compensation Expense294.2 297.9 895.9 867.3 
Other Expenses311.5 271.8 903.3 818.6 
Total Benefits and Expenses2,402.4 2,830.8 7,844.9 8,029.4 
Income Before Income Tax 814.6 261.7 1,805.8 1,211.4 
Income Tax Expense (Benefit)
Current95.6 187.5 315.8 381.7 
Deferred73.3 (127.8)59.6 (123.5)
Total Income Tax Expense168.9 59.7 375.4 258.2 
Net Income$645.7 $202.0 $1,430.4 $953.2 
Net Income Per Common Share
Basic$3.46 $1.03 $7.54 $4.83 
Assuming Dilution$3.46 $1.02 $7.52 $4.81 

See notes to consolidated financial statements.
5
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (UNAUDITED)

Unum Group and Subsidiaries
 
 Three Months Ended September 30Nine Months Ended September 30
 2024202320242023
 (in millions of dollars)
Net Income$645.7 $202.0 $1,430.4 $953.2 
Other Comprehensive Income
Change in Net Unrealized Loss on Securities (net of tax expense (benefit) of $327.6; $(313.8); $110.4; $(249.2))
1,232.6 (1,185.8)427.9 (920.0)
Change in the Effect of Discount Rate Assumptions on the Liability for Future Policy Benefits, Net of Reinsurance (net of tax expense (benefit) of $(329.3); $445.0; $35.6; $368.2)
(1,239.3)1,688.4 121.4 1,374.6 
Change in Net Loss on Derivatives (net of tax expense (benefit) of $14.1; $(38.9); $(9.0); $(44.7))
55.7 (144.4)(35.2)(168.1)
Change in Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment (net of tax expense (benefit) of $—; $(0.7); $1.5; $0.3)
68.5 (55.1)61.2 7.9 
Change in Unrecognized Pension and Postretirement Benefit Costs (net of tax expense (benefit) of $(0.3); $1.2; $9.8; $1.1)
(1.0)3.9 3.0 3.3 
Total Other Comprehensive Income116.5 307.0 578.3 297.7 
Comprehensive Income$762.2 $509.0 $2,008.7 $1,250.9 

See notes to consolidated financial statements.
6
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (UNAUDITED)

Unum Group and Subsidiaries
     
Three Months Ended September 30Nine Months Ended September 30
 2024202320242023
 (in millions of dollars)
Common Stock
Balance at Beginning of Period$19.5 $30.9 $19.4 $30.8 
Common Stock Activity— — 0.1 0.1 
Balance at End of Period19.5 30.9 19.5 30.9 
Additional Paid-in Capital
Balance at Beginning of Period1,558.8 2,444.9 1,547.8 2,441.0 
Common Stock Activity4.5 9.4 15.5 13.3 
Balance at End of Period1,563.3 2,454.3 1,563.3 2,454.3 
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
Balance at Beginning of Period
(2,846.2)(3,457.6)(3,308.0)(3,448.3)
Other Comprehensive Income116.5 307.0 578.3 297.7 
Balance at End of Period(2,729.7)(3,150.6)(2,729.7)(3,150.6)
Retained Earnings
Balance at Beginning of Period
12,074.6 13,758.1 11,431.5 13,141.3 
Net Income645.7 202.0 1,430.4 953.2 
Dividends to Stockholders (per common share: $0.420; $0.365; $1.150; $1.025)
(77.9)(71.4)(219.5)(205.8)
Balance at End of Period12,642.4 13,888.7 12,642.4 13,888.7 
Treasury Stock
Balance at Beginning of Period(342.1)(3,530.4)(39.3)(3,429.8)
Repurchases of Common Stock
(202.0)(74.8)(504.8)(175.4)
Balance at End of Period(544.1)(3,605.2)(544.1)(3,605.2)
Total Stockholders' Equity at End of Period$10,951.4 $9,618.1 $10,951.4 $9,618.1 

See notes to consolidated financial statements.
7
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)

Unum Group and Subsidiaries
 
 Nine Months Ended September 30
 20242023
 (in millions of dollars)
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Net Income$1,430.4 $953.2 
Adjustments to Reconcile Net Income to Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities
Change in Receivables566.4 455.9 
Change in Deferred Acquisition Costs(107.4)(108.8)
Change in Insurance Liabilities(631.0)(169.3)
Change in Income Taxes21.9 (26.9)
Change in Other Accrued Liabilities(58.3)(150.2)
Non-cash Components of Net Investment Income(327.9)(262.9)
Net Investment Loss24.5 30.0 
Depreciation89.9 80.9 
Amortization of the Cost of Reinsurance31.1 33.1 
Other, Net(12.2)24.3 
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities1,027.4 859.3 
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Proceeds from Sales of Fixed Maturity Securities356.5 1,013.5 
Proceeds from Maturities of Fixed Maturity Securities997.2 1,113.9 
Proceeds from Sales and Maturities of Other Investments234.8 275.2 
Purchases of Fixed Maturity Securities(1,550.9)(2,439.4)
Purchases of Other Investments(218.6)(227.1)
Net Purchases of Short-term Investments
(307.9)(45.2)
Net Increase (Decrease) in Payables for Collateral on Investments189.5 (100.4)
Net Purchases of Property and Equipment(93.7)(89.1)
Net Cash Used by Investing Activities(393.1)(498.6)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Issuance of Long-term Debt391.6 — 
Repayment of Long-term Debt
(350.0)— 
Issuances of Common Stock
4.8 4.1 
Repurchases of Common Stock
(500.0)(174.2)
Dividends Paid to Stockholders(219.3)(205.7)
Proceeds from Policyholders' Account Deposits100.9 109.3 
Payments for Policyholders' Account Withdrawals(65.5)(65.2)
Cash Received Related to Active Life Volatility Cover Agreement26.7 18.6 
Other, Net(6.1)(0.9)
Net Cash Used by Financing Activities(616.9)(314.0)
Net Increase in Cash and Bank Deposits17.4 46.7 
Cash and Bank Deposits at Beginning of Year146.0 119.2 
Cash and Bank Deposits at End of Period$163.4 $165.9 

See notes to consolidated financial statements.
8

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)    
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
September 30, 2024
Note 1 - Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements of Unum Group and its subsidiaries (the Company) have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. For further information, refer to the consolidated financial statements and footnotes included in our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

In our opinion, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. Interim results are not necessarily indicative of full year performance.

Note 2 - Accounting Developments

Accounting Standards Updates (ASUs) Adopted in 2023:

ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures

The amendments in this update eliminated the troubled debt restructuring recognition and measurement guidance and instead required that an entity evaluate whether the modification represents a new loan or the continuation of an existing loan. The amendments also enhanced the disclosure requirements related to certain modifications of receivables made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. In addition, the amendments in this update required that an entity disclose current-period gross write-offs by year of origination for financing receivables and net investment in leases.

The amendments in this update were applied prospectively in the period of adoption as of January 1, 2023. The adoption of this update modified our disclosures but did not have an impact on our financial position or results of operations.

ASU 2018-12, Financial Services—Insurance (Topic 944): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts and related amendments

This update significantly amended the accounting and disclosure requirements for long-duration insurance contracts. These changes included a requirement to review, and if necessary, update cash flow assumptions used to measure the liability for future policy benefits for traditional and limited-payment contracts at least annually, with changes recognized in earnings. In addition, an entity is required to update the discount rate assumption at each reporting date using a yield that is reflective of an upper-medium grade fixed-income instrument with changes recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) (OCI). These changes resulted in the elimination of the provision for risk of adverse deviation and premium deficiency (or loss recognition) testing for traditional long-duration insurance contracts. The update also required that an entity measure all market risk benefits associated with deposit contracts at fair value, with changes recognized in earnings except for the portion attributable to a change in the instrument-specific credit risk, which is to be recognized in OCI. This update also simplified the amortization of deferred acquisition costs by requiring amortization on a constant level basis over the expected term of the related contracts. Deferred acquisition costs are required to be written off for unexpected contract terminations, but are no longer subject to an impairment test. Significant additional disclosures are required, which include disaggregated rollforwards of certain liability balances and the disclosure of qualitative and quantitative information about expected cash flows, estimates, and assumptions. We do not have products with market risk benefits.

We adopted this guidance effective January 1, 2023 using the modified retrospective approach with changes applied as of January 1, 2021, also referred to as the transition date. All historically reported information included in our consolidated financial statements and accompanying footnotes were adjusted as of the transition date to reflect the modified retrospective adoption of ASU 2018-12.
9

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
September 30, 2024
Note 2 - Accounting Developments - Continued
Accounting Updates Outstanding:

ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting and related amendments

The amendments in this update provide optional guidance, for a limited period of time, to ease the potential burden in accounting for and recognizing the effects of reference rate reform on financial reporting. The guidance allows for various practical expedients and exceptions when applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions affected either by discontinued rates as a direct result of reference rate reform or a market-wide change in interest rates used for discounting, margining or contract price alignment, if certain criteria are met. Specifically, the guidance provides certain practical expedients for contract modifications, fair value hedges, and cash flow hedges, and also provides certain exceptions related to changes in the critical terms of a hedging relationship. The guidance also allows for a one-time election to sell or transfer debt securities that were both classified as held-to-maturity prior to January 1, 2020 and reference a rate affected by the reform.

The adoption of this update is permitted as of the beginning of the interim period that includes March 12, 2020 (the issuance date of the update), or any date thereafter, through December 31, 2024, at which point the guidance will sunset. We have elected practical expedients for contracts impacted by reference rate reform which did not result in a material impact on our financial position or results of operations. We will continue to monitor our contracts and hedging relationships throughout the adoption period.

ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures

The amendments in this update enhance disclosures of significant expenses for reportable segments. Specifically, the update adds a requirement to disclose significant expenses that are regularly provided to the Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM) and are included in each reported measure of segment profit or loss. This update will require the disclosure of the title and position of the CODM as well as an explanation of how they use the reported measure(s) to assess segment performance and make decisions about allocating resources. The update also requires the disclosure of the amount and composition of other segment items, which is the difference between reported segment revenues less the significant segment expenses. The amendments in this update allow for the disclosure of more than one measure of segment profit or loss, provided that at least one of the reported measures includes the segment profit or loss measure that is most consistent with GAAP measurement principles.

We will adopt this update effective for the annual period ended December 31, 2024 and for the interim period beginning January 1, 2025 using a retrospective approach. The adoption of this update will not have an impact on our financial position or results of operations, but will expand our disclosures effective for the annual period ended December 31, 2024 and subsequent interim periods.

ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures

The amendments in this update require greater disaggregation of income tax disclosures related to the income tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. Specifically, the guidance requires additional information that meet a quantitative threshold in specified categories with respect to the reconciliation of the effective tax rate to the statutory tax rate for federal, state, and foreign income taxes. The specified categories are the following: state and local income taxes, foreign tax effects, effect of cross-border tax laws, enactment of new tax laws, nontaxable or nondeductible items, tax credits, changes in valuation allowances, and changes in unrecognized tax benefits. The quantitative threshold for each category is five percent of the amount computed by multiplying income (or loss) from continuing operations before income taxes by the statutory federal income tax rate. In addition, the amendments require additional information pertaining to income taxes paid, net of refunds, to be disaggregated by federal, state and foreign jurisdictions, and further disaggregated for specific jurisdictions to the extent the related amounts exceed a quantitative threshold of five percent of total income taxes paid. The amendments also require disclosures of income (or loss) before income tax expense (or benefit) as domestic or foreign for each annual reporting period.

The amendments eliminate the historic requirement to disclose information regarding unrecognized tax benefits having a reasonable possibility of significantly increasing or decreasing in the twelve months following the reporting date, as well as the
10

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
September 30, 2024
Note 2 - Accounting Developments - Continued
requirement to disclose the cumulative temporary differences when a deferred tax liability is not recognized due to certain exceptions under ASC 740.

We will adopt this update effective for the annual period beginning January 1, 2025. The adoption of this update is permitted on a prospective basis or a retrospective basis. The adoption of this update will not have an impact on our financial position or results of operations, but will expand our disclosures effective for the annual period beginning January 1, 2025.

Note 3 - Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair Value Measurements for Financial Instruments Carried at Fair Value

We report fixed maturity securities, which are classified as available-for-sale securities, derivative financial instruments, and unrestricted equity securities at fair value in our consolidated balance sheets. We report our investments in private equity partnerships at our share of the partnerships' net asset value per share or its equivalent (NAV) as a practical expedient for fair value.

The degree of judgment utilized in measuring the fair value of financial instruments generally correlates to the level of pricing observability. Financial instruments with readily available active quoted prices or for which fair value can be measured from actively quoted prices in active markets generally have more pricing observability and less judgment utilized in measuring fair value. An active market for a financial instrument is a market in which transactions for an asset or a similar asset occur with sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis. A quoted price in an active market provides the most reliable evidence of fair value and should be used to measure fair value whenever available. Conversely, financial instruments rarely traded or not quoted have less observability and are measured at fair value using valuation techniques that require more judgment. Pricing observability is generally impacted by a number of factors, including the type of financial instrument, whether the financial instrument is new to the market and not yet established, the characteristics specific to the transaction, and overall market conditions.

We classify financial instruments in accordance with a fair value hierarchy consisting of three levels based on the observability of valuation inputs:

•Level 1 - the highest category of the fair value hierarchy classification wherein inputs are unadjusted and represent quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities at the measurement date.

•Level 2 - valued using inputs (other than prices included in Level 1) that are either directly or indirectly observable for the asset or liability through correlation with market data at the measurement date and for the duration of the instrument's anticipated life.

•Level 3 - the lowest category of the fair value hierarchy and reflects the judgment of management regarding what market participants would use in pricing assets or liabilities at the measurement date. Financial assets and liabilities categorized as Level 3 are generally those that are valued using unobservable inputs to extrapolate an estimated fair value.

Valuation Methodologies of Financial Instruments Measured at Fair Value

Valuation techniques used for assets and liabilities accounted for at fair value are generally categorized into three types. The market approach uses prices and other relevant information from market transactions involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities. The income approach converts future amounts, such as cash flows or earnings, to a single present amount, or a discounted amount. The cost approach is based upon the amount that currently would be required to replace the service capacity of an asset, or the current replacement cost.

We use valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data are available that can be obtained without undue cost and effort. In some cases, a single valuation technique will be appropriate (for example, when valuing an asset or liability using quoted prices in an active market for identical assets or liabilities). In other cases, multiple valuation techniques will be appropriate. If we use multiple valuation techniques to measure fair value, we evaluate and weigh
11

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
September 30, 2024
Note 3 - Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Continued
the results, as appropriate, considering the reasonableness of the range indicated by those results. A fair value measurement is the point within that range that is most representative of fair value in the circumstances.

The selection of the valuation method(s) to apply considers the definition of an exit price and depends on the nature of the asset or liability being valued. For assets and liabilities accounted for at fair value, we generally use valuation techniques consistent with the market approach, and to a lesser extent, the income approach. We believe the market approach provides more observable data than the income approach, considering the type of investments we hold. Our fair value measurements could differ significantly based on the valuation technique and available inputs. When using a pricing service, we obtain the vendor's pricing documentation to ensure we understand their methodologies. We periodically review and approve the selection of our pricing vendors to ensure we are in agreement with their current methodologies. When markets are less active, brokers may rely more on models with inputs based on the information available only to the broker. Our internal investment management professionals, which include portfolio managers and analysts, monitor securities priced by brokers and evaluate their prices for reasonableness based on benchmarking to available primary and secondary market information. In weighing a broker quote as an input to fair value, we place less reliance on quotes that do not reflect the result of market transactions. We also consider the nature of the quote, particularly whether it is a bid or market quote. If prices in an inactive market do not reflect current prices for the same or similar assets, adjustments may be necessary to arrive at fair value. When relevant market data is unavailable, which may be the case during periods of market uncertainty, the income approach can, in suitable circumstances, provide a more appropriate fair value. During 2024, we have applied valuation approaches and techniques on a consistent basis to similar assets and liabilities and consistent with those approaches and techniques used at year end 2023.

Fixed Maturity and Equity Securities

We use observable and unobservable inputs in measuring the fair value of our fixed maturity and equity securities. For securities categorized as Level 1, fair values equal active Trade Reporting and Compliance Engine (TRACE) pricing or unadjusted market maker prices. For securities categorized as Level 2 or Level 3, inputs that may be used in valuing each class of securities at any given time period are disclosed below. Actual inputs used to determine fair values will vary for each reporting period depending on the availability of inputs which may, at times, be affected by the lack of market liquidity.

Level 2Level 3
InstrumentObservable InputsUnobservable Inputs
United States Government and Government Agencies and Authorities
Valuation MethodPrincipally the market approachNot applicable
Valuation Techniques / InputsPrices obtained from external pricing services
12

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - Continued
Unum Group and Subsidiaries
September 30, 2024
Note 3 - Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Continued
Level 2Level 3
InstrumentObservable InputsUnobservable Inputs
States, Municipalities, and Political Subdivisions
Valuation MethodPrincipally the market approachPrincipally the market approach
Valuation Techniques / InputsPrices obtained from external pricing servicesAnalysis of similar bonds, adjusted for comparability
Relevant reports issued by analysts and rating agencies
Audited financial statements