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As filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on January 27, 2023

 

Registration No. 333-[                  ]

 

 

 

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

 

FORM S-1

 

REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

 

Vivos Therapeutics, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 

Delaware   8011   81-3224056

(State or jurisdiction of

incorporation or organization)

 

(Primary Standard Industrial

Classification Code Number)

 

(IRS Employer

Identification No.)

 

7921 Southpark Plaza, Suite 210

Littleton, Colorado 80120

(844) 672-4357

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)

 

R. Kirk Huntsman

Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer

Vivos Therapeutics, Inc.

7921 Southpark Plaza, Suite 210

Littleton, Colorado 80120

(844) 672-4357

(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

 

Copies to:

 

Barry I. Grossman, Esq.

Lawrence A. Rosenbloom, Esq.

Ellenoff Grossman & Schole LLP

1345 Avenue of the Americas

New York, New York 10105

Telephone: (212) 370-1300

 

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: As soon as practicable after the effective date of this Registration Statement.

 

If any of the securities being registered on this form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, check the following box. ☒

 

If this form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

 

If this form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

 

If this form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 

Large accelerated filer Accelerated filer
       
Non-accelerated filer Smaller reporting company
       
    Emerging growth company

 

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act.

 

The Registrant hereby amends this Registration Statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this Registration Statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 or until the Registration Statement shall become effective on such date as the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.

 

 

 

 
 

 

The information in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. The securities in this registration statement may not be sold until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and it is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.

 

PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED JANUARY 27, 2023

 

 

13,333,334 shares

common stock

 

This prospectus relates to the offer for sale of up to an aggregate of 13,333,334 shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, of Vivos Therapeutics, Inc., by the stockholder of our company named herein (who we refer to as the selling stockholder), which is comprised of: (i) 2,000,000 shares of common stock, (ii) 4,666,667 shares of common stock underlying a pre-funded warrant held by the selling stockholder and (iii) 6,666,667 shares of common stock underlying a warrant held by the selling stockholder, all of which securities were issued to the selling stockholder in a private placement which closed on January 9, 2023.

 

We will not receive any proceeds from the resale of any of the shares of common stock being registered hereby. We would, however, receive proceeds upon the exercise for cash of the warrants held by the selling stockholder. Proceeds, if any, received from the exercise of such warrants will be used for general corporate purposes and working capital or for other purposes that our Board of Directors, in their good faith, deem to be in the best interest of our company. No assurances can be given that any of such warrants will be exercised or that we will receive any cash proceeds upon such exercise if cashless exercise is available.

 

The distribution of securities offered hereby may be effected in one or more transactions that may take place in the Nasdaq Capital Market, including ordinary brokers’ transactions, privately negotiated transactions or through sales to one or more dealers for resale of such securities as principals, at market prices prevailing at the time of sale, at prices related to such prevailing market prices or at negotiated prices. Usual and customary or specifically negotiated brokerage fees or commissions may be paid by the selling stockholder.

 

The selling stockholder and intermediaries through whom such securities are sold may be deemed “underwriters” within the meaning of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (which we refer to as the Securities Act), with respect to the securities offered hereby, and any profits realized or commissions received may be deemed underwriting compensation.

 

Our common stock listed on the NASDAQ Stock Market LLC (“NASDAQ”) under the symbol “VVOS.” On January 26, 2023, the last reported sale price of the shares of our common stock as reported on NASDAQ was $1.34 per share.

 

We are an “emerging growth company”, as that term is used in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, and will be subject to reduced public company reporting requirements.

 

Investing in our common stock is highly speculative and involves a significant degree of risk. See “Risk Factors” beginning on page 13 of this prospectus for a discussion of information that should be considered before making a decision to purchase our common stock.

 

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

 

The date of this prospectus is ___________, 2023.

 

 
 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

  Page
Prospectus Summary 1
Risk Factors 13
Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements 44
Use of Proceeds 45
Dividend Policy 45
Determination of Offering Price 45
Market For Common Equity and Related Stockholder Matters 46
Management’s Discussion and Analysis Of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 47
Business 65
Management 92
Executive Compensation 99
Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions 106
Principal Stockholders 107
Description of Capital Stock 109
Selling Stockholder 113
Plan of Distribution 114
Legal Matters 115
Experts 115
Where You Can Find More Information 115
Index to Consolidated Financial Statements F-1

 

Please read this prospectus carefully. It describes our business, our financial condition and our results of operations. We have prepared this prospectus so that you will have the information necessary to make an informed investment decision. You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus. We and the selling stockholder have not authorized anyone to provide you with any information or to make any representations about us, the securities being offered pursuant to this prospectus or any other matter discussed in this prospectus, other than the information and representations contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus. If any other information or representation is given or made, such information or representation may not be relied upon as having been authorized by us.

 

The information contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus is accurate only as of the date of this prospectus, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or of any sale of our common stock. Neither the delivery of this prospectus nor any distribution of securities in accordance with this prospectus shall, under any circumstances, imply that there has been no change in our affairs since the date of this prospectus. This prospectus will be updated and made available for delivery to the extent required by the federal securities laws.

 

We are responsible for the disclosure in this prospectus. However, this prospectus includes industry data that we obtained from internal surveys, market research, publicly available information and industry publications. The market research, publicly available information and industry publications that we use generally state that the information contained therein has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable. The information contained herein represents the most recently available data from the relevant sources and publications and we believe remains reliable. We did not fund and are not otherwise affiliated with any of the sources cited in this prospectus. Forward-looking information obtained from these sources is subject to the same qualifications and additional uncertainties regarding the other forward-looking statements in this prospectus.

 

We own or have rights to trademarks or trade names that we use in connection with the operation of our business, including our corporate names, logos and website names. In addition, we own or have the rights to copyrights, trade secrets and other proprietary rights that protect the content of our products. This prospectus may also contain trademarks, service marks and trade names of other companies, which are the property of their respective owners. Our use or display of third parties’ trademarks, service marks, trade names or products in this prospectus is not intended to, and should not be read to, imply a relationship with or endorsement or sponsorship of us. Solely for convenience, some of the copyrights, trade names and trademarks referred to in this prospectus are listed without their ©, ® and ™ symbols, but we will assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights to our copyrights, trade names and trademarks. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

 

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PROSPECTUS SUMMARY

 

This summary of the prospectus highlights material information concerning our business and this offering. This summary does not contain all of the information that you should consider before making your investment decision. You should carefully read the entire prospectus, including the information presented under the section entitled “Risk Factors” and the financial data and related notes, before making an investment decision. This summary contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ significantly from future results contemplated in the forward-looking statements as a result of factors such as those set forth in “Risk Factors” and “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

 

In this prospectus, unless the context indicates otherwise, the terms “we,” “our,” “ours” “us” or similar terminology refer to Vivos Therapeutics, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.

 

Overview

 

We are a revenue stage medical technology company focused on the development and commercialization of a suite of innovative diagnostic and multi-disciplinary treatment modalities for patients with dentofacial abnormalities and the wide array of medical conditions that may result from them, including mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea (known as OSA) and snoring in adults. We believe our proprietary oral appliances, diagnostic tools, myofunctional therapy, clinical treatments, continuing education, and practice solutions represent a powerful and highly effective set of resources for healthcare providers of all disciplines who treat patients suffering from debilitating and even life-threatening breathing and sleep disorders and their comorbidities.

 

Our primary focus has been on expanding awareness of, and providing treatment options for OSA for, the dentistry market, which we believe represents a large and relatively untapped market for OSA treatment. As our business has evolved, we have expanded our treatment and marketing programs to encompass a more multidisciplinary approach as we have learned even more about how OSA and its comorbidities are diagnosed and treated. In this prospectus, we sometimes refer to dentists and other medical professionals who treat OSA as “providers” (including our own Vivos-trained dentists).

 

Studies have shown our comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach represents a significant improvement in the treatment of mild to moderate OSA in comparison to or when combined with other largely palliative treatments such as continuous positive airway pressure (or CPAP). We call our solution The Vivos Method.

 

Our Products and Services

 

Currently, The Vivos Method comprises the following products and services:

 

 

Vivos Complete Airway Repositioning and/or Expansion (CARE) oral appliance therapy including our:

 

 

Daytime Nighttime Appliance (or DNA appliance®) was granted 510(k) clearance from the U.S. Food & Drug Administration (or FDA) as a Class II medical device in December 2022 for the treatment of snoring and mild to moderate OSA in adults. It is the only oral appliance ever to receive FDA clearance to treat OSA without mandibular advancement as its primary mechanism of action.

     
  Mandibular Repositioning Nighttime Appliance (or mRNA appliance®) has 510(k) clearance from the FDA as a Class II medical device for the treatment of snoring and mild to moderate OSA in adults.
     
  Modified Mandibular Repositioning Nighttime Appliance (or mmRNA appliance), for which we were granted FDA Class II market clearance in August 2021 for treating mild to moderate OSA, jaw reposition and snoring in adults.

 

  Vivos Guides are pre-formed, flexible, BPA-free, base polymer, monoblock intraoral guide and rescue appliances. The Guides are a Class I FDA-registered product for orthodontic tooth positioning typically used by dentists in children to address malocclusions and promote proper guided growth and development of the mouth and jaws.

 

 

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  Vivos Versa is an FDA 510k cleared Class II device for treating mild to moderate OSA. It is a comfortable, easy-to-wear, medical grade nylon, 3D printed oral appliance featuring mandibular advancement as its mechanism of action. It is priced to be very cost effective and offers Vivos providers and patients a comfortable and effective product at a much lower price point for treatment. As with all other non-CARE oral appliances, the Vivos Versa must be worn nightly for life in order to remain clinically effective. We believe many Vivos Versa patients will eventually migrate up to our proprietary Vivos CARE products.
     
  Vivos MyoCorrect oral myofunctional therapy (OMT) services. Studies have shown OMT to be a clinically valuable adjunctive treatment for patients with breathing and sleep disorders. When combined with Vivos’ CARE products and treatments, OMT can deliver an enhanced effect in many patients using our appliances. MyoCorrect treatment services are cost-effective for providers and convenient for patients. MyoCorrect is billable to medical insurance in most cases and constitutes an additional profit center for both Vivos and providers.
     
  VivoScore (from SleepImage), Rhinomanometry (from GM Instruments), Cone Beam Computerized Tomography or CBCT (from multiple vendors), Joint Vibration Analysis (from BioResearch) and other key diagnostic technologies play an essential role as part of The Vivos Method in patient assessment, proper clinical diagnosis, treatment planning, progress measurement, and optimal outcome facilitation. We believe the combination and integration of such diagnostic tools and equipment as particularly taught to and practiced by Vivos-trained providers constitutes a key trade secret of our company.
     
 

Vivos AireO2 is an Electronic Health Record (EHR) software program specifically designed for use as a full practice management software program in a medical or dental practice environment where treating breathing and sleep disorders is performed. The program is very well suited to handle both medical and dental billing and is integral in our Treatment Navigator program.

     
  Treatment Navigator is our most recent program to assist a clinician’s patients who may have a breathing or sleep disorder to get screened, diagnosed by a board-certified sleep specialist, obtain insurance verification of benefits and preauthorization (where required), have their questions answered, and receive assistance with scheduling, financing, medical billing or any other concerns regarding treatment options best suited to their individual situation. Dentists typically pay set fees to us for this service.
     
  Vivos Billing Intelligence Service (BIS) is our medical and dental billing service. It is both a subscription and fee for service program for healthcare practitioners who wish to optimize their insurance reimbursement by leveraging both medical and dental benefits. We are unaware of any other software platform or service on the market that offers the same set of features or capabilities.
     
 

Vivos Airway Intelligence Service (AIS) is our technical support and advisory service that supports clinicians in their patient data analysis, case selection, treatment planning and treatment implementation. AIS reports and services are priced into the cost of appliances to providers.

     
  The Vivos Institute (TVI) is widely regarded as one of the top educational and learning centers for dentofacial related breathing and sleep disorders in North America. Opened in 2021, TVI is housed in a state-of-the-art 18,000 square foot facility near the Denver International Airport where doctors from around the world come to receive instruction and advanced clinical training in a wide range of topics delivered by leading national and international medical sleep specialists, cardiologists, pediatric sleep specialists, dentists, orthodontists, specially trained chiropractors, nutritionists, key industry business leaders, and university-based clinical researchers.

 

These products are used in a collaborative multidisciplinary treatment model comprising dentists, general practice physicians, sleep specialist physicians, myofunctional therapists, nutritionists, chiropractors, physical therapists, and healthcare professionals. Our subscription-based program to train dentists and offer them other value-added services is called the Vivos Integrated Practice (VIP) program.

 

 

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During 2022, we continued to expand and grow our screening and home sleep test (or HST) program (which we call our VivoScore Program) featuring SleepImage® technology, a 510(k) cleared ring-based recorder and diagnostic platform for home sleep apnea testing. We market and distribute our SleepImage HST in the U.S. and Canada pursuant to a licensing agreement with MyCardio LLC. During 2022, Vivos providers performed nearly 60,000 VivoScore home sleep tests, up 99% over 2021. Due to the volume of business that we have generated with MyCardio LLC, we now receive pricing and terms for SleepImage® products and services that are well below their published retail prices. We believe the rapid growth of our VivoScore program confirms our belief that the SleepImage® HST offers significant commercial advantages over existing home sleep apnea products and technologies in the market and allows healthcare providers to more efficiently screen, diagnose and initiate treatment for OSA in their patients.

 

We have not yet seen a corresponding increase in patient enrollment in The Vivos Method treatment, however, and based on feedback from our Vivos-trained providers, we believe this to be a function of staffing turnover and labor shortages that continue to plague the dental workplace. Throughout 2022, we continued to address this by conducting additional regional dental team training sessions on integrating Vivos products and treatments. In addition, we drastically reduced the number of Practice Advisors who had previously been dispatched as “boots on the ground” to help facilitate case starts and provide Vivos-trained providers with support, and we replaced them with a new service called Treatment Navigator which we piloted and rolled out in the late summer and fall of 2022.

 

Treatment Navigators work effectively as extensions of the dental office, working directly with perspective patients to provide them information on The Vivos Method, aiding in education, screening, insurance verification of benefits and preauthorization, coordination among various professional practitioners, recordkeeping, problem solving, as well as, delivering a home sleep test and following up with scheduling an appointment with a VIP in their area. Dental offices who wish to avail themselves of this service pay Vivos enrollment fees and per case fees for the service, thus adding an important new revenue line and profit center to the business. As of December 31, 2022, there are approximately 70 Vivos-trained (VIP) dental offices who are at some stage of onboarding with our Treatment Navigator program. Based on early feedback, we expect the Treatment Navigator program to continue to grow into a material and important revenue stream as we move forward.

 

Background on OSA

 

OSA is a serious and chronic disease that negatively impacts a patient’s sleep, health, and quality of life. According to a 2019 article published in Chest Physician, it is estimated that OSA afflicts 54 million adults in the U.S. alone. According to a 2016 report by Frost & Sullivan, OSA has an annual societal cost of over $149.6 billion. According to the study “Global Prevalence of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)” conducted by an international panel of leading researchers, nearly 1 billion people worldwide have sleep apnea, and as many as 80% remain undiagnosed. Research has shown that when left untreated, OSA can increase the risk of comorbidities, such as high blood pressure, heart failure, stroke, diabetes, dementia, chronic pain and other debilitating, life-threatening diseases.

 

Unfortunately for OSA patients, the medical profession has not been able to provide them with solutions that are both effective and desirable. CPAP is the “Gold Standard” treatment for over 90% of OSA patients, but no one wants to wear those devices to bed every night for life. Traditional oral appliances can be effective over limited time frames, but often create other problems with temporomandibular joint (or TMJ) dysfunction, open bites, infections, and more. As with CPAP, they too must be worn every night for life to be effective. More radical and invasive options such as neuro-stimulation devices, or maxillomandibular advancement surgery are likewise viewed more as treatments of last resort. When The Vivos Method is presented as a viable treatment option against the alternatives discussed above, we believe it will be the preferred choice of most patients.

 

We believe our proprietary products comprising the Vivos CARE oral appliances represent the first non-surgical, non-invasive and cost-effective treatment for adults with dentofacial abnormalities and/or patients diagnosed with mild to moderate OSA and snoring. Combining technologies that typically expand the upper airway by altering its tissues’ size, shape and position, Vivos CARE represents a completely new treatment modality in the treatment of dentofacial abnormalities that often lead to OSA and many other health conditions.

 

 

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A recently published peer reviewed study in a high impact medical journal (Sleep Medicine) showed that use of our CARE appliances under the guidance of trained Vivos dentists with access to the complete Vivos Method led to significantly lower Apnea Hypopnea Index scores, significant decreases in OSA severity categories, and significantly increased airway volumes, as measured with no appliance in the mouth. These results come from a set of 220 treated patients. A second database review looking at a set of 786 patients undergoing CARE treatment by providers with access to the Vivos Method was presented at the American Academy of Sleep Medicine’s annual scientific meeting in 2022 with results largely consistent with this published set. A peer reviewed paper on this set is currently in editorial review and anticipated soon. These two data sets furthermore are consistent with data seen in multiple smaller case series published over the preceding decade.

 

The Vivos Method is estimated to be indicated and potentially effective (within the scope of the FDA cleared uses) in approximately 80% of cases of OSA where patients are compliant with clinical treatments. Our patented oral appliances have been utilized in approximately 31,000 patients treated worldwide by more than 1,750 trained dentists.

 

Our Target Customers

 

The House of Delegates of the American Dental Association in 2017 adopted a policy statement describing the important role dentists can play in helping identify patients at greater risk of sleep related breathing disorders. By virtue of the close connection and relationship between the oral cavity and airway form and function, properly trained dentists can play a pivotal and even leading role in the treatment of dentofacial abnormalities which are known to impact breathing and sleep, which in turn can lead to serious health conditions. The VIP program provides dentists with compelling clinical reasons coupled with strong economic incentives to provide their breathing and sleep disordered patients the best care possible.

 

We have recently expanded our mission and product line positioning to extend the reach and scope of The Vivos Method beyond the dental profession and to allow for greater collaboration and mutual referrals from other healthcare practitioners, including primary care physicians, medical specialists, chiropractors, nutritionists, physical therapists, and others who see and treat patients with breathing and sleep disorders. We believe this extension of our approach will broaden the knowledge among various professions as to what our technology and products can do for their patients, ultimately leading more patients into treatment with Vivos products and services. We also incorporate courses and curricula at The Vivos Institute into our Vivos Method training that provides information, tools, techniques, and systems that enable other healthcare professionals to engage directly with dentists and actively contribute to the best possible clinical outcome for patients.

 

Our Mission

 

Our mission is to rid the world of sleep apnea by being a leading technology platform and go-to resource for the latest and most effective treatment modalities, products, and clinical education available to healthcare providers of all specialties who treat patients suffering from breathing and sleep disorders and their comorbidities. We fully recognize that breathing and sleep disorders, including OSA, are often complex conditions with multiple contributing factors that require more than a single solution. To that end, we have broadened our product and services lines that comprise The Vivos Method to go beyond the proprietary technologies featured in our CARE oral appliances, and now offer providers far greater optionality in selecting a diagnostic or treatment solution that is best for their patients. This approach recognizes that there is no “one size fits all” solution for patients, and that both providers and patients are best served by offering a variety of solutions at various price points that can meet the needs of a larger segment of the population.

 

We believe this evolution of our mission (which was originally focused almost exclusively on the dental community) will appeal to a much broader array of healthcare professionals, including chiropractors, nutritionists, primary care physicians, cardiologists, physical therapists, dentists and others, all of whom have a strong vested interest in the overall health and wellbeing of their patients, and each of whom has something meaningful to contribute when properly educated and trained. As word spreads among a broader array of professionals and their patients, we expect more people to come to know and understand the compelling advantages of The Vivos Method. We believe this will allow us to scale our business and grow our company more rapidly.

 

 

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Our Market Opportunity

 

According to a March 2021 Sleep Apnea Devices Market Size & Share Report, the global sleep apnea devices market size was valued at $3.7 billion in 2020 and is expected to expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.2% from 2021 to 2028. According to an American Sleep Association study published in 2020, an estimated 50 million to 70 million people in the U.S. are suffering from some form of sleep disorders. Moreover, according to Canadian Respiratory Journal in 2014, around 5.4 million adults in Canada were diagnosed with sleep apnea or were at higher risk of developing OSA. According to a study conducted by ResMed in 2018, around 175 million people in Europe were suffering from sleep apnea. We therefore believe that effective diagnostic and treatment strategies are needed to minimize the negative health impacts of OSA and to maximize cost-effectiveness.

 

Based on our direct experience with our Vivos-trained providers performing nearly 60,000 VivoScore HSTs during 2022, we strongly believe the published estimates from available public information, which range from 12% to 20% of the population, seriously underestimate the extent of the condition and scope of the problem in the United States and Canada. Our VivoScore testing routinely results in approximately 50% of patients testing positive OSA, a number consistent with a recent study published in the Journal of the American Heart Association on a sample consisting of ~2000 middle-aged to older adults from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), where 47 percent had moderate-to-severe sleep apnea (OSA). We therefore believe our prior estimate that approximately 15% of the adult population in the United States and Canada suffers from OSA to be extremely conservative. Based on the estimated total adult population of 284 million in the United States and Canada, we believe the total addressable United States and Canadian market could be as high as 80 million adults. To be conservative and based on available data and our internal market analysis, we estimate that over 80% of individuals diagnosed with OSA in the North American addressable market may be candidates for The Vivos Method, leaving us with a total addressable consumer market of approximately 64 million adults.

 

We currently charge clinicians an average sales price of approximately $1,500 per adult case for The Vivos Method. There are approximately 200,000 general dentists and dental specialists in the United States and another 30,000 in Canada who could potentially offer the Vivos Method to their patients. Add to that the nearly 80,000 licensed chiropractors and over 1.1 million medical doctors across all specialties who routinely see and treat patients with OSA. Each of them see and treat patients with OSA for many related conditions on a regular basis even though the vast majority remain undiagnosed with respect to their OSA. As we raise awareness, and now that new technologies such as SleepImage have driven the cost of diagnosis down dramatically, more providers will be able to integrate evaluations of breathing and sleep into their basic clinical treatments, and more patients will get diagnosed and seek treatment. Therefore, based on the addressable U.S. and Canadian consumer market described above and average sales price, we believe the addressable consumer market for adults in the United States and Canada is approximately $96 billion.

 

Our Treatment Alternative for OSA – The Vivos Method

 

The Vivos Method is a non-invasive, non-surgical, non-pharmaceutical, multi-disciplinary treatment modality for the treatment of dentofacial abnormalities and/or mild to moderate OSA and snoring. Proprietary and virtually painless, The Vivos Method has been shown to typically expand the upper airway and offers patients what we believe to be an effective treatment alternative based on published peer-reviewed retrospective clinical data. Based on feedback from independent VIPs and their patients, we believe initial therapeutic benefits from using the treatment guidance’s and devices are often achieved relatively quickly (in days or weeks) and final clinical results are typically achieved in 12 to 18 months), all at a relatively low cost to consumers ranging between $7,000 and $10,000 for adults (costs vary by provider) when compared to other options such as lifetime CPAP or surgery.

 

The Vivos Method alters the size, shape and position of the tissues that surround and define the functional space known as the upper airway. Our treatment also improves nasal breathing, reduces mouth breathing, reduces Apnea Hypopnea Index (AHI) scores, and generally facilitates better breathing and sleep. These statements are based on retrospective raw data with validated before and after sleep studies, rhinomanometry testing before and after treatment, Cone Beam Computerized Tomography (CBCT) scans from treating clinicians and patient testimony. As The Vivos Method treatment process progresses, the airway typically expands, with many patients reporting a significant reduction of their mild to moderate OSA and snoring symptoms. The primary products used in The Vivos Method are the DNA appliance®, the mRNA appliance®, and the mmRNA appliance®, each of which is a specifically designed, customized oral appliance that is worn primarily in the evening hours and overnight. The treatment time may range from 10 to 24 months, with 12 to 18 months being typical. Our appliances may require periodic adjustments some of which can be performed by the patient and others that are typically rendered at the dental office where treatment was initiated. Through the course of treatment with The Vivos Method, patients have reported a variety of outcomes, including:

 

  Reduction of snoring;
     
  Reduction in AHI level and/or other indicators of mild to moderate OSA;

 

 

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  Relief of mild to moderate OSA symptoms;
     
  Restoration and improvement of normal (nasal) breathing;
     
  Improvement in overall sleep quality;
     
  Reduction in the need for other lifetime treatment options such as CPAP;
     
  Restoration and maintenance of proper facial symmetry and alignment;
     
  Dentofacial and orthodontic improvement and/or correction;
     
  Resolution of TMJ pain, clicking, and locking;
     
  Facial aesthetic improvement, including a broader smile and reduced ‘gummy smile’; and
     
  Improved posture with better balance and facial symmetry.

 

Our Growth Strategy

 

Our goal is to be the global leader in providing a clinically effective non-surgical, non-invasive, non-pharmaceutical, and low-cost alternative for patients with dentofacial abnormalities and/or mild to moderate OSA and snoring in adults. We believe the following strategies will play a critical role in achieve this goal and in establishing more predictable and growing revenue leading, ultimately, to cash flow positive and profitable operations:

 

  Expand public awareness of the life-threatening and debilitating nature of OSA and its prevalence throughout the world, while letting the world know of our proprietary and highly effective treatment as an alternative to CPAP. We plan to continue to create public demand for Vivos treatments to drive adoption by healthcare providers and coverage by insurance payers. We also plan to continue building consumer awareness through our direct-to-patient marketing initiatives which we anticipate will include celebrity endorsements, paid search, radio, television, social media, influencers, company sponsored events, corporate wellness programs, and online video.
     
  Drive more qualified new patients to our VIP practices. By making our Vivos-trained providers more productive and profitable, more new dentists will be encouraged to enroll and get trained.
     
  Achieve full payment by in network major insurance carriers for Vivos Method treatment. We are working to broaden and extend the insurance coverage available to patients for The Vivos Method beyond what it is today. Most insurance payers will reimburse at about 50% of the cost of treatment. We need to drive that percentage up so patients don’t have to pay as much out of pocket. To this end, in December 2022, we announced a collaboration with Nexus Dental Systems (or Nexus), which effectively combines our proprietary out-of-network Billing Intelligence Service with the Nexus’ in-network medical billing platform. The goal is to provide both companies’ medical professional networks with greater access to both in or out-of-network billing with all major medical insurance companies, facilitating case acceptances, insurance billing procedures and reimbursement.

 

 

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  Make it easy for both patients and professionals to interact and do business with Vivos. We are simplifying our training, our software, and our products in order to make working with us smooth and easy and a great customer experience.
     
  Continue to drive medical and dental community awareness of The Vivos Method and build bridges between medical doctors and dentists through DSO marketing and our Medical Integration Division. In late 2021, we began to market The Vivos Method to the large and rapidly growing segment of private equity and corporate sponsored dental groups known as dental service organizations (known as DSOs). With an estimated 2,600 DSO groups in the U.S. and Canada covering total office locations in excess of 40,000, we believe makes the integration of sleep medicine as part of the DSO offering an ideal fit for Vivos to help drive awareness of OSA, new VIP subscriptions and sales of our products and services. Our MID and our collaborations with Pneusomnia sleep centers, which are owned jointly by both doctors and dentists and managed by Vivos, are also a part of our marketing strategy. We are also continuing to promote awareness of the value proposition of The Vivos Method through training and educating dentists, physicians, and other healthcare providers, including at our TVI in Denver, Colorado.
     
  Invest in research and development to drive innovation and expand indications. We are committed to ongoing research and development, and we intend to invest in our business to further improve our products and validate our value proposition.
     
  Pursue strategically adjacent markets and international opportunities. We believe there is a significant opportunity for our products outside the United States. We have begun an initial assessment of the development and commercialization of The Vivos Method for markets outside of North America, and we plan to conduct further strategic evaluation of such markets as we expand our market penetration throughout the United States, Canada, and most recently Australia.

 

Our Revenue Model

 

Our revenue is currently derived from the following primary sources:

 

  VIP office training and enrollment fees. These fees are comprised of one-time, up-front fees, as well as optional renewal fees after 12 months.
     
  Recurring Vivos appliance sales. Once we train the VIP on how dentists can help treat OSA, the goal is to have them initiate “new case starts” with patients, which leads to sales of our appliances and guides.
     
  Recurring VIP subscription fees. These are recurring fees that a portion of our VIPs pay us to receive additional value-added services and training.
     
  SleepImage HST revenue. In 2022, we modified our agreement with MyCardio LLC relating to our SleepImage HST for sleep apnea, which creates the potential for revenue from our leasing of SleepImage HST ring recorders to our VIPs as part of the VivoScore Program.
     
  The Vivos Institute. Our TVI provides product-specific training for the use of our products and services. Revenue from such courses is not material at the present time, but our expectation is that increased training awareness of OSA and the promotion of our products and services will be enhanced by our TVI.
     
  The Airway Intelligence Service (AIS). This service provides a complete resource for VIPs to help simplify the diagnostic and appliance design matrix and expedite the treatment planning process. AIS is provided as part of the price of each appliance and is not a separate revenue stream.
     
  Billing Intelligence Services (BIS). This complete third-party billing solution includes a comprehensive integrated revenue cycle management software system that allows dentists to focus on running their practice and delivering the best care for their patients. This medical billing service generates recurring subscription fees from participating VIPs and independent dentists in the United States.

 

  AireO2 Patient Management Software. This management software enables healthcare professionals to diagnose, treat and monitor patients with OSA and its related conditions more effectively. Developed in collaboration with Lyon Dental, AireO2 contains features that enhance a VIP’s billing services and practice management systems. AireO2 is a complement to our BIS software system.

 

 

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  Medical Integration Division (MID). In late 2020, we launched our MID to assist VIP practices to establish clinical collaboration ties to local primary care physicians, sleep specialists, ear, nose a throat doctors (ENTs), cardiologists, pediatricians, pulmonologists and other healthcare providers who routinely see or treat patients with sleep and breathing disorders. The primary objective of our MID is to promote The Vivos Method to medical providers and thus facilitate the potential for additional mild to moderate OSA patients gaining access to The Vivos Method while offering continuum of care. The MID seeks to fulfill that objective by meeting with VIP dentists and medical providers in their local areas to establish physician practices using the trademarked name “Pneusomnia Sleep Reimagined Center” (which are referred to as Pneusomnia Centers). These independent medical practices will be managed by our company under a management and development agreement which pays us six (6% to 8%) percent of all net revenue from sleep-related services. We also collect a development fee for each clinic prior to opening establishing all operational treatments. We have built into our core MID business model a great degree of flexibility, such that elements of each Pneusomnia Center as described above may change and be adapted to local state laws and regulations, and entity formation laws as any such alterations do not violate any state or federal statutes or regulations. We believe our market response from MID activities has been promising, and in March 2021 we announced the opening of the first Pneusomnia Center in Del Mar, California, and in May 2021, the second in Modesto. 2022 was a good year for the MID with the addition of three new locations located in Toluca Lake California, Newport Beach California and Aliso Viejo, California. These three new locations are branded under the name Pneusomnia Plus as these are dental offices jointly owned by independent dentists and physicians. The MID has plans to assist in the opening of additional Pneusomnia Centers in several other cities in the U.S. including two locations in Las Vegas, Nevada. The MID is expected to enhance the overall practice level economics for independent VIP offices and generate additional lines of recurring revenue for us.
     
  MyoCorrect (Orofacial Myofunctional Therapy) Program. In March 2021, we introduced orofacial myofunctional therapy (or OMT) as a service that is part of The Vivos Method, under the name MyoCorrect. Through MyoCorrect, dentists enrolled in the VIP program will have access to trained therapists who provide OMT via telemedicine technology. This OMT therapy can be a component of obstructive sleep apnea treatment in conjunction with The Vivos Method which includes our Class II oral appliances and treatment guidelines. OMT, which is given by a certified OMT therapist, involves exercises and other techniques aimed at strengthening the tongue and orofacial muscles by teaching individuals how to engage the muscles to the appropriate position.

 

January 2023 Private Placement

 

On January 5, 2023, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (“Purchase Agreement”) with an institutional investor (who is the selling stockholder named herein) pursuant to which we agreed sell up to an aggregate of $8,000,000 of our securities in a private placement consisting of 2,000,000 shares of our common stock, a pre-funded warrant to purchase up to an aggregate of 4,666,667 shares of our common stock and a common stock purchase warrant to purchase up to an aggregate of 6,666,667 shares of our common stock (as the context requires, we sometimes refer to the pre-funded warrant and the common stock purchase warrant issued in our January 2023 private placement as the “warrants”). The purchase price per share and associated common stock purchase warrant was $1.20, and the purchase price per pre-funded warrant and associated common stock purchase warrant was $1.1999.

 

The private placement closed on January 9, 2023. After the placement agent fees and estimated offering expenses payable by us, we received net proceeds of approximately $7.4 million. We intend to use the net proceeds from the private placement for general working capital and general corporate purposes.

 

The common stock purchase warrant entitles the holder, for a period of five years and 6 months, to purchase one share of common stock at an exercise price of $1.20 per share. The pre-funded warrant entitles the holder, for a period until the entirety of the pre-funded warrant is exercised, to purchase one share of common stock at an exercise price of $0.0001 per share. Both warrants contain a customary 4.99% beneficial ownership limitation that may be waived at the option of the holder upon 61 days’ notice to us.

 

 

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The Purchase Agreement includes standard representations, warranties and covenants. In addition, and subject to customary exceptions, the Purchase Agreement provides that:

 

(a) from January 5, 2023 until ninety (90) days after the effective date of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, neither our company nor any subsidiary of our company shall (i) issue, enter into any agreement to issue or announce the issuance or proposed issuance of any shares of common stock or securities convertible into or exercisable for common stock or (ii) file any registration statement or any amendment or supplement thereto, in each case other than as contemplated by the Registration Rights Agreement (as defined below); or

 

(b) from January 5, 2023 until nine (9) months after the effective date of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, we shall be prohibited from effecting or entering into an agreement to effect any issuance by us or any of our subsidiaries of any shares of common stock or securities convertible into or exercisable for common stock (or a combination of units thereof) involving a “variable rate transaction”, meaning a transaction in which we (i) issue or sell any debt or equity securities that are convertible into, exchangeable or exercisable for, or include the right to receive, additional shares of common stock either (i) at a conversion price, exercise price or exchange rate or other price that is based upon, and/or varies with, the trading prices of or quotations for the shares of common stock at any time after the initial issuance of such debt or equity securities or (ii) with a conversion, exercise or exchange price that is subject to being reset at some future date after the initial issuance of such debt or equity security or upon the occurrence of specified or contingent events directly or indirectly related to our business or the market for the common stock or (ii) enter into, or effect a transaction under, any agreement, including, but not limited to, an equity line of credit, whereby we may issue securities at a future determined price.

 

On January 5, 2023, in connection with the private placement, we entered into a registration rights agreement (the “Registration Rights Agreement”) with the investor, pursuant to which we agreed to file a registration statement with the SEC to register for resale the shares issued in the private placement and the shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the warrants. We is subject to customary penalties and liquidated damages in the event we does not meet certain filing and effectiveness deadlines set forth in the Registration Rights Agreement, up to a maximum aggregate penalty of 10.5% of the gross proceeds of the private placement. We have filed the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part in order to satisfy our obligations under the Registration Rights Agreement.

 

Roth Capital Partners, LLC and A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners acted as placement agents for the Private Placement (the “Placement Agents”). Pursuant to a placement agency agreement, dated January 5, 2023, between us and the Placement Agents (the “Placement Agency Agreement”), we agreed to pay the Placement Agent a cash fee equal to 6.0% of the gross proceeds received by us in the private placement, in addition to the reimbursement of $40,000 of expenses. The Placement Agency Agreement contains customary representations, warranties, terms and conditions, including for indemnification of the Placement Agents and their related parties by us.

 

Summary of Risks Affecting Our Business

 

Investing in our common stock is highly speculative and involves significant risks and uncertainties. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties discussed under the section titled “Risk Factors” elsewhere in this prospectus before making a decision to invest in our common stock. Certain of the key risks we face include, without limitation:

 

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

 

  Our business has a limited operating history, and we continue to refine our business model, which makes it difficult to evaluate our past performance and future prospects. Moreover, we have recently made significant strategic, operational and staffing changes to our business, and it is impossible to know how or if such changes will affect future revenue and earnings.
     
  We have a history of operating losses and may never achieve cash flow positive or profitable results of operations.
     
  Our VIP program is a relatively new business model for us, and management has limited experience operating this model.

 

 

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  We will need to raise additional capital to fund and grow our business. Such funding, even if obtained, could result in substantial dilution or significant debt service obligations. We may not be able to obtain additional capital on commercially reasonable terms in a timely manner, which could adversely affect our liquidity, financial position, and ability to continue operations.
     
  We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting.
     
  A material portion of our future revenue is expected to derive from sales and enrollments of new dentists into our Vivos Integrated Practice (VIP) program, including dentists who are part of a Dental Service Organization (DSO) which leaves us reliant on the willingness of dentists and/or DSO groups to continue to enroll.
     
  We will not be successful if The Vivos Method is not sufficiently adopted by the medical and dental communities, including independent practitioners and dental service organizations.
     
  We may not be able to successfully implement our growth strategies for our VIPs, which could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
     
  The long-term success of our VIP program is highly dependent on our ability to successfully identify, recruit and enroll target dental practices as well as to convince other medical professionals to participate in the treatment of OSA with our products and services.
     
  Our future operating results are difficult to predict and may vary significantly from quarter to quarter, which may adversely affect the price of our common stock.
     
  The SleepImage® home sleep test used in our VivoScore Program is a relatively new technology which may not be utilized by VIPs to the degree anticipated.
     
  Further clinical studies of our products comprising The Vivos Method may adversely impact our ability to generate revenue if they do not demonstrate that The Vivos Method is effective.
     
  Our business and results of operations may be impacted by the extent to which patients using The Vivos Method achieve adequate levels of third-party insurance reimbursement.
     
  Our products and third-party contract manufacturing activities are subject to extensive governmental regulation that could prevent us from selling Vivos appliances or introducing new and/or improved products in the United States or internationally.
     
  We face significant competition in the market for treating sleep breathing disorders, and we may be unable to manage or respond to competitive pressures.
     
  We may not be able to protect our patents and proprietary technology and may become subject to intellectual property claims or litigation.
     
  We face the risk of product liability claims that could be expensive, divert management’s attention and harm our reputation and business.
     
  If we are unable to comply, or have not fully complied, with federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse laws, false claims laws, health information privacy and security laws, and other healthcare laws and regulations, we could face substantial penalties.
     
  The misuse or off-label use of The Vivos Method could result in injuries that lead to product liability suits or result in costly investigations, fines, or sanctions by regulatory bodies if we are deemed to have engaged in the promotion of these uses, any of which could be costly to our business.

 

 

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Risks Related to Our Products and Regulation

 

  Our failure to obtain government approvals, or to comply with ongoing, and ever increasing, governmental regulations relating to our technologies and products, could delay or limit introduction of our products and result in failure to achieve revenue or maintain our ongoing business.
     
  We cannot assure that we will be able to complete any required clinical trial programs successfully within any specific time, and if such clinical trials take longer to complete than we project, our ability to execute our current business strategy will be adversely affected.
     
  Modifications to The Vivos Method may require additional FDA approvals which, if not obtained, could force us to cease marketing and/or recall the modified device until we obtain new approvals.
     
  We are subject to inspection and market surveillance by the FDA to determine compliance with regulatory requirements.
     
  Treatment with The Vivos Method has only been available for a relatively limited time, and we do not know whether there will be significant post-treatment regression or relapse.
     
  Our Medical Integration Division business line may implicate federal and state laws involving the practice of medicine and related anti-kickback and similar laws.

 

Risks Related to Our Securities Generally

 

  The market for our common stock is relatively new and may not develop to provide investors with adequate liquidity.
     
  The market price of our common stock has been and may continue to be highly volatile resulting in substantial losses for investors.
     
  Our failure to meet the continuing listing requirements of The Nasdaq Capital Market could result in a de-listing of our securities.
     
  Our officers and directors may have the ability to exert significant influence over our affairs, including the outcome of matters requiring stockholder approval.
     
  The terms of our January 2023 private placement could hamper our fundraising efforts.

 

Emerging Growth Company under the JOBS Act

 

As a company with less than $1.235 billion in revenue during our last fiscal year, we qualify as an “emerging growth company” under the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act. As an emerging growth company, we have elected to take advantage of reduced reporting requirements and are relieved of certain other significant requirements that are otherwise generally applicable to public companies. As an emerging growth company:

 

  we may present only two years of audited financial statements and only two years of related Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations;
     
  we are exempt from the requirement to obtain an attestation and report from our auditors on whether we maintained effective internal control over financial reporting under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act;
     
  we are permitted to provide less extensive disclosure about our executive compensation arrangements; and
     
  we are not required to give our stockholders non-binding advisory votes on executive compensation or golden parachute arrangements.

 

We may take advantage of these provisions until December 31, 2025 (the last day of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of our initial public offering) if we continue to be an emerging growth company. We would cease to be an emerging growth company if we have more than $1.07 billion in annual revenue, have more than $700 million in market value of our shares held by non-affiliates or issue more than $1.0 billion of non-convertible debt over a three-year period. We may choose to take advantage of some but not all of these reduced burdens. We have elected to provide two years of audited financial statements. Additionally, we have elected to take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, for complying with new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for public and private companies until the earlier of the date we (i) are no longer an emerging growth company or (ii) affirmatively and irrevocably opt out of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act.

 

Corporate Information

 

Our principal offices are located at 7921 Southpark Plaza, Suite 210, Littleton, Colorado 80120, and our telephone number is (844) 672-4357. Our website is www.vivos.com. Our website and the information on or that can be accessed through such website are not part of this prospectus.

 

Available Information

 

We maintain a website at www.vivos.com. You may access our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act with the SEC free of charge at our website as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. The reference to our website address does not constitute incorporation by reference of the information contained on our website, and you should not consider the contents of our website in making an investment decision with respect to our common stock.

 

 

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THE OFFERING

 

Shares of common stock offered by selling stockholder   13,333,334 shares of common stock
     
Use of proceeds:   We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of the common stock by the selling stockholder. We would, however, receive proceeds upon the exercise of the warrants held by the selling stockholder which, if such warrants are exercised in full for cash, would be approximately $8.0 million. Proceeds, if any, received from the exercise of any such warrants will be used for general corporate purposes and working capital or for other purposes that our Board of Directors, in their good faith, deem to be in the best interest of our company. No assurances can be given that any of such warrants will be exercised or that we will receive any cash proceeds upon such exercise if cashless exercise is available.
     
Nasdaq Capital Market symbol:   Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “VVOS”.
     
Risk factors:   Investing in our common stock is highly speculative and involves a significant degree of risk. As an investor you should be able to bear a complete loss of your investment. You should carefully consider the information set forth in the “Risk Factors” section beginning on page 13.

 

 

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RISK FACTORS

 

Investing in our common stock is highly speculative and involves a significant degree of risk. Before you invest in our securities, you should give careful consideration to the following risk factors, in addition to the other information included in this this prospectus, including our financial statements and related notes, before deciding whether to invest in our securities. The occurrence of any of the adverse developments described in the following risk factors could materially and adversely harm our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects. In that case, the trading price of our common stock could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment.

 

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

 

Our business has a limited operating history, and we continue to refine our business model, which makes it difficult to evaluate our past performance and future prospects. Moreover, we have recently made significant strategic, operational and staffing changes to our business, and it is impossible to know how or if such changes will affect future revenue and earnings.

 

Our business was formed only in 2016, and therefore there is limited historical data on which to evaluate our company. This is particularly true because our current VIP-focused business model only commenced in mid-2018. In addition, since the roll out of our VIP-focused business model, we have continued to refine our strategies, for example by experimenting with different VIP enrollment and subscription plans and by adding strategic offerings like OMT. Therefore, there is limited and evolving or differing historical operating data on which to evaluate the results of and prospects for our current business model.

 

We have a history of operating losses and may never achieve cash flow positive or profitable results of operations.

 

Since our inception, we have not been profitable and have incurred significant losses and cash flow deficits. For the fiscal years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, we reported net losses of $20.3 million and $12.1 million respectively, and negative cash flow from operating activities of $15.7 million and $5.7 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2021, we had an aggregate accumulated deficit of $55.6 million. As of September 30, 2022, the Company had an accumulated deficit of approximately $73.4 million and ended the period with approximately $6.7 million in cash assets. For the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, the Company incurred a net loss of approximately $17.8 and $12.9 million, respectively. Net cash used in operating activities amounted to approximately $16.6 million and $11.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. As of September 30, 2022, the Company had total liabilities of approximately $8.5 million. We anticipate that we will continue to report losses and negative cash flow until we can substantially increase our revenues, which we may be unable to do. There is therefore a risk that we will be unable to operate our business in a manner that generate positive cash flow or profit, and our failure to increase our revenues, generate positive cash flow and operate our business profitably would damage our reputation and stock price.

 

Our VIP program is a relatively new business model for us, and management has limited experience operating this model.

 

Our VIP program is a relatively new business model for us, and members of our management team have only a few years of experience in operating our company through this model. As a result, our historical financial results may not be comparable to future results. Also, we are subject to many risks associated with the VIP business model, some of which we have faced and some which we may be unable to presently identify, such as risks associated pricing, competition, marketing and regulatory matters. Moreover, our ability to onboard new VIPs may be impeded by the investments VIPs must make in adapting their practices to the use of The Vivos Method. We cannot assure you that management will be able to recruit and adopt new VIPs. Any such failure may have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 

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We will need to raise additional capital to fund and grow our business. Such funding, even if obtained, could result in substantial dilution or significant debt service obligations. We may not be able to obtain additional capital on commercially reasonable terms in a timely manner or at all, which could adversely affect our liquidity, financial position, and ability to continue operations.

 

In order to fund and grow our business, we will need to obtain additional financing, either through borrowings, private offerings, public offerings, or some type of business combination, such as a merger, or buyout, and there can be no assurance that we will be successful in such pursuits. We may be unable to acquire the additional funding necessary to fund our growth or to continue operating. Accordingly, if we are unable to generate adequate cash from operations, and if we are unable to find sources of funding, it may be necessary for us to sell one or more lines of business or all or a portion of our assets, enter into a business combination, or reduce or eliminate operations. Any of these possibilities, to the extent available, may be on terms that result in significant dilution to our shareholders or that result in our investors losing all of their investment in our company.

 

Even if we are able to raise additional capital, we do not know what the terms of any such capital raising would be. In addition, any future sale of our equity securities would dilute the ownership and control of your shares and could be at prices substantially below prices at which our shares currently trade. Our inability to raise capital, coupled with our inability to generate adequate cash from operations, could require us to significantly curtail or terminate our operations. We may seek to increase our cash reserves through the sale of additional equity or debt securities. The sale of convertible debt securities or additional equity securities could result in additional and potentially substantial dilution to our shareholders. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased debt service obligations and could result in operating and financing covenants that would restrict our operations and liquidity and ability to pay dividends. In addition, our ability to obtain additional capital on acceptable terms is subject to a variety of uncertainties. We cannot assure you that financing will be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all. Any failure to raise additional funds on favorable terms could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity and financial condition.

 

Additionally, during 2022, we actively began a process of reducing staff, eliminating or renegotiating certain vendor contracts, strategically reorganizing our business and revamping our business model. Further such steps, or even more, may be required before management is satisfied that we are positioned to succeed or even survive, and there is a risk that we will be unable to implement cost cutting programs effectively.

 

We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting.

 

In connection with the audit of our consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, we and our independent registered public accounting firm identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The material weakness in our case related to the operating effectiveness of our review controls in that we did not put the appropriate resources in place to be able to identify technical accounting issues and perform review functions appropriately. Material errors were also identified in our analysis and review of our VIP contracts for applicable factors to meet the definition of a contract under ASC 606 Contracts with Customers, step 1, and our evaluation of our note receivable with respect to our former Orem dental clinic for impairment in accordance with ASC 310 Receivables

  

Furthermore, material errors were also identified during 2022 in our analysis and review of our VIP contracts for applicable factors to meet the definition of a contract under ASC 606 Contracts with Customers. Our management (with the concurrent of our Audit Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors) determined that our existing revenue recognition policy was not consistent with the guidance in ASC 606. After analyzing our contracts using the five-step process in ASC 606, we determined that for VIP enrollment contracts, it is necessary for us to separately identify the performance obligations and recognize the revenue as the performance obligations are satisfied or over the customer life as applicable. These errors led to a restatement of our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2022 and significant delays in the filing of our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the periods ended June 30, and September 30, 2022.

 

In summary, we identified a material weaknesses related to the operating effectiveness of our review controls in that we did not put the appropriate resources in place to be able to identify technical accounting issues and perform review functions appropriately for the revenue recognition issues described above and for those items which we had previously identified in Part II, Item 9A of our 2021 Form 10-K.

 

If we are unable to remedy these or similar material weakness that may arise in the future, or if we generally fail to establish and maintain effective internal controls appropriate for a public company, we may be unable to produce timely and accurate financial statements, and we may continue to conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is not effective, which could adversely impact our investors’ confidence and our stock price. Delays in filing our periodic reports have led and could in the future lead to the loss of our ability to use certain “short form” registration statements (including “shelf” registration statements used for more efficient fundraising).

 

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We expect to derive a substantial portion of our prospective future revenue from sales of our appliances and treatments, which leaves us reliant on the commercial viability of The Vivos Method.

 

Currently, our primary product is The Vivos Method, inclusive of MyoCorrect and our SleepImage HST. Our secondary source of revenue is our clinical training and practice support programs, including Billing Intelligence Services, Airway Intelligence System and AireO2. We expect that sales of the component aspects of The Vivos Method and our services to our VIPs related to the use of such treatments will account for a significant majority of our prospective revenue for the foreseeable future. We currently market and sell our appliances (which are central to The Vivos Method) primarily in the United States and Canada, with a very limited presence in Australia. The Vivos Method is different from current surgical and non-surgical treatments dentofacial abnormalities and/or mild to moderate OSA and snoring, therefore we cannot assure you that dentists in corroboration with physicians will use The Vivos Method or become VIPs, and demand for The Vivos Method may decline or may not increase as quickly as we expect. Also, we cannot assure you that The Vivos Method will compete effectively as a treatment alternative to other more well-known and well-established therapies, such as CPAP, mandibular advancement, or palatal surgical procedures. Since The Vivos Method currently represents our primary product, and since our VIP program is our primary means of commercialization, we are significantly reliant on the level of recurring sales of The Vivos Method treatment and decreased or lower than expected sales or recruitment and maintenance of new VIPs would cause us to lose all or substantially all of our revenue.

 

A material portion of our future revenue is expected to derive from sales and enrollments of new dentists into our Vivos Integrated Practice (VIP) program, including dentists who are part of a Dental Service Organization (DSO) which leaves us reliant on the willingness of dentists and/or DSO groups to continue to enroll.

 

We believe that The Vivos Method is the first commercially available treatment based on our proprietary technology for the treatment of dentofacial abnormalities and/or mild to moderate OSA. Our success depends both on the sufficient acceptance and adoption by the medical/dental community of The Vivos Method as a non-invasive treatment for the treatment of dentofacial abnormalities and/or mild to moderate OSA. Currently, a relatively limited number of dentists and other medical clinicians provide treatment with The Vivos Method. We cannot predict how quickly, if at all, the medical/dental community will accept The Vivos Method, or, if accepted, the extent of its use. For us to be successful:

 

  our dentist customers and referring physicians must believe that The Vivos Method offers meaningful clinical and economic benefits for the treating provider and for the patient as compared to the other surgical and non-surgical procedures or devices currently being used to treat individuals with dentofacial abnormalities and/or mild to moderate OSA and referring physicians must write a prescription for the use of a Class II Vivos appliance;
     
  our dentist customers must believe patients will pay for The Vivos Method out-of-pocket, and patients must believe that paying out-of-pocket for treatment in The Vivos Method is the best alternative to either doing nothing or entering into another treatment option; and
     
  Our dentist customers must be willing to pay us for the right to become VIPs and to commit the time and resources required to learn the new clinical and technical skills and invest in the technology required to treat patients with dentofacial abnormalities and/or mild to moderate OSA using The Vivos Method. Independent dentists as well as dentists affiliated with a DSO may not desire to continue to enroll in our VIP or DSO program.

 

In reference to the treatment of mild to moderate OSA and snoring, studies have shown that a significant percentage of people who have OSA remain undiagnosed and therefore do not seek treatment. Many of those patients who are diagnosed with OSA may be reluctant to seek treatment because of the significant costs of treatment given the less severe nature of their condition, the potentially negative lifestyle effects of traditional treatments, and the lack of awareness of new treatment options. If we are unable to increase public awareness of the prevalence of OSA or if the medical/dental community is slow to adopt or fails to adopt The Vivos Method as a treatment for their patients, we would suffer a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 

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The failure of large U.S. customers or Dental Service Organizations (DSO) to pay for their purchases of The Vivos Method products and services on a timely basis could reduce our future sales revenue and negatively impact our liquidity.

 

The timing and extent of our future growth in sales revenue depends, in part, on our ability to continue to increase the number of U.S. dentists using The Vivos Method, as well as expanding the number of The Vivos Method treatments used by these physicians/dentists. To the extent one or more of our large U.S. dentist customers or DSO groups fails to pay us on a timely basis, we may be required to discontinue selling to these organizations and find new customers, which could reduce our future sales revenue and negatively impact our liquidity.

 

We face risks relating to public health conditions such as the COVID-19 pandemic, which could adversely affect our dentist customers, our business and our results of operations.

 

Our business and prospects have been and could continue to be materially adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic or recurrences of COVID-19 (such as has occurred in the fall of 2020 and into 2021) or any other similar diseases in the future. Material adverse effects from COVID-19 and similar diseases could result in numerous known and currently unknown ways including from quarantines and lockdowns which impair our marketing and sales efforts to dentists or other medical professionals. During the COVID-19 pandemic, dental offices throughout the U.S. and Canada shut down for extended periods of time (and may be shut down again due to recurrences of COVID-19), thus negatively impacting our product revenues. The pandemic and reactions to the pandemic or future outbreaks of COVID-19 and variants of COVID-19 could also impair the timing of obtaining necessary consents and approvals from the FDA, as its employees could also be under such quarantines and lockdowns and their time could be mandatorily required to be allocated to more immediate global and domestic concerns relating to COVID-19. In addition, we purchase materials for our products from suppliers located in affected areas, and we may not be able to procure required components or secure manufacturing capability. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic have also placed travel restrictions on us and our VIPs, as well as temporary closures of the facilities of our suppliers and our VIPs as non-essential medical and dental procedures have been limited, which could also adversely impact our business. In addition, a significant outbreak of contagious diseases in the human population could result in a widespread health crisis that could adversely affect the economies and financial markets of many countries, resulting in an economic downturn that could reduce the demand for our products and impair our business prospects including as a result of being unable to raise additional capital on acceptable terms to us, if at all.

 

We may not be able to successfully implement our growth strategy for our VIPs on a timely basis or at all, which could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

 

The growth of our VIP base depends on our ability to execute our plan to recruit and enroll new VIPs. Our ability to recruit and enroll VIPs depends on many factors, including our ability to:

 

  achieve brand awareness in new and existing markets;
  convince potential VIPs of the value of our products and services and to make the required investments in becoming a VIP and using The Vivos Method;
  manage costs, which could give rise to delays or cost overruns;
  recruit, train, and retain qualified dentists, dental hygienists, physicians, physician assistants, medical technologists and other staff in our local markets;
  obtain favorable reimbursement rates for services rendered at VIP offices;
  outperform competitors; and
  maintain adequate information systems and other operational system capabilities.

 

Further, applicable laws, rules and regulations (including licensure requirements) could negatively impact our ability to recruit and enroll VIPs.

 

Accordingly, we may not be able to achieve our planned growth or, even if we are able to grow our VIP base as planned, any new VIPs may not be profitable or otherwise perform as planned. Failure to successfully implement our growth strategy would likely have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

 

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The long-term success of our VIP program is highly dependent on our ability to successfully identify, recruit and enroll target independent dental practices as well as to convince other medical professionals to participate in the treatment of OSA with our products and services.

 

To achieve our growth strategy, we will need to identify, recruit, and enroll new VIPs and have them operate on a profitable and recurring basis. We consider numerous factors in identifying target markets where we can enter or expand. The number and timing of new VIPs enrolled during any given period may be negatively impacted by several factors including, without limitation:

 

  the identification and availability of attractive practices to be VIPs;
     
  our ability to successfully identify and address pertinent risks and benefits during the onboarding process, including designing, implementing and as necessary modifying pricing programs for VIP enrollment and subscription fees that are acceptable to dental practices;
     
  the proximity of VIPs to one of our or our competitors’ existing centers;
     
  our VIP’s ability to obtain required governmental licenses, permits and authorizations on a timely basis; and
     
  our VIP’s ability to recruit qualified dentists, dental hygienists, physicians, physician assistants, medical technologists and other personnel to staff their practices using The Vivos Method.

 

If we are unable to find and onboard attractive VIPs in existing markets or new markets, our revenue and profitability may be harmed, we may not be able to implement our growth strategy and our financial results may be negatively affected.

 

Moreover, we have begun to expand marketing and related efforts to medical professional beyond the dentistry community. We may be unable to convince medical sleep specialists, cardiologists, pediatric sleep specialists, chiropractors, nutritionists and other professionals of the benefits of The Vivos Method specifically and a multidisciplinary approach to treating OSA in general. Our inability to implementing.

 

Our future operating results are difficult to predict and may vary significantly from quarter to quarter, which may adversely affect the price of our common stock.

 

Our limited history of sales of The Vivos Method and VIP enrollments and subscriptions, together with our history of losses, make prediction of future operating results difficult. You should not rely on our past revenue growth as any indication of future growth rates or operating results. Our valuation and the price of our securities likely will fall in the event our operating results (notably our revenue growth, with the goal of achieving cash flow positive and profitable operations) do not meet the expectations of analysts and investors. Comparisons of our quarterly operating results are an unreliable indication of our future performance because they are likely to vary significantly based on many factors, including:

 

  our inability to attract demand for and obtain acceptance of The Vivos Method for the treatment of dentofacial abnormalities and/or mild to moderate OSA and snoring by both medical professionals and their patients;
     
  the success of alternative therapies and surgical procedures to treat individuals, and the possible future introduction of new products and treatments;
     
  our ability to design, implement and as necessary modifying pricing programs for VIP enrollment and subscription fees;
     
  our ability to expand by adding additional VIPs in leading major metro areas;

 

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  the expansion and rate of success of our marketing and advertising efforts to both consumers and dentists as well as other medical professionals, and the rate of success of our direct sales force in the United States and internationally;
     
  Failure of third-party contract manufacturers to deliver products or provide services in a cost effective and timely manner;
     
  our failure to develop, find or market new products;
     
  the successful completion of current and future clinical studies, and the possibility that the results of any future study may be adverse to our product and services, or reveal some heretofore unknown risk to patients from treatment in The Vivos Method; the failure by us to make professional presentation and publication of positive outcomes data from these clinical studies, and the increased adoption of The Vivos Method by dentists as a result of the data from these clinical studies;
     
  actions relating to ongoing FDA compliance;
     
  the size and timing of orders from dentists and independent distributors;
     
  our ability to obtain reimbursement for The Vivos Method (i.e., billable oral appliances and orofacial myofunctional therapy) in the future from third-party healthcare insurers;
     
  the willingness of patients to pay out-of-pocket for treatment in The Vivos Method in the absence of reimbursement from third-party healthcare insurers, for; decisions by one or more commercial health insurance companies to preclude, deny, limit, reduce, eliminate, or curtain reimbursement for treatment in whole or part by The Vivos Method;
     
  unanticipated delays in the development and introduction of our current and future products and/or our inability to control costs;
     
  the effects of global or local pandemics or epidemics and governmental responses, such as COVID-19;
     
  seasonal fluctuations in revenue due to the elective nature of sleep-disordered breathing treatments for mild to moderate OSA, as well as seasonal fluctuations resulting from adverse weather conditions, earthquakes, floods or other acts of nature in certain areas or regions that result in power outages, transportation interruptions, damages to one or more of our facilities, food shortages, or other events which may cause a temporary or long-term disruption in patient priorities, finances, or other matters; and
     
  general economic conditions as well as those specific to our customers and markets.

 

Therefore, you should expect that our results of operations will be difficult to predict, which will make an investment in our company uncertain.

 

Our MID program may not perform as anticipated or may take longer than expected to gain acceptance.

 

Begun only in 2020, our MID is a new business offering for us, and the model is yet unproven. As a result, actual results may be lower than expected due to lower than expected referrals and other factors. Also, we are subject to many risks associated with this new business model that we are unable to presently identify, such as pricing, competition, marketing and regulatory risks. If we fail to adequately identify and respond to such risks in a timely manner, our financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

 

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The SleepImage® home sleep test used in our VivoScore Program is a relatively new technology which may not be utilized by VIPs to the degree anticipated.

 

The SleepImage HST used in our VivoScore Program is a relatively new technology which could take longer to gain acceptance within the medical and dental communities. If medical and dental care providers do not utilize this new technology, or if the test is not as effective as anticipated, the financial results from the program may be lower than currently expected. Also, we are subject to many risks associated with this new technology that we are unable to presently identify, such as pricing, competition, marketing and regulatory risks. If we fail to adequately identify and respond to such risks in a timely manner, on our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

 

Moreover, the design and implementation of our VivoScore Program is new, as the current program arose following our renegotiated agreement with MyCardio LLC in early 2022. Therefore, we face the risks associated with establishing a new revenue center as the VivoScore Program itself (under which we lease the SleepImage ring recorder to dentists) may not attract a following sufficient to make the program a successful revenue generator for us.

 

We may not be able to respond in a timely and cost-effective manner to changes in consumer preferences.

 

The Vivos Method is subject to changing consumer preferences. A shift in consumer preferences away from the protocol and products we offer would result in significantly reduced revenue. Our future success depends in part on our ability to anticipate and respond to changes in consumer preferences. Failure to anticipate and respond to changing consumer preferences in the products we market could lead to, among other things, lower sales of products, significant markdowns or write-offs of inventory, increased product returns and lower margins. If we are not successful in anticipating and responding to changes in consumer preferences, our results of operations in future periods will be materially adversely impacted.

 

Further clinical studies of our products comprising The Vivos Method may adversely impact our ability to generate revenue if they do not demonstrate that The Vivos Method is clinically effective.

 

We have conducted, and continue to conduct, a number of clinical studies of the use of The Vivos Method to treat patients with dentofacial abnormalities and/or mild to moderate OSA in the United States and Canada. We are involved in a number of ongoing clinical studies evaluating clinical outcomes from the use of The Vivos Method including prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled studies, as well as clinical studies that are structured to obtain additional clearances from the FDA for expanded clinical indications for use of The Vivos Method.

 

We cannot assure you that these clinical studies will continue to demonstrate that The Vivos Method provides clinical effectiveness for individuals with dentofacial abnormalities and patients diagnosed with mild to moderate OSA, nor can we assure you that the use of The Vivos Method will prove to be safe and effective in clinical studies under United States or international regulatory guidelines for any expanded indications. Additional clinical studies of The Vivos Method may identify significant clinical, technical or other obstacles that will have to be overcome prior to obtaining clearance from the applicable regulatory bodies to market The Vivos Method for such expanded indications. If further studies of The Vivos Method indicate that it is not a safe and effective, our ability to market The Vivos Method, and generate substantial revenue from additional sales, may be materially limited.

 

Individuals selected to participate in these further clinical studies must meet certain anatomical and other criteria to participate. We cannot assure you that an adequate number of individuals can be enrolled in clinical studies on a timely basis. Further, we cannot assure you that the clinical studies will be completed as planned. A delay in the analysis and publication of the positive outcomes data from these clinical studies, or the presentation or publication of negative outcomes data from these clinical studies, including data related to approval of The Vivos Method for expanded indications, may materially impact our ability to increase revenue through sales and negatively impact our stock price.

 

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Our business and results of operations may be impacted by the extent to which patients using The Vivos Method achieve adequate levels of third-party insurance reimbursement.

 

Whenever practical, The Vivos Method is paid for primarily out-of-pocket by patients, with any available health insurance coverage being reimbursed if and as paid at a later date, where the patient is being treated for dentofacial abnormalities and/or mild to moderate OSA.

 

The cost of treatments for dentofacial abnormalities and/or mild to moderate OSA, such as CPAP, and most surgical procedures generally are covered and reimbursed in whole or part by third-party healthcare insurers. The Vivos Method is a customized protocol often combined with custom oral appliance therapy, some of which currently qualify for reimbursement. Our ability to generate revenue from additional sales of The Vivos Method for the treatment of dentofacial abnormalities and/or mild to moderate OSA may be materially limited by the extent to which reimbursement of The Vivos Method is available in the future. In addition, third-party healthcare insurers are increasingly challenging the prices charged for medical products and procedures. If we are successful in our efforts to obtain reimbursement for the billable procedures within The Vivos Method, any changes in this reimbursement system could materially affect our ability to continue to grow our business.

 

Reimbursement and healthcare payment systems in international markets vary significantly by country and reimbursement for the billable procedures within The Vivos Method may not be available at all under either government or private reimbursement systems. If we are unable to achieve reimbursement approvals in international markets, it could have a negative impact on market acceptance of The Vivos Method and potential revenue growth in the markets in which these approvals are sought.

 

In an effort to help expand in-network insurance coverage for The Vivos Method, in December 2022, we announced a collaboration with Nexus which effectively combines our proprietary out-of-network Billing Intelligence Service with the Nexus’ in-network medical billing platform. The goal is to provide both companies’ medical professional networks with greater access to both in or out-of-network billing with all major medical insurance companies, facilitating case acceptances, insurance billing procedures and reimbursement. However, our collaboration with Nexus may not achieve the result of expanding insurance coverage for The Vivos Method, which in turn could have an adverse effect on our results of operations (particularly if our outlay of resources in connection with the Nexus collaboration exceed the revenues, if any, generated).

 

Our products and third-party contract manufacturing activities are subject to extensive governmental regulation that could prevent us from selling our appliances or introducing new and/or improved products in the United States or internationally.

 

Our products and third-party contract manufacturing activities are subject to extensive regulation by several governmental agencies, including the FDA and comparable international regulatory bodies. We are required to:

 

  obtain clearance from the FDA and certain international regulatory bodies before we can market and sell our products;
     
  satisfy all content requirements for the sales and promotional materials associated with The Vivos Method; and
     
  undergo rigorous inspections of our facilities, manufacturing and quality control processes, records and documentation.

 

Compliance with the rules and regulations of these various regulatory bodies have created regulatory challenges for us in the past and may delay or prevent us from introducing any new models of The Vivos Method or other new products. In addition, government regulations may be adopted that could prevent, delay, modify or rescind regulatory clearance or approval of our products.

 

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Our contract manufacturing labs are further required to demonstrate compliance with the FDA’s quality system regulations. The FDA enforce their quality system regulations through pre-approval and periodic post-approval inspections by representatives from the FDA. These regulations relate to product testing, vendor qualification, design control and quality assurance, as well as the maintenance of records and documentation. If we fail to conform to these regulations, the FDA may take actions that could seriously harm our business. These actions include sanctions, including temporary or permanent suspension of our operations, product recalls and marketing restrictions. A recall or other regulatory action could substantially increase our costs, damage our reputation and materially affect our operating results.

 

Our products are currently not recommended by most medical sleep specialists, who are integral to the diagnosis and treatment of sleep breathing disorders.

 

The majority of patients being treated today for OSA, domestically and internationally, are initially referred to pulmonologists or other sleep specialists by their primary care physicians. Pulmonologists or other sleep specialists typically administer a polysomnogram, or overnight sleep study, to diagnose the presence and severity of OSA. If an individual is diagnosed with OSA by a qualified medical doctor, CPAP is typically prescribed as the therapy of choice. Although we offer The Vivos Method through our VIPs, our domestic sales organization does not generally call on sleep specialists or third-party sleep centers to sell The Vivos Method, and we do not believe that most qualified sleep specialists today would recommend The Vivos Method to their patients with mild to moderate OSA. We cannot predict the extent to which medical doctors will, in the future, endorse or recommend our protocol to their patients, even for those who are unwilling or unable to comply with other alternative therapies.

 

We face significant competition in the rapidly changing market for treating mild to moderate OSA and snoring in adults, and we may be unable to manage or respond to competitive pressures.

 

The market for treating mild to moderate OSA and snoring in adults, is highly competitive and evolving rapidly. According to the American Sleep Apnea Association, over 100 different oral appliances are FDA cleared for the treatment of snoring and mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea. The Vivos Method must compete with more established products, treatments and surgical procedures, which may limit our growth and negatively affect our business. Many of our competitors have an established presence in the field and have established relationships with pulmonologists, sleep clinics and ear, nose and throat specialists, which play a significant role in determining which product, treatment or procedure is recommended to the patient. We believe certain of our competitors are attempting to develop innovative approaches and new products for diagnosing and treating OSA and other sleep disordered breathing conditions. We cannot predict the extent to which ENTs, oral maxillofacial surgeons, primary care physicians or pulmonologists would or will recommend The Vivos Method over new or other established devices, treatments or procedures.

 

Moreover, we are in the early stages of implementing our business plan and have limited resources with which to market, develop and sell The Vivos Method. Many of our competitors have substantially greater financial and other resources than we do, including larger research and development staffs who have more experience and capability in conducting research and development activities, testing products in clinical trials, obtaining regulatory approvals and manufacturing, marketing, selling, and distributing products. Some of our competitors may achieve patent protection, regulatory approval, or product commercialization more quickly than we do, which may decrease our ability to compete. If we are unable to be competitive in the market for OSA, our revenue will decline, which would negatively affect our results of operations.

 

The Vivos Method may become obsolete if we are unable to anticipate and adapt to rapidly changing technology.

 

The medical device industry is subject to rapid technological innovation and, consequently, the life cycle of any particular product can be short. Alternative products, procedures or other discoveries and developments to treat dentofacial abnormalities and/or OSA may render The Vivos Method obsolete. Furthermore, the greater financial and other resources of many of our competitors may permit them to respond more rapidly than we can to technological advances. If we fail to develop new technologies, products, or procedures to upgrade or improve our existing treatments to respond to a changing market before our competitors are able to do so, our ability to market our products and protocol and generate substantial revenue may be limited.

 

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Our international sales are subject to a number of risks that could seriously harm our ability to successfully commercialize The Vivos Method in international markets.

 

We do not have significant international sales outside of Canada, although we hope to more broadly introduce The Vivos Method into international markets. Our ability to generate international sales is subject to several risks, including:

 

  our ability to obtain appropriate regulatory approvals to market The Vivos Method in certain countries;
     
  our ability to identify new independent third-party distributors in international markets where we do not currently have distributors;
     
  the impact of recessions in economies outside the United States;
     
  greater difficulty in negotiating with socialized medical systems, maintaining profit margins comparable to those achieved in the United States, collecting accounts receivable, and longer collection periods;
     
  unexpected changes in regulatory requirements, tariffs or other trade barriers;
     
  weaker intellectual property rights protection in some countries;
     
  potentially adverse tax consequences; and
     
  political and economic instability.

 

The occurrence of any of these events could seriously harm our future international sales and our ability to successfully commercialize our products in international markets, thereby limiting our growth and revenue.

 

We depend on a few suppliers for key components, making us vulnerable to supply shortages and price fluctuation.

 

We purchase components for The Vivos Method from a variety of vendors on a purchase order basis; we have no long-term supply contracts with any of our vendors. While it is our goal to have multiple sources to procure certain key components, in some cases it is not economically practical or feasible to do so. To mitigate this risk, we maintain an awareness of alternate supply sources that could provide our currently single-sourced components with minimal or no modification to the current version of The Vivos Method, practice supply chain management, maintain safety stocks of critical components and have arrangements with our key vendors to manage the availability of critical components. Despite these efforts, if our vendors are unable to provide us with an adequate supply of components in a timely manner, or if we are unable to locate qualified alternate vendors for components at a reasonable cost, the cost of our products would increase, the availability of our products to our customers would decrease and our ability to generate revenue could be materially limited.

 

There are risks associated with outsourced production that may hurt our results of operations.

 

We outsource the manufacture of substantially all our products to third-party manufacturers on a case-by-case basis. By law, the selection of the manufacturer is at the sole discretion of the treating dentist. However, we select our approved and certified manufacturers by training and screening them in advance based on their capabilities, supply capacity, reputation, regulatory registration and compliance, and other relevant traits. Most of these manufacturers are located in the U.S., but at least one important manufacturer is located in South Korea, and other smaller manufacturers are located in Canada. In any case, the possibility of delivery delays, product defects, import or customs blockages, and other production-side risks stemming from outsourcers creates the risk that our expenses associated with these issues could unexpectedly increase in any period. In addition, inadequate production capacity among outsourced manufacturers could result in our being unable to supply enough product amid periods of high product demand, the opportunity costs of which could be substantial. All of these risks could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

 

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We do not have any long-term contracts with manufacturers, suppliers or other service providers for our products. Our business would be harmed if manufacturers and service providers are unable to deliver products or provide services in a timely and cost-effective manner, or if we are unable to timely fulfill orders.

 

We do not have any long-term contracts with contract manufacturers, suppliers or other service providers for our products. We do not anticipate that this will change. As a result, if any manufacturer or supplier is unable, either temporarily or permanently, to manufacture or deliver products or provide services to us in a timely and cost-effective manner, it could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Our ability to provide effective customer service and efficiently fulfill orders for merchandise depends, to a large degree, on the efficient and uninterrupted operation of the manufacturing and related call centers, distribution centers, and management information systems, some of which are run by third parties. Any material disruption or slowdown in manufacturing, order processing or fulfillment systems resulting from strikes or labor disputes, telephone down times, electrical outages, mechanical problems, human error or accidents, fire, natural disasters, adverse weather conditions or comparable events could cause delays in our ability to receive and fulfill orders and may cause orders to be lost or to be shipped or delivered late. As a result, these disruptions could adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations in future periods.

 

We depend on our patents and proprietary technology, which we may not be able to protect.

 

Our success depends, in part, on our ability to obtain and maintain patent protection for The Vivos Method components and the confidentiality of proprietary clinical treatments. Our success further depends on our ability to obtain and maintain trademark protection for our name and mark; to preserve our trade secrets and know-how; and to operate without infringing the intellectual property rights of others.

 

We cannot assure investors that we will continue to innovate and file new patent applications, or that if filed any future patent applications will result in granted patents We cannot assure you that any of our patents pending will result in issued patents, that any current or future patents will not be challenged, invalidated or circumvented, that the scope of any of our patents will exclude competitors or that the patent rights granted to us will provide us any competitive advantage or protect our products. The patent position of device companies, including ours, is generally uncertain and involves complex legal and factual considerations and, therefore, validity and enforceability cannot be predicted with certainty. Patents may be challenged, deemed unenforceable, invalidated or circumvented. We will be able to protect our proprietary rights from unauthorized use by third parties only to the extent that our proprietary technologies, treatments and any future products are covered by valid and enforceable patents or are effectively maintained as trade secrets.

 

Any patents we have obtained or do obtain may be challenged by re-examination or otherwise invalidated or eventually found unenforceable. Both the patent application process and the process of managing patent disputes can be time consuming and expensive. If we were to initiate legal proceedings against a third party to enforce a patent related to one of our products, the defendant in such litigation could counterclaim that our patent is invalid and/or unenforceable. In patent litigation in the U.S., defendant counterclaims alleging invalidity and/or unenforceability are commonplace, as are validity challenges by the defendant against the subject patent or other patents before the United States Patent and Trademark Office (or USPTO). Grounds for a validity challenge could be an alleged failure to meet any of several statutory requirements, including lack of novelty, obviousness or non-enablement, failure to meet the written description requirement, indefiniteness, and/or failure to claim patent eligible subject matter. Grounds for an unenforceability assertion could be an allegation that someone connected with prosecution of the patent intentionally withheld material information from the USPTO, or made a misleading statement, during prosecution. Additional grounds for an unenforceability assertion include an allegation of misuse or anticompetitive use of patent rights, and an allegation of incorrect inventorship with deceptive intent. Third parties may also raise similar claims before the USPTO even outside the context of litigation. The outcome is unpredictable following legal assertions of invalidity and unenforceability. With respect to the validity question, for example, we cannot be certain that no invalidating prior art existed of which we and the patent examiner were unaware during prosecution. These assertions may also be based on information known to us or the USPTO. If a defendant or third party were to prevail on a legal assertion of invalidity and/or unenforceability, we would lose at least part, and perhaps all, of the claims of the challenged patent. Such a loss of patent protection would or could have a material adverse impact on our business.

 

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The standards that the USPTO (and foreign equivalents) use to grant patents are not always applied predictably or uniformly and can change. There is also no uniform, worldwide policy regarding the subject matter and scope of claims granted or allowable in device patents. Accordingly, we do not know the degree of future protection for our proprietary rights or the breadth of claims that will be allowed in any patents issued to us or to others.

 

However, there can be no assurance that our technology will not be found in the future to infringe upon the rights of others or be infringed upon by others. Moreover, patent applications are in some cases maintained in secrecy until patents are issued. The publication of discoveries in the scientific or patent literature frequently occurs substantially later than the date on which the underlying discoveries were made and patent applications were filed. Because patents can take many years to issue, there may be currently pending applications of which we are unaware that may later result in issued patents that our products or product candidates infringe. For example, pending applications may exist that provide support or can be amended to provide support for a claim that results in an issued patent that our product infringes. In such a case, others may assert infringement claims against us, and should we be found to infringe upon their patents, or otherwise impermissibly utilize their intellectual property, we might be forced to pay damages, potentially including treble damages, if we are found to have willfully infringed on such parties’ patent rights. In addition to any damages we might have to pay, we may be required to obtain licenses from the holders of this intellectual property. We may fail to obtain any of these licenses or intellectual property rights on commercially reasonable terms. Even if we are able to obtain a license, it may be non-exclusive, thereby giving our competitors access to the same technologies licensed to us. In that event, we may be required to expend significant time and resources to develop or license replacement technology. If we are unable to do so, we may be unable to develop or commercialize the affected products, which could materially harm our business and the third parties owning such intellectual property rights could seek either an injunction prohibiting our sales, or, with respect to our sales, an obligation on our part to pay royalties and/or other forms of compensation. Conversely, we may not always be able to successfully pursue our claims against others that infringe upon our technology. Thus, the proprietary nature of our technology or technology licensed by us may not provide adequate protection against competitors.

 

In addition to patents, we rely on trademarks to protect the recognition of our company and product in the marketplace. We also rely on trade secrets, know-how, and proprietary knowledge that we seek to protect, in part, through confidentiality agreements with employees, consultants and others. We cannot assure you that our proprietary information will not be shared, our confidentiality agreements will not be breached, that we will have adequate remedies for any breach, or that our trade secrets will not otherwise become known to or independently developed by competitors.

 

Confidentiality agreements with employees and others may not adequately prevent disclosure of trade secrets and other proprietary information and disclosure of our trade secrets or proprietary information could compromise any competitive advantage that we have, which could have a materially adverse effect on our business.

 

Our success depends, in part, on our ability to protect our proprietary rights to the technologies used in our products and our proprietary clinical treatments. We depend heavily upon confidentiality agreements with our officers, employees, consultants and subcontractors to maintain the proprietary nature of our technology and our proprietary clinical treatments. These measures may not afford us complete or even sufficient protection, and may not afford an adequate remedy in the event of an unauthorized disclosure of confidential information. If we fail to protect and/or maintain our intellectual property, third parties may be able to compete more effectively against us, we may lose our technological or competitive advantage, and/or we may incur substantial litigation costs in our attempts to recover or restrict use of our intellectual property. In addition, others may independently develop technology similar to ours, otherwise avoiding the confidentiality agreements, or produce patents that would materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations in which event and you could lose all of your investment.

 

We may face intellectual property infringement claims that would be costly to resolve.

 

There has been substantial litigation regarding patent and other intellectual property rights in the medical device industry, and our competitors and others may initiate intellectual property litigation, including as a means of competition. Intellectual property litigation is complex and expensive, and outcomes are difficult to predict. We cannot assure you that we will not become subject to patent infringement claims or litigation, or interference proceedings, to determine the priority of inventions. Litigation or regulatory proceedings also may be necessary to enforce our patent or other intellectual property rights. We may not always have the financial resources to assert patent infringement suits or to defend ourselves from claims. An adverse result in any litigation could subject us to liabilities, or require us to seek licenses from or pay royalties to others that may be substantial. Furthermore, we cannot predict the extent to which the necessary licenses would be available to us on satisfactory terms, if at all.

 

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Our failure to secure trademark registrations could adversely affect our ability to market our products and operate our business.

 

Our trademark applications in the United States and any other jurisdictions where we may file may not be allowed registration, and we may not be able to maintain or enforce our registered trademarks. During trademark registration proceedings, we may receive rejections. Although we are given an opportunity to respond to those rejections, we may be unable to overcome such rejections. In addition, in the USPTO and in corresponding foreign agencies, third parties are given an opportunity to oppose pending trademark applications and to seek to cancel registered trademarks. Opposition or cancellation proceedings may be filed against our applications and/or registrations, and our applications and/or registrations may not survive such proceedings. Failure to secure such trademark registrations in the United States and in foreign jurisdictions could adversely affect our ability to market our products and our business.

 

We may be subject to claims that our employees have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their former employers.

 

As is common in the medical device industry, we may employ individuals who were previously employed at other companies similar to ours, including our competitors or potential competitors. We may become subject to claims that these employees or we have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed trade secrets or other proprietary information of their former employers. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. Even if we are successful in defending against these claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management.

 

We face the risk of product liability claims that could be expensive, divert management’s attention and harm our reputation and business.

 

Our business exposes us to the risk of product liability claims that are inherent in the testing manufacturing and marketing of medical devices. This risk exists even if a device is registered, cleared and approved for commercial sale by the FDA and manufactured in facilities licensed and regulated by the FDA or an applicable foreign regulatory authority. Any side effects, manufacturing defects, misuse or abuse associated with use of our appliance could result in patient injury or death. The medical device industry has historically been subject to extensive litigation over product liability claims, and we cannot offer any assurance that we will not face product liability suits. We may be subject to product liability claims if the use of our appliance may cause, or merely appeared to have caused, patient injury or death. In addition, an injury that is caused by the activities of our suppliers, such as those who provide us with components and raw materials, may be the basis for a claim against us. Product liability claims may be brought against us by patients, healthcare providers or others selling or otherwise coming into contact with our appliances, among others. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against product liability claims, we will incur substantial liabilities and reputational harm. In addition, regardless of merit or eventual outcome, product liability claims may result in:

 

  costs of litigation;
  distraction of management’s attention from our primary business;
  the inability to commercialize our appliances or new products;
  decreased demand and brand reputation for our appliances;
  product recalls or withdrawals from the market;
  withdrawal of clinical trial participants;
  substantial monetary awards to patients or other claimants; or
  loss of sales.

 

Any recall or market withdrawal of our products may delay the supply of those products to our customers and may impact our reputation. We can provide no assurance that we will be successful in initiating appropriate market recall or market withdrawal efforts that may be required in the future or that these efforts will have the intended effect of preventing product malfunctions and the accompanying product liability that may result. Such recalls and withdrawals may also be used by our competitors to harm our reputation for safety or be perceived by patients as a safety risk when considering the use of our products, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 

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We may not be able to maintain adequate product liability insurance.

 

Our product liability and clinical study liability insurance is subject to deductibles and coverage limitations. Our product liability insurance may not continue to be available to us on acceptable terms, if at all, and, if available, coverage may not be adequate to protect us against any future product liability claims. If we are unable to obtain insurance at an acceptable cost or on acceptable terms or otherwise protect against potential product liability claims, we could be exposed to significant liabilities. A product liability claim, recall or other claim with respect to uninsured liabilities or for amounts in excess of insured liabilities could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 

We bear the risk of warranty claims on our appliances.

 

We bear the risk of warranty claims on our appliances. We may not be successful in claiming recovery under any warranty or indemnity provided to us by our suppliers or vendors in the event of a successful warranty claim against us by a customer or that any recovery from such vendor or supplier would be adequate. In addition, warranty claims brought by our customers related to third-party components may arise after our ability to bring corresponding warranty claims against such suppliers expires, which could result in costs to us.

 

Our sales and marketing efforts may not be successful.

 

We currently market and sell our appliances and associated treatments and services to a limited number of licensed professionals, primarily general dentists. Less than 1% of the general dentists in the U.S. have been trained and certified in The Vivos Method. The commercial success of The Vivos Method ultimately depends upon a number of factors, including the number of dentists who use The Vivos Method, the number of Vivos appliances used by these dentists, the number of patients who become aware of The Vivos Method by self-referral or referrals by their primary care physicians, the number of patients who elect to use The Vivos Method, and the number of patients who, having successfully used The Vivos Method, endorse and refer The Vivos Method to other potential patients. The Vivos Method may not gain significant increased market acceptance among physicians/dentists who use it or who refer their patients, other patients, third-party healthcare insurers and managed care providers. We believe that primary care physicians typically elect to refer individuals to pulmonologists or other physicians who treat sleep disordered breathing, and these physicians may not recommend The Vivos Method to patients for any number of reasons, including safety and clinical efficacy, the availability of alternative procedures and treatment options, or inadequate levels of reimbursement. In addition, while positive patient experiences can be a significant driver of future sales, it is impossible to influence the manner in which this information is transmitted and received, the choices potential patients may make and the recommendations that treating physicians make to their patients.

 

Although we sell our product directly to our corporate-owned and independent VIP practices, our experience in marketing and selling The Vivos Method or VIP program through a direct sales organization in the United States is limited. We may not be able to maintain a suitable sales force in the United States or train up a suitable number of VIPs, or enter into or maintain satisfactory marketing and distribution arrangements with others. Our marketing and sales efforts may not be successful in increasing awareness and sales of The Vivos Method. In addition, other marketing efforts like MID and our collaborations with Candid and Empower Sleep may not increase revenue to the extent we currently anticipate.

 

In addition, we conduct our targeted marketing efforts in neighborhoods through channels such as direct mail, billboards, radio advertisements, physician open houses, community sponsorships and various social media. These marketing and sales efforts may not be successful in increasing awareness and sales of The Vivos Method, and if we are not successful in these efforts, we will have incurred expenses without materially increasing revenue. Furthermore, other marketing efforts like MID and the VivoScore Program may not increase revenue to the extent we currently anticipate.

 

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The failure to educate or train a sufficient number of physicians and dentists in the use of The Vivos Method could reduce the market acceptance and reduce our revenue.

 

It is critical to the success of our sales efforts that there is an increasing number of dentists familiar with, trained in, and proficient in the use of The Vivos Method. Currently, dentists learn to use The Vivos Method through hands-on, on-site training or virtual training by our representatives. However, to receive this training, dentists must be aware of The Vivos Method as a treatment option for dentofacial abnormalities and/or mild to moderate OSA and snoring in adults and be interested in using the protocol in their practice. We cannot predict the extent to which dentists will dedicate the time and energy necessary for adequate training in the use of our proprietary treatments, have the knowledge of or experience in the clinical outcomes or feel comfortable enough to recommend it to their patients. Even if a dentist is well versed in The Vivos Method, he or she may be unwilling to require patients to pay for it out-of-pocket. If dentists do not continue to accept and recommend The Vivos Method, our revenue could be materially and adversely affected.

 

We rely on third-party suppliers and contract manufacturers for the manufacture and assembly of our products, and a loss or degradation in performance of these suppliers and contract manufacturers could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 

We rely on third-party suppliers and contract manufacturers for the raw materials and components used in our appliances and to manufacture and assemble our products. Any of our other suppliers or our third-party contract manufacturers may be unwilling or unable to supply the necessary materials and components or manufacture and assemble our products reliably and at the levels we anticipate or that are required by the market. Our ability to supply our products commercially and to develop any future products depends, in part, on our ability to obtain these materials, components and products in accordance with regulatory requirements and in sufficient quantities for commercialization and clinical testing. While our suppliers and contract manufacturers have generally met our demand for their products and services on a timely basis in the past, we cannot guarantee that they will in the future be able to meet our demand for their products, either because of acts of nature, the nature of our agreements with those manufacturers or our relative importance to them as a customer, and our manufacturers may decide in the future to discontinue or reduce the level of business they conduct with us. If we are required to change contract manufacturers due to any change in or termination of our relationships with these third parties, or if our manufacturers are unable to obtain the materials they need to produce our products at consistent prices or at all, we may lose sales, experience manufacturing or other delays, incur increased costs or otherwise experience impairment to our customer relationships. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to establish alternative relationships on similar terms, without delay or at all.

 

Establishing additional or replacement suppliers for any of these materials, components or services, if required, could be time-consuming and expensive, may result in interruptions in our operations and product delivery, may affect the performance specifications of our appliances or could require that we modify its design. Even if we are able to find replacement suppliers or third-party contract manufacturers, we will be required to verify that the new supplier or third-party manufacturer maintains facilities, procedures and operations that comply with our quality expectations and applicable regulatory requirements.

 

If our third-party suppliers fail to deliver the required commercial quantities of materials on a timely basis and at commercially reasonable prices, and we are unable to find one or more replacement suppliers capable of production at a substantially equivalent cost in substantially equivalent volumes and quality on a timely basis, the continued commercialization of our appliances, the supply of our products to customers and the development of any future products will be delayed, limited or prevented, which could have material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 

Damage to our reputation or our brand could negatively impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

 

We must grow the value of our brand to be successful. We intend to develop a reputation based on the high quality of our products and services, Vivos trained clinicians, as well as on our particular culture and the experience of the patients of our VIPs. If we do not make investments in areas such as marketing and advertising, as well as personnel training, the value of our brand may not increase or may be diminished. Any incident, real or perceived, regardless of merit or outcome, that adversely affects our brand, such as, but not limited to, patient disability or death due to malpractice or allegations of malpractice, failure to comply with federal, state, or local regulations, including allegations or perceptions of non-compliance or failure to comply with ethical and operational standards, could significantly reduce the value of our brand, expose us to negative publicity and damage our overall business and reputation.

 

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Our marketing activities may not be successful.

 

We incur costs and expend other resources in our marketing efforts to attract and retain VIPs and other medical professionals. Our marketing activities are principally focused on increasing brand awareness in the communities in which we provide services. We expect to continue to undertake aggressive marketing campaigns to increase medical and dental community awareness about our product and service capabilities. We conduct our marketing efforts in neighborhoods through channels such as direct mail, billboards, radio advertisements, physician open houses, community sponsorships and various social media. If we are not successful in these efforts, we will have incurred expenses without materially increasing revenue.

 

The OSA market is highly competitive, including competition for patients, strategic relationships, and commercial payor contracts.

 

The market for providing treatment for OSA is highly competitive. Our VIP offices and our VIPs face competition from existing facilities providing treatment for OSA, depending on the type of patient and geographic market. Our VIPs compete on the basis of our protocol/products (The Vivos Method), quality, price, accessibility, and overall experience. We compete with national, regional, and local enterprises, many of which have greater financial and other resources available to them, greater access to dentists and physicians or greater access to potential patients. We also compete on the basis of our multistate, regional footprint, which we believe will be of value to both employers and third-party payors. As a result of the differing competitive factors within the markets in which we operate and will operate, the individual results of our VIP offices may be volatile. If we are unable to compete effectively with any of these entities or groups, or we are unable to implement our business strategies, there could be a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, results of operations and financial condition.

 

We have limited clinical evidence to support patient compliance with the use our products is superior to competitive products.

 

We believe that our non-surgical treatment of limited duration is preferable relative to mild to moderate OSA CPAP users or other oral appliance or surgical therapies, resulting in improved patient compliance. However, we have limited clinical evidence to support our beliefs that patient compliance in the use of our products is superior to competitive products. If actual patient compliance as studied in a clinical trial (should we conduct one) proves less than what we had anticipated, the acceptance of The Vivos Method in the marketplace, and our revenues and overall results of operations, may be adversely impacted.

 

Government healthcare programs may reduce reimbursement rates, which could adversely affect sales of our appliances and demand for dental practitioners from becoming or remaining VIPs.

 

In recent years, new legislation has been proposed and adopted at both the federal and state level that is effecting major changes in the healthcare system. Any change in the laws, regulations, or policies governing the healthcare system could adversely affect reimbursement rates, which could adversely affect sales of our appliances and thus adversely affect our operations and financial condition. Enacted in 2010, the Affordable Care Act (or ACA) seeks to expand healthcare coverage, while increasing quality and limiting costs. The ACA substantially changes the way healthcare is financed by both governmental and commercial payors. As a result of the ACA or the adoption of additional federal and state healthcare reforms measures there could be limits to the amounts that federal and state governments will pay for healthcare services, which could result in reduced demand for, or profitability of our appliances and for dental practitioners from becoming or remaining VIPs.

 

Significant uncertainty exists as to the reimbursement status of healthcare products. The regulations that govern marketing approvals, pricing and reimbursement for medical devices vary widely from country to country. In the United States, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Affordability Reconciliation Act of 2010, is significantly changing the way healthcare is financed by both governmental and private insurers. While we cannot predict what impact on federal reimbursement policies this law or any amendment to it will continue to have in general or specifically on The Vivos Method or any product that we commercialize, the ACA or any such amendment may result in downward pressure on reimbursements, which could negatively affect market acceptance of The Vivos Method. In addition, although the United States Supreme Court has upheld the constitutionality of most of the ACA, several states have not implemented certain sections of the ACA, including 19 that have rejected the expansion of Medicaid eligibility for low-income citizens, and some members of the U.S. Congress are still working to repeal the ACA. We expect that the ACA, as currently enacted or as it may be amended or repealed in the future, and other healthcare reform measures that may be adopted in the future, could have a material adverse effect on our industry generally and on our ability to successfully commercialize our products. We cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of government regulation that may arise from future legislation or administrative action, either in the United States or abroad. If we are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or if we or our collaborators are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, our products may lose any regulatory approval that may have been obtained and we may not achieve or sustain profitability, which would adversely affect our business.

 

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If payments from commercial or governmental payors are significantly delayed, reduced or eliminated, our business, prospects, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

 

We will depend upon revenue from sales of the billable procedures from The Vivos Method, and in turn on reimbursement from third-party payors. The amount that our VIPs receive in payment for the billable procedures may be adversely affected by factors we do not control, including federal or state regulatory or legislative changes, cost-containment decisions and changes in reimbursement schedules of third-party payors. Any reduction or elimination of these reimbursements could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, results of operations and financial condition.

 

Additionally, the reimbursement process is complex and can involve lengthy delays. Also, third-party payors may reject, in whole or in part, requests for reimbursement based on determinations that certain amounts are not reimbursable under plan coverage, that services provided were not medically necessary, that additional supporting documentation is necessary, or for other reasons. Retroactive adjustments by third-party payors may be difficult or cost prohibitive to appeal, and such changes could materially reduce the actual amount we receive from our VIPs. Delays and uncertainties in the reimbursement process may be out of our control and may adversely affect our business, prospects, results of operations and financial condition.

 

Significant changes in our payor mix resulting from fluctuations in the types of patients seen by our VIPs could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, results of operations and financial condition.

 

Our results may change from period to period due to fluctuations in our VIPs’ payor mix. Payor mix refers to the relative amounts we receive from the mix of persons or entities that pay or reimburse our VIPs for healthcare services. Because we believe that our VIPs will receive a higher payment rate from commercial payors than from governmental payors or self-pay patients, a significant shift in our payor mix toward a higher percentage of self-pay or patients whose treatment is paid in whole or part by a governmental payor, could occur for reasons beyond our control and could lessen demand for The Vivos Method, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, results of operations and financial condition.

 

Failure by our Billing Intelligence Service to bill timely or accurately for billable services rendered by participating VIP providers could have a negative impact on our revenue and cash flow.

 

Billing for medical services rendered in connection with billable procedures of The Vivos Method is often complex and time consuming. The practice of providing dental or medical services in advance of payment or prior to assessing a patient’s ability to pay for such services may have a significant negative impact on a VIP provider’s patient service revenue, bad debt expense and cash flow. Not all our VIPs subscribe to our Billing Intelligence Service. For VIPs who do subscribe, we bill numerous medical payors, including various forms of commercial health insurance providers on their behalf. Billing requirements that must be met prior to receiving payment for services rendered often vary by payor. Self-pay patients and third-party payors may fail to pay for services even if they have been properly billed. Reimbursement is typically dependent on providing the proper procedure and diagnosis codes, supportive documentation to show medical necessity. Medical insurance is never a guarantee of payment.

 

Additional factors that could affect our ability to collect from insurers for the services rendered by our participating VIP providers include:

 

  disputes among payors as to which party is responsible for payment;

 

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  variations in coverage among various payors for similar services;
 

the difficulty of adherence to specific compliance requirements, coding and various other procedures mandated by responsible parties;

  the institution of new coding standards; and
  failure to properly credential a dentist to enable them to bill various payors.

 

The complexity associated with billing for The Vivos Method procedures may lead to delays in cash collections by our VIPs, resulting in increased carrying costs associated with the aging of our accounts receivable as well as the increased potential for bad debt expense.

 

We may incur costs resulting from security risks in connection with the electronic data processing by our partner banks.

 

Because we accept electronic payment cards for payments at our facilities and the facilities of our VIPs, we may incur costs resulting from related security risks in connection with the electronic processing of confidential information by our partner banks. Recently, several large national banks have experienced potential or actual breaches in which similar data has been or may have been stolen. Such occurrences could cause patient dissatisfaction resulting in decreased visits or could also distract our management team from the management of the day-to-day operations.

 

Our relationships with VIPs, other healthcare providers, and third-party payors will be subject, directly or indirectly, to federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse laws, false claims laws, health information privacy and security laws, and other healthcare laws and regulations. If we are unable to comply, or have not fully complied, with such laws, we could face substantial penalties.

 

Healthcare providers (including our VIPs), physicians and third-party payors in the United States and elsewhere will play a primary role in the recommendation of The Vivos Method. Our current and future arrangements with healthcare professionals, principal investigators, consultants, customers and third-party payors may subject us to various federal and state fraud and abuse laws and other health care laws, including, without limitation, the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, the federal civil and criminal false claims laws and the law commonly referred to as the Physician Payments Sunshine Act and regulations. These laws will impact, among other things, our clinical research, sales, marketing and educational programs. In addition, we may be subject to patient privacy laws by both the federal government and the states in which we conduct or may conduct our business. The laws that will affect our operations include, but are not limited to:

 

  the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, persons or entities from knowingly and willfully soliciting, receiving, offering or paying any remuneration (including any kickback, bribe or rebate), directly or indirectly, overtly or covertly, in cash or in kind, in return for the purchase, recommendation, leasing or furnishing of an item or service reimbursable under a federal healthcare program, such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs. This statute has been interpreted to apply to arrangements between medical device manufacturers on the one hand, and physicians and patients on the other. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended (or the PPACA), amended the intent requirement of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute and, as a result, a person or entity no longer needs to have actual knowledge of this statute or specific intent to violate it;
     
  federal civil and criminal false claims laws, including, without limitation, the False Claims Act, and civil monetary penalty laws which prohibit, among other things, individuals or entities from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, claims for payment or approval from Medicare, Medicaid or other government payors that are false or fraudulent or making a false statement to Avoid, decrease or conceal an obligation to pay money to the federal government. The PPACA provides, and recent government cases against medical device manufacturers support, the view that federal Anti-Kickback Statute violations and certain marketing practices, including off-label promotion, may implicate the False Claims Act;

 

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  the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (or HIPAA), which created new federal criminal statutes that prohibit a person from knowingly and willfully executing a scheme or making false or fraudulent statements to defraud any healthcare benefit program, regardless of the payor (e.g., public or private);
     
 

HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (or HITECH), and its implementing regulations, and as amended again by the final HIPAA omnibus Rule, Modifications to the HIPAA Privacy, Security, Enforcement, and Breach Notification Rules Under HITECH and the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act; Other Modifications to HIPAA, published in January 2013, which imposes certain requirements relating to the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information without appropriate authorization by entities subject to the rule, such as health plans, health care clearinghouses and health care providers, and their respective business associates;

     
  Federal transparency laws, including the federal Physician Payments Sunshine Act, which is part of the PPACA, that require certain manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics and medical supplies for which payment is available under Medicare, Medicaid or the Children’s Health Insurance Program, with specific exceptions, to report annually to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (or CMS), information related to: (i) payments or other “transfers of value’’ made to physicians and teaching hospitals; and (ii) ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members;
     
  state and foreign law equivalents of each of the above federal laws, state laws that require manufacturers to report information related to payments and other transfers of value to physicians and other healthcare providers or marketing expenditures, and state laws that require medical device companies to comply with the specific industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government or to adopt compliance programs as prescribed by state laws and regulations, or that otherwise restrict payments that may be made to healthcare providers; and
     
  state and foreign laws that govern the privacy and security of health information in some circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and often are not preempted by HIPAA, thus complicating compliance efforts.

 

Because of the breadth of these laws and the narrowness of the statutory exceptions and safe harbors available, it is possible that some of our business activities could be subject to challenge under one or more of such laws.

 

It is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices may not comply with current or future statutes, regulations or case law involving applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of these laws or any other governmental regulations that may apply to us, we may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, imprisonment, exclusion of our products from government funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, additional reporting requirements and oversight if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or similar agreement to resolve allegations of non-compliance with these laws and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations.

 

The risk of our being found in violation of these laws is increased by the fact that many of them have not been fully interpreted by the regulatory authorities or the courts, and their provisions are open to a variety of interpretations. Efforts to ensure that our business arrangements with third parties will comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations will involve substantial costs. Any action against us for violation of these laws, even if we successfully defend against it, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses and divert our management’s attention from the operation of our business. The shifting compliance environment and the need to build and maintain robust and expandable systems to comply with multiple jurisdictions with different compliance and/or reporting requirements increases the possibility that a healthcare company may run afoul of one or more of the requirements.

 

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The misuse or off-label use of The Vivos Method may harm our reputation in the marketplace, result in injuries that lead to product liability suits or result in costly investigations, fines or sanctions by regulatory bodies if we are deemed to have engaged in the promotion of these uses, any of which could be costly to our business.

 

We train our marketing personnel and direct sales force to not promote the oral appliances of The Vivos Method for uses outside of the FDA-cleared indications for use, known as off-label uses. We cannot, however, prevent a medical professional from using our appliances off label when, in their independent professional medical judgment, he or she deems it appropriate. There may be increased risk of injury or other side effects to patients if physicians attempt to use our appliances and associated treatments off label. Furthermore, the use of our appliances and associated treatments for indications other than those cleared by the FDA or cleared by any foreign regulatory body may not effectively treat such conditions, which could harm our reputation in the marketplace among physicians and patients.

 

Given that we are aware that, notwithstanding our training guidelines, our independent VIPs may use our appliances off-label, there is a risk that we could face regulatory scrutiny because of such use. If the FDA or any foreign regulatory body determines that our promotional (labeling) materials or training constitute promotion of an off-label use, it could request that we modify our training or promotional materials or subject us to regulatory or enforcement actions, including the issuance or imposition of an untitled letter, which is used for violations that do not necessitate a warning letter, injunction, seizure, civil fine or criminal penalties. It is also possible that other federal, state or foreign enforcement authorities might take action under other regulatory authority, such as false claims laws, if they consider our business activities to constitute promotion of an off-label use, which could result in significant penalties, including, but not limited to, criminal, civil and administrative penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, exclusion from participation in government healthcare programs and the curtailment of our operations.

 

In addition, dentists may misuse our appliances within The Vivos Method or use improper techniques if they are not adequately trained, potentially leading to injury and an increased risk of product liability. If The Vivos Method is misused or used with improper technique, we may become subject to costly litigation by our customers or their patients. Similarly, in an effort to decrease costs, physicians may also reuse our appliances despite them being intended for a single use or may purchase reprocessed Vivos appliances from third-party processors in lieu of purchasing a new Vivos appliance from one of our contract manufacturers, which could result in product failure and liability. Product liability claims could divert management’s attention from our core business, be expensive to defend and result in sizeable damage awards against us that may not be covered by insurance.

 

We may pursue acquisitions of complementary businesses or technologies, which could divert the attention of management, and which may not be integrated successfully into our existing business.

 

We may pursue acquisitions or licenses of technology to, among other things, expand the scope of products services we provide. We cannot guarantee that we will identify suitable acquisition candidates, that acquisitions will be completed on acceptable terms or that we will be able to successfully integrate the operations of any acquired business into our existing business. The acquisitions could be of significant size and involve operations in multiple jurisdictions. The acquisition and integration of another business or technology would divert management attention from other business activities, including our core business. This diversion, together with other difficulties we may incur in integrating an acquired business or technology, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, we may borrow money or issue capital stock to finance acquisitions. Such borrowings might not be available on terms as favorable to us as our current borrowing terms and may increase our leverage, and the issuance of capital stock could dilute the interests of our stockholders.

 

Our business is seasonal, which impacts our results of operations.

 

We believe that the patient volumes of our VIPs will be sensitive to seasonal fluctuations in urgent care and primary care activity. Typically, winter months see a higher occurrence of influenza, bronchitis, pneumonia and similar illnesses; however, the timing and severity of these outbreaks vary dramatically. Additionally, as consumers shift toward high deductible insurance plans, they are responsible for a greater percentage of their bill, particularly in the early months of the year before other healthcare spending has occurred, which may lead to lower than expected patient volume or an increase in bad debt expense during that period. Our quarterly operating results may fluctuate significantly in the future depending on these and other factors.

 

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We could be subject to lawsuits for which we are not fully insured.

 

Healthcare providers have become subject to an increasing number of lawsuits alleging malpractice and related legal theories such as negligent hiring, supervision and credentialing. Some of these lawsuits involve large claim amounts and substantial defense costs. We generally procure professional liability insurance coverage for our affiliated medical professionals and professional and corporate entities. We are currently insured under policies in amounts management deems appropriate, based upon the nature and risk of our business. Our medical professionals are also required to provide their own medical malpractice insurance coverages. Nevertheless, there are exclusions and exceptions to coverage under each insurance policy that may make coverage for any claim unavailable, future claims could exceed the limits of available insurance coverage, existing insurers could become insolvent and fail to meet their obligations to provide coverage for such claims, and such coverage may not always be available with sufficient limits and at reasonable cost to insure us adequately and economically in the future. One or more successful claims against us not covered by, or exceeding the coverage of, our insurance could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, results of operations and financial condition. Moreover, in the normal course of our business, we may be involved in other types of lawsuits, claims, audits and investigations, including those arising out of our billing and marketing practices, employment disputes, contractual claims and other business disputes for which we may have no insurance coverage. Furthermore, for our losses that are insured or reinsured through commercial insurance providers, we are subject to the financial viability of those insurance companies. Although we believe our commercial insurance providers are currently creditworthy, they may not remain so in the future. The outcome of these matters could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.

 

We depend on certain key personnel.

 

We substantially rely on the efforts of our current senior management, including our Chief Executive Officer, R. Kirk Huntsman, our Chief Financial Officer, Brad Amman, Susan McCullough, our EVP of Operations, and Patrick Kircher, our EVP of Sales and Marketing, among others. Our business would be impeded or harmed if we were to lose their services. In addition, if we are unable to attract, train and retain highly skilled technical, managerial, product development, sales and marketing personnel, we may be at a competitive disadvantage and unable to develop new products or increase revenue. The failure to attract, train, retain and effectively manage employees could negatively impact our research and development, sales and marketing and reimbursement efforts. In particular, the loss of sales personnel could lead to lost sales opportunities as it can take several months to hire and train replacement sales personnel. Uncertainty created by turnover of key employees could adversely affect our business.

 

Members of our board of directors and our executive officers will have other business interests and obligations to other entities.

 

Neither our directors nor our executive officers will be required to manage our business as their sole and exclusive function and they may have other business interests and may engage in other activities in addition to those relating to us, provided that such activities do not compete with the business of our company or otherwise breach their agreements with us. We are dependent on our directors and executive officers to successfully operate our company. Their other business interests and activities could divert time and attention from operating our business.

 

We will need to carefully manage our expanding operations to achieve sustainable growth.

 

To achieve increased revenue levels, complete clinical studies and develop future products, we believe that we will be required to periodically expand our operations, particularly in the areas of sales and marketing, clinical research, reimbursement, research and development, manufacturing and quality assurance. As we expand our operations in these areas, management will face new and increased responsibilities. To accommodate any growth and compete effectively, we must continue to upgrade and improve our information systems, as well as our procedures and controls across our business, and expand, train, motivate and manage our work force. Our future success will depend significantly on the ability of our current and future management to operate effectively. Our personnel, systems, procedures and controls may not be adequate to support our future operations. If we are unable to effectively manage our expected growth, this could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 

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We could be adversely affected by violations of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar worldwide anti-bribery and anti-kickback laws with respect to our activities outside the United States.

 

We distribute our products to locations within and outside the United States and Canada. Our business plan also anticipates VIP offices outside the United States and Canada. The U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, and other similar anti-bribery and anti-kickback laws and regulations, generally prohibit companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments to non-U.S. officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. As we expect to expand our international operations in the future, we will become increasingly subjected to these laws and regulations. We cannot assure you that we will be successful in preventing our agents from taking actions in violation of these laws or regulations. Such violations, or allegations of such violations, could disrupt our business and result in a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

 

Risks Related to Our Products and Regulation

 

We depend in large part on The Vivos Method technology, and the loss of access to this technology would terminate or delay the further development of our products, injure our reputation or force us to pay higher fees.

 

We depend, in large part, on The Vivos Method technology. The loss of this key technology would seriously impair our business and future viability, and could result in delays in developing, introducing or maintaining our treatments/products until equivalent technology, if available, is identified, licensed and integrated. In addition, any defects in the products of The Vivos Method technology or other technologies we gain access to in the future could prevent the implementation or impair the functionality of our products, delay new product introductions or injure our reputation. If we are required to acquire or enter into license agreements with third parties for replacement technologies, we could be subject to higher fees, milestone or royalty payments, assuming we could access such technologies at all.

 

Our failure to obtain government approvals, including required FDA approvals, or to comply with ongoing, and ever increasing, governmental regulations relating to our technologies and products could delay or limit introduction of our products and result in failure to achieve revenue or maintain our ongoing business.

 

Our development activities and the manufacture and marketing of The Vivos Method are subject to extensive regulation for safety, efficacy and quality by numerous government authorities in the United States and abroad. Before receiving FDA or foreign regulatory clearance to market our future products needing approval, we will have to demonstrate that these products are safe and effective in the patient population and for the diseases that are to be treated. Clinical trials, manufacturing and marketing of medical devices are subject to the rigorous testing and approval process of the FDA and equivalent foreign regulatory authorities. The Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act and other federal, state and foreign statutes and regulations govern and influence the testing, manufacture, labeling, advertising, distribution and promotion of medical devices. As a result, regulatory approvals for our products not yet approved or that we may develop in the future can take a number of years or longer to accomplish and require the expenditure of substantial financial, managerial and other resources.

 

Clinical trials that may be required to support regulatory submissions in the United States are expensive. We cannot assure that we will be able to complete any required clinical trial programs successfully within any specific time period, and if such clinical trials take longer to complete than we project, our ability to execute our current business strategy will be adversely affected.

 

Conducting clinical trials is a lengthy, time-consuming and expensive process. Before obtaining regulatory approvals for the commercial sale of any products, we must demonstrate through clinical trials the safety and effectiveness of our products. We have incurred, and we will continue to incur, substantial expense for, and devote a significant amount of time to, product development, pilot trial testing, clinical trials and regulated, compliant manufacturing processes.

 

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Even if completed, we do not know if these trials will produce statistically significant or clinically meaningful results sufficient to support an application for marketing approval. If and how quickly we complete clinical trials is dependent in part upon the rate at which we are able to advance the rate of patient enrollment, and the rate to collect, clean, lock and analyze the clinical trial database.

 

Patient enrollment in trials is a function of many factors. These include the design of the protocol; the size of the patient population; the proximity of patients to and availability of clinical sites; the eligibility criteria for the study; the perceived risks and benefits of the product candidate under study; the medical investigators’ efforts to facilitate timely enrollment in clinical trials; the patient referral practices of local physicians; the existence of competitive clinical trials; and whether other investigational, existing or new products are available or cleared for the indication. If we experience delays in patient enrollment and/or completion of our clinical trial programs, we may incur additional costs and delays in our development programs and may not be able to complete our clinical trials on a cost-effective or timely basis. Accordingly, we may not be able to complete the clinical trials within an acceptable time frame, if at all. If we fail to enroll and maintain the number of patients for which the clinical trial was designed, the statistical power of that clinical trial may be reduced, which would make it harder to demonstrate that the product candidate being tested in such clinical trial is safe and effective. Further, if we or any third party have difficulty enrolling a sufficient number of patients in a timely or cost-effective manner to conduct clinical trials as planned, or if enrolled patients do not complete the trial as planned, we or a third party may need to delay or terminate ongoing clinical trials, which could negatively affect our business.

 

The results of our clinical trials may not support either further clinical development or the commercialization of any new product candidates or modifications to existing products.

 

Even if our ongoing or contemplated clinical trials are completed as planned, their results may not support either the further clinical development or the commercialization of any new product candidates or modifications of existing products. The FDA or government authorities may not agree with our conclusions regarding the results of our clinical trials. Success in preclinical testing and early clinical trials does not ensure that later clinical trials will be successful, and the results from any later clinical trials may not replicate the results of prior clinical trials and pre-clinical testing. The clinical trial process may fail to demonstrate that our product candidates are safe and effective for indicated uses. This failure would cause us to abandon a product candidate or a modification to any existing product and may delay development of other product candidates. Any delay in, or termination of, our clinical trials will delay the filing of our 510(k)’s and, ultimately, our ability to commercialize our product candidates and generate product revenue. Generally, Class II medical device marketed in the U.S. must receive a 510(k) clearance from the FDA. A 510(k) is a premarket submission made to FDA to demonstrate that the device to be marketed is at least as safe and effective, that is, substantially equivalent (or SE), to a legally marketed device. Companies must compare their device to one or more similar legally marketed devices, commonly known as “predicates”, and make and support their substantial equivalency claims. The submitting company may not proceed with product marketing until it receives an order from the FDA declaring a device substantially equivalent. The substantially equivalent determination is usually made within 90 days, based on the information submitted by the applicant.

 

In addition, we or the FDA may suspend our clinical trials at any time if it appears that we are exposing participants to unacceptable health risks or if the FDA finds deficiencies in the conduct of these trials. A number of companies in the medical technology industry have suffered significant setbacks in advanced clinical trials despite promising results in earlier trials. In the end, we may be unable to develop marketable products.

 

Modifications to appliances within The Vivos Method may require additional FDA approvals which, if not obtained, could force us to cease marketing and/or recall the modified device until we obtain new approvals.

 

After a device receives a 510(k) clearance, any modification that could significantly affect its safety or effectiveness, or that would constitute a major change in its intended use, requires a new 510(k) clearance or could require a Premarket approval (or PMA). PMA is the FDA process of scientific and regulatory review to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of Class III medical devices. Class III devices are those that support or sustain human life, are of substantial importance in preventing impairment of human health, or which present a potential, unreasonable risk of illness or injury. Currently we do not market devices within this Class III category nor do we intend to in the foreseeable future. However, the FDA requires each manufacturer to make this determination in the first instance, but the FDA can review any decision. If the FDA disagrees with a manufacturer’s decision not to seek a new 510(k) clearance, the agency may retroactively require the manufacturer to seek 510(k) clearance or PMA approval. The FDA also can require the manufacturer to cease marketing and/or recall the modified devices until 510(k) clearance or PMA approval is obtained. We cannot assure you that the FDA would agree with any of our decisions not to seek 510(k) clearance or PMA approval. If the FDA requires us to seek 510(k) clearance or PMA approval for any modification, we also may be required to cease marketing and/or recall the modified device until we obtain a new 510(k) clearance or PMA approval.

 

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We are subject to inspection and market surveillance by the FDA to determine compliance with regulatory requirements. If the FDA finds that we have failed to comply, the agency can institute a wide variety of enforcement actions which may materially affect our business operations.

 

We are subject to inspection and market surveillance by the FDA to determine compliance with regulatory requirements. If the FDA finds that we have failed to comply, the agency can institute a wide variety of enforcement actions, ranging from a public warning letter to more severe sanctions such as:

 

  fines, injunctions and civil penalties;
  recall, detention or seizure of our products;
  the issuance of public notices or warnings;
  operating restrictions, partial suspension or total shutdown of production;
  refusing our requests for a 510(k) clearance of new products or new uses of existing products;
  withdrawing a 510(k) clearance already granted; and
  criminal prosecution.

 

We have received an FDA warning letter in the past when such a letter was received by our subsidiary BioModeling Solutions, Inc. (“BioModeling” or “BMS”) in January 2018 following a routine FDA audit. In its letter, the FDA noted matters such as inadequate documentation of certain FDA-required procedures, not keeping certain records and materials in paper format and in triplicate, and using certain descriptive words and phrases on its website and in marketing materials that were unapproved in advance by FDA. We believe these issues have been resolved as of our latest FDA audit in fall of 2022 by not having any repeat offenses from the stated observations of said warning letter and we have submitted written request to have the warning letter resolved.

 

The FDA also has the authority to request repair, replacement or refund of the cost of any medical device manufactured or distributed by us. Our failure to comply with applicable requirements could lead to an enforcement action that may have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

 

Treatment with The Vivos Method has only been available for a relatively limited time, and we do not know whether there will be significant post-treatment regression or relapse.

 

Patient treatment using the FDA registered DNA appliance began in 2009, while treatment for mild to moderate OSA using the FDA cleared mRNA appliance began in 2014. Both began under the prior business model of our predecessor (and now subsidiary) BMS, and well before our formation. Under the BMS model, the independent treating dentists generated and maintained all records of treatment and ordered their appliances directly from one of the BMS designated labs. Thus, with the exception of specific patients who participated in studies, clinical trials or case reports, we have had limited visibility into patient records which might contain data on this subject. Therefore, we have limited empirical data to support our view that the risk of post treatment regression or relapse is not significant. To the extent a material number of patients who were treated with The Vivos Method were to be found to experience post-treatment relapse or regression, it could pose a significant risk to our brand, the willingness or ability of physicians to prescribe and dentists to use our products and the willingness of patients to engage in treatment with our products and could thus have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

 

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We are subject to potential risks associated with the need to comply with state or other DSO laws.

 

Our core VIP business model does not involve any form of joint ownership, operational control, or employment of licensed professionals by our company. Thus, we are not typically regarded as a “dental service organization” (or DSO) under the laws of the various states within the United States or in Canada, in which we conduct most of our business. However, we do operate two retail treatment clinics in Colorado wherein we do employ dentists under a provider network model consistent with Colorado law. In that respect, we may be regarded as a DSO. In addition, we have begun to strategically establish a nationwide network of professional corporations, owned by independent licensed dentists in each state, in order to lay the regulatory groundwork for our Airway Alliance model and program. In essence, Airway Alliance will operate in similar fashion to a DSO, thus providing us with what we believe to be certain strategic and competitive advantages. Nevertheless, to the extent we are deemed to be a DSO in any jurisdiction, it could make it difficult or impossible for us to recruit and retain qualified dentists as VIPs, as some state dental boards are sometimes adverse to corporate DSOs operating in their states. Moreover, where such DSO-provider relationships are permitted, such regulations may impose significant constraints on the structure and financial arrangements that are permissible between us and our affiliated dentists in a particular state.

 

In jurisdictions where laws allow DSOs to operate (which includes almost all U.S. states and Canada), a growing number of dentists are affiliating with corporate DSOs. In those cases, the DSO may not allow their affiliated dentists to offer our products and services or to become VIPs. Thus, the overall number of dentists who are prospects to become VIPs and utilize our products and services may be reduced, which would impair our ability to generate revenue from our core VIP business model.

 

Our Medical Integration Division business line may implicate federal and state laws involving the practice of medicine and related anti-kickback and similar laws.

 

Our MID was launched in 2020 to assist VIP practices in establishing clinical collaboration ties to local primary care physicians, sleep specialists, ENTs, pediatricians and other healthcare professionals who routinely see or treat patients with sleep and breathing disorders. The primary objective of our MID is to promote The Vivos Method to the medical profession and thus facilitate more patients being able to receive a treatment with The Vivos Method. There is a risk, however, that our MID may implicate legal or regulatory compliance issues that may arise in the course of our activities, including various Federal healthcare statutes such as the Stark and anti-kickback laws as well as state-by-state regulations pertaining to inter-disciplinary ownership of professional corporations or other legal entities. We have conducted research, including obtaining advice from outside legal counsel, regarding the implications of these laws and regulations to MID and believe the MID’s operations will be in compliance with or will not implicate these laws and regulations. However, there is a risk that such laws and regulations (or similar laws and regulations adopted in the future) might be interpreted, reinterpreted, or modified in the future in such a way so as to impede or prevent us from continuing to develop or manage our MID, which could lead to our having to discontinue the MID and could leave us subject to regulatory scrutiny and sanction. No advice of counsel has been obtained with respect any potential operations of the MID in Canada.

 

We may not be able to prohibit or limit our dentists, physicians and other healthcare professionals from competing with us in our local markets.

 

In certain states in which we operate or intend to operate, non-compete, non-solicitation, and other negative covenants applicable to employment or ownership are judicially or statutorily limited in their effectiveness or are entirely unenforceable against dentists, physicians and other healthcare professionals. As a result, we may not be able to retain our provider relationships or protect our market share, operational processes or procedures, or limit insiders or VIPs from using competitive information against us or competing with us, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and ability to remain competitive as our arrangements with our VIPs do not contain competitive restrictions.

 

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Risks Related to Our Securities Generally

 

The market for our common stock is relatively new and may not develop to provide investors with adequate liquidity.

 

We conducted our initial public offering in December 2020, and a follow-on offering in May 2021. Therefore, the market for our common stock is relatively new, and has experience periods of inactivity as well as significant volatility. We cannot assure you that an orderly and liquid trading market for our common stock will develop, or if it does develop, it may not be maintained. You may not be able to sell your common stock quickly or at the market price if trading in our securities is not active.

 

The market price of our common stock has been and may continue to be highly volatile, and you could lose all or part of your investment.

 

The market price of our common stock has at times been, and is likely in the future to be, volatile. This volatility may prevent you from being able to sell your securities at or above the price you paid for your securities. Our stock price could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to a variety of factors, which include:

 

  whether we achieve our anticipated corporate objectives;
  actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly or annual operating results;
  changes in our financial or operational estimates or projections;
  our ability to implement our operational plans;
  restrictions on the ability of our stockholders to sell shares in the future;
  changes in the economic performance or market valuations of companies similar to ours; and
  general economic or political conditions in the United States or elsewhere.

 

In addition, the stock market in general, and the stock of publicly-traded medical technology companies in particular, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of these companies. Broad market and industry factors may negatively affect the market price of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance.

 

Our failure to meet the continuing listing requirements of The Nasdaq Capital Market could result in a de-listing of our securities.

 

If we fail to satisfy the continuing listing requirements of Nasdaq, such as the corporate governance, stockholders equity or minimum closing bid price requirements, Nasdaq may take steps to delist our common stock. Such a delisting would likely have a negative effect on the price of our common stock and would impair your ability to sell or purchase our common stock when you wish to do so. In the event of a delisting, we would likely take actions to restore our compliance with Nasdaq’s listing requirements, but we can provide no assurance that any such action taken by us would allow our common stock to become listed again, stabilize the market price or improve the liquidity of our securities, prevent our common stock from dropping below the Nasdaq minimum bid price requirement or prevent future non-compliance with Nasdaq’s listing requirements. During 2022, we received two notices from Nasdaq informing us of our failure to comply with two continuing Nasdaq listing requirements: failure to timely file our reports with the SEC, and failure to achieve the Nasdaq minimum bid price for 30 consecutive trading days. While both of these deficiencies were cleared by January 2023, we may again become subject to potential delisting from Nasdaq if we are unable to comply with all continued listing requirements.

 

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The terms of our January 2023 private placement could hamper our fundraising efforts.

 

In January 2023, we engaged in an $8 million private placement with a single institutional investor. The terms of the Securities Purchase Agreement related to such private placement contains certain restrictions that could hamper our future fundraising efforts. Specifically:

 

(a) from January 5, 2023 until ninety (90) days after the effective date of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, neither our company nor any subsidiary of our company shall (i) issue, enter into any agreement to issue or announce the issuance or proposed issuance of any shares of common stock or securities convertible into or exercisable for common stock or (ii) file any registration statement or any amendment or supplement thereto, in each case other than as contemplated by the Registration Rights Agreement we entered into with the investor; or

 

(b) from January 5, 2023 until nine (9) months after the effective date of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, we shall be prohibited from effecting or entering into an agreement to effect any issuance by us or any of our subsidiaries of any shares of common stock or securities convertible into or exercisable for common stock (or a combination of units thereof) involving a “variable rate transaction”, meaning a transaction in which we (i) issue or sell any debt or equity securities that are convertible into, exchangeable or exercisable for, or include the right to receive, additional shares of common stock either (i) at a conversion price, exercise price or exchange rate or other price that is based upon, and/or varies with, the trading prices of or quotations for the shares of common stock at any time after the initial issuance of such debt or equity securities or (ii) with a conversion, exercise or exchange price that is subject to being reset at some future date after the initial issuance of such debt or equity security or upon the occurrence of specified or contingent events directly or indirectly related to our business or the market for the common stock or (ii) enter into, or effect a transaction under, any agreement, including, but not limited to, an equity line of credit, whereby we may issue securities at a future determined price.

 

The existence of these restrictions could reduce the number of fundraising structures available to us, or could discourage potential investors from making offers of investment to us. As a result, we may find it more difficult to raise required funding at times and on terms we deem desirable, and our inability to raise necessary funding could have a material adverse effect on our company and stock price.

 

If our shares of common stock become subject to the penny stock rules, it would become more difficult to trade our shares.

 

The Securities and Exchange Commission (or SEC) has adopted rules that regulate broker-dealer practices in connection with transactions in penny stocks. Penny stocks are generally equity securities with a price of less than $5.00, other than securities registered on certain national securities exchanges or authorized for quotation on certain automated quotation systems, provided that current price and volume information with respect to transactions in such securities is provided by the exchange or system. If we do not obtain or retain a listing on Nasdaq and if the price of our common stock is less than $5.00, our common stock will be deemed a penny stock. The penny stock rules require a broker-dealer, before a transaction in a penny stock not otherwise exempt from those rules, to deliver a standardized risk disclosure document containing specified information. In addition, the penny stock rules require that before effecting any transaction in a penny stock not otherwise exempt from those rules, a broker-dealer must make a special written determination that the penny stock is a suitable investment for the purchaser and receive (i) the purchaser’s written acknowledgment of the receipt of a risk disclosure statement; (ii) a written agreement to transactions involving penny stocks; and (iii) a signed and dated copy of a written suitability statement. These disclosure requirements may have the effect of reducing the trading activity in the secondary market for our common stock, and therefore stockholders may have difficulty selling their shares.

 

There can be no assurance that we will ever provide liquidity to our investors through a sale of our company.

 

While acquisitions of medical technology companies like ours are not uncommon, potential investors are cautioned that no assurances can be given that any form of merger, combination, or sale of our company will take place relating to our company, or that any merger, combination, or sale, even if consummated, would provide liquidity or a profit for our investors. You should not invest in our company with the expectation that we will be able to sell the business in order to provide liquidity or a profit for our investors.

 

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Our officers and directors may have the ability to exert significant influence over our affairs, including the outcome of matters requiring stockholder approval.

 

Our officers and directors and their affiliates (primarily Kirk Huntsman) currently own shares, in the aggregate, representing approximately 8.9% of our outstanding voting capital stock. In addition, Dr. Dave Singh, our former Chief Medical Officer and director, owns an additional 12.9% of our outstanding voting stock. As a result, if these stockholders and any associated stockholders were to choose to act together, they have and may continue to be able to exert control over certain matters submitted to our stockholders for approval by having the ability to block certain proposals. For example, these persons, if they choose to act collectively, would have the ability to vote against and block a proposed merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of our assets. This concentration of voting power could delay or prevent an acquisition of our company on terms that other stockholders may desire. In addition, this concentration of voting power was evidenced in April 2020, when Mr. Huntsman, Dr. Singh and a small group of additional shareholders acted to remove three independent members of our board of directors and appoint new members of our board of directors.

 

Actions of activist shareholders could be disruptive and potentially costly and the possibility that activist shareholders may seek changes that conflict with our strategic direction could cause uncertainty about the strategic direction of our business.

 

Activist investors or other stockholders who disagree with our management may attempt to effect changes in our strategic direction and how our company is governed or may seek to acquire control over our company. Some investors (commonly known as “activist investors”) seek to increase short-term stockholder value by advocating corporate actions such as financial restructuring, increased borrowing, special dividends, stock repurchases, or even sales of assets or the entire company. Activist campaigns can also seek to change the composition of our board of directors, and campaigns that contest or conflict with our strategic direction could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition as responding to proxy contests and other actions by activist shareholders can disrupt our operations, be costly and time-consuming, and divert the attention of our board of directors and senior management from the pursuit of our business strategies. In addition, perceived uncertainties as to our future direction that can arise from potential changes to the composition of our board of directors sought by activists may lead to the perception of a change in the direction of the business, instability or lack of continuity which may be exploited by our competitors, may cause concern to our current or potential customers or other partners, may result in the loss of potential business opportunities and may make it more difficult to attract and retain qualified personnel and business partners. These types of actions could divert our management’s attention from our business or cause significant fluctuations in our stock price based on temporary or speculative market perceptions or other factors that do not necessarily reflect the underlying fundamentals and prospects of our business, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our company.

 

We are an “emerging growth company,” and the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies may make our common stock less attractive to investors.

 

We are an “emerging growth company,” or EGC, as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act. We will remain an EGC until the earlier of: (i) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenue of $1.07 billion or more; (ii) the last day of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the date of the completion of our initial public offering; (iii) the date on which we have issued more than $1 billion in nonconvertible debt during the previous three years; or (iv) the date on which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer under the rules of the SEC. For so long as we remain an EGC, we are permitted and intend to rely on exemptions from certain disclosure requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. These exemptions include:

 

 

not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, or Section 404;

     
 

not being required to comply with any requirement that may be adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board regarding mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report providing additional information about the audit and the financial statements;

 

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  Being permitted to provide only two years of audited financial statements, in addition to any required unaudited interim financial statements, with correspondingly reduced “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” disclosure;
     
  reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation; and
     
  exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved.

 

We may choose to take advantage of some, but not all, of the available exemptions. We have taken advantage of reduced reporting burdens in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In particular, we have not included all of the executive compensation information that would be required if we were not an EGC. We cannot predict whether investors will find our common stock less attractive if we rely on certain or all of these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile.

 

We continue to incur increased costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management will be required to devote substantial time to new compliance initiatives.

 

As a public company, and particularly after we are no longer an EGC, we will incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. In addition, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and rules subsequently implemented by the SEC and Nasdaq have imposed various requirements on public companies, including establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls and corporate governance practices. Our management and other personnel will need to devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives. Moreover, these rules and regulations will increase our legal and financial compliance costs and will make some activities more time-consuming and costly. For example, we expect that these rules and regulations may make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance.

 

Pursuant to Section 404, we will be required to furnish a report by our management on our internal control over financial reporting, including an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm if certain criteria are met. However, while we remain an EGC, we will not be required to include an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm. To achieve compliance with Section 404 within the prescribed period, we will be engaged in a process to document and evaluate our internal control over financial reporting, which is both costly and challenging. In this regard, we will need to continue to dedicate internal resources, potentially engage outside consultants and adopt a detailed work plan to assess and document the adequacy of internal control over financial reporting, continue steps to improve control processes as appropriate, validate through testing that controls are functioning as documented and implement a continuous reporting and improvement process for internal control over financial reporting. Despite our efforts, there is a risk that neither we nor our independent registered public accounting firm will be able to conclude within the prescribed timeframe that our internal control over financial reporting is effective as required by Section 404. This could result in an adverse reaction in the financial markets due to a loss of confidence in the reliability of our financial statements.

 

Certain provisions of our Certificate of Incorporation may make it more difficult for a third party to effect a change-of-control.

 

Our Certificate of Incorporation authorizes our board of directors to issue up to 50,000,000 shares of preferred stock. The preferred stock may be issued in one or more series, the terms of which may be determined at the time of issuance by our board of directors without further action by the stockholders. These terms may include preferences as to dividends and liquidation, conversion rights, redemption rights and sinking fund provisions. The issuance of any preferred stock could diminish the rights of holders of our common stock, and therefore could reduce the value of such common stock. In addition, specific rights granted to future holders of preferred stock could be used to restrict our ability to merge with, or sell assets to, a third party. The ability of our board of directors to issue preferred stock could make it more difficult, delay, discourage, prevent or make it more costly to acquire or effect a change-in-control, which in turn could prevent our stockholders from recognizing a gain in the event that a favorable offer is extended and could materially and negatively affect the market price of our common stock.

 

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Our bylaws designate certain courts as the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or employees.

 

Our bylaws provide that, unless we consent in writing to an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, if the Court of Chancery does not have jurisdiction, the federal district court for the District of Delaware) will be the exclusive forum for: (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of our company; (ii) any action asserting a claim for breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any director, officer, employee, or agent of ours to us or our stockholders; (iii) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law, the Certificate of Incorporation, or the bylaws; and (iv) any action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine (the “Delaware Forum Provision”). Our bylaws further provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States of America shall be the sole and exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act (the “Federal Forum Provision”). In addition, our bylaws provide that any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of our common stock is deemed to have notice of and consented to the Delaware Forum Provision and the Federal Forum Provision.

 

Section 27 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), creates exclusive federal jurisdiction over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. As a result, the Delaware Forum Provision will not apply to suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. We note, however, that there is uncertainty as to whether a court would enforce this provision and that investors cannot waive compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.

 

We recognize that the Delaware Forum Provision and the Federal Forum Provision in our bylaws may impose additional litigation costs on stockholders in pursuing any such claims, particularly if the stockholders do not reside in or near the State of Delaware. Additionally, the Delaware Forum Provision and the Federal Forum Provision may limit our stockholders’ ability to bring a claim in a forum that they find favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and employees even though an action, if successful, might benefit our stockholders. In addition, while the Delaware Supreme Court ruled in March 2020 that federal forum selection provisions purporting to require claims under the Securities Act be brought in federal court were “facially valid” under Delaware law, there is uncertainty as to whether other courts will enforce the Federal Forum Provision. If the Federal Forum Provision is found to be unenforceable, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters. The Federal Forum Provision may also impose additional litigation costs on stockholders who assert that the provision is not enforceable or invalid. The Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware and the United States District Court may also reach different judgments or results than would other courts, including courts where a stockholder considering an action may be located or would otherwise choose to bring the action, and such judgments may be more or less favorable to us than our stockholders.

 

Limitations on director and officer liability and indemnification of our officers and directors by us may discourage stockholders from bringing suit against an officer or director.

 

Our Certificate of Incorporation and bylaws provide that, to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law, as it presently exists or may be amended from time to time, a director shall not be personally liable to us or our stockholders for monetary damages for any breach of fiduciary duty as a director. Under Delaware law, this limitation of liability does not extend to, among other things, acts or omissions which involve intentional misconduct, fraud or knowing violation of law, or unlawful payments of dividends. These provisions may discourage stockholders from bringing suit against a director or officer for breach of fiduciary duty and may reduce the likelihood of derivative litigation brought by stockholders on our behalf against a director or officer.

 

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We are responsible for the indemnification of our officers and directors.

 

Should our officers and/or directors require us to contribute to their defense, we may be required to spend significant amounts of our capital. Our Certificate of Incorporation and bylaws also provide for the indemnification of our directors, officers, employees, and agents, under certain circumstances, against attorney’s fees and other expenses incurred by them in any litigation to which they become a party arising from their association with or activities on behalf of our company. This indemnification policy could result in substantial expenditures, which we may be unable to recoup. If these expenditures are significant or involve issues which result in significant liability for our key personnel, we may be unable to continue operating as a going concern.

 

Our ability to use our net operating losses and research and development credit carryforwards to offset future taxable income may limited, perhaps substantially.

 

In general, under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (or the Code), a corporation that undergoes an “ownership change,” generally defined as a greater than 50% change by value in its equity ownership over a three-year period, is subject to limitations on its ability to utilize its pre-change net operating losses (“NOLs”), carryforwards to offset future taxable income. Our existing NOLs may be subject to limitations arising from previous ownership changes. If we undergo, or are deemed to have previously undergone, an ownership change, our ability to utilize NOLs carryforwards could be limited (perhaps substantially) by Sections 382 and 383 of the Code. Additionally, future changes in our stock ownership, some of which might be beyond our control, could result in an ownership change under Section 382 of the Code. For these reasons, in the event we experience or are deemed to have experienced an “ownership change” for these purposes, we may not be able to utilize a material or even a substantial portion of the NOLs carryforwards, even if we attain profitability. We have not completed a Code Section 382 analysis regarding any limitation on our NOL carryforwards.

 

The financial and operational projections that we may make from time to time are subject to inherent risks.

 

The projections that our management may provide from time to time (including, but not limited to, those relating to market sizes and other financial or operational matters) reflect numerous assumptions made by management, including assumptions with respect to our specific as well as general business, economic, market and financial conditions and other matters, all of which are difficult to predict and many of which are beyond our control. Accordingly, there is a risk that the assumptions made in preparing the projections, or the projections themselves, will prove inaccurate. There will be differences between actual and projected results, and actual results may be materially different from those contained in the projections. The inclusion of the projections in this Annual Report should not be regarded as an indication that we or our management or representatives considered or consider the projections to be a reliable prediction of future events, and the projections should not be relied upon as such.

 

If we were to dissolve, the holders of our securities may lose all or substantial amounts of their investments.

 

If we were to dissolve as a corporation, as part of ceasing to do business or otherwise, we may be required to pay all amounts owed to any creditors before distributing any assets to the investors. There is a risk that in the event of such a dissolution, there will be insufficient funds to repay amounts owed to holders of any of our indebtedness and insufficient assets to distribute to our other investors, in which case investors could lose their entire investment.

 

An investment in our company may involve tax implications, and you are encouraged to consult your own advisors as neither we nor any related party is offering any tax assurances or guidance regarding our company or your investment.

 

The formation of our company and our financings, as well as an investment in our company generally, involves complex federal, state and local income tax considerations. Neither the Internal Revenue Service nor any state or local taxing authority has reviewed the transactions described herein, and may take different positions than the ones contemplated by management. You are strongly urged to consult your own tax and other advisors prior to investing, as neither we nor any of our officers, directors or related parties is offering you tax or similar advice, nor are any such persons making any representations and warranties regarding such matters.

 

Because we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our capital stock in the foreseeable future, capital appreciation, if any, will be your sole source of gain.

 

We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain all of our future earnings, if any, to finance the growth and development of our business. This means that it is very unlikely that we will pay dividends on our shares of common stock. In addition, the terms of any future debt agreements may preclude us from paying dividends. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our common stock will be your sole source of gain for the foreseeable future.

 

If securities or industry analysts do not publish or cease publishing research or reports about us, our business or our market, or if they change their recommendations regarding our common stock adversely, the price of our common stock and trading volume could decline.

 

The trading market for our common stock may be influenced by the research and reports that securities or industry analysts may publish about us, our business, our market or our competitors. If any of the analysts who may cover us change their recommendation regarding our common stock adversely, or provide more favorable relative recommendations about our competitors, the price of our common stock would likely decline. If any analyst who may cover us was to cease coverage of our company or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause the price of our common stock or trading volume to decline.

 

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CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

 

This prospectus contains forward-looking statements that reflect our current expectations and views of future events. The forward-looking statements are contained principally in the sections entitled “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” Readers are cautioned that known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, including those over which we may have no control and others listed in the “Risk Factors” section of this prospectus, may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.

 

You can identify some of these forward-looking statements by words or phrases such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “aim,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “is/are likely to,” “potential,” “continue” or other similar expressions. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy and financial needs. These forward-looking statements include statements relating to:

 

  our ability to continue to refine and execute our business plan, including the recruitment of dentists to enroll in our Vivos Integrated Practice (VIP) program and utilize The Vivos Method;
     
  the understanding and adoption by dentists and other healthcare professionals of The Vivos Method as a treatment for dentofacial abnormalities and/or mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and snoring in adults;
     
  our expectations concerning the effectiveness of treatment using The Vivos Method and patient relapse after completion of treatment;
     
  the potential financial benefits to VIP dentists from treating patients with The Vivos Method;
     
  our potential profit margin from the enrollment of VIPs, VIP service fees, sales of The Vivos Method treatments and appliances and leases of SleepImage® home sleep testing rings;
     
  our ability to properly train VIPs in the use of The Vivos Method inclusive of the services we offer independent dentist for use in treating their patients in their dental practices;
     
  our ability to formulate, implement and modify as necessary effective sales, marketing and strategic initiatives to drive revenue growth (including, for example, our Medical Integration Division and SleepImage® home sleep apnea test);
     
  the viability of our current intellectual property and intellectual property created in the future;
     
  acceptance by the marketplace of the products and services that we market;
     
  government regulations and our ability to obtain applicable regulatory approvals and comply with government regulations including under healthcare laws and the rules and regulations of the FDA and non-U.S. equivalent regulatory bodies;
     
  our ability to retain key employees;
     
  adverse changes in general market conditions for medical devices and the products and services we offer;
     
  our ability to generate cash flow and profitability and continue as a going concern;
     
  our future financing plans; and
     
  our ability to adapt to changes in market conditions (including as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic) which could impair our operations and financial performance.

 

These forward-looking statements involve numerous risks and uncertainties. Although we believe that our expectations expressed in these forward-looking statements are reasonable, our expectations may later be found to be incorrect. Our actual results of operations or the results of other matters that we anticipate herein could be materially different from our expectations. Important risks and factors that could cause our actual results to be materially different from our expectations are generally set forth in “Risk Factors,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” “Business” and other sections in this prospectus. You should thoroughly read this prospectus and the documents that we refer to with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from and worse than what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

 

The forward-looking statements made in this prospectus relate only to events or information as of the date on which the statements are made in this prospectus. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, after the date on which the statements are made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. You should read this prospectus and the documents that we refer to in this prospectus and have filed as exhibits to the registration statement, of which this prospectus forms a part, completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect.

 

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USE OF PROCEEDS

 

We will not receive any of the proceeds from the sale of the common stock by the selling stockholder named in this prospectus. All proceeds from the sale of the common stock will be paid directly to the selling stockholder. We would, however, receive proceeds upon the exercise of the warrants held by the selling stockholder which, if such warrants are exercised in full for cash, would be approximately $8.0 million. Proceeds, if any, received from the exercise of such warrants will be used for general corporate purposes and working capital or for other purposes that our Board of Directors, in their good faith, deem to be in the best interest of our company. No assurances can be given that any of such warrants will be exercised or that we will receive any cash proceeds upon such exercise if cashless exercise is available.

 

DIVIDEND POLICY

 

We have never paid or declared any cash dividends on our common stock, and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. We intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings to fund the development and expansion of our business. Any future determination to pay dividends will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend upon a number of factors, including our results of operations, financial condition, future prospects, contractual restrictions, restrictions imposed by applicable law and other factors our board of directors deems relevant. Our future ability to pay cash dividends on our stock may also be limited by the terms of any future debt or preferred securities or future credit facility.

 

DETERMINATION OF OFFERING PRICE

 

The selling stockholder will offer common stock at the prevailing market prices or privately negotiated price.

 

The offering price of our common stock does not necessarily bear any relationship to our book value, assets, past operating results, financial condition or any other established criteria of value. The facts considered in determining the offering price were our financial condition and prospects, our limited operating history and the general condition of the securities market.

 

In addition, there is no assurance that our common stock will trade at market prices in excess of the offering price as prices for common stock in any public market will be determined in the marketplace and may be influenced by many factors, including the depth of ownership and liquidity for our common stock.

 

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MARKET FOR COMMON EQUITY AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

 

Market Information

 

Our common stock is currently listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “VVOS”.

 

Holders of Record

 

On January 27, 2023, we had approximately 560 stockholders of record. On January 27, 2023, there were 25,012,119 shares of our common stock issued and outstanding. In addition, we believe that a significant number of beneficial owners of our common stock hold their shares in street name.

 

Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plan

 

The following information is provided as of December 31, 2022:

 

Plan Category 

Number of
securities to issue
upon exercise of
outstanding options
and restricted
stock units

  

Weighted-average

exercise price of
outstanding options

  

Number of
securities remaining
available for future
issuance under equity
compensation plans

 
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders               
2017 Plan   1,333,333   $2.90    - 
2019 Plan   2,366,667   $               2.90    80,846 
                
    3,700,000   $2.90    80,846 

 

   Number of
Shares
   Weighted-Average
Exercise Price
Per Share
   Weighted-Average
Remaining
Contractual Life
   Aggregate Intrinsic
Value of
In-the-Money
Options
(in thousands)
 
                 
Options outstanding as of December 31, 2022   3,619,154   $2.90    4.1 years   $- 
Options exercisable as of December 31, 2022   2,257,521   $          3.02    3.4 years   $          - 

 

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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

 

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and the related notes to those statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. In addition to historical financial information, the following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties, and assumptions. Some of the numbers included herein have been rounded for the convenience of presentation. We caution you that these statements are not guarantees of future performance or events and are subject to a number of uncertainties, risks and other influences, many of which are beyond our control, which may influence the accuracy of the statements and the projections upon which the statements are based.

 

Please refer to the sections of this prospectus captioned “Risk Factors” and “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward Looking Statements” for important information to be read in conjunction with the below discussion.

 

Overview

 

We are a revenue stage medical technology company focused on the development and commercialization of innovative treatment alternatives for patients with dentofacial abnormalities and/or patients diagnosed with mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and snoring in adults. We believe our technologies and conventions represent a significant improvement in the treatment of mild to moderate OSA versus other treatments such as continuous positive airway pressure (or CPAP) or palliative oral appliance therapies. Our alternative treatments are part of The Vivos Method.

 

The Vivos Method is an advanced therapeutic protocol, which often combines the use of customized oral appliance specifications and proprietary clinical treatments developed by our company and prescribed by specially trained dentists in cooperation with their medical colleagues. Published studies have shown that using our customized appliances and clinical treatments led to significantly lower Apnea Hypopnea Index scores and improve other conditions associated with OSA. Our patented oral appliances have proven effective (within the scope of the or FDA cleared uses) in over 31,000 patients treated worldwide by more than 1,650 trained dentists.

 

Our business model is focused around dentists, and our program to train independent dentists and offer them other value-added services in connection with their ordering and use of The Vivos Method for patients is called the Vivos Integrated Practice (“VIP”) program.

 

Impact of COVID-19

 

In December 2019, a novel strain of coronavirus known as COVID-19 was reported to have surfaced in China, and by March 2020 the spread of the virus resulted in a world-wide pandemic. By March 2020, the U.S. economy had been largely shut down by mass quarantines and government mandated stay-in-place orders (the “Orders”) to halt the spread of the virus. Many of these Orders have been relaxed or lifted in jurisdictions where large portions of the population have been vaccinated, but there is considerable uncertainty about whether the Orders will need to be reinstated due to the ongoing spread of new variants of COVID-19.

 

Our business was materially impacted by COVID-19 in 2020 and to some extent in 2021 as many of our VIPs and potential VIPs closed their offices. The impact of COVID-19 on our business diminished as 2022 progressed due to the fact that more people received vaccinations. In addition, it appears that the latest COVID-19 subvariants evoke generally milder symptoms and do not pose the same health or economic threat as previous strains. However, the residual effects of the pandemic on workforce availability as well as patient precautionary measures continued to negatively impact our VIP dental practices and our revenue across the U.S. and Canada during 2022. As such, the long-term financial impact on our business of COVID-19 as well as these other matters cannot reasonably be fully estimated at this time.

 

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Material Items, Trends and Risks Impacting Our Business

 

We believe that the following items and trends may be useful in better understanding our results of operations.

 

New VIP Enrollments (Service Revenue). Enrolling denta1 practices as VIPs is the first step in our ability to generate new revenue. As part of the VIP enrollment fee, we enter into a service contract with VIPs under which they receive training on the use of the Vivos treatment modalities. VIPs have the ability to start generating revenue for us and themselves after this training. To entice dentists to enroll as VIPs, we have worked with different marketing programs (which we generally call a “discovery track”) with respect to the payment of VIPs enrollment fee, including discounts and payment plans. Once VIPs execute their VIP enrollment agreement, the discovery track allows the VIP 45 to 60 days to obtain financing and pay the enrollment fee. Ongoing support and additional training is provided throughout the year under the services contract, which includes access to our proprietary Airway Intelligence Services, which provides the VIP with resources to help simplify the sleep apnea diagnostic and Vivos treatment planning process.

 

In addition to enrollment service revenue, we offer additional services, such as our Billing Intelligence Services offering, and MyoCorrect orofacial myofunctional therapy services, which was introduced in April 2021. Revenue for these services is recognized monthly during the month the services are rendered.

 

We are also engaging in strategic collaborations to market the benefits of the Vivos treatment modalities and VIP enrollment to dentists, including our cooperative relationships with various medical providers to deliver diagnostic and medical consultation services to people across North America who suffer from OSA and our October 2021 cross marketing collaboration with Candid Care, the maker of the CandidPro clear aligner for straightening teeth.

 

Historically, we commenced the recognition of VIP enrollment revenue once the contract was signed. Due to some dentists not fulfilling their obligation, we are now recognizing revenue on VIP enrollments once the contract is executed and payment is received in full.

 

New VIP Case Starts (Product Revenue). Enrolling new VIPs is key to our ability to generate revenue, but equally as important is the number of Vivos treatment case starts that our VIPs commence, as these lead to appliance orders and related revenue. Once a VIP is fully trained, we encourage them to start cases. However, our experience has been that VIPs typically start slowly as they introduce The Vivos Method into their practices. While we work with VIPs to screen their patients for OSA with our SleepImage home sleep apnea ring test (which we expect will encourage Vivos Method case starts), not all VIPs incorporate our The Vivos Method into their practices at the same rate. We utilize Practice Advisors to help VIPs with onboarding and starting and increasing case starts over time. We believe VIPs can recoup their investment in VIP enrollment with approximately eight Vivos Method case starts, but as noted above, many VIPs start and also maintain their case starts at a significantly slower rate. We presently have a concentration of active VIPs who regularly start new Vivos Method treatment cases, with approximately thirty-six percent (36%) of VIPs accounting for all new case starts during the quarter ended September 30, 2022. We are working not only to increase the number of VIPs overall, but the number of active VIPs in terms of case starts. More active VIPs are also more likely to take advantage of our other service revenue generating offerings such as MyoCorrect orofacial myofunctional therapy and medical Billing Intelligence Services.

 

Marketing to DSOs. During the second half of 2021, we increased our efforts to market The Vivos Method and related products and services to larger dental support organizations (“DSOs”). Marketing to DSOs creates an opportunity to enroll and onboard multiple dental practices as VIPs under one common ownership structure. This would allow us to leverage training and support across multiple VIP practices and gain economies of scale with the goal of faster growth, both in VIP enrollments and in Vivos case starts. Our other dentist enrollment program, which we refer to as the Airway Alliance Program (“AAP”), was also established in the fourth quarter of 2021 and launched in the first quarter of 2022. This program is designed to attract the vast majority of the estimated 200,000 U.S. and Canadian dentists who are being strongly encouraged by the American Dental Association to screen their patients for sleep apnea. The AAP gives these dentists the simple yet profitable way to screen their patients for mild to moderate OSA using the SleepImage home sleep test. Patients with mild to moderate OSA can be referred to a fully trained local VIP dentist for treatment. The AAP program did not contribute meaningfully to revenue during the third quarter of 2022.

 

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Inflation. We believe the U.S. has entered a period of inflation which has increased (and may continue to increase) our and our suppliers’ costs as well as the end cost of our products to consumers. To date, we have been able to manage inflation risk without a material adverse impact on our business or results of operations. However, inflationary pressures (including increases in the price of raw material components of our appliances) made it necessary for us to adjust our standard pricing for our appliance products effective May 1, 2022. The full impact of such price adjustments on sales or demand for our products is not fully known at this time and may require us to adjust other aspects of our business as we seek to grow revenue and, ultimately, achieve profitability and positive cash flow from operations.

 

Supply Chain. From time to time, we may experience supply chain challenges due to forces beyond our control. For example, the Suez Canal blockage earlier in 2021 caused some delay in shipments of SleepImage rings from China. Overall, however, as our appliances are made in the U.S., we have not experienced significant supply chain issues as a result of COVID-19 or otherwise, although this may change in future periods.

 

Seasonality. We believe that the patient volumes of our VIPs will be sensitive to seasonal fluctuations in urgent care and primary care activity. Typically, winter months see a higher occurrence of influenza, bronchitis, pneumonia and similar illnesses; however, the timing and severity of these outbreaks vary dramatically. Additionally, as consumers shift toward high deductible insurance plans, they are responsible for a greater percentage of their bill, particularly in the early months of the year before other healthcare spending has occurred, which may lead to lower than expected patient volume or an increase in bad debt expense during that period. Our quarterly operating results may fluctuate in the future depending on these and other factors.

 

Cybersecurity. We have established procedures to escalate enterprise level issues, including cybersecurity matters, to the appropriate management levels within our organization and our board of directors, or members or committees thereof, as appropriate. Under our framework, cybersecurity issues, including those involving vulnerabilities introduced by our use of third-party software, are analyzed by subject matter experts for potential financial, operational, and reputational risks, based on, among other factors, the nature of the matter and breadth of impact. Matters determined to present potential material impacts to our financial results, operations, and/or reputation are immediately reported by management to the board of directors, or individual members of committees thereof, as appropriate, in accordance with our escalation framework. In addition, we have established procedures to ensure that members of management responsible for overseeing the effectiveness of disclosure controls are informed in a timely manner of known cybersecurity risks and incidents that may materially impact our operations and that timely public disclosure is made, as appropriate.

 

War in Ukraine. In addition, worldwide supply chain constraints and economic and capital markets uncertainty arising out of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 have emerged as new barriers to long-term economic recovery. If an economic recession or depression commences and is sustained, it could have a material adverse effect on our business as demand for our products could decrease. Capital markets uncertainty, with public stock price decreases and volatility, could make it more difficult for us to raise needed capital at the appropriate time.

 

Key Components of Consolidated Statements of Operations

 

Net revenue. We recognize revenue when we satisfy our performance obligations over time as our customers receive the benefit of the promised goods and services, which generally occurs over a short period of time. Performance obligations with respect to appliance sales are typically satisfied by shipping or delivering products to our VIPs or, in the case of enrollment or service revenue, upon our satisfaction of performance obligations associated with VIP enrollments. Revenue consists of the gross sales price, net of estimated allowances, discounts, and personal rebates that are accounted for as a reduction from the gross sale price.

 

Cost of sales. Cost of goods sold primarily consists of direct costs attributable to the purchase from third party suppliers and related products. It also includes freight costs, fulfillment, distribution, and warehousing costs related to products sold.

 

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Sales and marketing. Sales and marketing costs primarily consist of personnel costs for employees engaged in sales and marketing activities, commissions, advertising and marketing costs, website enhancements, and conferences for our sales and marketing staff.

 

General and administrative expenses. General and administrative (“G&A”) expenses consist primarily of personnel costs for our administrative, human resources, finance and accounting employees, and executives. General and administrative expenses also include contract labor and consulting costs, travel-related expenses, legal, auditing and other professional fees, rent and facilities costs, repairs and maintenance, and general corporate expenses.

 

Depreciation and amortization expense. Depreciation and amortization expense is comprised of depreciation expense related to property and equipment, amortization expense related to leasehold improvements, and amortization expense related to identifiable intangible assets.

 

Other income. Other income relates to the PPP loan forgiven in January 2022 by the SBA.

 

Restatement of March 30, 2022 Financial Statements

 

As described in the Explanatory Note and Note 2, “Restatement of Consolidated Financial Statement,” in Item 1 of Part 1 of Amendment No. 1 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three months ended March 31, 2022, originally filed with the SEC on May 16, 2022 and such Amendment No. 1 being filed on November 25, 2022 (the “10-Q/A”), we determined it was necessary to restate our financial statements for the three months ended March 31, 2022.

 

The restatement of the previously filed financial statements was due to our management (with the concurrent of the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors) determining that our existing revenue recognition policy was not consistent with the guidance in ASC 606. After analyzing our contracts using the five-step process in ASC 606, we have determined that for VIP enrollment contracts, it is necessary for us to separately identify the performance obligations and recognize the revenue as the performance obligations are satisfied or over the customer life as applicable. We identified a material weakness related to the operating effectiveness of our review controls in that we did not put the appropriate resources in place to be able to identify technical accounting issues and perform review functions appropriately for the revenue recognition issue described above and for those items which we had previously identified in Part II, Item 9A of our Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021.

 

Results of Operations

 

Comparison of the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021

 

Our unaudited consolidated statements of operations for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 are presented below (dollars in thousands):

 

  

Three Months Ended

September 30,

  

Nine Months Ended

September 30,

 
   2022   2021   Change   2022   2021   Change 
                         
Revenue                              
Product revenue  $2,014   $1,718   $296   $6,357   $4,842   $1,515 
Service revenue   2,232    2,828    (596)   5,717    7,649    (1,932)
Total revenue   4,246    4,546    (300)   12,074    12,491    (417)
Cost of sales (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately below)   1,750    1,363    387    4,439    2,994    1,445 
Gross profit   2,496    3,183    (687)   7,635    9,497    (1,862)
Gross profit %   59%   70%        63%   76%     
                               
Operating expenses                              
General and administrative   6,622    6,517    105    22,118    17,669    4,449 
Sales and marketing   1,106    1,976    (870)   3,985    4,234    (249)
Depreciation and amortization   175    193    (18)   500    565    (65)
                               
Operating loss   (5,407)   (5,503)   96    (18,968)   (12,971)   (5,997)
                               
Non-operating income (expense)                              
Other expense   (36)   (9)   (27)   (152)   (10)   (142)
PPP loan forgiveness   -    -    -    1,287    -    1,287 
Other income   9    59    (50)   77    86    (9)
                               
Net loss  $(5,434)  $(5,453)  $19   $(17,756)  $(12,895)  $(4,861)

 

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Comparison of the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021

 

Revenue

 

Revenue decreased by approximately $0.3 million, to $4.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 compared to $4.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2021. Revenue during the third quarter of the year decreased approximately $0.8 million due to lower VIP enrollments during the three months ended September 30, 2022, and approximately $0.1 million due to lower management revenue from our MID clinics. This was offset by an increase of approximately $0.3 million attributable to higher appliance sales to VIPs, (ii) an increase of approximately $0.3 million in BIS revenue, myofunctional therapy service revenue, and sleep testing services.

 

During the three months ended September 30, 2022, we enrolled 56 VIPs and recognized VIP revenue of approximately $1.6 million, a revenue decrease of 33% compared to the three months ended September 30, 2021, when we enrolled 56 VIPs for a total of approximately $2.3 million. Revenue growth was impacted by a change in our revenue recognition methodology adopted during 2022, and the COVID-19 Delta and Omicron variant resurgences towards the end of 2021 and through the third quarter of 2022. In December 2021, the American Dental Association reported that just 60% of dental practices were open and operating with business as usual. Another industry source reported 92% of dental practices were struggling to hire or replace hygienists, and 77% reported difficulty hiring front desk positions. These challenges across the dental community have impacted both doctor enrollments and patient case starts, as replacement dental personnel must be trained in The Vivos Method.

 

For the three months ended September 30, 2022, we sold 3,057 oral appliance arches for a total of approximately $1.9 million, a 20% revenue increase from the three months ended September 30, 2021 when we sold 2,996 total oral appliance arches for a total of approximately $1.6 million. Lastly, for the three months ended September 30, 2022, we had approximately $0.1 million in center revenue, compared to approximately $0.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2021, and approximately $0.4 million in our orofacial myofunctional therapy revenue, compared to approximately $0.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2021 due to the introduction of these services late in the first quarter of 2021.

 

Cost of Sales and Gross Profit

 

Cost of sales increased by approximately $0.4 million to approximately $1.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 compared to approximately $1.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2021. This increase was primarily due to product and services costs associated with higher sales volume of our appliances, additional costs associated with VIP enrollments, and billing and myofunctional therapy revenue. Cost of sales includes an increase of approximately $0.3 million related to costs associated with VIP enrollment and training, and approximately $0.2 million increase related to our new program (started in 2022) related to the sale and leasing of SleepImage home sleep test rings, offset by approximately $0.1 million decrease in appliance fees.

 

For the three months ended September 30, 2022, gross profit decreased by approximately $0.7 million to $2.5 million. This decrease was attributable to an increase in cost of sales of $0.4 million explained above, coupled with a decrease in revenue of approximately $0.3 million. Gross margin decreased to 59% for the three months ended September 30, 2022 compared to 70% for the three months ended September 30, 2021, primarily driven by higher costs associated with VIP enrollments due to new incentives deployed to increase VIP enrollments.

 

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General and Administrative Expenses

 

General and administrative expenses increased approximately $0.1 million, or approximately 2%, to approximately $6.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, as compared to $6.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2021. The primary driver of this increase was an increase of approximately $0.2 million to general corporate costs such as consulting and professional fees, an increase of approximately $0.2 million related to travel expenses, an increase of approximately $0.1 million for information and technology supplies and equipment, offset by approximately $0.3 million decrease related to bad debt expense, as well as approximately $0.1 million decrease in research and development and repairs and maintenance.

 

Sales and Marketing

 

Sales and marketing expense decreased by $0.9 million to $1.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, compared to $2.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2021. This decrease is due to approximately $0.6 million reduction in digital campaigns, and approximately $0.7 million decrease in materials and product samples, which was offset by an increase of approximately $0.2 million on improving the Vivos website, an increase in sales commissions of approximately $0.1 million and an increase of approximately $0.1 million in additional print media marketing and marketing supplies.

 

Depreciation and Amortization

 

Depreciation and amortization expense was approximately $0.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021. The insignificant change in depreciation expense is related to new assets placed into service which was offset by lower depreciation expense related to legacy assets that were retired during the year.

 

Comparison of the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021

 

Revenue

 

Revenue decreased approximately $0.4 million, to $12.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 compared to $12.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. Revenue during the first nine months of the year decreased due to a decrease of approximately $2.4 million in VIP enrollment revenue related to 2022, as well as an adjustment to our revenue recognition methodology which resulted in a cumulative decrease of approximately $0.4 million in VIP revenue related to prior years. This was offset by an increase of approximately $1.3 million attributable to higher appliance sales to VIPs, (ii) an increase of approximately $0.2 million in revenue from our two company-owned dental centers, (iii) an increase of approximately $0.5 million in BIS revenue and myofunctional therapy service revenue, (iv) and increase of approximately $0.2 million in sleep testing services.

 

During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, we enrolled 146 VIPs and recognized VIP revenue of approximately $3.6 million, a decrease of 44% in revenue compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2021, when we enrolled 162 VIPs for a total of approximately $6.4 million. Revenue growth was impacted by a change in our revenue methodology adopted during 2022, and the COVID-19 Delta and Omicron variant resurgences towards the end of 2021 and through the third quarter of 2022. In December 2021, the American Dental Association reported that just 60% of dental practices were open and operating with business as usual. Another industry source reported 92% of dental practices were struggling to hire or replace hygienists, and 77% reported difficulty hiring front desk positions. These challenges across the dental community have impacted both doctor enrollments and patient case starts, as replacement dental personnel must be trained in The Vivos Method.

 

For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, we sold 9,343 oral appliance arches for a total of approximately $5.8 million, a 30% increase from the nine months ended September 30, 2021 when we sold 8,648 total oral appliance arches for a total of approximately $4.5 million. Lastly, for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 we had approximately $0.5 million in center revenue, compared to approximately $0.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, and approximately $0.8 million in our orofacial myofunctional therapy revenue, compared to $0.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 due to the introduction of these services late in the first quarter of 2021.

 

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